What is underemployment

A situation in which a worker is employed, but not in the desired capacity, whether in terms of compensation, hours, or level of skill and experience. While
not technically unemployed, the underemployed are often competing for available jobs.
http://www.investorwords.com/5835/underemployment.html
Underemployment refers to an employment situation that is insufficient in some important way for the worker, relative to a standard.[1] Examples include
holding a part-time job despite desiring full-time work, and overqualification, where the employee has education, experience, or skills beyond the
requirements of the job.
Underemployment has been studied in recent decades from a variety of perspectives, including economics, management, psychology, and sociology. In
economics, for example, the term underemployment has three different distinct meanings and applications. All meanings involve a situation in which a
person is working, unlike unemployment, where a person who is searching for work and cannot find a job. All meanings involve under-utilization of labor
which is missed by most official (governmental agency) definitions and measurements of unemployment.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underemployment
'Underemployment'
A measure of employment and labor utilization in the economy that looks at how well the labor force is being utilized in terms of skills, experience and
availability to work. Labor that falls under the underemployment classification includes those workers that are highly skilled but working in low paying jobs,
workers that are highly skilled but work in low skill jobs and part-time workers that would prefer to be full-time. This is different from unemployment in that
the individual is working but isn't working at their full capability.
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/underemployment.asp
Underemployment statistics
Underemployment exists when employed persons have not attained their full employment level in the sense of the Employment Policy Convention adopted
by the International Labour Conference in 1964. According to this Convention, full employment ensures that (i) there is work for all persons who are willing
to work and look for work; (ii) that such work is as productive as possible; and (iii) that they have the freedom to choose the employment and that each
workers has all the possibilities to acquire the necessary skills to get the employment that most suits them and to use in this employment such skills and other
qualifications that they possess. The situations which do not fulfil objective (i) refer to unemployment, and those that do not satisfy objectives (ii) or (iii)
refer mainly to underemployment.
Underemployment reflects the underutilisation of the productive capacity of the employed population. The concept is integrated in the conceptual framework
for measuring the labour force , and is based on similar criteria to those used to define employment and unemployment. The underemployed population is a
subcategory of the employed population and is identified by comparing their current employment situation with an alternative employment situation that
they are willing and available to carry out: simply put, persons in underemployment are all those who worked or had a job during the reference week but
were willing and available to work more adequately
http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/statistics-overview-and-topics/underemployment/lang--en/index.htm
Underemployment
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The labor force concept of underemployment can be defined as a comprehensive way to identify and measure the underutilization of labor resources. In this
sense, it goes beyond plain unemploymentbeing jobless while looking for workto further include different forms of inadequate employment, such as
being discouraged or subemployed, or employed involuntarily in part-time and low-income jobs with marginal or unstable labor market attachments.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/underemployed.aspx
LITERATURE AND ARTICLES
1.
Chuck Rollins searched for a job for more than a year. The only thing he could get was a position as a commissioned salesman. He tries
desperately, but it's impossible to meet the quota. So he's in danger of losing his job again. It's enough to make anyone crazy. Then he learns how
Mohammed Ali visualized success. Following Ali's example, Rollins discovers how not to lose.
(underemployed by: Georgiann baldino)
2. Measuring Underemployment: Demographic Indicators for the United States
by Clifford C. Clogg
Measuring Underemployment: Demographic Indicators for the United States discusses the Labor Utilization Framework of Hauser and Sullivan, which is a
measurement scheme that posits the existence of three dimensions, or forms, of underemployment- time, income, and skill-utilization.
This book describes the conceptual groundwork, operational measurement, and implications of the Labor Utilization Framework on the way the labor force
aggregates. The essential elements of the socio-demographic theory of the labor force with the logical unity provided by both the Labor Utilization
Framework and the specific methodologies adopted for its analysis are also elaborated. This text likewise covers the methods for latent structure analysis and
cohort analysis, including the theory of frictional underemployment; class structure governing the distribution of labor market rewards; tempo of social
change in the labor force; productive value of a population; and true dependency on productive labor.
This publication is a good source for students and researchers concerned with different labor force topics that can be plausibly studied from the viewpoint of
the Hauser-Sullivan framework.
SELF CONCEPT

Self Concept
by Saul McLeod published 2008
The term self-concept is a general term used to refer to how someone thinks about, evaluates or perceives themselves. To be aware of oneself is to have a
concept of oneself.
Baumeister (1999) provides the following self concept definition: "the individual's belief about himself or herself, including the person's attributes and who
and what the self is".

Self Concept is an important term for both social psychology and humanism.
Lewis (1990) suggests that development of a concept of self has two aspects: http://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html
One's self-concept (also called self-construction, self-identity, self-perspective or self-structure) is a collection of beliefs about oneself[1][2] that includes
elements such as academic performance,[3][4][5][6][7] gender roles and sexuality,[8][9][10] and racial identity.[11]Generally, self-concept embodies the
answer to "Who am I?".[12]
One's self-concept is made up of self-schemas, and their past, present, and future selves.
Self-concept is distinguishable from self-awareness, which refers to the extent to which self-knowledge is defined, consistent, and currently applicable to
one's attitudes and dispositions.[13] Self-concept also differs from self-esteem: self-concept is a cognitive or descriptive component of one's self (e.g. "I am a
fast runner"), while self-esteem is evaluative and opinionated (e.g. "I feel good about being a fast runner").
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-concept
What Is Self-Concept?
Answer:
Self-concept is the image that we have of ourselves. How exactly does this self-image form and change over time? This image develops in a number of
ways, but is particularly influenced by our interactions with important people in our lives.
Definitions

"Self-concept is our perception or image of our abilities and our uniqueness. At first one's self-concept is very general and changeable... As we
grow older, these self-perceptions become much more organized, detailed, and specific."
(Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2013)
BSBA in Human Resource Development Management in the Philippines
The Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Human Resource Development Management is a four-year college course that incorporates
employment issues with business management. The program provides students with knowledge and abilities in workforce organization, job analysis,
manpower recruitment and compensation, personnel training, legal provisions and other labor concerns.
In comparison with BS in Business Administration which deals with the fundamental concepts of operating and managing a business, BSBA in Human
Resource Development Management focuses on people-oriented subjects associated with organizational workforce. The scope will cover such topics as
principles and theories of employment, personnel training and skills development and other systems or procedures in handling and managing people.
The curriculum of BSBA in Human Resource Development Management includes CHED-mandated general subjects, with an emphasis on Administrative
and Office Management; Labor Law and Legislation; Recruitment and Selection; Training and Development; Compensation Administration; Labor
Relations and Negotiations; Strategic Human Resource Management; and Organizational Development.
http://www.finduniversity.ph/majors/bsba-in-human-resource-development-management-philippines/
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Human Resource Development Management (BSBA-HRDM)
The BSBA course, with Human Resource Development Management as its major, aims to prepare the graduates for a career in the specialized field of
Human Resource Management which are essentially found in the manufacturing and marketing areas and related services basically established in industries
such as pharmaceutical, semi-conductor, food and beverage, banking industries and other types of organizations.
In general, the normal evolution of the Human Resource (HR) profession can be found in the various stages of development of an enterprise. As it grows,
HR gets involved in the administrative processes to ensure consistency in the handling and management of people. Moreover, HR assists line managers
towards the right acquisition and development of skills and competencies of employees.
Given this rationale, the employees are in a better position to become competitive and responsive to global changes
https://www.pup.edu.ph/bataan/bsba.aspx
BSBA in Human Resources Management/Organizational Management
The Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) degree program in Human Resources Management/Organizational Management a 120-credit
program. It focuses on employee selection, training, management development, industrial relations, compensation and the dynamics of organizational
behavior.
What You Will Learn in the BSBA in Human Resources Management Program
Students who complete our BSBA in HR Management program prepare to become human resources practitioners in high-performing organizations. They
will demonstrate competency in three critical areas, including:

Knowledge of business practices

Ability to make strategic contributions to the organization through personal credibility

Effective management of the human resources function, including human resources technical skills
All students in the HR Management program must complete a capstone requirement, Strategic Management, which integrates content across the degree
program and validates the students' knowledge.
http://www.tesc.edu/business/bsba/HR-Management.cfm
The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina (simply known as PLMar) is the first city government-funded university in Marikina
City,Philippines. It was established to provide quality but affordable territory education to the residence of Marikina by Ordinance No.015
Series of 2003. The effort was spearheaded by Mayor Marides C. Fernando, Cong. Marcelino Teodoro, and Dr. Jerome Mendoza. Its guiding
slogan is para sa kaunlaran, tao naman (for prosperity, people turn).
Enrollment in 2003 was 1,424 students and has successively increased; the 2012-2013 enrollment is 6,051. PLMar surpasses the national
rate of graduates who pass the professional, Regulation Commission National Board Examinations for Nurses, Teachers and Criminologist.

PLMar has a commitment to produce work-ready, career-focused, and community-oriented graduates, and has been successful in developing
globally competitive graduates that are employed internationally.
The present leadership is headed by Mayor Del R. De Guzman, and with karunungan one of the 7-k flagship programs of his administration,
PLMar gears its programs toward their achievement and hope to maintain Marikina as a vibrant community of citizens, proud of their roots and
have a mutual concern for the common good.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Marikina