Atomic Design of Three-Dimensional Photonic Z2 Dirac and Weyl Points

HaiXiao Wang,1 Xu Lin,1 HuanYang Chen,1 and Jian-Hua Jiang1,

arXiv:1601.02276v1 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci] 10 Jan 2016

School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
(Dated: January 12, 2016)
Topological nodal points such as Dirac and Weyl points in photonic spectrum offer unique abilities
in manipulating light propagation. However, designing topological nodal points in photonic crystals
is much more difficult than in electronic systems due to lack of the atomic picture. We propose
an atomic approach for the design of three-dimensional Dirac and Weyl points via Mie resonances
which can be viewed as photonic local orbits. Using connected-hollow-cylinder structure as an
example we demonstrate how to design topological degeneracy points in photonic energy bands by
tuning the geometric shape. We discover a new type of topological degeneracy three-dimensional
photonic spectrum, the Z2 Dirac points, which are monopoles of the SU (2) Berry-flux protected
by the parity-time symmetry. Upon breaking the inversion symmetry each Dirac point splits into
a pair of Weyl points with opposite chirality. Our study provides new methodology and example
for future topological photonics where monopoles and surface states offer unprecedented control of
light flow.

Introduction. Stimulated by the discovery of topological insulators[14] and topological semimetals[57],

the study of topological nodal points in electronic energy spectrum has attracted a lot of attention in the
past decade. Recently, research interest is spread to
atomic[810], photonic[1115], and acoustic[1618] systems. Pseudo-spin S = 1 Dirac cone was found in twodimensional (2D) photonic crystals[19], offering unique
properties for manipulation of light via, e.g., zero refractive index[19] and Klein tunneling[20]. Lately, Weyl
points are predicted[11, 15] and observed[14, 15] in threedimensional (3D) photonic crystals. It is found that 3D
Weyl points can provide effective angle and frequency selective transmission[21]. These progresses, alongside with
the progresses in 2D[2225] and 3D[26] photonic topological insulators, are unfolding a revolutionary platform of
topological photonics where propagation of light can be
controlled via topology and Berry phases to realize unprecedented applications.
The manifestation of topology and Berry phases in
electronic and photonic systems usually comes along
with symmetry protection. Electronic topological insulators, for instance, have nontrivial topology protected
by the time-reversal symmetry. In electronic and other
fermionic systems, this protection is because T 2 = 1
where T is the time-reversal operator. Thus time-reversal
operation enables and protects double degeneracy and
the appearance of chiral edge states. For photons and
other bosons, T 2 = 1 forbids emergence of topological
insulators due to lack of such double degeneracy. Thus
in photonic systems topological insulators emerge only in
systems with additional lattice symmetries, such as rotation symmetry[25] and nonsymmorphic symmetry[26].
However, due to the complexity of photonic energy
bands, up till now the design of topological properties
in photonic crystals remains as arbitrary and accidental. This is due to the key difference between electronic

joejhjiang@sina.com

bands and photonic energy bands: The photonic energy

bands are consequences of multiple Bragg scattering of
the vectorial electromagnetic waves as no dielectric material can trap light[2729]. In contrast, electronic band
structure can mostly be understood as hybridization of
local atomic orbits. For materials with inversion symmetry, the Z2 topological index can be calculated simply
by counting band (parity) inversion at high symmetry
points in the Brillioun zone. Such a simplified picture
is not available in photonic crystals, creating lots of obstacles in designing and understanding the topological
properties of photonic bands. Nevertheless, it was noted
that Mie resonances play similar roles in understanding
photonic energy bands as that of atomic orbits for electronic band structures[30].
In this work we propose a hexagonal photonic crystal
to realize 3D Dirac and Weyl points using dielectric material with isotropic permittivity. The photonic crystal
consists of connected hollow cylinders which supports pand d-like Mie resonances. In hexagonal lattices with
C6v and inversion symmetry, both p- and d- orbits are
doubly degenerate and hence can be regarded as pseudospin S = 12 . They develop into four photonic energy
bands where the double degeneracy is kept along the A line in the Brillouin zone. We discover that a pair
of unavoidable, accidental degeneracy points emerge between the and A points. A ~k ~
p theory reveals that such
nodal points are topological Dirac points protected by the
parity-time symmetry. The Dirac points found here are
Z2 monopoles of the SU (2) Berry-flux. They are quite
different from the Weyl points in photonic crystals[11, 15]
which are monopoles of the U (1) Berry-flux and have a
Z topological charge. The Z2 topological charge of the
Dirac point make it topologically stable and robust in
the presence of parity-time symmetry. They are totally
different from Dirac points with trivial Z2 topological
charge which can be removed by local perturbations. The
Z2 Dirac points can be moved, created or annihilated in
pair only by significant tuning of the hollow cylinder ge-

2
b

a 0.8

0.7

Frequency (2c/a)

Frequency (2c/a)

0.6

0.4

0.6

f
f
d

0.5

0.34

0.2

Z2
1

L
-0.5

FIG. 1. a, Structure in real-space unit cell of hexagonal photonic crystals with Dirac points in photonic energy bands.
The blue hollow cylinders and yellow micropillars are made
of the same material with isotropic permittivity. b (top-down
view) and c (bird view), The hexagonal photonic crystal with
lattice constant a. ~a1 and ~a2 are the two lattice vectors in
the x-y plane. The diameter of each micropillar is 0.1a with
a being the lattice constant in the x-y plane. The outter and
inner radii of the hollow cylinder is Rout and Rin . d, Brillouin
zone with a pair of Dirac points along the -A line.

ometry.
Core-shell hexagonal photonic crystals. The hexagonal photonic crystal consists of hollow cylinders (with
outer radius Rout and inner radius Rin ) connected by
six micropillars. The height of each unit cell (depicted
in Fig. 1a) is h = 0.6a with a being the lattice constant in the x-y plane. The micropillars are of the same
height 0.2a and diameter 0.1a. The height of each hollow cylinder is 0.4a. The hollow cylinders support local
electromagnetic (Mie) resonances of s, p, d, f ... symmetries (see Supplementary Information). In hexagonal
lattice with C6v symmetry, only the Lz = 0, 1, 2, 3 (i.e.,
s, p, d, and f ) orbits are distinguishable, higher angular
momentum orbits are mixed with those lower ones.
Along the z direction, the photonic wavefunction
can have zero, one, or multiple nodes due to the lattice
translation symmetry. The wavefunctions of the photonic
bands of interest (the p- and d- bands) have zero nodes,
i.e., they are parity-even along the z direction. The micropillars modulate the hybridization between the local
resonances in adjacent hollow cylinders along the z direction. By tuning their radii and height, the first few
photonic energy bands can be moved in frequency. We
found that those energy bands mainly consist of TM polarization (i.e., Ez polarization). This is consistent with
the observation that Mie resonances in long hollow cylinders for TE polarization have much higher frequencies
than that for the TM polarization. Thus the degeneracy

-Kz

Kz

0.5

kz

FIG. 2.
a, Photonic energy band structures for the coreshell hexagonal photonic crystals with inversion symmetry
(the purple curve indicate the light-line). b, The band structure along the -A line. The p-bands (red) cross the d-bands
(green) at (0, 0, Kz ) with Kz = 0.34 2c
. The gray curves
a
represent the f bands. c, The Z2 topological number as a
function of kz . d, Isosurface plot of the Ez field of the dxy orbit, showing the d-orbit symmetry in a unit cell (depicted by
the yellow dashed lines). e, Isosurface of the Ez field of the px
orbit. f, The dispersion close to the Dirac point. Parameters:
Rout /a = 0.5 and Rin /a = 0.4, and  = 12.

of the p- and d- bands come from space symmetry rather

than spin degree of freedom. The topological property of
those photonic bands is the same as that of the energy
bands of spinless bosonic systems.
We calculate the photonic energy bands for the hexagonal photonic crystal and display the results in Figs. 2a
and 2b. The p and d bands cross at certain point between the and A points. This crossing is accidental
but unavoidable since the p and d bands are reversely
ordered at the and A points. The accidental degeneracy takes place at two points related by inversion,
(0, 0, Kz ), which are the only p-d degeneracy points in
the whole Brillouin zone. These two points are identified
as the topological Z2 Dirac points below.
The contour surface of the electric field Ez of the p and
d bands at point is presented in Figs. 2d and 2e. Their
spatial symmetries can be clearly identified as p and d
orbits, which correspond to the two doubly degenerate
representations of the C6v symmetry group. Indeed the
p bands are doubly degenerate along the -A line (same
for the d bands). This degeneracy is lifted in k-space
away from the -A line.
The Z2 topological number can be calculated for each
kz . Since the photonic crystal has inversion symmetry,
the Z2 topological number can be calculated by counting the parity inversion at the time-reversal invariant
momenta[31]. In hexagonal photonic crystals there are

3
c
b

b
Frequency (2c/a)

d+

FIG. 3.
Photonic dispersion in kx -ky plane around the
(0, 0, kz ) point for (a) kz < Kz , (b) kz = Kz , and (c) kz > Kz .
There are two nearly degenerate bands above and below the
Dirac point. The arrows indicate the orbital angular momentum distribution for the pseudo-spin up bands. Note that the
orbital angular momentum has substracted an universal constant 32 ~ (i.e., the average orbital angular momentum between
the p+ and d+ ) state.

only four such points for fixed kz : three of them are

equivalent to the M 0 point ( a , 0, kz ), the other is the 0
point (0, 0, kz ). The parity inversion can only take place
at the 0 point. If the p- and d-bands reverse order at
the 0 point (i.e., the p-bands are above the d-bands),
then the Z2 topological number is 1, otherwise it is zero.
We plot the Z2 topological number as a function of kz in
Fig. 2c. The topological phase transistion as a function of
kz is illustrated in Fig. 3. For kz < Kz the band structure
and spin configuration resembles that of a negative mass
Dirac electron. For kz = Kz the band gap closes and a
Dirac cone emerges. For kz > Kz the cone is gaped again
where the spin configuration resembles that of a positive
mass Dirac electron.
The Dirac points (its conical dispersion is shown in
Fig. 2f) are identified as the kink of the Z2 topological number. The two Dirac points are then identified
as monopoles of the SU (2) Berry-flux, which are different from trivial Dirac points in semimetals[32] that are
not robust to perturbations. The parity-time symmetry
of the system only allows nonzero SU (2) Berry-phase,
whereas the U (1) Berry-phase vanishes since it is odd
under P T operation (P stands for inversion and T
denotes the time-reversal operation).
Recently, it was found theoretically that in spinless systems with parity-time symmetry the Z2 Dirac points are
stable and robust[33]. Theoretical connection between
the topological surface states and the Riemann surface
is established only very recently[34], which put forward
the understanding of the Z2 topological Dirac points.

p-

0.5

d-

0.6

0.20 0.26

FIG. 4. Chiral hexagonal photonic crystals. a (lateral) and

b (top-down) view of the structure in real-space unit cell. c,
Photonic energy bands along the -A line. Two Weyl points
in the kz > 0 region are found at (0, 0, Kz1 ) and (0, 0, Kz2 )
and Kz2 = 0.26 2c
. d, Depicting the four
with Kz1 = 0.2 2c
a
a
Weyl points in the Brillouin zone. e and f, Photonic spectrum
close to the two Weyl points in the kz > 0 region.

Here we propose the first realization of the Z2 topological

Dirac points in photonic crystals.
Characterizing the Dirac points using ~k P~ theory.
Near each 0 = (0, 0, kz ) point the doubly degenerate p
bands can be organized as p+ = px +ipy and p = px ipy
bands, which we define as the spin-up and spin-down
states of the p (valence) bands. Similarly, we define
the d+ = dx2 y2 + idxy and d = dx2 y2 idxy as
the spin-up and spin-down states of the d (conduction) bands. The coupling between those bands near
the 0 points can be obtained via a ~k P~ theory derived
from the Maxwell equations[35] (see Supplementary Information). Explicitly, the eigenvalue problem for the
Maxwell equations in the photonic crystal can be writ1
~ (~r) = c2 2
~ (~r) (c is the
ten as (~
k
k
r ) n,~
n,~
k n,~
speed of light in vacuum). The Hamiltonian is defined as
1
H = (~
r ) and the photon wavefunction for the
th
n band with wavevector ~k is defined as its magnetic
~ ~ (~r) = H
~ ~ (~r)ei~k~r . The wavefunction is norfield,
n,k
n,k
R
~ ~ (~r)|2 = 1 (u.c. stands for integral
malized as u.c. d~r|H
n,k
~ ~ (~r)
in a unit cell). According to the Bloch theorem H
n,k

is invariant under lattice translation when ~k is confined

in the first Brillouin zone. It should be a representation of the C6v and the inversion symmetries. We found
that those symmetries dictate the dominant coupling between the p- and d-bands is within the same pseudo-spin
polarization (e.g., p+ couples with d+ ). In the basis of
(d+ , p+ , d , p )T the ~k P~ photonic Hamiltonian near the

4
a
a

b
Normal
2 DPs

0.4

c
kz

kz

Z2=0

Rin/a

0.3
0.2

kx

kx

0.1

Z2=0

d- state

d+ state

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Rout/a

Normal
4 WPs

0.4

kz

kz

Rin/a

0.3
0.2

kx

kx

0.1

p- state

p+ state

FIG. 5. (Color online) a-d, Spatial distribution of the Poynting vectors in a volume slightly larger than the unit cell for
the d , d+ , p+ , and p bands at the point.

0 points is given by

2 ~
20
H= 2
c

d (k)
20
vk kk eik

vk kk eik

p2 (~
k)
20

d2 (~
k)
20
vk kk eik

vk kk eik

p2 (~
k)
20

(1)
where 0 is the frequency of the Dirac point. To the
lowest orders in ~kk and kz , d (~k) = d0 (kz ) + Akk2 ,
p (~k) = p0 (kz ) + Bkk2 . The interband coupling is
nonzero only between the p+ and d+ bands as well as
between the p and d bands (see Supplementary Information). k = Arg(kx + iky ) and |vk | is the velocity in
the x-y plane. The parameters A, B, and vk are determined by the Bloch functions at the 0 points (hence they
are kz dependent). If p0 > d0 , the above Hamiltonian
is similar to the Hamiltonian of the quantum spin Hall
insulator[2] and hence Z2 = 1. Otherwise the topology is
trivial, Z2 = 0. Therefore, p0 = d0 determines a pair
of kinks of the Z2 topology.
The conical dispersion (see Fig. 2f) near the Dirac
points is described by the following Hamiltonian that resembles the Dirac equation for electrons,
2
HDirac = 20
1
c

0
0
vd kz vk kk eik

vp kz
0
0
20 vk kk eik
+ 2
0
0
vd kz
vk kk eik
c
0
0
vk kk eik vp kz

(2)
,

where kz = kz Kz for kz > 0 (or kz = kz + Kz if

kz < 0). vd > 0 and vp < 0 are the group velocity of the

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Rout/a

FIG. 6. (Color online) a, Phase diagram of the hexagonal

photonic crystal with inversion symmetry. b and c, Depicting
the Dirac points and topology induced surface states in the
kz -kx plane for systems with Z2 and trivial Dirac points. d
and e, Illustrating the Weyl points and the topological surface
states (photon arcs) for systems derived from Z2 and trivial 3D Dirac points by introducing chiral symmetry broken
perturbations.

p and d bands along the z direction. The Dirac points at

(0, 0, Kz ) consists of a pair of Weyl points with opposite
chirality. For kz > 0 the p+ and d+ (p and d ) bands
form a Weyl point with chirality +1 (-1).
We then introduce a chiral symmetry breaking mechanism by twisting the micropillars (see Fig. 4a-b). The resulting photonic bands along the -A line (Fig. 4c) break
the degeneracy between the the p+ and p bands as well
as that between the d+ and d . We find that, in consistent with the ~k P~ theory, the crossing between the p+
and d+ (p and d ) bands form a Weyl point with conical dispersion (Fig. 4d-e). In contrast, the crossing between p+ and d (p and d+ ) bands is quadratic. Hence
there are four Weyl points lying between the and the A
points (Fig. 4f). The chirality of the four photonic bands
are identified from the spatial distributions of Poynting
vectors in a unit cell (see Fig. 5).
Phase diagrams. To show the robustness of the Dirac
points, we study the dependence of the Dirac points on
the inner and outer radii of the hollow cylinders [see
Fig. 6a]. We find that the Dirac points emerge in a large
region of various cylinder geometry, mainly in the regime
with large outer radius Rout . The position of the Dirac
points, characterized by Kz , can be tuned by Rin and
Rout . The arrows in Fig. 6a indicate the tendency that
the Dirac points are moved toward the point where
they are created or annihilated. The robustness of the
Dirac points are garanteed by the global feature of the
p-d band inversion along the -A line, which is difficult
to be removed by local perturbations. The surface states

5
comprises of kz dependent helical edge states (Calculation of edge states is given in Supplementary Information). Hence they connect the two Dirac points. The
parity-time symmetry and the Z2 topology ensure that
the surface states always form a closed iso-frequency circle (as depicted in Fig. 6b)[34]. This is totally different
from Dirac points with trivial Z2 topology (there is no
topologically protected surface states, see Fig. 6c), such
as in electronic Dirac semimetals[32]. The trivial Dirac
points are not robust and can be removed by local perturbations.
The Weyl points emerging in chiracl symmetry broken
photonic crystals are also found to be stable. In Fig. 6d
we give the phase diagram for the Weyl points in the
Rout -Rin parameter space which is similar to that of the
Dirac points. Their robustness is inhered from the topological Dirac points. Fig. 6e illustrates that the topological surface states connect a pair of Weyl points with
opposite kz . This is quite different from the four Weyl
points induced by breaking chiral symmetry in systems
with trivial Dirac points (Fig. 6f): The surface states connect the two Weyl points in the half-plane with kz > 0
(or kz < 0). The unique connectivity is a special feature
of the Z2 Dirac and Weyl points[33, 34].
Application potentials. For the permittivity  =
12 (i.e., silicon) and the geometry Rout = 0.5a and
Rin = 0.4a, our calculation indicate that the Dirac point
2c
emerges at Kz = 0.34 2
a with frequency 0.6 a . The
Dirac points are above the light-line and hence accessible in transmission experiments[14]. Differing from the
Dirac points, the Weyl points can only be excited by
light sources with orbital angular momentum ~ or 2~
for the p+ -d+ Weyl points. If the orbital angular momentum reverses, they can only excite the p and d
Weyl points. Thus the four Weyl point have the special properties of frequency, angle and orbital-angularmomentum selective transmissions. Around the Dirac or
Weyl points, our photonic crystals can be viewed as lossless medium with near zero permittivity. The permittivity can be larger, equal to or smaller than zero when the

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Of particular importance is that, as the monopoles of
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Conclusion and discussions. We found a new type
of Dirac points protected by the Z2 topology and the
parity-time symmetry in 3D hexagonal photonic crystals.
They are stable and robust against perturbations that respect the parity-time symmetry. When inversion symmetry is broken, the Dirac points are splitted into a pair of
Weyl points with opposite chirality. The Dirac and Weyl
points, carrying nontrivial Berry phases, have unprecedented abilities in manipulating light flow. Our atomic
picture for the design of photonic topology and Berryphase also provides a new route toward future topological
photonics.
Acknowledgements We thank Yadong Xu for helpful
discussions. H.X.W and H.Y.C thanks supports from
the National Science Foundation of China for Excellent
Young Scientists (grant no. 61322504). H.X.W and J.H.J
acknowledges supports from the faculty start-up funding
of Soochow University.

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