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DEPARTMENT of
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
AY(2014-15)
Lab Name
Lab Code
: EC6411
Semester
Year
: IV
: 2nd Year
Prepared By
Jayasanthi Sambbandam,S.Sridharan,R.Vidhya
Approved By
HOD/ECE
EC 6411
C
LTP
0032
- 15 Nos.
- 15 Nos.
- 15 Nos
Digital multimeter
- 15 Nos.
- 2 Nos.
Stanalone desktops PC
- 15 Nos.
- 50 Nos.
CYCLE I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Astable Multivibrator.
SIMULATION USING PSPICE:
7. Double and stagger tuned amplifier
8. Schmitt trigger with predictable hysteresis
9. Voltage and current time base circuits.
CYCLE II
10.Weinbridge Oscillator
11.Free running blocking oscillator
12.Monostable multivibrators
SIMULATION USING PSPICE:
13.Tuned collector oscillator and Wien Bridge Oscillator
14.Bistable multivibrator and Monostable multivibrators with emitter and base
timing
INDEX
S.NO
DATE
EXPERIMENT NAME
PAGE
NO.
MARKS
OBTAINE
FACULT
Y SIGN
To design and construct the Current Series and Voltage Shunt feedback
amplifiers.
Apparatus Required:
S.No
Item
Range
Qty
Transistor
BC 147
Resistor
Capacitor
CRO
(0-30) MHz
RPS
(0-30) V
Function
(0 1) MHz
Generator
7
Ammeters
Theory:
Circuit Diagram:
1 each
+VCC
R1
RC
Cin
Co
+
B
BC107
E
RL
CE
Vin
F.G
R2
Vo
CRO
RE
VCC =
,=
Assume
, f=
IE = IC
R E = VE / I E =
RC = (VCC - VCE - VE)/ IC =
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC * R2 /( R1+R2 )
R2 /( R1+R2 )= VB / VCC
S=1+ RB / RE
RB =
R1* R2 /( R1+R2 ) = RB
,RL =
, Ic = , hie=
VCE = VCC / 2 =
,VBE = 0.7 V
VE = VCC / 10 =
S=
R1=
R2=
Input Impedance
Zin = ( RB
hie )
RL) =
Xco= Zo / 10 =
XCo = 1/ 2 f Co =
Co = 1/ 2 f XCo =
By-pass capacitor is given by ,
XCE = hie / 1+ hfe
XCE = 1/ 2fCE
CE = 1/ 2f XCE =
Av=hfe * RL eff/hie
RL eff =(Rc
RL) =
RB] =
D = 1+ Gm =
Gmf = Gm / D =
Voltage gain=Avf= -hfeRc
h ie+ hfeRE
Zif = Z iD =
Zof = ZoD =
Observation:
Vin =
mV
Gain
Frequency
Output voltage
(Hz)
Vo (volts)
Av=20 log
(Vo/Vi)
(dB)
Without
F/B
Input Impedance
Output Impedance
With F/B
Without
F/B
With F/B
Assume,
Rf = 68 K
XCf = Rf / 10 =
Cf = Rf / 2f XCf =
= -1 / Rf =
Transresistance=Rm=(Rc RL Rf) (Rs Rf)
(Rs
D = 1+ Rm =
RB
Rf)
Rmf = Rm / D =
Voltage gain=Avf= Rmf/Rs
Zif = Z i/D =
Zof = Zo/D =
R1
Rf
Cf
Rc
Co
Cin
BC107
Rs
RL
CRO
CE
Vin
R2
RE
f = 1 KHz
Observation:
Vin =
mV
Gain
Frequency
(Hz)
With F/B
Av=20 log(Vo/Vi)
(dB)
Without
With F/B
Vo
F/B
F/B
Without feedback
3 dB
gain
(dB)
3dB
f3
f1
With feedback
f2
f4
f(Hz)
Procedure:
The connections are made as shown in the circuit. The amplifier is checked for its
correct operation .Set the input voltage to a fixed value. Keeping the input voltage
Vary the input frequency from 0Hz to 1MHz and note down the corresponding output
voltage. plot the graph : gain (dB) Vs frequency .Calculate the bandwidth from the
graph. Remove RE and follow the same procedure.
Connect DRB in the input side in series with the base of the transistor
Initially keep the resistance as 0
Vary F.G to get maximum output
Increase the resistance of the DRB such that output reduces to one half of the
maximum output
To find out output impedance:
Connect DRB in the output side in shunt with the load resistor
Initially keep the resistance as MAX
Vary F.G to get maximum output
Decrease the resistance of the DRB such that output reduces to one half of
the maximum output
Result:
Thus the feedback amplifier was designed, constructed, tested,frequency
response was plotted and the following parameters were calculated.
TYPE OF
FEEDBA
CK
PARAMETER
CURRENT
SERIES
WITH OUT
FEEDBACK
WITH
FEEDBACK
VOLTAGE
SHUNT
BANDWIDTH
INPUT
IMPEDANCE
OUTPUT
IMPEDANC
E
Apparatus Required:
S.No
Apparatus Name
Transistor
Resistor
Capacitor
4
5
6
Range
Qty
BC 147
CRO
( 0 30 ) MHz
RPS
(0-30) V
(0-1 )MHz
Function
Generator
Design :
VCC =
fT=
IE = IC
,=
, f=
,RL =
, Ic = , hie=
,VBE = 0.7 V
S=
hie )
RL) =
Xco= Zo / 10 =
XCo = 1/ 2 f Co =
Co = 1/ 2 f XCo =
By-pass capacitor is given by ,
XCE = hie / 1+ hfe
XCE = 1/ 2fCE
CE = 1/ 2f XCE =
Oscillator Design
Frequency fT = ____________Hz
fT = 1/ 2 6 RC
Assume C = 0.1F
R = 1/26 f TC
Circuit Diagram:
Model Graph:
Theory:
Procedure:
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare it with the theoretical
frequency.
Observation:
Amplitude
Time period T
Frequency f
= 1/T =
Theoretical frequency fT =
Practical frequency
fP
Result:
Theoretical frequency
Practical frequency
To design, construct and test the Hartley oscillator and to obtain its output
waveform for the given frequency .
Apparatus Required:
S.No
Apparatus Name
Range
BC 107
Qty
Transistor
Resistor
Capacitor
CRO
(0 30)MHZ
RPS
(0-30) V
Function
(0- 1 ) MHz
Generator
7
DLB, DRB
Theory:
Circuit Diagram:
Design :
VCC =
,=
, f=
IE = IC
Assume, VCE = VCC / 2 =
VE = VCC / 10 =
R E = VE / I E =
RC = (VCC - VCE - VE)/ IC =
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC * R2 /( R1+R2 )
R2 /( R1+R2 )= VB / VCC
S=1+ RB / RE
RB =
,RL =
, Ic = , hie=
,VBE = 0.7 V
S=
R1* R2 /( R1+R2 ) = RB
R1=
R2=
Input Impedance , Zin = ( RB
hie )
RL) =
Xco= Zo / 10 =
XCo = 1/ 2 f Co =
Co = 1/ 2 f XCo =
By-pass capacitor is given by ,
XCE = hie / 1+ hfe
XCE = 1/ 2fCE
CE = 1/ 2f XCE =
Assume,
C = 0.1microF
L = L1 + L 2
L1=
L2=
Model Graph:
Procedure:
Observation:
Amplitude
Time period T
Frequency f
= 1/ T =
Theoretical frequency fT =
Practical frequency
Result:
fP
Thus the Hartley Oscillator was designed, constructed and the output sine
waveform was observed.
Theoretical frequency
Practical frequency
3 b. Colpitts Oscillator
Aim :
To design, construct and test the Colpitts Oscillator and to obtain its output
waveform for the given frequency .
Apparatus Required:
S.No
1
Apparatus Name
Transistor
Range
BC 107
Qty
1
Resistor
Capacitor
CRO
(0 30)MHZ
RPS
(0-30) V
Function
(0- 1 ) MHz
Generator
7
DLB, DRB
Theory:
Circuit Diagram:
Design :
VCC =
,=
, f=
Assume IE = IC
,RL =
, Ic = , hie=
VCE = VCC / 2 =
,VBE = 0.7 V
VE = VCC / 10 =
R E = VE / I E =
RC = (VCC - VCE - VE)/ IC =
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC * R2 /( R1+R2 )
R2 /( R1+R2 )= VB / VCC
S=1+ RB / RE
RB =
R1* R2 /( R1+R2 ) = RB
R1=
R2=
Input Impedance , Zin = ( RB
hie )
RL) =
Xco= Zo / 10 =
XCo = 1/ 2 f Co =
Co = 1/ 2 f XCo =
By-pass capacitor is given by ,
XCE = hie / 1+ hfe
XCE = 1/ 2fCE
CE = 1/ 2f XCE =
Frequency f = ____________Hz
S=
f = 1/ 2 LC
Assume
C1 = 0.1microF
, C2 = 0.1microF
C = C1C2 /(C1+C2)
L=
Model Graph:
Observation:
Amplitude
Time period T
Frequency f
= 1/T =
Theoretical frequency fT =
Practical frequency
fP
Result:
Thus the Colpitts Oscillator was designed, constructed and the output sine
waveform was observed.
Theoretical frequency
Practical frequency
Apparatus Required:
S.No
Apparatus Name
Range
Transistor
Resistor
Capacitor
CRO
RPS
(0-30) V
Function
Generator
Theory:
Circuit Diagram
BC 107
Qty
1
1
2
1
Design :
VCC =
,=
, f=
,RL =
, Ic = , hie=
,VBE = 0.7 V
FT
=
IE = IC
Assume,
VCE = VCC / 2
VE = VCC / 10
R E = VE / I E
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC * R2 /( R1+R2 )
R2 /( R1+R2 )= VB / VCC
S=1+ RB / RE
RB =
R1* R2 /( R1+R2 ) = RB
R1=
R2=
Input Impedance , Zin = ( RB
hie )
S=
XCin = 1/ 2fCin=
Cin = 1/ 2f XCin =
output coupling capacitor is given by ,
Zo = QL *XL
RL
As QL *XL is large
Zo = RL
Xco= Zo / 10
XCo = 1/ 2 f Co =
Co = 1/ 2 f XCo =
By-pass capacitor is given by ,
XCE = hie / 1+ hfe
XCE = 1/ 2 fCE
CE = 1/ 2 f XCE =
Theoretical frequency,
f T= 1/(2 LC)
C=0.1uF
L=
Model Graph:
Procedure:
1.The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2.Connect the CRO in the output and trace the waveform.
3.Calculate the practical frequency and compare with the theoretical frequency
4.Plot the waveform obtained and calculate the bandwidth
Observation:
Vin =
Frequency(Hz)
Output Voltage,
Vo(Volts)
Gain
Av=20 log (Vo/Vi)
(dB)
Bandwidth = f 2 f
Result:
Thus the Single Tuned Amplifier is designed, constructed, tested and
the frequency response was plotted.
Theoretical bandwidth
Practical bandwidth
Apparatus Required:
Apparatus Name
Audio Oscillator
CRO
Resistors
Capacitor
Breadboard
RPS
Theory:
Integrator and differentiator:
Circuit Diagram:
Range
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
Model Graph
Integrator
Clippers
Negative Clipper
D 1
1
V in
Positive Clipper
D
2
V7
1k
CRO
V in
Model Graph
V7
1k
CRO
Positive Clipper
Clipper
Negative
Clampers
Negative Clamper
Positive Clamper.
0.1 F
Model Graph
0.1 F
Positive Clamper
Negative Clamper
Procedure:
1.Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2.The resistance Rcomp is also connected to the (+) input terminal
to minimize the effect of the input bias circuit.
3.It is noted that the gain of the integrator decreases with
increasing frequency.
4.Thus the integrator circuit does not have any high frequency
problem.
Result :
6.Astable Multivibrator
Aim :
To design, construct and test an astable multivibrator for the given frequency
and to obtain its output waveforms.
Apparatus Required :
S.No
Item
Range
Qty
Transistor
BC107
Resistor
2
2
Capacitor
RPS
(0-30) V
CRO
Theory :
+VCC
Circuit Diagram:
RC
R
C
VC1
BC147
Design Specification:
RC
C
BC147 V C2
Given VCC = ; IC = ; h FE =
;f=
VCE(sat) = 0.2 V
RC =
VCC VCE(sat) / IC
RC =
T= 1/f =
Choose C = 0.01f
T = 1.38 RC =
R=
Procedure:
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Observe the waveform both at bases and collectors of Q1 and Q2.
4. Connect the CRO in the output of Q1 and Q2 and trace the square waveform .
Model Graph :
Result:
Thus the Astable multivibrator circuit is designed, constructed,
tested, Simulated using Pspice and the output waveforms are drawn
Theoretical frequency
Practical frequency
To simulate Double and stagger tuned amplifier using PSPICE and to study
Theory:
V3
15Vdc
TX1
C 6
C 4
12k
C 1
10u
5m Vac
0Vdc
0 .0 1 u
0 .0 1 u
R 1
Q 1
C 2
0 .1 u
BC 107A
V4
R 8
100k
R 2
2 .2 k
R 3
C 7
150
220u
Simulation output
TX2
C4
C5
0 .1 u
C6
0 .1 u
0 .0 1 u
0 .0 1 u
R1
C7
R3
12k
12k
C3
Q1
C1
C2
Q2
10u
BC 107A
0 .1 u
BC 107A
10u
R7
2m Vac
0Vdc
V1
100k
R2
2 .2 k
R5
150
C8
R4
220u
2 .2 k
Simulation output
Procedure:
R6
150
C9
220u
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Result:
Thus the Double and stagger tuned amplifier using PSPICE was simulated
and its frequency response was observed.
Theory:
V1
15Vdc
R 1
3 .3 k
C 1
R 2
0 .0 1 u
3k
R 6
Q 1
Q 2
4 .7 k
BC 107A
VO F F = 0
VAM PL = 5V
F R EQ = 1kH z
BC 107A
V3
R 4
R 3
3 .3 k
1k
[[R12R4/R3] + R3+R4]
UTP =
OUTPUT
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Result:
Thus the Schmitt Trigger using PSPICE was simulated and its output was
observed.
Theory:
V1
R 1
R 2
10k
470
X1
2N 2646
C 1
R 3
0 .1 u
47
OUTPUT
15Vdc
V1
R 2
L1
5
1
10m H
D 1
B Y 2 4 9 -3 0 0
3
1
I
R 1
Q 1
BC 107A
68k
V1 = 5v
V 2 = -5 v
TD =
TR = 0
TF = 0
P W = 0 .5 m s
PER = 1m s
V2
OUTPUT
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Result:
Thus the Voltage and Current timebase generators using PSPICE was
simulated and its output was observed.