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IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm


Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-5984

A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

On Modeling of Spatial Discrete Multi-Tone


MIMO Optical Channel
Amin Al-Kabi
Australian College of Kuwait Kuwait city, Kuwait

ABSTRACT
The Multiple-input Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless optical communications are studied in previous work. The spatial
discrete multi-tone (SDMT) modulation technique is investigated in terms of its channel model and its capacity. This paper
focuses on the capability of SDMT spatial modulation to combat the low pass spatial channel, where, a dynamic range
compression technique was applied to exploit unused spatial frequency bins to reduce the peak value of output signals thereby
reducing clipping noise.
Keywords Wireless, MIMO, Optical, Channels, Modeling

I. INTRODUCTION
With the rapid development of solid-state lighting, wireless optical communications are deemed to be an interesting
technology for upcoming indoor wireless communications. To attain high data rate Multiple-input Multiple-Output
(MIMO) wireless optical communications are studied in previous work. This article is primarily a presentation and
review of the literature of signaling and coding of the strategies used for the pixelated wireless MIMO optical channels,
where the prospective of this topology of channel to get high spectral efficiency is validated to be a channel of spacetime able to get high spectral efficiencies by using coding methods available. In this article, the method of spatial
discrete multi-tone modulation (SDMT) is studied, and an assessment of the capacity of a particular channel realization
is afforded as a waterfall spectrum. For systems in which the prediction orthographic assumption holds, it is predicted
that the capacity of the system will be highly reliant on the range between the transmitter and the receiver. The spatial
frequency response of the link descents, as the range rises.

II. CHANNEL MODEL


Fig. 1 depicts a typical MIMO optical wireless channel [1]. We presumed that the transmitter has a square
grid at intervals of , and
undistinguishable formed transmit pixels. At time instant t the transmitted amplitude
must satisfy
, thanks to the restraints on the channel amplitude. The receiver is located to gather the
transmitted optical intensity image, and produces a signal indicating the spatial distribution of optical power impacting
the device in each symbol interval, where
designates the received optical intensity image at time t. The
receiver in this prototype contains
pixels of form
, separated by intervals of size
on a grid of square size
. The receiver output samples
, in time and space of the optical intensity distribution.The
corresponding channel's pixel is the modest type of MIMO Optical Wireless channels, which is the one in which each
transmitting component relates to a single pixel received.This channel entails a string of independent and parallel
channels. The channel prototype can be administered as
(1)

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

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IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)


Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm
Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-5984

A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

Figure 1. Block Diagram of a point-to-point MIMO Wireless Optical Channel.


where
is the process of random noise to each received pixel. In this prototype, it is presumed that the optical
MIMO channel is an assembly of sub-channels without cross-channel interference and the noise processes are
identically distributed random variables, with Gaussian probability density distribution functions. It is intended that
these noise sources vary on the array following tolerances of devices and non-identical responses of the optical pixels
[1].
In addition, we assume that each transmitted pixel is modulated with an M-PAM signaling pattern, that is independent
of the other pixels transmitted, and P is the maximum average optical power limit and an optical power limit of
is assigned to each sub-channel. If the array size is set, rising n suggests that the area of each receiving
element declines with n. The channel works in a shot-noise limited mode, if lighting is concentrated, hence, the
variance of the noise generated by each photo in each sub-channel is proportional to the area of the pixel, i.e.
, where
is the variance of the sum over all the noises of the component pixels [3].
Unluckily, the capacity of each sub-channel does not have closed form. However, it can be projected by investigating an
electrical channel that has the same variance as the optical constellation intensity. In this case, the signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) in each M-PAM sub-channel is associated to the average optical power as,
(2)
whereW represent the bandwidth support amount required by the pattern, and the signals have a fractional power
bandwidth of
, with time-limit of [0, T). The summation of the individual sub-channel capacities, can approximate
the total capacity of pixel matched system such as,

) [bits/s/Hz]
as

(3)

(4)

where OSNR is expressed as


. It can be inferred that the capacity is proportional to the quadratic increase of
the OSNR, as the number of pixels approaches infinity. A comparable outcome can be observed in fading-free wireless
channels, where multiplexing spatial gains are achieved by allocating the power restraint over a big number of degrees
of freedom [1], [2].

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

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IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)


A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm


Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-5984

III. PIXELATED WIRELESS OPTICAL CHANNEL


In digital subscriber lines (DSL), the discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulation is a common signaling pattern of
frequency selective channels [6]. Here, the frequency spectrum is distributed over a number of non-interrelating bins.
Hence, these bins can be regarded as a group of parallel Gaussian channels. The optimum power distribution across the
bins is given by a waterfall or water-pouring spectrum, subject to the total power restraint. Consequently, the
quadratic amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations are determined in each frequency bin according to the rule of
optimum power distribution.
In Discrete Multi-tone (DMT) system, the data is transferred by modulating the spatial frequency domain. The spatial
discrete multi-tone (SDMT) modulation could be regarded as an expansion to DMT. Fig. 2 depicts the SDMT system
block diagram [1].
The proposed channel prototype can be used to estimate the capacity of SDMT spatial modulated point-to-point optical
wireless channel. In order to assess the practicality of attaining a high rate of channel capacity, in this prototype multistage decoding and multi-level codes are employed to the channel simulation to give a feasible system which
accomplishes rates of around 76% of the channel capacity.

Figure 2. Block diagram of SDMT system.


III-1 Dynamic Range Compression
The output signal in DMT systems is the summation of a huge set of independent sinusoidal signals. The distribution of
the amplitudes of these sinusoidal signals can be regarded as Gaussian distribution, and they demonstrate high peak-toaverage ratios, as shown in Fig. 3[8]. As SDMT is a general extension to the traditional DMT, it also demonstrates the
same disadvantageous characteristic.
Nevertheless, in SDMT where the Signal to Noise ratio is too low, there are a significant number of unused spatial
frequency bins where data is not set. These bins provide a significant degree of freedom, and they can be utilized to
decrease the peak amplitude of the resultant output signal. Consequently a repetitive projection procedure is used to
allocate the unused bins [3]. Fig. 4 illustrates the function of the algorithm.

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

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IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)


A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm


Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-5984

Figure 3. Normalized histograms of received amplitudes given a zero or one are transmitted for
10 10 sized macro-pixelsalong with Gaussian density fit.

Figure 4. Block diagram of dynamic range compression algorithm.


The algorithm can be regarded as a repetitive process between the set of signals holding the required data and the set of
signals complying with the peak restraint.Firstly, the data symbols are assigned to the designated spatial frequency
bins, and the other bins are set to zero. The resultant image is converted to spatial domain using the Inverse Fast
Fourier Transform (IFFT) trimmed to comply with the peak restraint and converted back in spatial frequency domain
using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Secondly, the algorithm appoints the data symbols to the allocated frequency bins,
and leaves the other bins intact. This process is repeated for a certain number of iterations. As previously clarified, the
dynamic range compression algorithm can be regarded as a repetitive process between the group of signals complying
with the peak restraint and the group of signals holding the required data. Therefore, as the two sets are convex it can
be concluded that the algorithm will find a point in the intersection of the sets if such a point exists [3].
It should be noted that the dynamic range is diminished at the expense of enlarged processing delay, as the number of
iterations rises. The resultant spectrum will have less than 1% of the signal power outside of the Nyquist range after
little iteration. However, by allocating data symbols to unused bins a significant amount of energy is should not be put
above the Nyquist band of the receiver, as it could lead to extra aliasing noise. However, we should take into
consideration that the high spatial frequency bins will be further reduced by the channel response before they are
gathered at the receiver. This aliasing distortion affects the spatial frequency bins near the Nyquist rate and produces a
considerable decline in the dynamic range and the spatial noise.

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

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IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)


A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm


Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-5984

III-2 Code Design


The SDMT does not provide a feasible procedure to obtain the capacity of the optical pixelated channel, although it
signifies the maximum achievable rate per frame. In this section a close-capacity attaining multi-level coding and
multi-stage decoding scheme for DMT channels is used in the case of SDMT channel [1]. Multi-level codes are a coded
modulation scheme that utilizes binary codes to enhance the consistency of multi-level QAM constellations. For
constellations of size
address bits
are needed to identify each constellation point. A multilevel coding scheme allocates a binary code to each based on the quality of the corresponding bit channel.
Assuming Y as the received variable the mutual information for channel input to output is equal to I(Y; B) since the
map from B to the constellation points is a one-to-one relation. Consequently, and the chain rule of mutual information
shows that
(5)
Assuming
are identified therefore the data transfer on the channel can then be regarded as transmission
on M parallel bit channels. A code can be suggested for each channel based on the conditional mutual information of
the sub-channels. Undoubtedly the conditional mutual information in each bit channel is greatly reliant on the
identification of the constellation points. Hence, if Ungerboeck labeling scheme is employed, we get[4],
(6)
Subsequently the rate of codes chosen should rise for higher bits. At the decoder a multi-stage decoding algorithm is
used in which each is decoded based on realizing the decoder output for lower bits
. The application of
multi-level codes in DMT can approach the channel capacity over variety types of channels [11]. It can be concluded
that if each code is capacity attaining then the total channel capacity is obtained by utilizing multi-level coding and
multi-stage decoding.
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 illustrate the multi-level coder and multi-stage decoder block diagrams, used for the SDMT channel.
Bits and in each bin are Gray labeled and treated as a single symbol. These two bits are coded with a close capacity
attaining asymmetrical rate-1/2 low density parity check code (LDPC) with block length
[11]. The log-likelihood
ratios at the decoder for these bits can be calculated over all constellation points and applied to the LDPC decoder.
Regarding the higher level bits, they are labeled using Ungerboecks set labeling. In order to design codes for the upper
bits, a maximum bit-error rate of
is assumed. Reed-Solomon codes of block length 255 were applied to correct
enough errors to ensure that the target bit-error rate was met in the upper bit channels which are prototyped as binary
symmetric channels (BSCs).Table 1 depicts the average conditional probability of error for the higher order bits besides
the capacity of the relevant BSCs [1].For and higher label bits the bit channel is good enough to allow for uncoded
transmission while satisfying the bit-error rate target.

Figure 5. Multi-level coder block diagram for SDMT channel.

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

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IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)


A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm


Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-5984

Figure 6. Multi-stage decoder for the SDMT channel.

CODE DESIG FOR HIGHER LEVEL BIT LABLES


The spectral efficiency of the system depends on the pulse shape employed in the PAM pixel modulation. The system
performance can be achieved from the spectral efficiency which includes the signaling restraints of the system. The
spectral efficiency of this SDMT scheme can be expressed as
where T is the frame interval and,
is the K%fractional power bandwidth of the PAM pulse. When a 99% fractional power definition of bandwidth is assumed and
rectangular PAM modulation is employed for each pixel, the maximum spectral efficiency achieved is around 1.7
Kbits/s/Hz.The resultant rate over all frequency bins was calculated to be =17.1 kbits/frame or approximately 76% of
the estimated channel capacity, after applying multi-level codes.
On the other hand SDMT may also be suitable in channels with moderate spatial variations. Consider the case of twodimensional arrays of lasers and photodiodes for chip-to-chip signaling. Repeated deterministic variations of the gain of
these devices over the array exist due to defects or to manufacturing errors [5], [6] which may result in total failure of
certain pixels. In traditional systems where each transmit pixel is sensed by a single receive pixel this alteration can
result in deletions in the received data.However, although the spectral efficiency which is gained is significantly large,
it should be noted that the complexity of carrying out the required signal processing in a real system has not been taken
into consideration. However it is suggested that the available gains from this channel topology merit further study.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
This paper discusses SDMT spatial modulation, where, a dynamic range compression technique was applied to exploit
unused spatial frequency bins to reduce the peak value of output signals and hence reducing trimming noise. A fairly
accurate-capacity attaining coding scheme formerly adopted for DMT systems was applied to the SDMT channel.
This code attains rates in simulation of around 17.1 Kbits/frame, which is around 76% of the estimated channel
capacity.

REFERENCES
[1] Wireless Optical Communications Systems, SteveHranilovic, Springer, Science & Business Media, Inc.,
2005.
[2] I. E. Telatar. Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels. European Trans. Telecommun., 10(6):585595,
Nov.-Dec. 1999.
[3] A. Gatherer and M. Polley. Controlling clipping probability in DMT transmission. In 31st Asilomar
Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, volume 1, pages 578584, 1997.
[4] G. Ungerboeck. Channel coding with multilevel/phase signals. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
IT-28(l):5567, January 1982.

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

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IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)


A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm


Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-5984

[5] M. Chteauneuf, A. G. Kirk, D. V. Plant, T. Yamamoto, and J. D. Ahearn. 512-channel vertical-cavity


surface-emitting laser based free-space optical link. IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, 41(26):5552
5561, September 2002.
[6] Amin Al-Kabi, On modeling of Wireless MIMO Channel, Proceedings of IEEE Sixth International
Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation (ISMS-2015), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 9 12 February, 2015.

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