For Color Removal

Coagulation/rapid sand filtration

Adsorption
Granular activated carbon (GAC) media
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition
Synthetic resins (ion exchange)
Oxidation
Ozone
Chlorine
Potassium permanganate
Chlorine dioxide
Nanofiltration

Taste and color control

Oxidation
Ozone
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Potassium permanganate
BAC adsorption

Bacteria, viruses removal

Partial reductionfiltration
Inactivationdisinfection
Chlorine
Chloramine
Chlorine dioxide
Ozone
UV

Turbidity-particulate reduction

Filtration technique
Rapid sandconventional
Coagulation & Flocculation
Clarification
Plain settling
Plate settlers
Solids contact
Dissolved air flotation
Filtration
Rapid sanddirect mode
Slow sand filtration
Diatomaceous earth filtration
Membrane filtration
Ultrafiltration
Nanofiltration
Reverse osmosis

Disinfection by-product control

Precursor reduction
Enhanced coagulation
GAC adsorption
Biologically activated carbon (BAC) media
preozonation
Nanofiltration

Iron, manganese
reduction/sequestering

Filtration of precipitators formed by preoxidation

Sand and/or anthracite media
Green sand media
Proprietary media
Polyphosphate sequestering agent

Hardness reduction

Lime softening
Ion exchange
Nano filtration

Inorganic, organic chemical reduction

Ion exchange
Biologically activated carbon media
Adsorption
Reverse osmosis

Corrosion control

Post treatment
pH adjustment
Inhibitors

Substances
water

in Process used for removal

Chemical used

Hardness

Precipitation
Ion exchange

Lime, soda ash, caustic,

phosphate, Salt, acid

Alkalinity

Precipitation
Ion exchange
Neutralization

Lime, gypsum
Acid, salt
Acid

Carbon dioxide

Precipitation
Ion exchange
Neutralization
Degasification

Lime
Caustic
Lime, caustic
None

Dissolved solids

Reverse osmosis

None

Reduction by removal of separate

components adding to dissolved
solids
Suspended solids
Iron
manganese

Coagulation, flocculation,
sedimentation

and Oxidation
Precipitation
Ion exchange

and

Alum,
aluminate,
coagulant aids
nitration Chlorine, lime
Lime, chlorine, air
Salt, acid

Silica

Precipitation
Ion exchange

Iron, salts,
Caustic

magnesia

Organic matter

Clarification
Oxidation

Alum,
Chlorine

aluminate

Adsorption

Activated carbon

Oxygen

Degasification
Reduction

None
Sulfite, hydrazine

Microrganisms

Clarification
Sterilization

Various,
coagulants,
coagulant aids Chlorine,
sterilants,

heat

Coagulation is an primary process of any kind of water treatment plant, that process must be performed using with cost
effective and commonly used coagulants.
General and 7 most commonly used coagulants in water treatment plant is under:

1. Alum (aluminum sulfate), Al2 (SO4)3. Still, the most common coagulant in the United States, it is often used in
conjunction with cationic polymers.

2. Polyaluminum chloride, Al (OH) x (C1)y. This is efficient in some waters, requiring less pH adjustment and producing
less sludge.(simply its called PAC)

3. Ferric chloride, FeCl3. This may be more effective than alum in some applications.

4. Ferric sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3. It is effective in some waters and more economical in some locations.

5. Ferrous Sulfate, FeSO4. It costs bit more compare with ferric chloride but result would be better than that

6. Sodium Aluminate, Na2Al2O4

7. Cationic polymers can be used alone as the primary coagulant or in conjunction with aluminum or iron coagulants.
Now a Days most of the plants are using Cationic polymer, the cost is expensive compare with inorganic coagulants. But
it can be use with wider pH range and produce less sludge.

The choice or selection of coagulant chemical depends upon the nature of the suspended solid to be removed, the raw
water conditions, the facility design, and the cost of the amount of chemical necessary to produce the desired result.
Note:
1. Coagulant selection is very important role, hence Take Jar test / Pilot study using with available Coagulants along with
your different process content effluent and conclude the result, which one is affordable.
2. Once if it is selected, so it is to be implement to the bulk process hence plan and design / fabricate the equipment and
choose civil construction accordingly
3. Adequate detention time must be allowed, it is also enhance the successive rate of coagulation and flocculation
process. so take care equipment selection and its sequence.