Police

modern school
Project report
On
Transformer

Submitted by:
Akshay
singh
class:Xll
Roll no:

Certificate
This is to certify that
Akshay singh, student of
class Xll, Police modern
school, has completed
the project titled
Transformers during the
academic year 20152016, and submitted
satisfactory report, as
compiled in the

following pages, under

my supervision
Ashok Mohopatra

Acknowledgements
I would like to express
my sincere gratitude to
my physics mentor for
his vital support,
guidance and
encouragement, without
which this project would
not have come forth.I
would also like to
express my gratitude to
the staff of the
department of physics
at Police modern school

for their support during

the making of this
project.

Akshay singh

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a
device used for
converting a low
alternating voltage to a

high alternating voltage

or a high alternating
voltage to a low
alternating voltage. It is
a static electrical device
that transfers energy by
inductive coupling
between its winding
circuits. Transformers
range in size from a
thumbnail-sized
coupling transformer
hidden inside a stage
microphone to huge

units weighing hundreds

of tons used in power
plant substation or to
interconnect portions of
the power grid. All
operate on the same
basic principles,
although the range of
designs is wide. While
new techniques have
eliminated the need for
transformer in some
electronic circuit,
transformers are still

found in many electronic

devices. Transformers
are essential for high
voltage electric power
transmission, which
makes long-distance
transmission
economically practical.
A transformer is most
widely used device in
both low and high
current circuit. In a
transformer, the
electrical energy

transfer from one circuit

to another circuit takes
place without the use of
moving parts. A
transformer which
increases the voltage is
called a step-up
transformer. A
transformer which
decreases the A.C
voltage is called a stepdown transformer.
Transformer is,
therefore, an essential

piece of apparatus both

for high and low current
circuit.
principle
It is based on the
principle of mutual
induction that is if a
varying current is set-up
in a current then
induced E.M.F is
produced in the
neighboring current. The
varying current in the

circuit produced varying

magnetic flux which
induces E.M.F in the
neighboring current.

Constructio
n
A transformer consists of a
rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two
coils P1 and P2 and S2 and S2
are wound on the same core,
but are well insulated with each
other. Note that the both the
coils are insulated from the
core, the source of alternating
e.m.f is connected to P1P2, the
primary coil and a load
resistance R is connected to S1

S2, the secondary coil through

an open switch S. thus there
can be no current through the
sec. Coil so long as the switch
is open. For an ideal
transformer, we assume that
the resistance of the primary
and secondary winding is
negligible. Further, the energy
loses due to magnetic the iron
core is also negligible. For
operation at low frequency, we
may have a soft iron. The soft
iron core is insulating by joining
thin iron strips coated with
varnish to insulate them to
reduce energy losses by eddy
currents. The input circuit is

called primary. And the output

circuit is called secondary.

An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the
action of the secondary e.m.f on the load impedance.

Theory and
working
When an alternating
e.m.f is supplied to the primary coil
P1P2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The alternating current
in the primary produces change in
magnetic flux, which induces
alternating voltage in the primary as
well as secondary. In a good
transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked
with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f induced in each turn
of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the

instantaneous value of the e.m.f

induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no.
of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and,
Db/dt=rate of change of flux in
each turn of the coil at this instant,
we have Ep=-Np Db/dt
(1)
Es=-Ns Db/dt
(2)
Since the above relations are true
at every instant, so by diving 2 by
1, we get
Es/Ep=-Ns/Np
(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value

of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil P1, so the
instantaneous current in the
primary coil is due to the
difference( E Ep ) in the
instantaneous values of the
applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, P1P2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip
in the primary coil is given by
I= E - Ep / Rp
E Ep =IpRp
When the resistance of the
primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore
E-Ep = 0 or Ep=E

Thus back e.m.f= input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written
as Es/Ep = Es / E= output e.m.f /
input e.m.f = Ns / Np = k
Where k is constant, called turn of
transformation ratio.
In a step down transformer,
Es<E so K<1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip = value of primary current at
the same instant t
And Is = value of sec. current at
this instant, then input power at
that instant t=EpIp and output
power at the same instant = EsIp

If there are no losses of power in

the transformer, then input power
= output power or
EpIp = EsIs

OR Es/Ep= Ip/Is = k

Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer is
defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power i.e.
= output power/ input
power= EsIs/EpIp
Thus in an ideal transformer,
where there is no power losses,

 =1. But in actual practice,

there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.
Load Losses

No Load Losses

Or Coil Losses

Or Core Losses

The loss is proportional to

the square of load drawn

The loss is continuous independent of

load

Energy
losses
In practical, the output energy
of a transformer is always less
than the input energy, because

energy losses occur due to a

number of reasons.
(1)Loss of Magnetic Flux
(2)Iron Loss
(3) Copper Loss
(4) Hysteresis Loss
(5) Magneto restriction

Uses of transformer
A transformer is used in almost
all A.C operations.
In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator, computer etc.
In the induction furnaces.
A step down transformer is
used for welding purpose.
A step down transformer is
used for obtaining large
current.
Transformers are used in
voltage regulator and stabilized
power supplies.

 Transformers are used in the

transmission of A.C. over long
distance.
Small transformer are used in
radio sets, telephone, loud
speaker etc.

Bibliography

The data used in this

project was taken from the
following sources:
www.google .com
www.wikipedia.com
www.scribd.com

The
end