Current problems in dating Palaeolithic cave art: Candamo

and Chauvet. (Method).

Introduction--style versus radiocarbon
It has become 12 years since Michel Lorblanchet initial coined the particular term `Post-stylistic
era' to denote the new period dawning in Palaeolithic artwork studies, by which immediate dating
ended up being likely to play the definitive role (Lorblanchet 1990: 20). Subsequent publications
upon this topic (e.g. Lorblanchet & Bahn 1991; 1993a) aroused controversy in some circles,
however significantly involving this was credited in order to misunderstanding of the position
adopted. Within particular, a few critics claimed in which it had been being argued which
immediate dating had totally replaced, as well as would soon replace, the use associated with
design inside creating chronologies. Absolutely Nothing could probably be further from the truth.
Your utilisation involving the term `post-stylistic' merely denoted the arrival of your new phase, but
didn't reject the worth of style: `It is self-evident the impact regarding absolute dating techniques
upon other areas associated with archaeological study, although enormous, has evolved
nevertheless through no means obliterated your role regarding typologies of stone equipment or
pottery. The term "post-stylistic" doesn't suggest your death regarding style, any more compared to
the term "post-glacial" means that ice vanished from the face of the earth!' (Lorblanchet & Bahn
1993b: v).
It can be obvious in which style will continue to play the main role, because hardly any paintings are
generally eligible for immediate dating--few contain organic material, and in nevertheless the
procedure is extremely expensive, so the particular vast majority associated with Palaeolithic
parietal figures will invariably have to become dated through other, indirect means. The Actual
existing principle ought to be that immediate dating along with stylistic chronology will must occur
aspect by side, complementing each other or perhaps exposing inconsistencies. This particular
paper discusses some examples where radiocarbon dating as well as stylistic dating are currently
discordant. We claim that whilst we should be ready to adapt classic stylistic sequences to new
absolute dates, the context and chemistry in the radiocarbon trials about the cave wall are generally
critical, and can give rise in order to dates that will might be anomalous.
Increasing quantities associated with radiocarbon determinations coming from samples of parietal
art are already obtained more than yesteryear decade, along with dates currently printed from more
than the dozen caves throughout France as well as Spain (Bahn & Vertut 1997: 75). most involving
the outcomes conform well in order to stylistic dates which in turn are corroborated by comparisons
together with portable art--the Palaeolithic parietal artwork of Eurasia is blessed for the principal
reason that it stands alongside a new corpus of Top Dating Service Website 1000s of
contemporaneous portable images which are typically well dated. Because predicted (Bahn
1993), radiocarbon in supplement has proved useful in weeding out fakes and wrongly attributed
motifs; pertaining to example, within the Pyrenean cave associated with Labastide, some `organised
black dots' throughout 3 distinct places were shown to be Magdalenian signs, however possess
yielded radiocarbon dates of contemporary times, the 15th century AD, along with (for `the the
majority of Magdalenian' examples) the 10th century AD (Simonnet 1999: 188).
Sources involving error
At the same time, some radiocarbon dates seem to become throughout severe conflict along with
stylistic expectations, ostensibly demanding the startling new perspective on the artistic sequence.

However, in these cases it may not often be the design that needs rethinking: sources associated
with radiocarbon error are very well known as well as may be determinant. for example, your date
of charcoal found in drawing may become the date regarding death in the tree-rings incorporated,
certainly not your date in the tree, or even the date that the charcoal was produced as well as
accustomed to draw with; therefore the date obtained can be much earlier than the particular
drawing. The Actual risks associated with contamination by making use of an exposed rock
surface are furthermore high, both via material which is also old (fossil carbon) and material which
is also small (microorganisms infesting the particular surface).
AMS dating, in particular, offers taught us being increasingly critical involving what's measured,
since tiny trials adjacent in order to each other on the cave wall may within fact derive from various
supplies with different formation processes. The Particular AMS dating involving cave-art pigments
will be a relatively new application, as well as rock painting examples are a new handful of
regarding the most hard to date reliably and directly, with regard to a minimum of 5 reasons which
we summarise here (Hedges et al. 1998):
* the particular always tiny size of accessible trials (usually 10-50 mg) significantly involving which
is calcite or bedrock, and additionally the really control of datable carbon ultimately obtained
coming from these (usually <1.5 mg, sometimes <0.5 mg),
* your exposure of such trials towards the environment over long periodsof time;
* the complex chemical good popularity for charcoal, pigments, rock substrates as well as surface
organic accumulations;
* the actual lack of association among such samples as well as other datable materials which may be
utilized as dating crosschecks;
* the relative lack of experimentation throughout pre-treatment, understandable because of the
precious character of the original material
The principal sources regarding carbon inside cave art are generally derived from charcoal, useful
for drawing as well as deposited as soot through lamps, and organic materials used in pigments,
which might always be extracted inside remedy as "humic acids". forms involving intrusive carbon
are usually microfauna or micro-organisms infesting the cave walls. Charcoal should be steady
and thus supply the most reliable samples, however even here, measurements can be inconsistent.
Charcoal samples within apparent association selected for direct dating could have got frequently
widely distinct [sup.14]C ages, such as those fragments in the ground of Cosquer Cave which
usually ranged through c. 15 500 in order to c. 27 900 BP in age, a positive change associated with
a pair of half-lives (Clottes et al. 1992b). When one assumes that will it is such charcoal fragments
that formed the cause material with regard to execution with the artwork on the walls, it is easy to
see how resulting AMS measurements will reflect the differing ages in the charcoal rather than your
execution of the art.
Pigment along with binding compounds are more topic to always be able to later changes
by mineral, chemical as well as micro-biological invasion throughout ways inside which are not
yet well understood. These People could add a lot more current carbon by simply percolating
in surface water, or through ingesting atmospheric carbon, as well as perhaps add earlier carbon
through digesting fossil carbonates (Gillespie 1984). Generally there is a possibility as a result that
the dates obtained tend to be composite outcomes to which carbon through various resources and
also ages could have got contributed.

One method where the actual relative homogeneity regarding carbon inside rock-art samples may
be analyzed is as easy as dating the actual soluble humic acid fraction, which can be isolated from
the charcoal carbon (often referred in order to as the humin fraction) throughout routine pretreatment pertaining to this material. `Humic acid' may always be the umbrella term for the items
with the organic breakdown regarding plant materials. These kinds of acids tend to be poorly
understood, highly mobile inside soils, sediments as well as via rocks, and often accumulate in the
porous structures regarding charcoal, wood and bone (Gillespie 1984: 7). Humic acids, therefore,
might have carbon from the number of sources, each of that bears small relation for the ages of the
charcoal sample containing these people in its chemical matrix. If, however, the particular
resulting wood-charcoal and also humic acid measurements are usually exactly the particular same
in one or perhaps two sigma then this could be a great indication with the relative integrity
regarding the material selected. Regarding example, a couple of measurements with the woodcharcoal carbon around the depiction of your horse via Cos quer Cave (Gif The 92416, 18 840[+ or
-] 240 BP; Gif a 92417, 18 820 [+ or perhaps -] 310 BP) are usually in statistical agreement using
one on a humic fraction from the same depiction (Gif a 92422, 18 760 [+ or even -] 220 BP) (Clottes
et al. 1992a). But some other paired measurements with Cosquer reveal that the situation is not
entirely clear: charcoal carbon from a depiction of a bison was dated for you to 18 010 [+ as well as
-] 190 BP (Gif A New 92419) even although the humic fraction was dated to 16 390 [+ or even -] 260
BP (Gif Any 92423) which is a statistically various get older from two sigma as well as enough to
become able to raise doubts as to the homogeneity in the carbon. Humic fractions can easily in
addition contain older carbon than the charcoal fractions, as in the case regarding both little
and large left-facing bison from Altamira which, while closer in grow older as compared to
the above examples, even now do certainly not overlap in 2 sigma (Valladas et al. 1992).
A case study--Candamo
At the particular Palaeolithic decorated cave associated with Candamo, inside Asturias (northern
Spain), samples from black dots were initially dated to become able to more than 32 000 years ago,
that ended up being surprising, particularly as there were older red paintings beneath these people
(Fortea 1999: 6-27). An unusually full account with the dating procedure provides now been
provided, together along with the results produced through an additional laboratory (Fortea
2000/1).
The original paint biological materials had been taken inside 1993 from intact black dots on a panel
together with several figures involving bulls. This kind of can become a complex panel, with
numerous phases associated with pictorial activity, a quantity of prior to and any few after the black
dots, and there can be distinct evidence for a few retouching here and there (Fortea 2000/1:18890). sample CAN12 ended up being consists of pigments from two black dots, one from your head
associated with bull 15, another via just proper of the tail regarding bull 16, which are mixed simply
by J. Fortea Perez as well as sent to the Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement
(LSCE) at Gif-sur-Yvette (Fortea 2000/1:191). the result, produced inside 1996 from a total mass of
carbon involving 1540 micrograms, ended up being 32 310[+ or perhaps -]690 (Gif A 96138), i.e. 33
690-30 930 BP in two sigma. Within 1999, LSCE provided a second determination through Candamo
which in turn broadly corroborated the first, produced via 460 micrograms which in turn remained
regarding CAN- 12:33 910[+ or even -]840 BP (Gif A New 98201). The Particular laboratory
suggested that both the prehistoric people may possess used ancient charcoal with regard to their
drawings, or perhaps the sketches truly had been completed as of this remote period.
In 1997, the particular late Manuel Hoyos was requested through Javier Fortea to become able to
join him throughout sampling the identical dots--from factors immediately adjacent in order to
those previously sampled. An equivalent amount of material has been taken as well as

first examined with a scanning electron microscope [SEM]. Hoyos' report (in Fortea 2000/1:191-96)
showed that certain test (called CAD-1 and CAD-1B) ended up being `normal', with just about all the
morphology, construction and composition of plant charcoal. The Actual second sample, however,
CAD-2, was burnt bone, which, since the actual carboniferous collagen is actually depleted
during burning, can be relatively missing out on carbon and may depress the actual date. The SEM
also revealed the particular presence regarding micro-organisms within both samples, involving
a kind noted on some other occasions via Altamira and Tito Bustillo (Hoyos, within
Fortea 2000/1:193). This particular extraneous organic material (bacteria, etc) is fundamentally
composed of carbon, however might have got drawn its carbon from pre-existing carbonates, not
really from the surrounding atmosphere (Gillespie 1984). These types of carbonates are generally
inevitably more ancient when compared with their own host micro-organisms, to ensure that the
latter incorporate [sup.14]C, [sup.13]C and [sup.12]C via older samples. When your carbonate
attacked through the microorganisms is regarding an infinite [sup.14]C get older (effectively >50
000 BP), then its isotopic composition will only have [sup.13]C and [sup.12]C which, when
additional towards the carbon taste being measured, will diminish the particular [sup.14]C ratio
inside the total, and so result throughout the result older of computer ought to be. the test might for
that reason are already rich in carbon nevertheless relatively reduced inside [sup.14]C.
In February 2001 Fortea (2000/1:196-97) took new trials from exactly the identical groups of dots
inside Candamo--"decidimos volver a muestrear ... los mismos lugares" (we made a decision to
resample your same places) (Fortea ibid.: 196; and discover out Figure 5, p. 189 for that
precise location via which the particular trials were taken) and also sent these phones
Geochron Laboratory within the USA that produced outcomes as follows:
CAN-3:15 160[+ or -]0 BP ([sup.13]C: -27.2. weight of trial 87.1 mg. weight regarding carbon
regarding analysis: 280 micrograms. Carbon rendered: 0.32%) (GX-27841-AMS)
CAN-4:15 870[+ as well as -]90 BP ([sup.13]C: -27.0. Excess Weight associated with sample:
64.9 mg. Excess Weight involving carbon for analysis: 289 micrograms. Carbon rendered: 0.43%).
(GX-27842-AMS)
Geochron features affirmed which the small sized the actual biological materials had been
not critical, since the smallest trial dated through this lab had been of just 30 micrograms of
carbon.
We have an intriguing scenario here, because both LSCE results are consistent, i.e. statistically the
identical age, as are usually the 2 Geochron results, but there can be a discrepancy of approaching
three half-lives between the two sets. Such any difference, if because of for you to contamination
alone, would require about 90% dead carbon contamination to always be able to alter a `true' ages
of around 15 000 BP to end up being able to around 33 000 BP, or alternatively concerning 13%
modern carbon contamination in order to alter a `true' age of around 33 000 BP for you to about 15
000 BP (M. Rowe pers. comm.).
In explanation of the discrepancy, Geochron suggested in which either different parts of the actual
wall had been painted or retouched at different times, or that there were problems associated with
contamination. Provided your complex and tiny size of the particular samples there might have been
absorption regarding organic contaminants of various ages by means of your outcomes of flowing
water. The samples dated--as effortlessly cave artwork pigments--contained an excellent quantity of
calcareous wall (the carbon content associated with that provides not been reported or used within
the evaluation in the result) and under 0.5% of `non-carbonate' carbon. Alternatively the harder
recently dated samples could are already permeated with additional latest micro-organisms.

As the info presently stands, the Candamo paintings thus admit for you to certainly 1 of three
conclusions: in which these folks were painted 33 000 years ago (Aurignacian), but some trials
contained more current carbon. Or that these folks were painted 15 000 years back (Magdalenian),
however, many samples were contaminated simply by more ancient carbon. Or Perhaps painting
took place in both the Aurignacian along with Magdalenian along with that pigment survives
through both these durations (Fortea 2000/1: 197-98). on understanding in the Geochron results,
LSCE agreed that will there could happen to be kinds of pigment of differing ages, as well as that
prehistoric people retouched the particular paintings at different times (Fortea ibid.: 197). The idea
is really important in which lessons should be discovered from the Candamo experience and applied
to other caves, most notably Chauvet.

A 2nd case study--Chauvet

The cave at Chauvet (Ardeche, France) provides perhaps your most interesting as well as
controversial of latest dating workouts throughout European cave art. Here, in certain opinions, the
particular radiocarbon dates can most likely end up being said to be from odds together with the
other person too as with considerations regarding style. An example of conflicting dates obtained
simply by radiocarbon dating can be provided by the taste obtained from any black horse figure.
This kind of gave any consequence of 20 790[+ or even -]340 BP (Gif A New 98157) from charcoal
carbon but 29 670[+ or -]950 BP (Gif The 98160) from the humic fraction (Valladas et al. 2001: 33).
The Particular scholars operating on this cave have got chosen for you to adopt the earlier date,
derived from your humic fraction, as well as questioned for your style to be reconsidered for the
cause why that light: "the chronilogical age group of the humic fraction resulting from the basic
treatment method ... appears to always be able to us to become more reliable" (Valladas et al. 2001:
216). Nevertheless because involving the problems of formation processes related together with
humic fractions, mentionened higher than previously above, it might be that the earlier date needs
to be treated using caution.
In this case we in addition believe stylistic arguments for any later on date are persuasive. Zuchner
(1996; 1999) has highlighted the countless features of Chauvet's artwork which in turn appear to
him for you to imply a Online Dating Network later period: the depiction involving Megaloceros and
also reindeer, hand prints and also hand stencils; the Magdalenian design associated with some
bison, rhinos and also large cats; the treatment of horse movement as well as anatomy; your
rendering associated with volume, shading and perspective; the representation of herds as well as
lines associated with animals; the full-face heads. He believes strongly that the cave's artwork
belongs to the actual Gravettian (red figures) and also for the late Solutrean/early-mid Magdalenian
(black figures). The Actual current book around the cave (Clottes 2001 b) provides reported yet
more figures which in turn appear to support Zuchner's scepticism: there is finished . that looks
being a red claviform, the sign which is closely linked with almost all the middle Magdalenian.
Generally there can also be an engraved tectiform (Clottes & Le Guillou 2001: 148), an additional
classic Magdalenian phenomenon; and an indented circle (Aujoulat & Gely 2001: 91), but yet
another post-Aurignacian (probably Gravettian) feature. There are a entire number of scenes--the
famous confronting rhinos, two scenes featuring lion couples, any complex hunting scene--and
scenes, always extremely rare throughout Ice Get Older art, are not truly identified elsewhere till
somewhat later on compared to Aurignacian, along with primarily the Magdalenian. The extensive
scraping with the wall surfaces prior towards the figures being drawn is known elsewhere, but
primarily at the Magdalenian caves of Altxerri and Covaciella (Aujoulat et al. 2001: 152). Clottes
(1996b: 282; 2001a: 213) sees your cave's `vulvas' as getting linked to Aurignacian specimens
through south-west France, however they have been in fact far more much like examples via

Magdalenian sites, and also bear little resemblance to the selection of Aurignacian motifs which
usually a few notice as being vulvas (see Bahn 1986). Inside addition, it's being borne in your own
mind that virtually just about all associated with the other decorated caves in the Ardeche most
likely date to the Solutrean and also Magdalenian.
Clottes (2001a: 219; notice additionally 2001b: 63, 68) accepts that Magdalenians may get entered
the cave, however he sees absolutely no evidence that they produced any kind of figures apart from
the claviform. Clottes is certainly correct to warn in which stylistic criteria are in no way an
infallible diagnostic tool (1996a: 27; 2001a). We're nonetheless ignorant associated with
many aspects of Ice Get Older artwork such as the origin and duration associated with
numerous features, as well as we know regarding remarkably sophisticated figurines coming from
the European Aurignacian. Nevertheless, your rock and also cave artwork which is definitely known
being Aurignacian looks rather crude as well as simple, a long way from Chauvet--which of course is
the reason your Chauvet dates caused such a shock. 1 certainly can't deny which Chauvet may
indeed date in order to the Aurignacian, but in straightforward relation to the particular laws of
probability, what are the chances that any single Aurignacian cave would include consequently
many different features, themes, styles and also techniques which, over any hundred years
involving study, possess grow to become able to be so strongly and also indubitably associated
with much later on periods?
Conclusion
These examples present how crucial is the dating associated with cave art and also how difficult it
remains, along with where radiocarbon as well as stylistic studies disagree, it's distinct which we
want a critical approach for you to both., In radiocarbon determinations few the circumstance is
more valuable compared to the composition and also context in the sample: AMS dating is revealing
in which many previously dated trials had been mixtures, thus little samples, even taken from the
identical paint mark, might possess very different origins as well as histories. The preparation
involving pigment could initially involve gathering the particular ashes from the hearth; but if this
results in a new single trial getting charcoal and another burnt bone, your dates obtained will vary.
Similarly, the particular degree of contamination can vary greatly inside the short distance, and
the contaminants may raise or perhaps lower the date depending about whether the intrusive
carbon is ancient or recent.
* one essential prescription is actually to utilize a SEM to be able to figure out the nature and
composition involving trials so far as achievable just before measurement and isolate the
information prone to have the greatest integrity.
* Yet Another is actually to adopt control samples of unpainted bedrock shut to the dated depictions
and to recover humic fractions from his or her store like a guide to the actual extent regarding
contamination in the neighborhood chemical environment. Some contaminants (such as oxalates)
may not whatsoever times become successfully removed by standard acid pre-treatments.
* The Actual obvious scientific strategy which should be followed will be to broaden your array of
AMS laboratories undertaking such cutting-edge measurements involving complex samples. A New
contact regarding independent verification of results by simply separate laboratories has been very
first produced by Lorblanchet & Bahn (1999:119) plus it could always be which given that huge
differences inside date may always be because of for you to distinctions throughout pre-treatment it
would become sensible for replication regarding measurement to be able to grow to be routine.
Associated With a lot much more than 60 immediate AMS radiocarbon dates printed with regard to
French along with Spanish Upper Palaeolithic cave art, most nevertheless a pair of were undertaken

by simply LSCE with Gif-sur Yvette.

For Candamo, focus is actually by natural means attracted by the anomaly that one laboratory ought
to only have trials from 1 period, as well as the other should have only biological materials from a
various period apparently approximately three half lives younger, if the biological materials had
been taken from essentially the same group involving apparently identical dots. There is certainly
silly for you to doubt that both laboratories routinely fulfill the highest standards in filtering and
processing samples, and also controlling for pollution simply by modern carbon. But it would
become intriguing for you to discover if present differences in pre-treatment, analysis along with
measurement strategies had been sufficient to account for such distinct results. Pertaining To this
type of manage the determinations would of course want being made about material divided
from exactly the identical sample. Throughout any kind of case, because of the potentially
serious problems together with plateaux along with grow older inversions of measurements more
than c. 5 half-lives (i.e. 30,000 BP) we should whatever the particular case treat ages beyond this as
provisional in very best (e.g. Richards & Beck 2001; Pettitt & Pike 2001).
The implications in the Aurignacian dates in Candamo along with Chauvet for our knowledge of the
early progression of Ice age artwork are usually immense. It can be for that reason imperative that
the dating programme be enhanced and also the results corroborated so way as possible, simply by
investigating the micro-composition involving samples, investigating formation processes,
testing thoroughly for possible contaminants, and also splitting trials with regard to use by several
co-operating laboratories. Within the particular latest sequencing involving MtDNA from
Neanderthal remains, impartial replication regarding outcomes with a number of some other
institutions was a crucial as well as integral section of the research design in the outset. Impartial
verification associated with outcomes should be undertaken routinely with all cutting-edge science
throughout archaeology. Our purpose here, therefore, is actually never to question the particular
performance regarding the laboratory with Gif-sur-Yvette, which has led the actual pioneering
programme for the AMS dating involving cave art in Europe, yet to call with regard to replication
regarding the results as well as the research and for full publication in the context and treatment
involving samples, any contact with that all scientists will surely agree.
Acknowledgements
The authors would actually like to express his or her appreciation to end up being able to
Javier Fortea regarding creating his Candamo information available, and to Marvin Rowe and
an anonymous reviewer for invaluable comments, nevertheless most responsibility for the
conclusions of this article is actually ours alone.
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Paul Pettitt & Paul Bahn*
* Pettitt, Keble College, Oxford OX1 3PG, England. (paul.pettitt@keble.ox.ac.uk) * Bahn, 428 Anlaby
Road, Hull HU3 6QP, England.
Received 29 Could 2002; Revised 2 September 2002; Accepted 3 January 2003.
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