Network Access

Physical layer and Data link layer on the OSI

Physical Layer
responsible for binary transmission
create signals that represent the bits in
each frame
Network Media - carry the flow of information (signal) from source
to destination
1. Wired media - cable
examples: UTP, STP, Coaxial cable (made of copper)/ optical fiber
(glass)
2. Wireless media - air, atmosphere, open space
examples: IR, Bluetooth, RF, Microwave
Factors to Consider
1. Immunity to EMI/RFI
utp (prone) stp(protection), coaxial cable, optical fiber (most)
2. Bandwidth - amount of data that can flow through a medium
units: bps, kpbs, mpbs, gbps (1 charater - 8bits - 1byte)
shared bandwidth (hub) 100mbps/10 computers = 10mpbs
throughput (8mbps goodput )
3. Attenuation - loss of signal (decrease of signal strength) along
the media
STP/UTP - 100meters (90meters)
Coaxial cable - thinnet(185meters), thicknet (500 meters)
optical fiber - multimode OF(2kms (LED)) singlemode(100kms
(laser))
wireless - IEEE802.11 a, b, g, n, ac, ad
4. Ease of installation - tools and equipment
UTP - RJ45connector, Crimper, tester

Coaxial - BNCconnector, Crimper, tester

OF - ST, SC, LC, FC, Fusion device, OTDR
Wireless - AP, Wireless Adapter
5. Cost
Optical Fiber - Lights pulses, 1 (On), 0 (Off)
wireless - frequency, 1 (High), 0 (Low)
Copper media - electrical pulses 1 (high voltage), 0 (low voltage)
UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair
Cat3 10Mbps, Cat4 16Mbps, Cat5 100Mbps, Cat5e 1000Mbps,
Cat6 10Gbps
twisting - cancel out noise (interference)
Color Codes
Stripe colors:
white-orange
white-blue
white-green
white-brown

solid colors:
orange
blue
green
brown

568 Standard (EIA/TIA)

568-B
1.White-orange
2.orange
3.White-green
4.blue
5.White-blue
6.green
7.White-brown
8.brown

568-A
1. White-green
2. green
3. white orange
4. blue
5. White-blue
6. orange
7. White-brown
8. brown

UTP Assemblies
Straight through ethernet cable
1. white-orange
1. white-orange
2. orange
2. orange
3. white-green
3. white-green
4. blue
4. blue
5. white-blue
5. white-blue
6. green
6. green
7. white-brown
7. white-brown
8. brown
8. brown
when connecting:
pc - hub, pc - switch, router - hub, router - switch
Crossover ethernet cable
1.White-orange
1. White-green
2.orange
2. green
3.White-green
3. white orange
4.blue
4. blue
5.White-blue
5. White-blue
6.green
6. orange
7.White-brown
7. White-brown
8.brown
8. brown
when connecting:
pc - pc, router - router, hub - hub, switch - switch, pc - router, hub
- switch
auto mdix
Rollover cable (console)
1.White-orange
2.orange
3.White-green
4.blue
5.White-blue
6.green

1. brown
2. white-brown
3. green
4. white-blue
5. blue
6. white-green

7.White-brown
8.brown

7. orange
8. white-orange

when configuring cisco devices

router, switch, firewall
Vertical Cable (backbone)
optical fiber
coaxial cable
Horizontal Cable
UTP/STP
Data link Layer
Control how the data is placed over the media
Provides Error detection (Trailer) FCS, CRC
2 sublayers
Logical Link Control (IEEE802.2) - manages communication with
upper layers (network layer protocol)
Media Access Control (IEEE802.3)- provides frame delimiting,
error detection mechanism
Controlled Access
take turns
first come first serve
no collision
uses token passing
token ring
10,000rps
IBM
4mbps - 16mpbs
contention based Access

any device can transmit

collision always exist
broadcast network
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection
1. collision detected
2. back off timer (ms) randomize
3. priority (a device with low backoff timer can use the media)
4. listen first before transmit
ethernet /Fast Ethernet/ Gigabit Ethernet/ 10Gbp/ 100Gpbs
in ms
Wireless network
hub
CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance

Media Access Control Address (MAC Address)

example: 00:80:AD:C1:E5:01
12 hexadecimal format
48 bits
physical address
burn-in address (BIA)
2 parts of MAC Address
First 3 bytes Organization Unique Identifier
manufacturer (brand)
Second 3 bytes Vendor Assigned
uniquely identifies devices
Address Resolution Protocol

map mac address to an existing ip address

2 messages
Arp request - who is 10.10.0.1
Arp reply - iam 10.10.0.1 with mac 00:ac:dc:01:02:13
arp cache - temporary storage of resolved mac to an ip address

Network Mathematics:
binary - bits (1, 0), language used by digital devices
example: 1010 1010
base 2
decimal - human readable format (0 - 9)
base 10
example: 192
hexadecimal - hardware address (0 -9, a - f)
base 16
example: 8a1f
conversion:
decimal to binary
100 = 0110 0100
224 = 1110 0000
252 = 1111 1100
511 = 1 1111 1111
binary to decimal
1111 1000 = 248
1 0000 0000 = 256
11 0000 0001 = 769

decimal 100
511
224
252

binary
- hexadecimal
0110 0100
64
1 1111 1111
1FF
1110 0000
E0
1111 1100 FC

IP Addressing
IPv4 is a 32-bit logical address used to identify host either in a
LAN or WAN
example: 192.168.32.1
format: 1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0010 0000 . 0000 0001
represented as four-dotted decimal notation
classes of ip address
A
B
C
D - Multicasting
E - Experimental

ranges from the first octet

0 - 127
128 -191
192 - 223
224 - 239
240 - 255

Parts of an IP Address
Network Portion - identifies the group of an ip address
Host Portion - uniquely identifies devices in a group
Class A:
Class B:
Class C:

w.x.y.z
w.x.y.z
w.x.y.z

First-Octet Rule
Class A: 0xxx xxxx
(0)constant

10.10.0.1
172.32.0.100
192.168.32.254

(x)variable
if (x) = 0 then, 0000 0000 (0)
if (x) = 1 then, 0111 1111 (127)
Class B: 10xx xxxx
(0)constant
(x)variable
if (x) = 0 then, 1000 0000 (128)
if (x) = 1 then, 1011 1111 (191)
Class C: 110x xxxx
(0)constant
(x)variable
if (x) = 0 then, 1100 0000 (192)
if (x) = 1 then, 1101 1111 (223)
possible number of network(s)
Class A: 126
Class B: 16384
Class C: 2,097,152
possible number of host(s)
Class A: 16777214
Class B: 65534
Class C: 254
Types of IP Address:
Network Address - identifies the group of an ip address
all of the bits in the host portion are set to zero (0)
invalid address
class A: 10.0.0.0
class B: 172.16.0.0

class C: 192.168.1.0
Broadcast Address - use to direct traffic to all host in the network
all of the bits in the host portion are set to one (255)
invalid address
class A: 10.255.255.255
class B: 172.16.255.255
class C: 192.168.1.255
Host Address - unique identifier
any device having an ip address is a host (host address)
class A: 10.0.0.0 (10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254)10.255.255.255
class B: 172.16.0.0 (172.16.0.1 - 172.16.255.254) 172.16.255.255
class C: 192.168.1.0 (192.168.0.1 - 192.168.1.254)
192.168.1.255
subnet mask
loopback address
link local address
private and public ip address