You are on page 1of 75

BACHELOR

OF SCIENCE (HONS)
QUANTITY SURVEYING
QUS 2207
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2
GROUP ASSIGNMENT

GROUP MEMBERS:

NG SOO KEEN

I12001951

TAN HOW YEONG

I12001417

LEE FANG

I12000853

BOO RUI BING

I12001237

JOSEPHINE TAN HUI SHIEN



SECTION:

1S3

SESSION:

JANUART 2015

LECTURER: DR. CHAN SIEW CHONG


I12000904

TABLE OF CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION OF GREEN BUILDING ............................................................... 5
2 BACKGROUND OF GREEN BUILDING ................................................................. 6
3 ENERGY EFFICIENCY (TAN HOW YEONG I12001417) ......................................... 8
3.1 DEFINITION ........................................................................................................... 8
3.2 KEY AREA IDENTIFY ............................................................................................... 8
3.2.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY LIGHTING .............................................................................. 8
3.2.2 NATURAL LIGHTING ............................................................................................. 10
3.2.3 MOTION DETECTOR LIGHTING ............................................................................ 11
3.2.4 SOLAR PANAL ...................................................................................................... 12
3.3 ANALYSIA AND EVALUATION .............................................................................. 13
3.3.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY LIGHTING ............................................................................ 13
3.3.2 NATURAL LIGHTING ............................................................................................. 17
3.3.3 MOTION DETECTOR LIGHTING ............................................................................ 19
3.3.4 SOLAR PANEL ....................................................................................................... 20
3.4 FINDING ............................................................................................................. 21
3.4.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY LIGHTING: ........................................................................... 21
3.4.2 NATURAL LIGHTING ............................................................................................. 23
3.4.3 MOTION DETECTOR ............................................................................................. 24
3.4.4 SOLAR PANEL ....................................................................................................... 24
3.5 RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................... 24
4 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (NG SOO KEEN I12001951) .................... 25
4.1 DEFINITION ......................................................................................................... 25
4.2 KEY AREAS IDENTIFIED ........................................................................................ 25
4.2.1 ACOUSTICS (WALLS, CEILINGS AND FLOORINGS) ................................................ 25
4.2.2 VISUAL COMFORT ................................................................................................ 25
4.2.3 INDOOR AIR QUALITY .......................................................................................... 26
4.2.4 THERMAL COMFORT ........................................................................................... 26
4.3 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION ............................................................................... 27
4.3.1 ACOUSTICS (CEILING, WALL AND FLOORING) ..................................................... 27
4.3.2 VISUAL COMFORT ................................................................................................ 30
4.3.3 INDOOR AIR QUALITY .......................................................................................... 31
4.3.4 THERMAL COMFORT ........................................................................................... 34
4.4 FINDINGS ............................................................................................................ 35
4.5 RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................... 37
5 SUSTAINABLE SITE AND MANAGEMENT (LEE FANG I12000853) ...................... 38
2

5.1 DEFINITION ......................................................................................................... 38


5.2 KEY AREA IDENTIFIED ......................................................................................... 38
5.2.1 MINIMIZE DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN SPACE ........................................................ 38
5.2.2 FACILITIES ON TRANSPORTATION ....................................................................... 39
5.2.3 LANDSCAPING ..................................................................................................... 41
5.3 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION ............................................................................... 42
5.3.1 MINIMIZE DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN SPACE ........................................................ 42
5.3.2 FACILITIES ON TRANSPORTATION ....................................................................... 43
5.3.3 LANDSCAPING ..................................................................................................... 47
5.4 FINDING ............................................................................................................. 49
5.5 RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................... 50

6 MATERIAL AND RESOURCES (JOSEPHINE TAN HUI SHIEN I12000904) ............. 51


6.1 DEFINITION ......................................................................................................... 51
6.2 KEY AREA IDENTIFIED ......................................................................................... 51
6.2.1 Recycle Material and Resources .......................................................................... 51
6.3 ANALYSIS & EVALUATION ................................................................................... 52
6.3.1 RECYCLE MATERIAL AND RESOURCE ................................................................... 52
6.4 FINDINGS ............................................................................................................ 57
6.5 RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................... 57
7 WATER EFFICIENCY (BOO RUI BING I12001237) .............................................. 58
7.1 DEFINITION ......................................................................................................... 58
7.2 KEY AREA IDENTIFIED ......................................................................................... 58
7.2.1 GREEN ROOF ....................................................................................................... 58
7.2.2 RAINWATER HARVESTED SYSTEM ....................................................................... 60
7.2.3 LANDSCAPE & LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION .............................................................. 60
7.3 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION ............................................................................... 62
7.3.1 GREEN ROOF ....................................................................................................... 62
7.3.2 RAIN WATER HARDVESTING SYSTEM .................................................................. 64
7.3.3 LANDSCAPE & LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION .............................................................. 67
7.4 FINDING ............................................................................................................. 68
7.5 RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................... 68
8 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 69
9 REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 70
9.1 INTRODUCTION OF GREEN BUILDING .................................................................. 70
9.2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................ 70
9.3 INDOOR ENVIROMENTAL QUALITY ..................................................................... 71
9.4 SUITAINABLE SITE AND MANAGEMENT .............................................................. 72
3

9.5 MATERIAL AND RESOURCES ................................................................................ 73


9.6 WATER EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................. 73

1 INTRODUCTION OF GREEN BUILDING


Green Building is a building using effective ways to achieve low consumption of
energy, water and materials. Green building mean purpose is environment
responsible, which means that it will reduce the carbon dioxide produce and recycle
use material. It can achieve from design, construction, operation and maintenance.
There are five key areas in sustain a green building, which are energy efficiency,
material and resource, sustainable site and management, indoor environment
quality and water efficiency.
Green building can enhance the environment benefits such as improve air and water
quality, reduce waste streams and so on. Green building will reduce the operating
costs such as electric and water bills consumed within the building in long term. In
addition, well design of green buildings will save money and increase the
comfortable and healthy environment for people. Comfortable environment can be
achieved through the improvement of indoor air quality and assessment of daylight
into the buildings to provide natural feel for the people. Furthermore, green
building will increase the value of the building.
Green Building Index (GBI) is a set of rating system from design, construction and
maintenance of green buildings in Malaysia. Figure 1show below is first green
building in Malaysia. It is Bangunan Suruhanhaya Tenaga.


Figure 1: Bangunan Suruhanhaya Tenaga.(Source: GBI.org, 2015)
5

2 BACKGROUND OF GREEN BUILDING


Figure 2 : Project (McDonalds Nilai Negeri Sembilan)
The location of the project we selected is McDonalds Nilai as shown in the map
below


Figure 3: Google map showing the location of McDonalds.(Google Maps. 2015)
Why did we choose McDonalds and this location? The location above here is close
to INTI International University Nilai.
It is convenient for us to do our research there. Since were all college students,
surely wed eat a lot of fast food like McDonalds. We had eaten there before and
6

understand well as a customer. Further explanation on how McDonalds can be


improved in conjunction with Green Building key areas is shown in the following
pages.
Originally McDonalds had a few traits of a green building. Firstly McDonalds planted
lots of greeneries indoor and outdoor, which improves visual and air quality to the
customers. Second would be using glass wall as they project natural sunlight inward
lastly they use air conditioner to ventilate and to control the humidity in the dining
hall to give a better comfort to people surrounding.















3 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Energy efficiency is one of important in green building, in this section focus will be
define of energy efficiency and Key area identified in Energy efficiency.

3.1 DEFINITION
Energy efficiency is to control energy usage and cost. Control energy not means that
do not use energy. Energy efficiency core idea is using less energy to provide same
service.(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2015) For example for an area have
ten traditional incandescent bulbs, switch off 9 traditional incandescent bulbs for
save energy, use the energy saving light bulb to replace the traditional incandescent
bulbs, and provide same service like ten traditional incandescent bulbs. Energy
efficiency is not means that reducing the light to save energy or without light to save
energy, energy efficiency is meaning use the energy saving item to provide same
service.
Energy efficiency can achieve in few ways. First is increase natural lighting input by
change the design and facade of the building. Second is the building material used.
For example, insulating paper allows a building reduce air-conditioning
usage.(Wikipedia, 2013)
There are few benefits of energy efficiency that are save costs and reduce pollution.
Reducing energy use it will show result in energy cost saving to the consumer.
Reducing energy use also is a solution to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
(Wikipedia, 2013)

3.2 KEY AREA IDENTIFY


The characteristic will briefly explain the energy efficiency item, which including
lighting system, sensor used and etc.

3.2.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY LIGHTING


Electric lighting is a major energy for a building, it is also an efficiency equipment to bright
the building. Traditional incandescent bulbs High electricity consumption and produce a
heat gain, even the traditional incandescent bulbs provide strong affects visual to building,
8

but the lifetime is short. There are several types of energy efficient lighting to provide
strongly light to bright the building and produce low heat from the lighting.(Michigan, 2014)

3.2.1.1 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)


Figure 4: Philips CFL (source: Philips Malaysia, 2012)
Figure x is the example of compact fluorescent lamps. Compact Fluorescent Lamps
are using advanced technology than traditional incandescent light bulbs; there is
available size of the light bulbs based on brand and purpose. It can use on any place
such as bathroom, living room, bedroom and so on. It provide same service as
traditional incandescent bulbs but the lifetime of CFL is longer than traditional
incandescent.

3.2.1.2 Light-emitting diode Lamp (LED Lamp/light bulbs)


Figure 5: LED bulb (source:LEDbenchmark.com, 2012)
9

Led lamp is assembled light-emitting diode (LED) product into a lamp or light bulbs
for use in the lighting fixture. There are few different characteristics for LED lighting
and incandescent and fluorescent lighting. LED lighting can be more durable,
efficiency, versatile and longer lasting. LED lighting is use the lighting diode to
produce the light, but the lighting diode is more efficiency material to produce light.
(Energystar.gov, 2011)

3.2.2 NATURAL LIGHTING


Natural lighting is allowing the natural light (or sunlight) into the building to
minimize the artificial lighting use. It is provide more natural for a building also
energy saving. it can achieve from the building design such as transparent roof and
large windows or the light tube.


figure 6: Natural lighting design. (archdaily.com, 2012)

3.2.2.1 Transparent roof and large windows


Figure 7: Transparent glazing roof (Source: Living in Monrovia, 2014)
10

Transparent roof and large windows both are great way to get the natural lighting. It
can achieve from the design of the building or using reflective surface during the
natural light to provide internal lighting.
Windows is the most common way to admit daylight into building. Different types
and grade of windows will affect amount of light transmission.

3.2.2.2 Light Tube


Light tube is a system that transporting the natural light with tube to the building.
Which is installed in the ceiling or wall. It is increasing the light tube using in design
and architecture.(Energy Information Administration, 2014)


Figure 8: Diagram of a light tube (Source: Wikipedia, 2012)

3.2.3 MOTION DETECTOR LIGHTING


Motion detector lighting is a device that when detect moving object, it can use in the
light automatically turn on. It is using technology design to energy efficiency. Motion
Detector it is not only using in the lighting it is also using in the wide range such as
entry light, parking meter, desk light, automatic hand dryer and so on.(digikey, 2012)

11


Figure 9: Motion Detector with Light on outside building. (Source: lowes.com, 2013)

3.2.4 SOLAR PANAL


Solar panel is refers to use a photovoltaic module to connected assembly of solar
cells. Solar cell a device to convert the sunlight into electricity. Solar power is the
energy from the sun, it is powerful source of energy and it is made freely and
available. Solar power is a renewable energy, it is because using suns energy does
not cause the damage or destroy to the environment. During the convert suns
power into electricity does not produce any carbon dioxide and other air pollution.
Even the suns power considered as a powerful source, it does not mean it will
available on 24hour per day. (energy, 2013)

12


Figure 10: Solar Energy Home (Sourche: Fred Eilers, 2014)
The reason of population of solar panel is because solar energy is totally free, it can
convert solar energy into hot water or electricity. Even it is free of charge of the
power source, but the solar collectors, panels and cells it is costly. The cost
depending the size of the panel or cells, if the panels and cells are bigger the price
will get higher. When the solar panel during the daytime, it is used to charge the
batteries so it can be use in the night. The batteries are requiring a storage space
and also need replacing time to time. (Techonologystudent, 2012)

3.3 ANALYSIA AND EVALUATION


In this case study, it is study about how to let McDonald building become green
building and efficiency. Following characteristic will analysis the item used in
McDonald and shows the result.

3.3.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY LIGHTING


Energy efficiency lighting is reducing the electrical used to achieve the energy
efficiency. It can be define as Lamps or bulbs and natural light.

13

3.3.1.1 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)


In this case study, McDonald is an 24-hour operating business. If using CFL lighting, it
will use low watt to provide high light lumens compare with traditional incandescent
light bulbs. Which mean that using low electricity to provide large output. Average
8,000hour lifetime is much longer then incandescent bulb.


Figure 11: CFL light in McDonald
CFL compare to the standard traditional incandescent light bulbs there is save about
2/3 energy in electric use. Provide same service as traditional incandescent bulbs but
lifetime is the traditional incandescent bulbs 6 to 10 times longer. If talking about
the light bulbs it cannot leave with two things. First is Watts, second is typical
lumens. Number of watt is the energy used of bulbs, number bigger the energy used
is bigger. Typical Lumens is the light output, in other words is amount of light.


Figure 12: Light output equivalency (source: whitson gordan, 2012)

14

From Figure 12 shows that the nowadays the light bulbs that have a common energy
star qualified compare with traditional incandescent light bulbs, traditional
incandescent light bulb energy usage is the 4 times of energy star qualified light
bulbs.
3.3.1.1.a Advantages of CFL
The advantage of CFL is energy saving. It can use low electricity used to provide high
lumens for a building. The lifetime is last from 8-10 time of incandescent bulbs and it
does not require special lighting fixture to install. CFL are available in three lighting
color, which are warm white (white balance 2700k 3000k), cool white (white
balance 3500k 4100k) and daylight white balance 5000k 6500k). It is also
available for few shape and pattern. (Energy star program, 2013)


Figure 13: type of CFL (Source: 123rf.com, 2013)
3.3.1.1.b Disadvantages of CFL
The disadvantage of it is even it have 8,000hour lifetime, but there still is not durable
because the glass can break easily. CFL also take time warm up to achieve maximum
output. While CFL turn on or off too frequently it will reduce the lifetime
substantially. If the CFL use at the exterior it is need to be covered to protect the
elements. It will affect by low temperature. It does not suitable use in spotlights and
something that need to use the light in one way. Because the CFL is ambient light,
the light cannot focus on one point. Mercury is a toxic metal, it does not have
dangerous when the bulb is used but if the bulb is broken. (A.Abbas, 2013)

15

3.3.1.2 Light-emitting diode Lamp (LED Lamp/light bulbs)


LED light lighting way is different from traditional bulbs. Traditional bulbs produce
light is the electric pass through the filament to light up the bulbs. LED light is use
the current pass through the semi-conductor to light up. LED light becomes popular
is because it have a small size, that convenient to fix in any shape lighting fixture.
LED lighting can provide average 50,000hours lifetime, low-voltage to light up the led
lighting, and LED light being solid component, it is difficult damage with external
shock. (T.Daniel, 2012)


Figure 14: LED light bulb (ledke, 2009)
3.3.1.2.a Advantages of LED
LED light becomes popular is because it have a small size, that convenient to fix in
any shape lighting fixture. LED lighting designs are similar to the light bulb and some
may not, but the performances are definitely better then traditional light bulbs.
(Energystar.gov, 2011) LED lighting can provide average 50,000hours lifetime, low-
voltage to light up the led lighting, it is means that high luminous efficiency and use
less power consumption. LED light are different with other lighting when they spoil,
LED light when it is spoil it will not directly stop working or burn out, it will become
less bright. It will not produce any toxic chemicals and UV rays it is also reduce
carbon dioxide to save the environment. Compare to CFL light, LED light being solid
component, it is difficult damage with external shock. (T.Daniel, 2012)
LED lighting are directional light sources product, which means that the light only
in a specific direction, unlike the incandescent and fluorescent bulbs are light and
heat all directions. It is because this reason, LED lighting is able to use more
efficiency in many applications. Such as spotlight, torchlight and now also use in cars
headlight.
16

3.3.1.2.b Disadvantages of LED


The initial capital cost is expensive compare to other types of lighting. The light only
have one direction sometime it can be disadvantage of lighting system. LED light
performance is depending environment temperature, if there in high ambient
temperatures may easy affect LED in result in overheating, lead to device failure. LED
must supply by a stable voltage and current cannot below the rating, it can involve
resistors or current-regulated power suppliers. (ledke, 2009)

3.3.2 NATURAL LIGHTING


The overall purpose of Natural lighting is to reduce use the amount of artificial light.
And other benefit is the natural lighting is always available during daytime.

3.3.2.1 Analysis Transparent roof and large window


Figure 15 : large transparent roof. (source: MaterialRoof, 2013)

Achieve natural light from building design most effective way is use transparent roof,
natural light can directly through the roof surface area into the building. But some of
people think that transparent roof would not have a good aesthetic for a building. So
the design can be using large windows, double pane windows to achieve energy
efficiency with trees besides the building can provide shade to prevent the sun will
direct from warming the house. Roof is a way to achieve natural light efficiency
17

method, it can direct delivering light into building. It can save the cost of electricity
bills and provide more natural feel for the building.
3.3.2.1.a Advantages of Transparent roof and large window
The advantage of using transparent roof and large window obviously it can easily to
bring light into the building. No need worry about heat gain in the building if using
double-glazing with low-emissivity glass.
3.3.2.1.b Disadvantages of Transparent roof and large window
For the transparent root it is need to ensure that there has nothing block space
between the roof and floor. Some of the building there is wiring and piping system is
hide in the ceiling, so the electronic electrical installation and piping system needs to
arrange into another limited area. (J.Howell, 2009)
Sunlight is always available during daytime, but it is hard to control glare from sun. If
there is no shade of tree to cover or protected the building, the building will get heat
gain just like an oven. Unless the building has special design for allowing sunlight
admit into building for a period time only. Sometime the sun is usually block by
clouds. Weather is the main reason affected lighting admits into building.
(facilitiesnet staff, 2009)

3.3.2.2 Light Tube


Light tube is a type of lighting that can lead the natural light in a tube to the building.
The different is the light tube have no require a large area of transparent roofing.
Light tubes which is place in roof top to admits light to the interior, somewhat fix
light tube in the ceiling light fixtures, it does not transfer much heat to the interior
because it have less surface area. The Figure x is show that how the light tube work,
the tube is use a simple reflective interior coating to admit the light into interior.
(Wikipedia, 2012)

18


Figure 16: sun tube light (source: LowEnergyHouse.com, 2015)
Figure 16 is show how the light tube work, natural light through the transparent
plastic cover of light tube head, the light reflect with the mirror finishing internal of
tube to the internal room.
3.3.2.2.a Advantage of light tube
Using light tube it can reduce artificial light using and reduce the electric cost during
the daytime. Light tube does not require structural framing, tunneling or painting, it
can increase the installation time and easy installing method.
3.3.2.2.b Disadvantage of light tube
Even it can use a free lighting from sun during daytime, if the sun is cover by cloud,
during raining and night the light tube is not work during these reason.

3.3.3 MOTION DETECTOR LIGHTING


Motion detector lighting actually is design for the security function. It is used to
detect object are moving, the function will turn it on; it can be lighting, cctv, alarm
and etc. Using this in building at the toilet or somewhere people are not use
frequently, first it is convenience for user, second it can save energy for the people
whos always forget switch off the light.

19


Figure 17: McDonald basin area and toilet.
As Figure 17 shows there is no one are using basin area and toilet, but the artificial
light are turn on. Using motion detector light can reduce the electricity used.
3.3.3.a Advantages of Motion Detector Lighting
It is convenience for the user if at the darkness environment, detector will detect
object are moving it will swift on the light.
3.3.3.b Disadvantages of Motion Detector Lighting
Motion detector is easily to detect moving objective it can happen the people are
just pass through the area only, it will increase the lighting use.

3.3.4 SOLAR PANEL


Solar panel is using a set of photovoltaic module Photovoltaic is method of convert
solar energy into electric energy. It is using semiconducting material to exhibit the
photovoltaic effect. It can be used a large photovoltaic system to generate and
supply electric to the building, it have battery when the photovoltaic are generate
too much electricity, it will keep the electricity in the battery. (Wikipedia, 2012)
Solar energy is a renewable resource, it can used to generate electricity, heat up
water and use in building with the skylight to reduce artificial light for the building
during daytime. It is also a silent producer when convert the sunlight into electricity.
(Alternative energy, 2011)
20


Figure 18: Solar Panel install in the rooftop. (source: solar power authority, 2011)
3.3.4.a Advantages of Solar Panel
Solar panel can save the electricity into battery when there have too much electricity.
Furthermore, it can earn money when sell back to the TNB.
3.3.4.b Disadvantages of Solar Panel
There is a primary disadvantage of solar power is there is not available during night, rains
and other conditions will prevent suns power to reach the solar panel. If battery capacity
require large amount, the battery are require large space for the heavy batteries. Batteries
also need to replaced from time to time.(Process industry, 2012)

3.4 FINDING
Compare few components to find out suitable for the McDonald use.

3.4.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY LIGHTING:


Compare two type of lighting, which are compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and Light-
emitting diode Lamp (LED Lamp/light bulbs).
21

Energy Efficiency

LED lighting

1. Life Span (average)


50,000 hours
2. Watts of electricity 6 8 watts
used
3. Contains the TOXIC No
Mercury
4.
On/off
cycling No effect
switching on/off quickly
5. Turn on instantly
Yes
6. Durability

7. Failure modes

CFL lighting
8,000 hours
13 15 watts
Yes Mercury is very toxic
to your health and
environment
Yes can reduce lifespan

No takes time to warm


up
Very durable LED can Not very durable glass
handle
jarring
and can break easily
bumping
Not typical
Yes may catch on fire,
smoke

Table 1: Energy Efficiency compares LED and CFL (source: designrecycle.com, 2012)

Light output

LED lighting

CFL lighting

Lumens
450
800
1,100
1,600
2,600

watt
4-5
6-8
9-13
16-20
25-28

watt
9-13
13-15
18-25
23-30
30-55

Table 2: Light output compare LED and CFL (source: designrecycle.com, 2012)
Compare this two lighting with the table1 and table2, it can realize that the LED
lighting is more durable and efficient than the CFL lighting. Especially for McDonald
this type of business are 24 hour operate. Even initial cost of LED lighting is
expensive but for a long-term compare it can reduce the environment pollution,
reduce the repair times for lighting cost and also reduce the cost of electricity bill.

22

3.4.2 NATURAL LIGHTING


Natural lighting is best way for the McDonald building is using light tube.


Figure 19: Transparent roofing (Source: Weiko.com, 2014)
Get the natural lighting with using large transparent roof, as Figure 19 show, then
installation of electronic electrical wiring and piping system need to arrange in a limit
area. But it is most efficiency and directly admits the natural light into building. Light
tubes also can efficiency to admit the natural light into buildings. But light tube can
provide more area space for installation of electronic wiring and piping system
compare with transparent roof and large windows.


Figure 20: artificial light in McDonald
As Figure 20 shows above, if using light tube during the daytime, there can save a lot
cost for electricity cost of artificial lighting.
23

3.4.3 MOTION DETECTOR


Motions Detector lighting can using in the toilet or the basin area, because it does
not the area that most of time have people are using. It can save energy when the
people whos forget to switch off the light or the basin area does not need always
turn on the light.

3.4.4 SOLAR PANEL


Solar panel can produce electricity to supply itself. For this type 24hour business it
should use it. First it can reduce electricity cost because solar panel can produce
electricity to supply itself without produce any environment pollution.


Figure 21: McDonald in USA. (Source: solarchoice.net, 2014)

3.5 RECOMMENDATION
For recommendation of all items, which are LED lighting system, natural lighting,
motion detector and solar panel. Every item has a same achievement to achieve,
which are reducing electricity used, reduce electricity bill and produce less
environment pollution.
Malaysia government should encourage Malaysian to use those green item, some
of them may think why should use a lot of initial cost to build up the building. So
government should provide some subsidy such as tax free item, electric use below
RM400 can get a discount and so on.
Government also should popularize green building benefit for long term.
24

4 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY


4.1 DEFINITION
Indoor Environment Quality or the (IEQ) is the quality of everything associated to
fitness and the state of the tenants of the building. (DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
98-123 (June 1998)) Contamination, viruses, bacteria, infections are all taken into
consideration under the indoor environmental quality of the building. So at this rate
we will have to understand ventilation concept and more of greeneries inside the
building.

4.2 KEY AREAS IDENTIFIED


In every building there are many perceptions to look from and about. Mainly,
acoustic, visual, indoors air quality and thermal comfort that affects the indoor
environment. (The gbi rating system. 2013. Indoor Environment Quality (EQ))

4.2.1 ACOUSTICS (WALLS, CEILINGS AND FLOORINGS)


In terms of acoustic measures, the McDonalds in Nilai is just right beside the main
road. Sound pollution of speech intelligibility may penetrate through the ears of
customers in McDonalds. This will reduce the comfort of diners in McD. Thus,
reduces the rating of McDonalds by the customers. Everybody would wish to dine
peacefully in McDonalds. Any enormous sized space like McDonalds will need sound
absorption or what we call Noise reduction coefficient (NRC) to control the distant
noise. In the simplest possible terms, a NRC (or Noise Reduction Coefficient) is the
number, which rates the effectiveness of a material at absorbing sound. (audimute
accoustic panels. 2015)

4.2.2 VISUAL COMFORT


Visual quality normally links to the quality of lighting. A good lighting system gives
good impression and comfort to customers. A bright atmosphere may enhance the
ability to view and to enjoy a proper meal in McDonalds. Lighting may be in terms of
artificial or natural lightning. The types of lighting will be explained in the analysis
and evaluation section of the sub topic.
25

4.2.3 INDOOR AIR QUALITY


Here in this section we will touch on ventilation. In every building, ventilation is
needed to exchange air for example, having a common window that replaces carbon
dioxide with fresh oxygen inside. Another way of ventilation is planting greeneries
that it can exchange carbon dioxide with oxygen. This method of ventilation is
natural and can be used all the time. Talk about mechanical ventilation would be
ventilator. Used mostly in kitchens or near a stove. The ventilator is as shown below.


Figure 22: Ventilator to remove greasy air.

4.2.4 THERMAL COMFORT


Here in Malaysia, the condition inside a building is mostly hot and humid. A good air
conditioner can reduce moisture in air and also reduce temperature of the building.
Some lighting also generates heat so we have to be careful with what sort of lighting
we use for a building. For example, an incandescent produces a higher amount of
heat to the area.
Human body also generates heat when doing any activities related to movement,
which means the room temperature will increase depending on how many people
occupying the building. This process is caused by metabolism, metabolism of human
releases heat depending on the muscular activity. Exhaling also generate heat to the
surrounding.
26

4.3 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION


4.3.1 ACOUSTICS (CEILING, WALL AND FLOORING)
Acoustic disturbance can be in terms of vocal screeching, external noise or echo
reverberation.

4.3.1.1 Vocal screeching


Customers tend to talk loudly in the restaurant which produces high frequency and
reflection of sound to people surrounding. McDonalds is an enclosed area that
causes the sound to bounce in the room increasing irritation.
CURRENT TYPE

ANALYSIS


Plasterboard ceiling with double
layer gypsum absorbs less vocal
screeching and also reflects them
back to the customers.


Figure 23: Suspended ceilings in
McDonalds.



27

4.3.1.2 External noise


External noise can be sources from cars or machinery from outdoor activities causing
loud noises and directing the noise into the building.
CURRENT TYPE

Figure 24: Semi-glass wall.

ANALYSIS




Semi-glass wall protects the
inside of McDonalds from
external disturbance/noise.
Aesthetically appealing as well


Even though McDonalds is well developed, there are always minor problems faced
by every restaurant. Semi-glass wall like this will somehow direct the sunlight from
outside to the customer, which is a no no situation. Since Malaysia is a humid and
hot country customers cannot take the heat from direct sun light.


Figure 25: Direct sunlight focused inwards of the restaurant

28

Such glare will cause irritation to the eye and skin, which is not really convenient to
the customers of McDonalds.

4.3.1.3 Echo Reverberation


When a boy shouts in the restaurant, we can hear loud and clearly due to
reverberation. As mentioned above, sound will reflect depending on how good the
walls, ceilings and floorings of McDonalds.
CURRENT TYPE

Figure 26: Tiled floorings.

ANALYSIS




Tiled floors cause the sound to
reverberate because of the
enclosed particles of the tiles.
Regular floor tiling. (needs to be
replaced with acoustic floor)

The tiled floor is hard and solid below it with no absorption sheet to take in the
sound directed to the floor.




29

4.3.2 VISUAL COMFORT


Visual comfort is where people actually feel comfortable with the physical
appearance of the restaurant. For example, having bright but not glaring lighting to
allow people to view their menu without needing to stress their eyes.


Figure 27: Lightings in McDonalds.
From the image above we know that the lightings are aesthetically bright and clear.
Next portion of visual appearance would be the wall paintings. We all know dark
colour signifies dull feeling, which reduces the comfort of people in the building.
McDonalds then use white with their own patterns wallpaper.


Figure 28: Showing the special wallpaper that improves visual quality.

30

4.3.2.1 Daylight Glare Controls in McDonalds


What does glare means?
- Brightness of lamp or bulb too high leading to stressful eyes.
- Luminance distance from our eyes too close.
McDonalds has capped this problem by setting the ceilings height at roughly 5
metres above ground level. Besides that, a limit of glare is set so that the amount of
light does not exceed the amount that normal human beings can accept.

4.3.2.2 Electric Lighting Levels


McDonalds lighting level has been set to a point where luminance does not reach
the human eye which reduces the chances of glare.

4.3.3 INDOOR AIR QUALITY


Apart from lighting we also have plantations as shown below.


Figure 29: Plants indoor
Indoor plants improve on the air quality in the building, also gives a very fresh feeling
to people who enter the building. This type of plantation can easily be managed,
because it only requires watering off and on.

31

This is the type of natural ventilation that exchanges air directly from plants to
human being. As mentioned earlier on, plants release oxygen which gives a fresher
feeling while absorbing carbon dioxide discharged by people.


Figure 30: Showing air conditioner replacing air.
Air conditioning is essential because excessing amount of CO2 will be rated as
unhealthy or hazardous and will then lead to Sick Building Syndrome such as
lethargy, headache, restlessness, throat, eye, and skin irritation etc.
McDonalds building is a restricted area for smokers. Smokers are not allowed in the
premises and signs are show beside the entrance. Tobacco is strictly prohibited to
prevent the smell and poisonous tobacco from affecting the mood and health of the
respecting people who enters McDonalds
Air conditioner is another way of exchanging air in the building but also costly at the
same time because McDonalds have to pay a monthly rate depending on the usage
of air conditioner.
The air conditioner does not only ventilate the building but also controls the
humidity of the building considering how humid Malaysia is. Reducing humidity
causes the room to be dry but also reduces the rate of sweating. People in Malaysia
would seek for any caf or restaurant with air conditioner.

32


Figure 31: Ventilator to remove greasy air.
This ventilator is used in McDonalds at the frying section of the French fries. The
ventilator removes heat and also greasy smoke from the fryer. Every restaurant
needs a ventilator similar to the vent as shown in the figure above.
Besides this, one of the most toxic contaminants is the Carbon Monoxide caused by
fumes from the exposed heating furnace. The ventilator also helps discharge carbon
monoxide outside of the premises.
Since the air level is controlled (humid level) there will not be any presence of mould
in the premises. Mould would only be form when the temperature is at medium with
high humidity level. Increase of water vapour develops an ability of the mould to
form and multiply.

33

4.3.4 THERMAL COMFORT


In McDonalds thermal comfort is one of the main attractions to customers in
Malaysia due to the heat and humidity level in Malaysia. Inside the premise, they use
comfort sensors also known as humidistats.
Using this device, they can tell the humidity and heat level of the premise.

Figure 32: Humidistat (Control consultants. 2015.)

Using the air conditioner the humidity of the building can be reduced to minimal.

4.3.4.1 Air Change Effectiveness (ACE) in McDonalds


What is meant by ACE? Air needs to be change regularly, we know that air that is
trapped in building will age and the quality of the air will reduce. So the air must be
mixed with new air from outdoor to allow people to breathe well and healthily. If
there is no air change in a room, we know that eventually a person may die due to
excessive carbon dioxide. ACE in McDonalds is efficient and the air is changed
frequently for the benefits of the customers and workers.

34

4.4 FINDINGS
I have noticed that the plasterboard ceiling used in McDonalds is cheap and recycled
plasterboards. I suggest using Acoustic Ceiling boards because it gives comfort to
visitors hearing and also provide good ventilation.


Figure 33: Suspended acoustic ceiling (affordable and environmentally good).
(Pream Fono. 2015)
Apart from ceilings, Ive also noticed that the glass wall should be tinted in order to
reduce glare from sunlight. It is not costly and also increases the comfort rate for the
people that enters McDonalds.


Figure 34: Tinted glass wall. (Gualos. 2015)
35

The flooring should include 3 acoustic flooring panels. With sound resilient polymer
barrier sheets above and below the surface using viscoelastic isolation foam
sandwiched in between.


Figure 35: Acoustic flooring panels(Sound Sorba. 2015)

36

4.5 RECOMMENDATION
It is highly recommended that the usage of indoor environmental quality under the
green building concepts should be pressed. This way it would improve on the air
quality of McDonalds. Using air conditioner might be costly, but it pays in terms of
reducing contaminants and increasing the rate of ventilation. This method can
reduce heat in the building and also improve on a healthy basis.
Compared to natural ventilation, the air intake by the air conditioner is cleaner
because it filters dust and dirt from outdoors. Natural ventilation is not so efficient
because it depends on the wind.
Outdoor activities produce a lot of sound pollution, for example a car honking for no
good reason. I recommend sound proof glass wall as a thin sheet of sound insulation
along with tint to reduce noise and sunlight glare directing inwards to the building.
Using acoustic cotton sheet behind the wall helps reduce sound pollution as it is
made of flexible fibers that are resistant to merely fungus. It should be placed right
behind the plastered wall.
The government should push on the usage of these materials as it helps improve the
environment quality of the building despite its cost. The cost is bared only once, and
the benefits are received in long terms.
The government should also remove taxes on these green materials as it will
encourage people to go green.









37

5 SUSTAINABLE SITE AND MANAGEMENT


Sustainable site and management also is an important key area for green building. In
this section discuss sustainable site and management and the key area of sustainable
site and management.

5.1 DEFINITION
Sustainable building is start with proper site selection. This is because the location of
a building totally will affect a wide range of environmental factors. The factors
affects environmental such accessibility, security, and energy consumption. Besides
that, it also includes the impact on local ecosystems and energy consumed by
transportation needs of occupants for commuting. (WBDG, 2014)
Sustainable site and management is selecting a suitable site with planned access to
open spaces and landscaping, community services, public transportation. Suitable
site and management provide a conservation environmental sensitive area and avoid
the redevelopment of existing site and brownfields cause the environmental
sensitive. In addition, implemented proper construction management, storm water
management, storm water management and reducing the strain on existing
infrastructure capacity (GBI, 2013). Totally, a sustainable site plan is reaching the
clients project goals and has the least environmental impact. (B.Faulhaber, 2011)

5.2 KEY AREA IDENTIFIED


For sustainable site and management, the key areas included minimize development
of open space, facilities on transportation and landscaping.

5.2.1 MINIMIZE DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN SPACE


Nowadays, development a new building on a new place will cause impact to the
environmental, this is because the land on earth to develop is less and less. Minimize
development of open space mean retrofit or reconstruct an existing building. It is
make more efficient to use the space which is already existing occupied buildings for
renovate and re-use existing vacant buildings. For example: the developer is using
the old building to reconstruct or renovate to achieve his goals. When planning to
reuse an existing building, they have few things need to consider such as relocating
38

personnel for major renovations included specified all interior finishes, replacing
light and etc. In addition, minimize development of open space not only for retrofit
an existing buildings, it also can reuse disturbed land or brownfield sites. (WBDG,
2014)


Figure 36: Old building ( Source: Build It, 2014)


Figure 37: Reconstruct the old building (Build It, 2014)

5.2.2 FACILITIES ON TRANSPORTATION


The scope of discussing in this section includes green vehicle priority, parking
capacity, public transportation and bicycle with identified as below.

39

5.2.2.1 Green Vehicle Priority


Green vehicle means low emitting and fuel-efficient vehicles. This is a part of the
LEED accreditation programme (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design).
This type of vehicle is use to reduce the pollution impacts from automobile use.
Green vehicle priority provides parking area for green vehicle such vehicles like
hybrid or electric vehicles. Normally, the preferred parking is closet to the main
entrance of the project (GBI, 2013). Figure 38 shown the hybrid card has preferred
parking and near the entrance.


Figure 38: Green vehicle preferred parking ( source: Radials O, 2012)

5.2.2.2 Parking Capacity


For each building, must discourage over-provision of car parking capacity. It is also
used to reduce the pollution from single occupancy vehicle use and reduce the land
development. In addition, it is to reduce single occupancy private vehicle use and
encourage the use of public transport and carpools. To discourage over-provision of
car parking capacity, the parking capacity must be sized to meet, but not exceed the
minimum local zoning requirements. Besides that, provide preferred parking for
carpools or vanpools capable of serving 5% of the building occupants. (Charles
J.Kibert, 2005)

40

5.2.2.3 Public Transportation


Actually, the most of big cities has provide a good infrastructure for public transport
system. This is more affordable and easily to access the green transportation. Public
transportation includes bus, commuter trains, monorails and etc. Student and senior
citizens will get discount when use the public transportation. In addition, public
transportation provides saves fuel and reduces congestion. (Conserve Energy Future,
2015)

5.2.2.4 Bicycle Storage and Changing Room


Bicycle storage is an alternative transportation. Bicycle is without using any fuel or
energy so that to reduce the impact of environmental. For a building, should provide
secure bicycle storage for 5% or more of regular building occupants.

5.2.3 LANDSCAPING
Landscaping is using the landscape to design for preserve and restore the regions
natural habitat. Landscaping include green wall.

5.2.3.1 Green Wall


Green wall is known as a vertical version of a green roof. Sometimes called living
walls, green facades. Green walls are a dynamic way to green a vertical built surface.
Major tool for green wall is reduce the urban heat island effect and reduce energy
consumption. Green wall not only for exterior it also can use in interior. (greensulate,
2015)


Figure 39: Green Wall (source: Amit Tyagi, 2014)
41

5.3 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION


For our case study, we are chosen McDonald, Nilai, which is located beside the main
road and has the big area for this building. Furthermore, it is an independent
building. The most basic goal of sustainable site and management of LEED certificate
minimize or reducing the impact of environmental. In sustainable site and
management, it has few key areas such as minimize development of open space,
facilities on transportation and landscaping. Analyze and evaluate of the scope of
key area will discussing as below.

5.3.1 MINIMIZE DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN SPACE


In case study, the McDonald is construct on a new place which haven develop before
yet. In Malaysia, the developer more likely to develop on a new place, this is because
it can bring a lot of profit for them. But they forgive nowadays the land is less then
less. For green, it is need to minimize development of open space, which is
retrofitting an existing building. For example, to reuse, renovate or retrofit the place
which is already develop before or has an old building at the place. When planning
to reuse or retrofit an existing building, need to make sure efficient use the space in
existing occupied buildings. Furthermore, also need consider upgrade for
accessibility, safety and security at the same time. Retrofit or renovate existing
buildings represent an opportunity to upgrade the energy performance of building.
In addition, sometimes retrofit an existing building will cause more cost effective
than build in new place this is because existing buildings are comprise the largest
segment of the built environment.
4.3.1.a Advantages of minimize development of open space:
i.

Reduce global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions through


retrofit.
ii.
Retrofits reduce energy consumption and the cost.
iii.
No need much latitude to reshape the existing buildings.
iv.
Save time to complete a building.
4.3.1.b Disadvantages of minimize development of open space:
i.
ii.
iii.

Costly due to need demolish the old building.


Affect neighbor when during the retrofit existing building.
Produce much rubbish due to retrofit existing building.


42

5.3.2 FACILITIES ON TRANSPORTATION


Facilities on transportation include green vehicle priority, parking capacity, public
transportation and bicycle storage. For this key area is to reduce the pollution
impacts from automobile use. The scope in this section of analysis and evaluation
will discuss as below.

5.3.2.1 Green Vehicle Priority


The parking at McDonald is only has normal parking lots and no provide any green
vehicle priority. Normal parking lot is suitable for all vehicles and no stated that
parking only could for what type of vehicles. (Figure 40).


Figure 40: McDonald parking lots near the entrance
Otherwise, the green vehicle priority has stated only the hybrid or electric vehicles
only can park. Hybrid or electric vehicles are providing the function of low emitting
and fuel-efficient. Under the Green Building Index (GBI), shall provide 5% of the total
car parks of the building for green vehicles. Normally, the preferred parking is closet
to the main entrance of the project. This is because it needs to promote the use of
green vehicles to reduce the pollution from automobile use. (GBI, 2013) Green
vehicle priority will reduce the pollution and land development impacts from
automobile use

43


Figure 41: Green Vehicle Priority at KLIA2 (Source: KLIA2, 2015)
4.3.2.1.a Advantages of Green Vehicle Priority:
i.
Green vehicle priority has provide preferred parking areas
ii.
The parking area near the building entrance
iii.
Reduce air pollution come from automobile use.
iv.
Reduce usage of fuel and money saving due to lesser fuel consumption.
4.3.2.1.b Disadvantages of Green Vehicle Priority:
i.
ii.
iii.

Will reduce the car parks for no green vehicle driver.


Need to provide electric charges at the car parks then will cause use more
electrical energy.
The maintenance cost for green vehicles are high.

5.3.2.2 Parking Capacity


McDonald has control the parking capacity due to his does not over-providing
parking capacity but his not preferred any parking for carpools or vanpools. For
discourage over-provision of car parking capacity, the minimum of size parking
capacity shall not exceeding the local zoning requirements and has provide preferred
parking for carpools or vanpools capable of serving 5% of the building occupants.
Carpools known as multiple occupant vehicles. It is use one vehicle by grouping
colleagues, friends and other to the same destination. It is more economical and
eco-friendly.

44

4.3.2.2.a Advantages of parking capacity:


i.
Reduce the pollution from single occupancy vehicle
ii.
Reduce the land development
iii.
Encourage multiple occupant vehicles
4.3.2.2.b Disadvantages of Parking Capacity
i.
ii.

Affect the business of the building due to no enough car parks provided.
Causing traffic jam because double parking due to no enough car parks
provided.

5.3.2.3 Public Transportation


In the case study, around the McDonald are not provided any public transportation
facilities. For a building to be truly green, it should have a location for mass
transportation to access. Public transportation is a part of solution to solve the
energy and environmental challenges; it helps to bring a better quality of life. Public
transportation includes bus, commuter trains, monorails and tramways, etc. Public
transportation provides saves fuel and reduces congestion. In addition, public
transportation also saves the cost of buying the private vehicle. Furthermore, it also
saves the cost for maintenance and running additional vehicles. Public
transportation also provides healthy lifestyle, which is people need to walk or cycling
to the bus station or bus stop. For public transportation, it should provide a good bus
station for the citizen.


Figure 42: Bus and Bus stop (source: Wikimedia commons, 2011)
45

4.3.2.3.b Advantages of Public Transportation:


i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Reduce pollution and road congestion


Requires less land use than road infrastructure.
Reduce traffic jam
Encourage people have more healthy lifestyle due to walk to the station.
Save cost and not need pay the parking fee when going to shopping mall.
(Victoria, 2013)

4.3.2.3.a Disadvantages of Public Transportation:


i.
ii.

Times are not flexible and need take longer time to wait the bus come.
Limit amount of space of the public transportation system, which may need
stand for a longer time.
iii.
No privacy in public transportation due to nothing can prevent other
people sitting beside you.
iv.
Self-belongings will loss due to theft occurred and dangerous when you are
alone.
(Misty Barton, 2015)

5.3.2.4 Bicycle Storage and Changing Room


At McDonald, it also not provided any storage for bicycle. Bicycle storage is another
aspect of green building that helps to reduce the impact of environmental is
facilitating the use of bicycles by the occupants. It also intended to reduce the
pollution and land development impacts from automobile use. This is because
bicycle can cycle without using any fuel or energy. For a building, should provide
secure bicycle storage for 5% or more of regular building occupants. For commercial,
it shall provide secure bicycle racks and storage within 200 yards. Moreover, it also
provides healthy lifestyle, which needed to exercise and cycling to the destination.

46


Figure 43:Bicycle Storage (Source: vehicle BD, 2015)
4.3.2.4.a Advantages of Bicycle Storage and Changing Room:
i.
Cycling does not contribute to air or noise pollution.
ii.
Reduce land development due to reducing need for parking lots.
iii.
Reduce the traffic accidents.
4.3.2.4.b Disadvantages of Bicycle Storage and Changing Room:
i.
ii.

Bicycles are easily stolen.


Very dangerous due to many vehicles on the road.

5.3.3 LANDSCAPING
Landscaping is the area use for planting and green wall. Planting and green wall can
reduce the heat due to the shade of planting. Other then that, well arrangement of
landscaping will increase the aesthetic for the building.

5.3.3.1 Green wall


In the case study, McDonald has a little landscaping and the wall only got painting.

47


Figure 44: External wall of McDonald


Figure 45: Internal wall of McDonald
Green wall can use in the interior and exterior. Green wall is increasing the aesthetic
value for the building. For interior green wall, it is not only provide a good aesthetic
for building, it is also improve indoor air quality due to plant will purify the indoor air.
Plant will metabolize carbon dioxide and release oxygen into interior. Green wall can
reduce noise reduction into the building.
For the exterior the green wall can reduction of the urban heat island effect, it is also
providing shade to effects of direct sunlight. Plants can create enough turbulence to
slow and cools down the air. (Peck et al. 1999) Green wall are natural air-filters,
creating a cleaner and more invigorating environment to lead better healthy and
production. It can also give the buildings protection, not only from temperature
fluctuations but also during heavy rain will diverting water away from walls and
provide protection from uv radiation. (ambius.com, 2013)

48


Figure 46: Green wall in Restaurant (source: El japanonez, 2015)
4.3.3.1.a Advantages of Green Wall:
i.

Improve aesthetic value due to it can add colour and texture to complete
wall or section.
Reduce urban heat island effect.
Improve air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
(Green Wall Benefits)

ii.
iii.

4.3.3.1.b Disadvantages of Green Wall:


i.
ii.
iii.

For interior green wall will cause dirty if not has a good management.
Costly for maintenance
Will cause mosquitoes breed

5.4 FINDING
From the analysis and evaluation, minimize develop on new space like retrofit,
renovation or reconstruct an existing building is suitable for McDonald. Because
nowadays has some area which is already discard. So McDonald can retrofit or
renovate that place for their business no need to develop a new place.
Based on above analysis and evaluation, public transportation is more suitable for
this case study. This is because public transportation compare with other will bring
more advantages for McDonald. For green vehicle priority and parking capacity,
although it has provide preferred parking for green vehicle, carpools and vanpools,
49

but it no so more effective and sometime the preferred parking will be parked with
no green vehicle. Green vehicle has higher maintenance cost and McDonald should
provide electric charge station for them. Bicycle storage and changing room are not
suitable in this case study is because the McDonald is located in busy roadway it may
cause accident and dangerous for the road user. Public transportation like bus it will
bring more convenience for citizen with provide a good bus transportation system
including bus stop and good arrangement of route. The cost of public transportation
is lower then other and brings more consumers to McDonald. In addition, around
this McDonald have two universities, which is Nilai University and INTI University.
Then has a lot of student and has 90% of student are not have own vehicle. So,
public transportation is more suitable for this case study.
Green walls are suitable for this case study; it is because Malaysia is the tropical
country. Because it is tropical country it should have the green wall and landscaping
design to provide a shade for the building to reduce the heat in the building. It is
suitable for the plant metabolize.

5.5 RECOMMENDATION
At 1st April 2015, the GST is implemented at Malaysia. The commercial property is
subject standard rate supplier. For recommendation, if any commercial property,
which is under retrofit an existing building, it can claim back the tax. Furthermore,
the McDonald own management when open a new stores, shall select the place,
which already develop before.
For facilities on transportation, management has a good planning in the route, good
facilities such as bus stop, bicycle storage lock. For the McDonald management shall
encourage the worker using public transportation, green vehicle and carpools. The
government also should encourage citizen to buy the hybrid car with tax-free, it can
reduce the environment pollution. Moreover, can provide roof cover for walking
area from bus stop to the building.
Government also shall encourage citizen to use the green wall with subsidy. It can
provide shade for the building and increase the aesthetic building value.

50

6 MATERIAL AND RESOURCES


Material and resources is one of the key areas of green building. This section will
discussing the definition of material and resources and identified the key area.

6.1 DEFINITION
The resources can be the materials which able to produce benefit. The natural resources
also consider as a resources which able to obtain from the environment to make a
product. We should efficiently and fully use of the materials and resources to prevent
any waste production which may influence our environment.

6.2 KEY AREA IDENTIFIED


The recycled materials can be used to replace the building materials and product. There
are a lot of potentially usable materials can be used in the construction such as used
tires, construction and demolition materials, concrete, asphalt, slag, lumber, etc. These
materials always disposed as waste but they are considering as valuable resources as all
of them can be recycled or beneficially reused. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
2008)
Therefore, the building materials shall be modified by the recycled materials in this case
study. The recycled materials, which can be used, are recycled rubber, fly ash, recycled
gypsum board and recycled paint.

6.2.1 Recycle Material and Resources


Recycle is a process that changes the waste materials into new product to prevent waste of
potentially useful materials. Recycle material and resources included recycle gypsum board,
recycled rubber flooring and recycle material. The scope of work in this section will discuss as
below.

6.2.1.1 RECYCLED GYPSUM BOARD FOR CEILING


Recycled gypsum board is a board which made by gypsum waste which may produce in
gypsum production industries. Therefore, it can be replace the gypsum raw materials.

51

6.2.1.2 RECYCLED RUBBER FLOORING


Recycled rubber flooring have the same function as normal rubber flooring. It made by
recycled rubber or used tires. It may reduce the requirement of natural resources such
as rubber.

6.2.1.3 RECYCLED PAINT FOR WALL


Recycled paint is a paint which always sell at a lower price if compare to other virgin
paint. Even though it is a collected surplus paint but it still high quality and economical.

6.3 ANALYSIS & EVALUATION


As below will analyze the recycle material and resource.

6.3.1 RECYCLE MATERIAL AND RESOURCE


Recycle material and resource is reducing the waste and recycle the waste material and
resource to a new product. As below will analyze and evaluation recycle gypsum board for
ceiling, recycle rubber floor and recycle paint for wall.

6.3.1.1 RECYCLE GYPSUM BOARD FOR CEILING


The material used for ceiling in McDonald is plasterboard. It is a board which consist of
gypsum with two outer layers of lining paper. Plasterboards are ready and make in
factory so the job for workers is just need to cut it and install. Therefore, it save a lot of
time, cost and it provide good quality of ceiling.
In the other hand, some people do not like the plasterboard as it is lack of character and
texture, so it need to apply paint for aesthetic purpose. Plasterboard can be destroy
easily so it need to change frequently. It is also hard to find a place to recycle the
plasterboard thus it generally bury under the land. (Gloversure, 2013)
To save the construction materials cost, we can use the recycled gypsum wallboard in
this building. Using the recycled gypsum not only can prevent the waste, it can also
reduce the use of gypsum natural resources. The plasterboard waste in landfill may
produce hydrogen sulfite gasses under some situation. Therefore, using recycled
gypsum may prevent from this dangerous situation.

52


Figure 47: Plasterboard as ceiling finishes in McDonald

Figure 48: Recycled gypsum (Source: Adaptalift Hyster, 2015)

6.3.1.2 RECYCLED RUBBER FLOORING


The playground surface mat in this building is using rubber material. Rubber flooring is a
material, which is tough, strong, easily maintain and take care of. These material can
resist penetration of water and fire and minimize the voice. In case of fire, the rubber
will not release poisonous gas into the air. Besides that, it is durable and it can prevent
the kid from injury when they falling down from the structure.
Rubber flooring is suitable use in public recreational facilities such as playground surface
mat in this building but it is more expensive than the woodblock flooring. Therefore, the
recycled rubber flooring appropriate used in this building to conserve natural resources
of rubber and conserve landfill space. The rubber flooring can be made by recycled
rubber tires or other rubber materials so it tends to less production cost.

53


Figure 49: Rubber flooring in playground area in McDonald

Figure 50: Recycled rubber flooring (Source: Vhuzi.com, 2014)


The tiles can be classified into two varieties, which are ceramic and glass. The floor tiles
can be made by fly ash or blast furnace slag which is the material that may disposed in
landfill. The ceramic tiles may make by the waste from the factory which can obtain
from production of the conventional tiles.
The recycled tiles can be install on floor and wall. The recycled glass tiles also can used
as it made by recycled glass and it can provide for aesthetic purpose. Hence, recycled
floor tiles consider environmentally friendly as it can reduce glass waste disposed in
landfill and save a lot of cost if using recycled floor tiles. Glass tiles also have the
purpose of chemical and stains resistance. However, recycled glass tiles require more
time to install and need greater care. (Scripps Networks, LLC, 2015)

54

Figure 51: Ceramic tiles in McDonald

Figure 52: Recycled floor tiles (Source: LoveToKnow Corp, 2006)

6.3.1.3 RECYCLED PAINT FOR WALL


The walls in this building mostly using tiles and paint. The tiles used are the tiles with
texture. It may cost highly due to the tiles that have aesthetic purpose. The paint used is
common and standard paint which same as other common building.
The AMAZON recycled paint is one of the quality and eco-friendly latex paint. It is made
by the higher quality and surplus paint which collected from the business, government,
etc. Application of recycled paint can provide the environmentally friendly purpose.
This type of paint is more preferable to low or no Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) as
55

VOC may affect our health. It is suitable to replace the wall tiles as it is high quality and
economical paint. (King McCarthy, 2014)

Figure: 53 Wall tiles in McDonald


Figure 54: AMAZON recycled paint( Source: King McCarth, 2014)

56

6.4 FINDINGS
From the analysis and evaluation, we found that the recycled materials are suitable used
in the selected building for our case study. For ceiling, I suggest use the recycled
plasterboard because it can reduce waste and it has same function with the standard
plasterboard.
For flooring, the recycled rubber flooring is suitable used in the playground area of this
building as the advantages of recycled rubber flooring are more than the original rubber
flooring. Recycled glass tiles suitable used for flooring as it can provide aesthetic
purpose if compare to ceramic tiles.
As the recycled paint is a type of surplus and quality paint which collect from the
government, business, etc. Therefore, it can be used in this building to improve the
environmentally friendly.

6.5 RECOMMENDATION
The government or private construction company shall be encouraged to use or adopt
recycled materials in the construction. This is because recycled materials are saves a lot
of energy and it may lead to reduction of environmental impact due to reduction of
materials waste.
Besides that, using the recycling materials on site may also reduce the greenhouse gas
emission due to lower demand of raw materials which may lead to less transportation of
materials. Reuse or recycling materials can also conserves the natural resources, landfill
space and reduce the transportation cost, disposal cost and new material cost.
More and more of the recycled company shall be established in our country to provide
us more recycled materials and encourage more people to use this kind of materials.
Therefore, more supply of the recycled materials may cause lower price of the materials,
so more peoples will able to purchase and more people will use it.
Establish more recycled industries in our country not only can save our environment but
also can increase the employment opportunities in recycle industries or company. The
recycled industries shall able to create more technology to recycle more materials which
still cannot be recycled nowadays.


57

7 WATER EFFICIENCY
Water efficiency is a major key area of green building same as energy efficiency. The
definition of water efficiency and key area identified will discuss as below.

7.1 DEFINITION
Water efficiency is means to reduce the water wastage and being smart in using the
water in our daily life. Many people will misunderstand or confused with the water
conservation and water efficiency. Water conservation is has restricting use of water,
and the core idea of water efficiency is not, it is target on reducing the wastage of water.
Why need has water efficiency? In 2014, Negeri Sembilan and Selangor were facing the
worst problem of water crisis after the Klang Valley water crisis 1988. This crisis is
caused by the weather is too hot and too dry due to the El Nino phenomenon
(Wikipedia, 2014). Nowadays, our country just has the three main water sources such as
river, ground water and storage dam. Besides that, according to the research from
internet, we found that Malaysian is using the water average 250liter per person per
day (EPA, 2015). This is also will cause the water crisis on us. If human do not want to
change now and to be continued like that, most of us will meet the problem and live in
the area of water stress very soon. This is why the reasons we need to use the water
efficiently and reduce the wastage of water.
Water is very important to everyone. Without water, any development is impossible to
be happen; without water, we cannot do any things in ours life; without water, our life
will be end very soon.

7.2 KEY AREA IDENTIFIED


The characteristic will briefly explain water efficiency item including green roof,
rainwater harvesting system and landscaping and landscape irrigation.

7.2.1 GREEN ROOF


The green roofing is start developed in Germany in 1960s, and then slowly spread to the
other countries. But today, the green roofing is more and more popular in each country
(Wikipedia, 2015). What is green roofing? Green roofing is a roof which is cover by the
plant such as grass, sedum and etc. This made the whole building to be more nature,
vivid and comfortable for our sense of sight. Because of the green roofing, it will attract
the butterflies, bees and also the birds come to the rooftop (Green Roof Today, 2014)
58

The green roof is act as a natural filter to rainwater. The plants will absorb more than
fifty percentages of rain water so that the rainwater would not run to the sewage
system. After the plant absorbed the rainwater, the plant also will evaporate the
rainwater back to the air (Green Roof Today, 2014).
The green roof is normally constructed by few layers above the concrete slab. The top of
cause is the plant, second is growing medium, and third is filter and then the drainage
and the waterproof membrane (Green Roof Today, 2014).

The green roof is distributed into two types which are intensive roof and extensive roof.
The intensive roof is heavier than the extensive roof. The minimum depth of intensive
roof is 12.8cm and the extensive roof is from 2cm to 12.7cm depth. Because the
intensive roof is deeper and heavier so that it will require more maintenance if compare
with extensive roof (Green Roof Today, 2014).

Figure 55: Green Roof Structure (Source: Green Roof Today, 2014)


59

7.2.2 RAINWATER HARVESTED SYSTEM


Rainwater harvesting system is collecting the rainwater and transfer and distribution the
rainwater which had been collected to the other department such as toilet flushing and
garden. Malaysia is a tropical country, Figure 56: Rainwater Harvesting System (Source: Aneirn, 2013)
the rain is affluent throughout the
year. So we can be more efficiency to
collect the rainwater (ACO. 2011).
The rainwater is collect from the roof
top through the downpipe and pass
through a filter and storage in a tank.
After that the rainwater is supplied to
the higher level storage tank by using
the pumping system. And then when
the water is demanded, the rainwater
storage in the storage tank will
distributed the water to the
destination. The garden tap is also
using the same system.

7.2.3 LANDSCAPE & LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION


The landscape should plant the plant which is required less water
than other plant such as cactus, succulents, and others. To
efficiency using the water for landscape irrigation can be chose to
install the irrigation system such as sprinklers irrigation, drip
irrigation system and etc. These can reduce the water waste,
evaporation and over watering. Besides that, the water for
irrigation also can use through the rainwater harvesting system.
Sprinklers irrigation is using the spray system. It can irrigate the
plants with equally and prevent the overwatering. Drip irrigation
nozzles are numerous located, installed very near to the ground
level. This system is to minimize the water evaporation. Drip
irrigation is not using the spray system, it is direct drip the water
through the hole of the pipe that laying on the ground level.

Figure 57: The plants


which need less water
(Source: Green Lichen,
2015)

60

These two systems can also be installed the sensor to block off the irrigation. When it
rain or the soil is has the enough moisture, the sensor will sensor it and close off the
irrigation system to prevent over watering.
(Autodesk Education Community, 2014)


Figure 58: Sprinklers irrigation (Source: Autodesk Education Community, 2014)


Figure 59: Drip irrigigation (Source: Autodesk Education Community, 2014)

61

7.3 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION


Analysis the case study of McDonald building achieves water efficiency in following
characteristic. The analysis and evaluation of water efficiency including green roof, rainwater
harvesting system and landscaping and landscape irrigation.

7.3.1 GREEN ROOF


Figure 60: Flat roof structure (Source: Greenspec, 2015)
McDonalds roof is using the flat roof design. What is flat roof? Flat roof is constructed
with a horizontal cover on the top of the house (ASHI, 2013). The flat roof are
constructed by the waterproofing layer/ damp proof membrane, insulation paper,
vapour control layer, decking, existing (sound) roof joints, and lastly is the ceiling.
The flat roof cannot like the green roof as absorbed the rainwater by the plants. When
the rain is falling dawn, it just let the rainwater flow to the gutter and downpipes or the
roof drain and lastly is wasting the water.
6.3.1.a Advantages of flat roof:
-
-
-

Easy for the inspection work


Easy to build and constructed
Save cost and more cheaper if compare to the green roof

6.3.1.b Disadvantages of flat roof:


-

Flat roof is needed to do maintenance every few year to make sure the flat roof
still in the good condition.
62

6.3.1.c Advantages of green roof:


-
-
-
-
-

Reduce the storm water runoff


Reduced urban heat island effect and not enough wildlife in urban areas
Increase the lifespan of roof membranes by limiting the amount of damaging UV
exposure
Increase fire resistance and to improve air quality
Aesthetic

6.3.1.d Disadvantages of green roof:


-
-

Initially have a higher cost to build or construct


Maintenance cost very high


Figure 61: Flat roof of McDonald


Figure 62: Flat roof of McDonald
63

7.3.2 RAIN WATER HARDVESTING SYSTEM


Water supply system is distributed into two category, they are direct and indirect water
system. Direct system is the water directly supplied to the user and no need store in a
storage tank and can drink directly. Indirect system is the water need to be store in the
storage tank first and the water cannot be the drinking water. Whether direct or indirect
water system the water is supplied pass through the water meter and the pumping
system. Normally the water in the building will be using the indirectly water system for
the toilet fixture, storage tank, wash basin and the outside tap except the kitchen sink
will be using the direct system.


Figure 63: Outside tap in McDonald


Figure 64: Wash basin in McDonald.

64


Figure 65: Toilet fixture in McDonald.
6.3.2.a Advantages of direct water supply system:
-
-
-
-

Less piping work


Easy to install
The water can be drink directly
Cheaper

6.3.2.b Disadvantages of direct water supply system:


-
-

Noisy because the higher pressure


No reserve the water once the water had been cut off or shortage of water

6.3.2.c Advantages of indirect water supply system:


-
-

Would not be noisy because the pressure is low


Has the reserve water once the water had been cut off or shortage of water

6.3.2.d Disadvantages of indirect water supply system:


-
-

More piping work would be if compare with direct system


The water cannot to be drinking water
65

No matter direct or indirect system is not using the water efficiency. Unlike rainwater
harvesting system, it uses the water very efficiency. For example, the rainwater
harvesting system is collect the rainwater and can use for the toilet flushing, wash hand,
and also for the outside tap. It is not only using the water efficiency and also save a lot
of cost for that.
6.3.2.e Advantages of rainwater harvesting system:
-
-
-
-

Save cost
Can use the rainwater for many purpose as the examples mention above
Reduces flood possibilities and the soil structure will not be spoil
Low cost in maintenance

6.3.2.f Disadvantages of rainwater harvesting system:


-
-

Has the limit of storage


Initially has a high cost to install the system


Figure 66: Rainwater Collection (Source: DH, 2008)

66

7.3.3 LANDSCAPE & LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION


Landscape in McDonald is very attractive and aesthetic but all of those plants need a lot
of water. Malaysia is a tropical country if the plants no irrigate or apply the sufficient
water or overwatering then the plant will easily to be dies. Furthermore, some plant if
no giving the sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis, it also will easily to get sick and die
soon. At last, the landscape will be no longer beautiful.
To avoid this happen, should be selected the plant which is require the less water plant
such as cactus, succulents, and others. Below are some pictures which taken from the
McDonald in Nilai. We can see that some plant is still in the very good condition and
some is start to be withered.


Figure 67: Landscape in McDonald and the plants start withered.


Figure 68: Landscape in McDonald and the plant still in good condition.

67

7.4 FINDING
From the analysis and the evaluation, we found that for the water efficiency, the green
roofing is very suitable for the McDonald as our study case. Although it will be have a
very high cost in the initially, but it bring out the many benefit for us. For example, it will
help the McDonald building rise up its value and attract more customer because of the
green roof is not only aesthetic and also functional. Besides that, McDonald original is a
flat roof, it will be more easy to construct a green roof if compare to the pitch roof.
McDonald should that the advantages of it and build up the green roof as soon as
possible.
Moreover, the rainwater harvesting system also will be suit to the McDonald. I believe
that the McDonald one month must pay a lot of money for the water bill. But if
McDonald willing to install the rainwater harvesting system, I sure the monthly bill must
become very less and less. Nowadays, more and more people just know how to open
the water and use it and dont know how to close it, save it and at the same time to save
our earth. Nobody will care for it, so McDonald should start to do it and affect other
people and not only just care about how to earn the money from us.
Lastly is for the landscape and the landscaping irrigation. McDonald should change all
the plant for the landscaping and install sprinklers or drip irrigation and using the
rainwater collected. McDonald does not have any irrigation system until today. It should
install and prevent the overwater the plant and make the plant sick or die. Although
some plants still in the good condition, but as longer as long, those plants will be sick
and die soon.

7.5 RECOMMENDATION
For the recommendation, I will recommend that the government should force some
commercial building or industry building which had many branch in Malaysia such as
McDonald, KFC, Jusco, Tesco, Nippon, Proton and etc. to build their building or office at
least half to build as a green building. Malaysia should encourage more people to go
green by using the big company affect other people.
Besides that, government also can give the incentive to those people who build their
house, company, or any building to be green building. For example, once my house build
as green building, then the government will sponsor me 50% of the total cost of the
building.
68

8 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, we can modify or renovated the selected building with sustainable


design and construction strategies based on these five key areas as we discussed above
to achieve a sustainable building.
Therefore, this five key area shall be offer benefit to the environment and building
occupants. It shall be able to conserve energy, improved occupants productivity and
health. Besides that, the systems suggested shall be long lasting or durable to reduce
replacement or maintenance cost over the life of the building. To conserve unrenewable
materials and reduce environmental impact, we shall promote and encourage using
more green building materials or product.








69

9 REFERENCES

9.1 INTRODUCTION OF GREEN BUILDING


1)

2)
3)

epa.gov. 2014. What is green building ?. [ONLINE] Available at:


http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/documents/pdf/12_8_what_is_green_GGG
C.pdf. [Accessed 11 April 15].
LEED. 2014. What is green building ?. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.usgbc.org/articles/what-green-building. [Accessed 11 April 15].
Green Building Council. 2014. Important of green building ?. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.wncgbc.org/about/importance-of-green-building. [Accessed 11 April
15].

9.2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY


1) Ask.com.
2014.
Natural
Lighting.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://www.ask.com/science/natural-light-4c7fb0c6ce92e40a#full-answer.
[Accessed 09 April 15].
2) Oreap. 2014. what is energy efficiency ? . [ONLINE] Available
at:http://alaskarenewableenergy.org/energy-efficiency/what-is-energy-
efficiency/. [Accessed 09 April 15].
3) Wikipedia.
2014.
Energy
Efficiency
.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use#Building_design. [Accessed
09 April 15].
4) Whitson Gordon. 2012. Find the Equivalent Wattage of CFL, LED, and Halogen
Bulbs. [ONLINE] Available at: http://lifehacker.com/5887073/find-the-
equivalent-wattage-of-cfl-light-bulbs-with-this-cheat-sheet. [Accessed 09 April
15].
5) Michigan. 2013. Energy Efficiency Lighting. [ONLINE] Available
at:https://www.michigan.gov/documents/CIS_EO_Lighting_167401_7.com.
[Accessed 09 April 15].

70

6) Energystar. 2010. Learn About LED Bulbs. [ONLINE] Available


at:https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=lighting.pr_what_are. [Accessed 09
April 15].
7) Energy.
2013.
Solar
Power.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://www.eschooltoday.com/energy/renewable-energy/solar-energy.html.
[Accessed 09 April 15].
8) Digikey.
2013.
Motion
Detector.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:http://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Panasonic%20Electric%20Wor
ks%20PDFs/AMN%20Design%20Manual.pdf. [Accessed 09 April 15].
9) Technology
student.
2012.
Solar
panel.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/solar7.htm. [Accessed 09 April
15].
10) wikipedia.
2012.
daylighting.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting#Light_tubes. [Accessed 10 April 15].
11) dbgg1979. 2009. Advantage and disadvantage of CFL. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.dbgg1979.com/2009/07/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-cfl-
compact-fluorescent-lamp/. [Accessed 10 April 15].

9.3 INDOOR ENVIROMENTAL QUALITY


1) DHHS. 1998. workplace safety and health topics. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/. [Accessed 04 April 15].
2) The gbi rating system. 2013. Indoor Environment Quality (EQ). [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/how-GBI-works2.html. [Accessed 04 April
15].
3) audimute accoustic panels. 2015. In the simplest possible terms, a NRC (or Noise
Reduction Coefficient) is the number which rates the effectiveness of a material
at
absorbing
sound..
[ONLINE]
Available
at:http://www.audimuteacousticpanels.com/nrc-ratings-noise-reduction-
coefficient. [Accessed 04 April 15].
4) Control consultants. 2015. H6062A1000 HUMIDIPRO DIGITAL HUMIDITY
CONTROL. HUMIDISTAT OR DEHUMIDISTAT W/ OUTDOOR AIR SENSOR FOR
WINDOW
PROTECTION.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:http://www.controlconsultantsonline.com/H6062A1000-HumidiPRO-Digital-
Humidity-Control-Humidistat-or-Dehumidistat-w-Outdoor-Air-Sensor-for-
Window-Protection_p_2239.html. [Accessed 04 April 15].
71

5) Pream Fono. 2015. Acoustic suspended ceiling / in wood. [ONLINE] Available


at:http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/pream-fono-srl/acoustic-suspended-ceiling-
wood-51558-244255.html. [Accessed 04 April 15].
6) Gualos.
2015. Tinted
glass .
[ONLINE]
Available
at: http://gualos.com/en/uslugi/tonirovanoe-steklo.html. [Accessed 04 April 15].
7) Sound Sorba. 2015. Emmer Green School - Wallsorba. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.soundsorba.com/floorsorba.html. [Accessed 04 April 15].

9.4 SUITAINABLE SITE AND MANAGEMENT


1)

WBDG Sustainable Committee. 2014. Optimize Site Potential. [ONLINE]


Available at: http://www.wbdg.org/design/site_potential.php. [Accessed 09
April 15].
2) greebuildingindex. 2013. THE GBI RATING SYSTEM. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/how-GBI-works2.html. [Accessed 09
April 15].
3) Bob Faulhaber . 2011. Sustainable Site Planning Basics. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/urban-planning/sustainable-site-planning-
basics. [Accessed 09 April 15].
4) Built It. 2014. Demolish and rebuild. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.self-
build.co.uk/demolish-and-rebuild. [Accessed 09 April 15].
5) Radials O. 2012. Why Hybrids and Increased Fuel Economy Wont Save the
Environment. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.radialsblog.com/2012/04/.
[Accessed 09 April 15].
6) Amit Tyagi. 2014. Benefits of a Vertical Garden or Green Wall. [ONLINE]
Available at:https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140826070930-287447667-
benefits-of-a-vertical-garden-or-green-wall. [Accessed 09 April 15].
7) greensulate. 2015. what is green wall. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.greensulate.com/green_walls.php. [Accessed 09 April 15].
8) American Public Transportation Association. 2015. Public Transportation
Benefit.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:http://www.apta.com/mediacenter/ptbenefits/Pages/default.aspx.
[Accessed 10 April 15].
9) greensulate. 2015. what is a green wall. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.greensulate.com/green_walls.php. [Accessed 10 April 15].
10) Suruhanjaya tenaga. 2015. The Energy Commission Diamond Building. [ONLINE]
72

Available at: http://www.st.gov.my/index.php/about-us2/energy-commission-


diamond-building.html. [Accessed 10 April 15].
11) green wall system. 2010. Green Wall Benefits. [ONLINE] Available
at: http://www.green-walls.co.uk/green-wall-benefits.html. [Accessed 10 April
15].

9.5 MATERIAL AND RESOURCES


1) Using Recycled Industrial Materials in Buildings, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency,
October
2008
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/imr/pdfs/recy-bldg.pdf
2) Recover Your Resources Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle Construction and
Demolition Materials at Land Revitalization Projects, October 2009 [ONLINE]
Available at: http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/tools/cdbrochure.pdf
3) Advantages and disadvantages of using plasterboard, Gloversure, 2013[ONLINE]
Available at : http://www.wonkeedonkeetools.co.uk/drywall-tools/advantages-
and-disadvantages-of-using-drywall/
4) Logistics & Materials Handling Blog, Adaptalift Hyster,2015 [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.aalhysterforklifts.com.au/index.php/about/blog-
post/reverse_logistics_from_opportunity_to_success1

5) Vinyl Tiles Flooring, Vhuzi.com, 2014 [ONLINE] Available at:
http://vhuzi.com/rubber-flooring-home-decorating-4-ideas-amazing.html
6) Using Recycled Glass Tile, Scripps Networks, LLC, 2015 [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.hgtv.com/remodel/interior-remodel/using-recycled-glass-tile
7) Recycled Glass Tile, LoveToKnow Corp, 2006 [ONLINE] Available at:
http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Recycled_Glass_Tile
8) AMAZON Selected Recycled Paint, King McCarthy, 2014 [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.amazonpaint.com/recycled-paint.html

9.6 WATER EFFICIENCY


1) Wikipedia.
2015. Water
efficiency.
[ONLINE]
Available
at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_efficiency. [Accessed 04 April 15].

73

2) Wikipedia. 2014. 1998 Klang Valley water crisis. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Klang_Valley_water_crisis. [Accessed 04 April
15].
3) Astro. 2014. Malaysians must stop wasting water Read more at:
http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/malaysians-must-stop-wasting-
water-34654?cp. [ONLINE] Available at: http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-
news/malaysians-must-stop-wasting-water-34654. [Accessed 04 April 15].
4) EPA. 2015. Why Water Efficiency. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.epa.gov/watersense/our_water/why_water_efficiency.html.
[Accessed 04 April 15].
5) Green Roof Today. 2014. What is green roof. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.greenroofstoday.co.uk/. [Accessed 04 April 15].
6) Wikipedia.
2015.
Green
roof.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof. [Accessed 04 April 15].
7) ACO. 2011. How does a rainwater harvesting system work?. [ONLINE] Available
at: http://www.aco.co.uk/news_detail.php?id=84. [Accessed 04 April 15].
8) Autodesk Education Community. 2014. Water-Efficient Irrigation and
Landscaping.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/water-efficient-irrigation-
and-landscaping. [Accessed 04 April 15]
9) ASHI.
2013.
Flat
Roof
Drainage.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://www.ashireporter.org/HomeInspection/Articles/Flat-Roof-Drainage/2554.
[Accessed 09 April 15].
10) Jessica Ackerman. 2015. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Flat Roof. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://www.roofer911.com/flat-roof-options.htm. [Accessed 09
April 15].
11) Construction Learning Gateway. 2014. Types of Cold Water Distribution Systems.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://www.construction-learning-
resources.co.uk/page_64.html. [Accessed 09 April 15].
12) Stokedan. 2010. direct and indirect systems. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/forums/direct-and-indirect-systems-t22273.html.
[Accessed 09 April 15].
13) Ben Jones. 2014. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
RAINWATER
HARVESTING?
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://www.thegreenhome.co.uk/heating-renewables/advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-rainwater-harvesting/. [Accessed 09 April 15].
14) Conserve Energy Future. 2015. What is Rainwater Harvesting? [ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://www.conserve-energy-
74

future.com/Advantages_Disadvantages_Rainwater_Harvesting.php.
09 April 15].

[Accessed

75

You might also like