KERINCI DUCK: PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERS

PERFORMANCE UNDER SCAVENGING

AND

(Adrizal, H. Nur, & Z. Zakaria, 2003. Abstr. 2004-WPC, Istanbul)

Among the 11 domesticated ducks that have been recorded to

constitute an integrated part of agriculture system in Indonesia such
as Tegal (Java), Bali (Bali), and Alabio (Borneo), potentials of
Kerinci Duck have not been elucidated. A survey was conducted at
Sub-district Air Hangat, District of Kerinci, Province of Jambi, to
identify phenotypic characters (plumage, bill, and web colors, and
posture) and performance of Kerinci Duck under scavenging.
Field observation indicated that white color dominated body
covering-feathers of males and females with dark-blue color in the
tips of their wings and light brown with dark-blue dots in their tails.
Bill was mostly black while web could be orange or black. Few
other dark colors of plumage might be found as variation. Standing
position was 60o. Although there is a genetic relationship between
duck breeds of the western parts of Indonesia (including Kerinci)
with Khaki Campbell (Tanabe, 1992), its ancestor is unclear. As an
integrated part of paddy system, ducks obtained main energy from
rice throughout the year, and main protein from golden snails
inhabiting paddy fields. This type of rearing is common in Asia
(Tanabe, 1992). Confinement was provided attaching farmers house
for laying and shelter, especially during the night.
Although with minimum input and health control, mortality
was small and hatchability was above 80 % using traditional
hatchery. This duck could even lay >200 eggs/year, and reached 1.7
kg-matured BW at less than 6 mo of age. Nevertheless, its
productive performance in the lower (hotter) land regions needs to
be further studied for better conclusive genetic potential data. -------

Important words:
~ Phenotypic characters ~ Duck ~ District ~ Posture ~ Plumage
~ Potentials ~ Dots ~ Bill ~ Web ~ Confinement ~ Shelter ~ Tail,
~ Tegal, Bali, ~ Alabio, ~ Khaki Campbell ~ Golden snails ~ Genetic
~ Hatchery ~ Hatchability ~ Mortality ~ Ancestor ~ Conclusive
~ Elucidate ~ Obtain ~ Record ~ Dominate ~ Inhabit ~ Provide~
~ Laid
------------------------------------------------------------Questions:
A. Exploring Information, Grammar, and Structure:
1. Identify sentences indicating fact/background, material/method,
and objective of the text, respectively.
2. Find a sentence indicating a result of the report/text.
3. Find out one sentence that the author discusses the results.
4. Identify how many tenses used by the author in the report.
5. Underline the structure (S, V, O, & ADV.) of the last sentence.
B. Reading and Writing Practices:
1. Read one or two sentences in each paragraph and ask your friend
to correct your pronunciations while looking at the text.
2. Ask your friend to read one or two sentences in each paragraph
and write them down.
C. Listening and Paraphrasing Practices:
1. Ask your friend to read one paragraph for you (you are supposed
to listen), catch the meaning, and tell to another student/group.
2. Choose one paragraph, read it thoroughly, write the summary, and
tell what it is about to your friend in your own words.
RC-01/Adz/Oct-03

FEEDING CONDITION AND STRAIN DIFFERENCE

INFLUENCE SLEEPING BEHAVIOR IN NEWBORN CHICK
(Saito, S., T. Takagi, T. Koutoku, D.M. Denbow, & M. Furuse, 2003. J. Poult.
Sci., 40:62-68)

To grow up, animals must eat and have a sleep. Since growth
hormone is released during sleep (Krieger, 1980), sleep and food
intake interact to control growth. Although differences in sleeping
behavior between mammalian and avian species have been noted,
sleeping activities of birds are still obscured. The contribution of
feeding on sleeping behavior of fasted and fed chicks was
investigated for 24 h with camera video. Serotonin from sacrificed
chicks was analyzed (Sugahara et al., 1999). The differences of
sleeping activity between ad libitum fed layers and broilers were also
examined.
The results showed that the time fasted chicks spent in a
sleeping posture was longer than in fed chicks. This may be a
specific case in the neonatal stage because until energy sources
(nutrients) are ingested chicks must sleep to avoid energy loss
(Forbes and Iji, 1979). The serotonin (neurotransmitter known to
produce a sleeping state [Sabelli and Giardina, 1970]) content in the
brain tended to be higher in fasted than in fed chicks. Broiler chicks
spent more time in a sleeping posture than layer chicks, but brain
serotonin content was higher in layer chicks. Levels of serotonin
only seem insufficient to explain reasons of long sleep in broiler.
Therefore, further study should be done for clarification.
It is concluded that sleep in the neonatal stage was largely
influenced by feeding conditions, and was modified by genetic
selection. -----------------

Important words:
~ Growth hormone ~ Behavior ~ Mammalian ~ Serotonin
~ Ad libitum ~ Broilers ~ Layers ~ Sleeping activity ~ Posture
~ Nutrients ~ Brain ~ Neurotransmitter ~ Neonatal ~ Genetic
~ Grow up ~ Release ~ Interact ~ Obscured ~ Fasted ~ Fed
~ Investigate ~ Examined ~ Showed ~ Spent ~ Ingested ~ Explain
~ Avoid ~ Ad libitum ~ Clarification ~ Feeding
-----------------------------------------Questions:
A. Exploring Information, Grammar, and Structure:
1. Find out the reason of the objective(s) of the text.
2. Re-write sentence(s) indicating materials and methods.
3. How many S are there in the 1st sentence of 2nd paragraph?
4. How do you know that the last paragraph is a conclusion?
5. Is there any suggestion or recommendation written in the text?
B. Reading and Writing Practices:
1. Read one or two sentences in each paragraph and ask your friend
to correct your pronunciations while looking at the text.
2. Ask your friend to read one or two sentences in each paragraph
and write them down.
3. Find out a sentence containing a comparison, and make two other
comparative sentences.
C. Listening and Paraphrasing Practices:
1. Ask your friend to read one paragraph for you (you are supposed
to listen), catch the meaning, and tell to another person.
2. Choose one paragraph, read it thoroughly, write the summary, and
tell what it is about to your friend in your own words.
RC-02/Adz/Oct-03

HANDLING, INCUBATION, AND HATCHABILITY OF

OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS VAR. DOMESTICUS)
EGGS: A REVIEW
(Cooper, R.G., 2001. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:262-273)

The ostrich, the largest of all birds, belongs to a small order

of birds known as ratite or running birds (ostrich, emu, cassowary,
rhea, and kiwi). The main constraints in ostrich production are
infertile eggs, embryonic mortality, and posthatching leg deformity
(Hasting et al., 1991). The aim of this article is to appraise critically
the literature concerning the factors necessary in the successful
management of ostrich eggs.
Losses to producers commonly arise from infertile eggs, poor
egg handling, and incorrect storage and incubator settings
(temperature, relative humidity, and air flow). Early chick mortality
is also a significant factor influencing successful ostrich
management. Microbial infection of ostrich eggs caused by
contaminated nests, inadequate egg cleaning, and poor incubator and
hatcher sanitation, results in low hatchability (Button et al., 1994;
Van Schalkwyk et al., 1997; Cooper, 2000). Adequate breeder
nutrition is vital for ensuring fertility, increasing the number of eggs
laid, and ensuring good survival rates of hatched chicks (Scheideler
and Angel, 1994; Holle, 1995).
Ostrich production is highly management intensive. So, it is
important that the producer must work closely with veterinary
extension officers, health laboratories, ostrich producer associations,
researchers, and other farmers so that ostrich egg production is
molded into a process of excellent. -------------------

Important Words:
~ Ostrich ~ Ratite ~ Emu ~ Cassowary ~ Rhea ~ Kiwi ~ Infertile
~ Poor egg handling ~ Storage ~ Incubator settings ~ Air flow
~ Relative humidity ~ Mortality ~ Microbial infection ~ Fertility
~ Contaminated nests ~ Inadequate egg cleaning ~ Hatcher
~ Sanitation ~ Hatchability ~ Breeder nutrition ~ Survival rates
~ Veterinary extension officers
~ Belong ~ Constraints ~ Losses ~ Arise ~ Influence ~ Results in
~ Ensure ~ Caused by ~ Increase ~ Mold
-------------------------------------Questions:
A. Exploring Information, Grammar, and Structure:
1. Could you differentiate the difference among those running birds?
2. Does this text is based on experiment or literature study? Explain!
3. Find out a sentence explaining sequence of things or events.
3. Recognize the objective, materials and methods, results and
discussion, and conclusion statement of the text.
5. Change the last sentence of the first paragraph into plural subject!
B. Reading and Writing Practices:
1. Find out the proper pronunciation of the listed important words in
the dictionary.
3. Read several times those important words and rewrite them
without looking to the text.
C. Listening and Paraphrasing Practices:
1. Ask your friend to pronounce those important words and write
them down.
2. Tell your friend the conclusion of the report in your own words.

RC-03/Adz/Oct-03

NUTRIENT CONTENT OF TUNA MEAL

(Zaviezo, D., and N. Dale, 1994. Poultry Sci. 73:916-918)

In most cases, fish meal, a popular feed ingredient for poultry

made from tuna, is a by-product of processing in which fillets has
been removed for human consumption. The resulting offal would
presumably have different composition than meals made from whole
fish. Allen (1993) listed a protein value of 60 %. This is markedly
higher than the 55 % of Hawaiian (Ross, 1968) and the 54 % of
Nigerian tuna meal (Balogun et al. (1986). A study was conducted to
better define the nutrient content of tuna meal.
Samples of tuna meal were taken from Starkist Caribe, Inc.
plant, Puerto Rico. At this plant, all leftovers from tuna processing,
(skins with scales, heads, tails, fins, bones, viscera, and off-color
meat) are processed into fish meal. Proximate composition, amino
acids, minerals, and vitamin contents were determined using AOAC
(1990) method. True ME was also determined (Sibbald, 1976).
As expected, the protein content of tuna meal was below
values of NRC (1984), but closed to Hawaiian (Ross, 1968) and
Nigerian tuna meal (Balogun et al., 1968). The TME n content and
most amino acids were lower in tuna meal than in menhaden or
anchovy meal (NRC, 1984; Sibbald, 1986). Due to the higher
proportion of bone, Ca, P, and some trace minerals (Se, Fe, and Zn)
were higher in tuna meal than in other types listed by the NRC
(1984). Riboflavin and choline content of tuna meal were similar to
those of NRC (1984) for menhaden meal, except for vitamin E. This
may be due to the relatively high fat or viscera content of tuna meal.
It is concluded that tuna meal made largely from cannery by-

products contains less protein and ME, but more Ca and P, than
meals made from whole fish. --------------------Important words:
~ Fish meal ~ Ingredient ~ Poultry ~ Tuna ~ By-product ~ Fillets
~ Offal ~ Nutrient content ~ Leftovers ~ Proximate composition
~ Plant ~ TMEn ~Trace minerals ~ Viscera ~ Cannery ~ Whole fish
~ Remove ~ List ~ Conduct ~ Process ~ Determine ~ Expect
~ Below ~ Conclude
--------------------------------------Questions:
A. Exploring Information, Grammar, and Structure:
1. Find out the reason why the study was conducted!
2. Find out comparative words and recognize their superlative ones
3. Why is the second sentence of the second paragraph written in
Present Tense?
B. Reading and Writing Practices:
1. Pronounce each word of components in leftovers and match your
pronunciation with dictionary.
2. Practice rewriting all above important words!
C. Listening and Paraphrasing Practices:
1. Ask your friend to read the conclusion of the study and write it
down using your own words.
2. -

RC-04/Adz/Oct-03

ACCEPTANCE OF FRESH CHICKEN MEAT PRESENTED

UNDER THREE LIGHT SOURCES (Barbut, S., 2001. Poultry
Sci. 80:101-104)
Color of food is a universal means of judging and accepting
food. Today, most food items are sold in stores where artificial light
is used. When consumer is presented with a package of fresh meat,
visual appearance is rapidly assessed and is interpreted into a
response: to buy or not to buy, to eat or not to eat (Kropf, 1980).
Color is probably the single most important appearance
factor, especially today when meat cuts are already packaged.
Package meat makes the consumer less able to get a true sense of
smell and touch, which could be used to evaluate factors such as
tenderness, juiceness, and flavor. Food store managers usually keep
the meat display area well lighted; however, different types sources
can be used. Three main sources of light types are usually used in
the food stores: incandescent (INC), fluorescent (FL), and metal
halide (MH) to attract consumers. These sources have different
spectral distribution patterns (Bickford and Dunn, 1972; Philips,
1991).
Important Words:
~ Judging ~ artificial light ~ visual appearance ~ package
~ Accept ~ assess ~ interprete ~ keep ~ display ~ attract
~ Tendreness ~ juiceness ~ flavor ~ well lighted ~ incandescent
~ fluoroscent ~ metal halide

Questions:
A. Exploring Information, Grammar, and Structure:
1. What is the universal mean of judging and accepting?
2. Why color is so important in assessing to buy or not to buy meat?
3. Where does store manager usually display meat product in their
department store?
B. Reading and Writing Practices:
1. Find out in the dictionary synonyms of assessment, and practice t
pronounce them in your group!
2. Read sentence by sentence alternately with your friends!
C. Listening and Paraphrasing Practices:
1. Tell you friend in your own words why traditional people prefer to
buy meat product in traditional open market to department store!
2. Make one question to your friend regarding the condition of
Angso Duo Market!

RC-05/Adz/Oct-03

LOSSES AND TRANSFORMATION OF NITROGEN DURING

COMPOSTING OF POULTRY MANURE WITH
DIFFERENT AMENDMENTS (Mahimairaja, S., N.S. Bolan,
M.J. Hedley, and A.N. MacGregor, 1994; Bioresource Technol.
47 [3]:265-273)
Feed nitrogen (N) is a key factor contributing to N concentration
in poultry manure, which is subsequently decomposed by
bacteria to ammonia (NH3). This gas has been an issue because
it adversely affect air quality and health problem. Composting is
one of cheap ways to reduce NH3 emission from poultry manure.
The transformation of N and its subsequent loss during
aerobic composting of poultry manure with different amendments
were investigated through laboratory incubation experiments. The
amendments included: four carbon (C) rich bedding materials
(woodchip, paper waste, cereal straw, and peat), one acidifying
material (elemental sulphur, S) and two adsorbents (zeolite and soil).

The loss of N through NH3 volatilization from aerobic condition

was about 17% of total manure N, which was reduced by 9095% under anaerobic condition. Under aerobic incubation
systems, amongst the bedding materials examined, wheat straw
and peat were found to be superior in reducing the NH 3 loss by
33.5 and 22.5%, respectively. Loss of NH 3 was reduced by 60%
in manure amended with S. Zeolite was a more effective NH 3
(or NH4+) adsorbent than soil and reduced NH3 loss by 60 %. The
amount of 2 M KCl extractable NH4+-N was almost 1000 times
higher than of nitrate (NO3-N) in all composting mixtures
suggesting little oxidation of NH4+ to NO3- (nitrification)
occurred. The measurement of total N in the compost at the end
of experiment showed a total lost of about 50 and 26% of
manure N during aerobic and anaerobic incubations,
respectively, as against only about 17 and ,<1% losses measured
through NH3 volatilization.
The results suggested that the N loss through denitrification
could be considerably higher than that occurred through NH 3
volatilization.

1. Why N is considered as the key factor to increase or to reduce

NH3 concentration in the poultry house?
2. Find one or two passive voices, identify their tenses, and change
them to negative, plural, and singular sentences.

Important Words:
Composting~manure~emission~amendments~incubation~bedding
~materials~acidifying material~adsorbents
Cheap~transformation~volatilization~denitrification~nitrification
~suggest~considerbaly~losses~aerobic~anaerobic

TOXICITY OF AMMONIA TO PLANTS

(der Eerden, van, L.J.M., 1982; Agriculture and Environment 7[3-4]:
223-235)

Questions:
A.
Exploring
Structure:

Information,

Grammar,

and

B. Reading and Writing Practices:

1. Find out the meaning of the four carbon-rich bedding materials
and define each of those in a brief sentence, respectively.
2. There are some verbs that can be formed from their noun forms.
Find those words write them on your paperwork!
C. Listening and Paraphrasing Practices:
1. Discuss in your group the meaning of prefix de in words of
denitrification.
2. Find some other words which use prefix de- and tell to other
group in your own words.

RC-06/Adz/Aug-04

Ammonia can cause various types of injury, including necrosis,

growth reduction, growth simulation, and increased frost sensitivity.
Several plant species have been assessed for sensitivity to ammonia.
Some conifer species were relatively sensitive to some what higher
The to

RC-06/Adz/Aug-04