2015 - 2016

Physics
Investigatory
Project

Manisha Jangid
XII A
12105
K V ASC Centre

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Manisha Jangid
Of class XII-A has successfully
Completed the Physics project on the
topic
' REFRACTIVE INDEX OF VARIOUS
LIQUID USING HOLLOW PRISM '
Under the guidance and supervision
of
Mrs Sai sudha,Pgt Physics
During the academic year of 20152016
Internal Examiner
Examiner

External

signature

signature

PRINCIPLE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep sense of
gratitude to my project guide Mrs Sai
Sudha PGT physics for her invaluale
guidance and immense motivation
which has sustained my efforts at all
stage of this project work .
I sincerely thanks
MR R.PROMOD
principal for his co-ordination in
extending every possible support for the
completion of this project
Most importantly I would like to extend
my heartfelt thanks to my parents for
their blessing and also to my friend and
classmate for their best wishes for the
succesful completion of this project

Manisha Jangid
XII-A
12105

Table Of Content
1. Aim...........................................
...........
2. Apparatus
Required...........................
3. Theory.......................................
..........
4. Procedure.................................
..........
5. Observation..............................
..........
6. Calculation
.
7. Precaution.................................
..........
8. Bibliography ............................
..........

Aim
To find out the indices of
various liquid using hollow
prism

Apparatus
Required

 Hollow glass prism

Various liquid glycirine
Bell pins
Drawing board
Protactor
Sheets of paper

Theory
A prism is a transparent optical element
with flat, polished surfaces that refract
light.Prisms can be made from any material
that is transparent including glass, plastic
and fluorite.

Refraction

In a homogenous medium, light travels

along a straight line,but whenever it falls on
a surface of another medium, a very small
fraction of it is reflected back and most of

the light passes into the medium, though

with a change of direction. This
phenomenon of the bending of light at the
surface of separation of the two medium is
called refraction of light.

Causes of refraction

This phenomenon of refraction takes place

when a beam of light enters a medium in
which light enters a medium in which light
travels with a different velocity.

Laws Of Refraction
1. The incident ray, the refracted and the
normal to the surface at the point of
incidence lie on the same plane.
2. For any two given media, the ratio of the
sine of the angle of incidence to the angle of
refraction is a constant, where it is the angle
of incidence and is the angle of refraction.
For a monochromatic light, the ratio of
the sine of the angle of incidence to the
sine of angle of refraction is a constant
for any two given media. If `i is the
angle of incidence, and `r is the angle
of refraction, then

Sin i
Sin r

= Constant

the constant is called the refractive

index. For most purposes it may be
assumed that the refractive index is with
respect to air.
When light travels from a rarer to a
denser medium, it bends towards the
normal and vice versa when it goes from
a denser to a rarerit bend away from
normal .
Refraction Through Prism
A transparent medium bounded by two
plane surface inclined to each other at an
angle is called a Prism. The angle between
the two faces is known as the angle of the
prism.
Angle of deviation: The angle through
which the incident ray of light is deviated is
called the angle of deviation. In fact it is the
angle between the emergent ray and the
incident ray produced.

Angle of minimum deviation: As the

value of the angle of incidence increases,
the angle of deviation decreases till for a
particular value of the angle of incidence, it
attains a minimum value m , is called the
angle of minimum deviation.
The four parameters on which angle
of deviation depends are:
1. Angle of prism
2.Material of prism
3. Angle of incidence
4. Wavelength or color of light

Refraction
through Prism
Theory
refraction
Prism

on
through

When a ray of light passes from one medium

into the other, it either bends towards the
normal or away from the normal in the
second medium, depending upon whether
the second medium is denser or rarer with
respect to first medium. This phenomenon
is known as the Refraction of light.

Sin(A+Dm)/2
Sin(A/2)

Refraction through Prism

Procedure
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.

Fix the sheet of white paper on Drawing board with

cello tape or drawing pins.
Draw a straight-line XY nearly at the center of the sheet
parallel to its length. Mark points marked as O at suitable
spacing on the line XY and draw normal to the line XY at
point O. Draw straight line PQ corresponding to the
incident rays that are drawn at the angles of incidence
ranging from 30 to 60
Fill the liquid from open and of prism.
Fix two pins P and Q about 8 cm on the incident rayline
and view its image with one eye closed from the side of
BC of the prism. Fix two pins R and S on the paper such
that the tips of these pins and the tips of these images of
the
incident
ray
pins, all
lie
on the
same
straight
line.
Join
the
points
(i.e.
pin
pricks) S
&R

6.
7.

8.

9.

and produce it backwards to meet the incident ray PQ

produced. Thus RS is the emergent ray corresponding to
the incident ray PQ. Draw arrow heads to show the
direction of rays.
Measure the angle of deviation D with Protractor.
Repeat at steps (4 to 8) for different liquids having
different values of angle of incidence and measure the
corresponding angles of deviation D. Take at least three
values (i) from 300 to 400.
Now place the prism on separate sheet of paper or on
the same sheet at a suitable place and trace its triangular
boundary with a sharp pencil. Measure the angle A, of the
triangle so traced with the help of protractor.
Record your observation in observation table.

Plotting of graph between incedent angle &

angle of Deviation.
Plot a graph between angle i and D for various sets of
values recorded in the observation table

Observation
For glycerin
Sno
.

1.
2.

Angle of Angle
prism
of
inciden
ce
60
35
60
40

Angle
of
deviati
on
39
38

3.
4.
5.

60
60
60

45
50
55

35
40
41

For cocunut oil

Sno Angle of Angle of
.
prism
incidenc
e
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

60
60
60
60
60

35
40
45
50
55

Angle
of
deviati
on
37
34
31
33
35

For water
Sn
o.

1.

Angle of Angle
prism
of
inciden
ce
60
35

Angle
of
deviati
on
25

2.
3.
4.
5.

60
60
60
60

40
45
50
55

24
23
25
26

Result
The angle of deviation D first
decrease with the increase in the
angle of incidence, attains a
minimum value and then increase
with further increase in angle of
incidenc
The refractive index of
Glycerine = 1.47
Cocount oil = 1.44
Water =1.33

Precaution
1.A sharp pencil should be used for drawing the
boundary of the prism.
2.The separation between the pins should not be
less than 8 cm.
3.The angle of incidence should lie between 3045.
4.The same and prism should be used for all
observations. So
an ink mark should be
placed on it to distinguish it as a refracting
angle A of the prism.
5.The pins should have sharp tips and fixed
vertically and the pin pricks should be encircled
immediately after they are removed.
6.Proper arrow should be drawn to indicate the
incident,
the refracted and the emergent rays.

7.A smooth curve passing practically through all

the plotted points should be drawn.

Bibliogra
phy
Search engine used:
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
Physics Lab Manual
Physics NCERT Book