Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physics
Quantum Parallelism
Quantum computing is
Information
Science
Quantum
Information
Science
NT
Experiments: Hardwares
Ion Traps
NMR
Cavity QED, etc.
BT
Quantum Communication
Quantum Cryptography
IT
NOT
optical fiber
wireless secure satellite communication
AND
OR
000
011
101
111
Quantum Teleportation
Photons
Atoms, Molecules
NAND
000
010
100
111
Universal
Reversible
C-NOT
CCN ( Toffoli )
000
011
101
110
C-Exch ( Fredkin )
Universal
Reversible
Classical Computation
Turing Machine
Turing
2N
{0,1}
Quantum Algorithms
2
Bit
s s'
Quantum Information
Bit
q = f ( q, s )
s = g ( q, s )
d = d ( q, s )
2. [Peter Shor]
tq Pol (N)
3. [Grover]
Searching
tq N
tcl ~ N/2
Digital Computer
N bits
Quantum Gates
1 N
N bits
i= = H
t
(t ) = eiHt / = (0) = U (t ) (0)
m{
m N
N bits
1 0
1 0
0 1
P( ) =
I =
X =
0 ei
0 1
1 0
N bits
1 0
0 1
1 1 1
Z =P( )=
Y = XZ =
H=
2 1 1
0 1
1 0
N bits
1 1 1 1
=
2 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
H1 =
=
2 1 1 1
H 0 =
H1 H 2 ... H N 0 1 0 2 ... 0 N
1
1
1
=
0 1+ 11
0 2 + 1 2 ...
0 N+1
2
2
2
1
=
( 0102...0 N + 1102...0 N + ... + 1112...1N )
N
2
N 1
1 2
=
k (binary expression)
N
2 k =0
1 1 1
(0 +1)
=
2 1
2
1 1 1
(0 1)
=
2 1
2
Hadamard
Hadamard Gate
Unitary Transform
Norm Preserving
Reversible
i
N
ie sin
cos
2
2
V( ,) =
+i
cos
ie sin
2
2
0
= 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 I+ 1 1 X
Xc a b = a a b
Quantum Network
DiVincenzo, Qu-Ph/0002077
Scalable Qubits
Unitary evolution
: Deterministic
: Reversible
Universal Gates
Initial State
|0
| |0
|0
X
H
t
X1H2
CX
M
|
13
M
M
Liquid-state NMR
NMR spin lattices
Ion-trap
Neutral-atom optical
lattices
Cavity QED + atoms
Linear optics with
single photons
Nitrogen vacancies in
diamond
QKD[E91]
SingleQuantum Repeater
& Two-Qubit Gates
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Error Correction SingleQuantum Computer
& Two-Qubit Gates
Quantum measurement
: Probabilistic
: Irreversible change
Cohere,
Not Decohere
Electrons on liquid He
Josephson junctions
charge qubits
flux qubits
Spin spectroscopies,
impurities in semiconductors
Coupled quantum dots
Qubits: spin,charge,
excitons
Exchange coupled,
cavity coupled
15 = 3 5
Chuang
Nature 414, 883-887 (20/27 Dec 2001)
OR QP/0112176
~3
~3
Ion Traps
Couple lowest centre-of-mass modes to
internal electronic states of N ions.
No Male
F
Encode
Recover
Decode
channel
Um1m2
0
0
noise
No Female
No Male
No Young
No Female
F
O
No Young
No Male
No Female
No Young
No Male
M
F
No Female
O
O
M
[Symmetric]
[Symmetric]
One-Time pad
Alice
One-Time Pad
Vernam
Bob
Alice
M = 01100110001
K = 01010100101
E = 00110010100
(random)
E = 00110010100
K = 01010100101
M = 01100110001
(random)
Eve
Bob
4672856
4672856 key
= pass word
Unconditionally Secure
Impractical: Generation and Distribution
[Symmetric]
Encoding
MK: 00=0, 01=1, 10=1, 11=0
KEY
11011001011011001010101010101010010101010
01010101001010100111001000101001010101010
10010101001010101010010101101010100101010
01010100101001010101001011010010100010010
10010101001010101001010110101010011001111
11011101011000111000100001010010010101010
Cypher 01010001001110101101000010101001010101010
10010001001110100000011110010010100101010
Text
01010000101101011100011001010010100010010
10010010111001011001110101010010011001111
KEY
11011001011011001010101010101010010101010
11011101011000111000100001010010010101010
01010101001010100111001000101001010101010
01010001001110101101000010101001010101010
10010101001010101010010101101010100101010
10010001001110100000011110010010100101010
01010100101001010101001011010010100010010
01010000101101011100011001010010100010010
10010101001010101001010110101010011001111
10010010111001011001110101010010011001111
[Asymmetric]
[Asymmetric]
Alice1, Alice2,
Bob
RSA Cryptosystem
Message M
n = p q , e d = 1 mod (p-1)(q-1)
Message [m]
Eve
Message [m]
Encryption
Cryptogram
[c]
Decryption
Encryption Key
Decryption Key
[k]
[d=f(k)]
Computationally Secure
Could be broken,
especially by Quantum Computers
RSA Example
Bobs Keys
p = 11, q = 13, n = p q = 143
d = 103, e = 7
d e mod (p-1)(q-1) = 103 x 7 mod 120 = 1
Alice : E = Me mod n
Bob :
M = Ed mod n
M Message
Alices Message:
M=9
E = Me mod n = 97 mod 143 = 48
Bob
M=Ed mod n = 48103 mod 143 = 9
Vazirani
No Cloning Theorem
An Unknown Quantum State Cannot Be Cloned.
Zurek, Wootters
Diks
<Proof>
U( 0 )=
U( 0 )=
1
Let =
( + ).
2
1
Then U ( 0 ) =
( +
2
XOR
X AB = 0
0000
0101
1011
1110
Controlled-NOT
1
=
0
1
0
=
0
0
1
0
=
0
AA
0 IB + 1
AA
1 XB
0
1 0 0
0 A 0 1 B 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0 0
+
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 AB 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0 AB
0
0 1
1 A 1 0 B
0 0
0 0
0 1
1 0 AB
x
0
y x y
x
x
= a 0 +b 1
0
= a 0 +b 1
a 00 + b 11
= a 0 +b 1
Mysterious Connection
Between QM & Relativity
Weinberg: Can QM be nonlinear?
Experiments: Not so positive result.
Polchinski, Gisin:
If QM is nonlinear,
communication faster than light is
possible.
Irreversability of
Quantum Measurement
If you describe it as that, that is not it anymore --
|1} |0 or |1
Measure in {|0',
Quantum Cryptography
BB84: 4 Polarizations
Bob
Single Photon, Ent., Coh.
Laser
0o,90o 0o,45o
0o,45o
PC1
PC2
PC3
A1
A2
D1
PBS
D0
Alice
A1 =
A2 =
P =
Bob
B
D
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
=
=
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
1
1 1 1
1 1
Mesurement in
random basis
Same
basis?
No
Yes
Transmission of
raw data:
Random coding
on single photons
Initial Authentication
NEEDED
Null result
or different
basis
Check random
sample
Discard
No
Stop
Error < Q%
Yes
Reconciliation
of bit strings
Parity check
n bits
Secret
key s bits
Estimate information
leakage
k bits
Privacy
Amplification
Keep the parities
QKD via QE
Alice
Ekert 91
Bob
45km
http://www.eqcspot.org/
Autumn 2001: 23.4km Qinetiq-MPQ joint free space key
exchange trial between Zugspitze and Karwendel
Autumn 2000: Key exchange over 1.9km
between Qinetiq site and the local pub!
Rarity
Deutsch Algorithm
Global property of f
|0
| |0
|0
~n2=(log2N)2 vs N log2N
***can be used only as a subroutine, used for factoring
X
H
X1H2CX13|
t
Molding
M
M
M
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
|+
Entanglement
EPR & Nonlocality
Alice
1
1
2
|+
|+
1.
2.
3.
Bob
GHZ State:
1
2
(0 A
+ 1
Entanglement
Alice
x
Quantum correlation
Bob
y
0 A1B or 1A0 B
1 B)
(
A
2
1
=
( + A B A + B)
2
1
+ =
( 0 + 1 ), = 1 ( 0 1
2
2
a |0 + b |1
a |0|0 + b |1|1
|0
a |0 + b |1
a |0|0|0 + b |1|1|1
|0
|0
Classical Teleportation?
Alice
Quantum Teleportation
Bob
Transportation
1 bit
X am
b m1 X
1 bit
P
Correlated Pair
1 bit
1 bit
X = 0 or 1
1 bit
x a b 1
{0,1}
Quantum Teleportation
= x 11
=x
B1, B2
X
B
X
Bennett et al.
Quantum Teleportation
Transmit an unknown qubit
without sending the qubit
Alice
2 Bits
Classical Information
Bob
Unitary Transform
I , Z , X , Y
Entangled
Pair
1
unknown
= 0 + 1
= 0 + 1
EPR-Source
= 17.51798...
= 17.51798...
0 0
3 3
1 1
2 2
0
1
= 17.51798...
= 17.51798...
Bell Measurement
0
0
3
Leave it as
it is.
0
1
X A
= 17.51798...
= 17.51798...
Bell Measurement
1
Rotate it
by -90o.
X A
X A
Quantum Teleportation
H = t c1+ c 2 + c 2+ c1
Single Electron
Single Photon
1
=
(1 + 2 )
2
1
or =
( f1e 2 + e1f 2 )
2
Beam Splitter
1
(1 0 + 0 1
2
Quantum Teleportation of
Single Particle Entanglement
Lee, Qu-ph/0104097;
Phys. Rev. A 64, 014302 (2001)
Bob
1 qubit
XcAB
HA
I , X ,Y , Z
2 bit
0A
0
IA : 0 0 + 1 1
0 0 + 1 0 =( 0 + 1 ) 0
X : 1 0 + 0 1
1 1 + 0 1 = (1 + 0 ) 1
A
0
0 B + 1 A 1 B
XcAB :
HA :
YA : 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 = (1 0 ) 1
1
ZA : 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 = ( 0 1 ) 0
1
Entanglement
A
B
EPR
Bobs
manipulation
Alices
manipulation
Alice sends
the qubit to Bob
1 qubit
4 states
differentiated
2 bit
0
1
1
0
0 a+b , 1 a b
Y -basis: c 0 +i 1 with 1, d 0 i 1 with + 1
0 c + d , 1 i ( c b
GHZ =
= a 00 + b 01 + c 10 + d 11 with a + b + c = 1
N
2
=0
00 = 0 = a B 0 0
00 = 0 = a A 0 0
p = 00
=a
B
A
+ b B 0 1
+ c A 0 1
=
A 0 0
B 0 0
A
B
= pA
= pB
p A pB (1 p A )(1 pB )
1 p A pB
Maximize p !
: xyy = +1
xxx = 1
xyy = +1
yxy = +1
(x y ) (x y ) (x y )
2
=1
p
p
=
= 0 1 2 p A + p A 2 pB = 1 2 p A + p A 2 p B = 0
p A pB
counterfactual argument
5 1
1 5
p A = pB =
= g : golden mean
2
2
p= g 9 %
p A = pB = 1,
5
yyx = +1
1
2
(3
+ 4
LR = =
3 3
R
4
Zurek, QP/0306072
3
4
1
2 12
12 12
LR
=
2
=
2
Kim et al., PRL84, 1(2000); C.K.Hong and T.G.Noh, JOSA B15, 1192(1998)
(3
2
=
+ 4
3 3
R
4
(3
+ 4
L 1 R 2 L 4 R
1
2L
3 L 2
L
L
3 + i L
= UL UL+ = L + i
LR
4 R
+
+
h.c.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
LR =
D3
BSA
D1
D2
BS
BSB
1
i
2
2
i
1
2
2
0
i
3 3
R
4 L4
D4
UL =
2
0
2
i
1
2
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
D0
4
R D1 =
1 UL UL+ 1 L
1
{ 3 R + i 4 R }{ R 3 i
8
3
4
i
8
3
8
i
1
4
8
8
D3
2
BSA
3 3
R
3L
D1
D2
4 L4
BS
BSB
2 UL UL+ 2
1
= {i 3 R 4 R }{i
8
3
4
1
i
3
8
8
=
4
i 8 1 8
R D3 =
3 R 4
3 UL UL+ 3
D3
D2
D3
1
4
4
3 3
R
D0
4
D0
D2
0 0
4 =
0 1
4
(3
2
=
LR
+ 4
BSA
3
3 3
R
4 L4
BS
BSB
D4
R R
R (D1+D2+D3+D4)
D0
4
1
1 1 0
3R R 3 + 4R R 4}=
{
2
2 0 1
1
0 0 0 2 0
4 0 1
4
+
=
+
=
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
4
4
2
R = trL LR =
4 UL UL+ 4
4 L4
BS
D1
3 3
R
3L
BSB
D1
Environment
Decoherence
1
0
3 = 4
0 0
R R
D4
R D4 =
BSA
1
i 1
i 1
0
8
8 8
8
4
R (D1+D2) =
+
=
i
1 i
1 0 1
8
8 8
8
4
BS
D4
BSA
D1
D3
BSB
1
3
4
D2
D0
D4
R D2 =
1. Quantum Repeater
~100 km Indefinite distance
Zurek
B or Environment
A
Transmission: Photon
Storage, Processing: Atomic Physics, etc.
Quantum Repeater
|a|2 0
& Entanglement
Purification
ab*
0 |b|2
ba*
Optical Imaging by
Two-Photon Entanglement
Shih et al., PRA52, R3429 (1995).
no
yes
yes
no
Quantum Lithography
Quantum Metrology
Entangled-photon ellipsometry
Quantum
Physics
Quantum Parallelism
Quantum computing is
Information
Science
Quantum
Information
Science