Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Growing Gard e n s i n U r b a n S o i l s
This fact sheet provides communities and individuals with general
urban gardening information about:
Introduct i o n
Communities throughout the country are turning to urban agriculture and
gardening as a reasonable option to increase their access to healthy, nutritious, and
low-cost produce. Some of the sites that communities are using for urban gardens
were previously home to industrial and commercial operations. A garden on
abandoned land can become a new community asset by improving the visual look
of a neighborhood and potentially increasing nearby property values. Community
gardens provide many benefits, including healthier lifestyles by increasing activity
levels, providing fresh produce, growing community pride, and nurturing social
interactions and cooperation among people.
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Soil Qualit y
Q:
A:
Soil Nutrients
Soil nutrients are vital for healthy soil and must be available for plants to grow.
Soil tests will help you determine the existing nutrients available in your soil and
indicate which nutrients and nutrient amounts need to be added. Mineral nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK), and calcium can occur naturally
in the soil, but often need to be applied to maintain a healthy balance. Soil nutrients
may be added in various forms, including: fertilizer and lime (available in most
gardening stores) and organic matter such as grass clippings, leaves, and compost.
The physical properties of soil determine how well nutrients are available to plants.
Soil contains a combination of sand, rock, silt, clay, air, and organic matter, which
affects its ability to hold nutrients and water.
You can improve the physical quality of your soil by leveling and loosening the
soil and adding organic matter such as compost and manure. These additions can
increase the amount of water that sandy soils can absorb or hold and can improve
the drainage of clay soils.
Soil pH
Soil pH affects the amounts and types of nutrients available to plants through their
roots. The pH scale goes from 0 to 14; a pH of 7 is neutral. A lower number means
a more acidic soil, while a higher number means a more basic or alkaline soil.
Certain nutrients are less available to plants in soils
pH Scale
where the pH is too low or too high. When a soils pH
acidic
is near neutral, nutrients are more readily available to
plants, and microbial populations in the soil increase.
A soil test will tell you the pH of your soil. Based on
this information, you will be able to determine whether
soil amendments (soil additions) are needed to change
the pH of your soil to meet your gardening needs. You
can raise the pH of soil by adding lime or wood ash.
You can lower the pH of soil to make it more acidic
neutral
by using fertilizers containing ammonium-nitrate or
specialty fertilizers for acid-loving plants that contain
ammonium sulfate or sulfur-coated urea.
For more information on amendments that can be used
to improve soil quality, see Techniques for Addressing
Soil Contamination in the Resources section in this fact
sheet, page 11.
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basic
Contaminants
A soil contaminant is an element or chemical present in the soil at a level that could possibly
pose health risks. In a few areas of the country, element levels may be naturally high. In many
cases, human activities have increased the soil levels of many elements and chemicals and
also spread them out more widely. Lead, cadmium, arsenic, zinc, and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) are contaminants commonly found in any urban environment. In
addition, other contaminants can also be found in areas near former commercial or industrial
properties. Table 1 lists sources of contamination that are commonly found on sites with a
commercial or industrial history.
Table 1. Common Sources of Contamination1
General Source
Lead
Treated lumber
Burning wastes
Landfill operations
PAHs, dioxins
Contaminated manure
Copper, zinc
Coal ash
Molybdenum, sulfur
Sewage sludge
Petroleum spills
Pesticides
Dry cleaners
EPAs Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) can provide information to communities about sites where contaminants were
released into the environment. The Envirofacts database allows users to enter location information, such as zip code,
address or county location, to get information about releases in their area. The database is available online at: www.
epa.gov/enviro.
Adapted from Heinegg, A., Maragos, P., Mason, E., Rabinowicz, J., Straccini, G. and Walsh, H. (2000) Urban Agriculture and Soil
Contamination, available at: http://cepm.louisville.edu/Pubs_WPapers/practiceguides/PG25.pdf.
What
Are Soil
Background
Levels?
Background levels are
the naturally occurring
levels of elements and
chemicals found in any
soil. Background levels
differ depending on the
region of the country in
which you live. In some
areas background levels
for certain elements and
chemicals may be higher.
Contact
your
local
extension service or state
environmental agency
(see Technical Assistance
in the Resources section,
page 10) for help in
learning more about
elemental background
levels for the soil in your
neighborhood.
More information on
soil background levels
in the United States is
available at: http://pubs.
usgs.gov/of/2005/1253/
pdf/OFR1253.pdf.
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Conta m i n a n t s co n t i n u ed
Q: How Do I Know if My Property is Contaminated?
A: You can conduct a formal environmental assessment (study) of the land you are
interested in using for urban gardening. There are two types of assessments:
Phase I and Phase II Environmental Assessments. A Phase I assessment
includes a review by a trained environmental professional of historical site
uses, interviews with neighbors and, if possible, site owners, and a visual site
inspection to determine the potential for and type of contamination at a site. If
a Phase I assessment determines that there is potential for contamination at the
site, a Phase II assessment is conducted to sample for contaminants and locate
any impacted areas.
For more information on Phase 1 and Phase 2 assessments, contact your local
and state environmental agencies. Some local governments may even be able to
provide you with a Phase I or Phase II environmental assessment or have qualified
environmental professionals on staff who can conduct the assessment.
Biosolids
Biosolids are the nutrient-rich organic materials resulting from
the treatment of sewage sludge (the name for the solid, semisolid or liquid untreated residue generated during the treatment
of domestic sewage in a treatment facility). When treated
and processed, sewage sludge becomes biosolids, which are
tested for safety to be recycled and applied as fertilizer to
improve and maintain productive soils and stimulate plant
growth. Only biosolids that meet the strictest state and
federal standards can be approved for use as a fertilizer.
More information on how biosolids have been used to solve
problems on potentially contaminated lands is available at:
www.cluin.org/ecotools/soil.cfm.
More information on biosolids is available at: http://water.
epa.gov/polwaste/wastewater/treatment/biosolids/genqa.
cfm.
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Exposure Pathways
Q:
A:
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Bioavailability
Building raised beds and growing plants in containers is the most common
way to reduce the chances of coming into contact with contaminants in urban
gardens. These gardening techniques are preferred because the clean soil and
organic matter used to build the raised beds creates a physical barrier between the
gardeners/plants and possible contamination in the ground soils. Raised beds can
be built for permanent or seasonal use.
Place a layer of landscape fabric on top of the ground soil before adding
the clean soil and organic matter. The fabric layer creates a barrier
beneath the soil in the bed that prevents plant roots from entering the
ground soil below the bed.
Build a frame to hold the clean soil for a permanent raised bed. Ask for
non-treated lumber when getting wood to build the frame.
See the National Gardening Associations how-to video on Making a Raised Bed
Garden, available at: www.garden.org/howtovideos/index.php?page=video2.
Even when you are using raised bed and container gardens to address contamination,
airborne contaminants, soil dust, or soil splashback from other areas may still
enter the raised beds. Consider covering walkways and other areas of exposed
soil with mulch, grass, or other groundcover to help reduce dust migration and
splashback onto crops and protect against human exposure when gardening.
Phytotechnologies
and Lead
Q: Lead is a common contaminant
in urban soils. Can I use
phytoremediation to remove lead
from the soil at my site?
A: No. Phytoremediation of lead
in soils is ineffective since lead is
generally not available for plant
uptake. However, the use of soil
amendments is an effective way to
reduce potential exposure.
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Locate gardens away from old painted buildings and roads with heavy traffic.
Use a thick layer of organic material such as compost or mulch. Place landscape fabric between ground soil and
new, clean soil.
Watch over small children to stop them from eating soil through hand-to-mouth play.
Wash hands immediately after gardening and before eating to avoid accidentally eating soil.
Wear gloves as a barrier between your hands and the soil.
Throw away the outer leaves of greens, especially from the bottom of plants, before washing. Soil particles
are most likely to be located on the outer leaves of leafy plants.
Peel vegetables, especially root vegetables, which are in direct contact with soil.
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Steps You Can Take to Reduce Potential Risk from Contaminants When Growing Vegetables:
Add high rates of compost and other organic soil amendments to the soil (up to 50:50 by volume) in order to
dilute soil contaminant concentrations, improve the physical properties of soil and plant growth, and make
contaminants less available for plants to take up.
Garden in raised beds or containers to separate the garden from the contaminated soil.
To learn about safe levels of soil contamination and the cleanup requirements of sites used for gardening or
farming in your area, contact your state environmental agency or cooperative extension services.
Contact information is provided under Technical Assistance in the Resources section, page 10.
Choosing Crops
In general, plants that produce fruiting bodies (for example, tomatoes, squash, apple and pear trees, and berries) are most
appropriate for growing in potentially contaminated soil. Root and tuber crops (for example, carrots, potatoes and onions)
are often the least appropriate plants to grow in potentially contaminated soil, as the edible portions of the crops are in
direct contact with the soil. Vegetables with large outer leaves (for example, cabbage, lettuce and collard greens) are easily
contaminated by dust and soil splashback, so careful washing of these plants is necessary.
Conclusion
There are many effective ways to reduce or eliminate any risk from gardening on potentially contaminated land. Gardening
provides many benefits to communities and individuals. The information in this fact sheet is designed to help you understand
the steps that your community can take to create healthy garden conditions for growing a variety of delicious and nutritious
crops. So go dig, plant, harvest and enjoy!
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Case Study
LIBERTY LANDS
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Twenty years ago, the Northern Liberties neighborhood was the only
zip code in Philadelphia without a community green space. Several
tanneries contaminated the neighborhood. EPA conducted removal
actions and cleaned up the site. Neighborhood residents worked with
the City of Philadelphia to find resources for reusing the site. EPA
provided soil testing and other technical assistance to ensure that the site
was safe for reuse as a park and community garden. Hundreds of hours of
donated time, monthly meetings, outreach and fundraising efforts resulted in
Liberty Lands community park becoming a reality. The park opened in 1996 and
includes 37 garden plots and a composting area, an herb and butterfly garden, a childrens playground, open
space for community events, and community art and sculpture. The park is at the center of a revitalized
community, surrounded by new residential and commercial redevelopment.
For more information, visit www.epa.gov/brownfields/success/libertylandspass.pdf.
1. Local agricultural cooperative extension services can help with interpreting soil quality results (i.e., pH
and nutrients testing) and provide a list of local environmental departments or laboratories that test for soil
contaminants. U.S. Department of Agriculture extension services are listed online at: www.csrees.usda.gov/
Extension/index.html.
2. EPAs Technical Assistance to Brownfields (TAB) program can help with questions regarding Phase I and
Phase II Environmental Assessments. The TAB website is available at: www.epa.gov/brownfields/tools/index.htm#tab.
In addition, several TAB providers have experience working with communities to explore urban agricultural
opportunities. These providers include:
Kansas State University: www.engg.ksu.edu/chsr/outreach/tab.
Center for Creative Land Recycling (especially in California and Colorado): www.cclr.org.
3. State and tribal brownfields programs may be able to help with information specific to your state or tribe.
To find your state brownfields program, visit: www.epa.gov/brownfields/state_tribal/state_map.htm. To find your tribal
brownfields program, visit: www.epa.gov/brownfields/state_tribal/tribe_progs.htm.
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Additional Resources
General Information
Soil Quality
More information on soil health is available at:
EPAs Hazardous Waste Cleanup Information website: www.clu-in.org/ecotools/soil.cfm.
Cornells Waste Management Institute website: http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/soilquality.htm.
Local agricultural cooperative extension services website: www.csrees.usda.gov/extension.
Contaminants
The EPA Sector Notebook Series is a set of profiles containing information on specific industries. The notebooks can help
your community identify types of contaminants often associated with specific commercial and industrial land uses. The
notebooks are available at: www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/assistance/sectors/notebooks/index.html.
EPAs Toxics Release Inventory System provides useful information about the history of individual sites: www.epa.gov/tri/.
Information about the health effects of particular contaminants is available at:
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/index.asp.
EPAs Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS): www.epa.gov/IRIS.
The Risk Assessment Information System: http://rais.ornl.gov.
In addition, EPAs Superfund Redevelopment Initiative website has a web page where reuse questions can be submitted:
www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/recycle/contact/index.html.
Funding Opportunities
More information on funding sources for brownfields assessment, cleanup, revolving loans and environmental job training
is available at: www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm.
EPAs fact sheet on how to apply for Brownfields Assessment Grants is available at: www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/
assess/assessment_factsheet.pdf.
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