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denominator, the value of the fraction

is equal to 1.

FRACTIONS
A) Reading Fractions
A fraction is a number that represents a
part
of a whole. It is written as p where p
and q are
q
whole numbers and q # 0.
p is read as 'p over q'.
q
For example:(a) 3 is read as 'three over four' or three
quarter.
4

B) Representing Fractions with


Diagrams.

For example:-

EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS
A)Finding Equivalent Fractions
1. Equivalent fractions are fractions having
the same value.
For example:(a)

1. Fractions can be represented with


diagrams and number lines.
For example:-

The shaded parts in both the triangle are


equal.

In each of the diagrams above, the


shaded parts are 2
out of 3 equal parts, that is 2
3
and the bottom number is called the
numerator.

Therefore, 1 and 2 have the same value.


2
4
1 and 2 are equivalent fractions.
2
4
Therefore, 1 = 2 .
2 4

B) Determining whether Two given


Fractions are Equivalent

For example:2 ( Numerator )


3 ( Denominator )
When the numerator is the same as the

To determine whether two given fractions


are equivalent or not, we can use diagrams
calculation.

Worked example
Determine whether 2 and 4 are equivalent.
6
12
Solution

2. When comparing two fractions having the


same
Worked example
Determine whether 3 and 5 are equivalent.
6
12
Solution

numerator, the fraction with the smaller


denominator
is greater in value.
For example:-

3 and 5 are not equivalent.


6
12

C) Comparing the values of Two


Fractions
1. When comparing two fractions having the
same denominator, the fraction with the
bigger numerator is greater in value.
For example:-

3. To compare two fractions having different


numerators, and denominators, carry out the
following steps.
Step 1 : Find the LCM of the two
denominators.
Step 2 : Convert each of the given fraction
with the LCM as its denominator.
Step 3 : Compare the numerators of the
fractions.
Worked example
Which is greater, 7 or 4 ?
9
5
Solution
7 = 35 ( LCM of 9 and 5 is 45 )
9
45
4 = 36

45

35 < 36
45 45
Therefore, 4 is greater.
5

D) Arranging Fractions in Order


(a) Arrange 2 , 6 , 4 , 8 in increasing order.
9 9 9 9
(b) Arrange 1 , 1 , 3 and 1 in decreasing
order.
2 3 4
6
Solution
(a) 2 , 4 , 6 , 8
9 9 9 9

3. To simplify a fraction to its lowest terms,


divide the numerator and the denominator by their HCF.
4. All answer must be given in their lowest
terms.
Worked example
Simplify 12 to its lowest terms.
18
Solution

(b) 1 = 1 x 6 = 6 ; 1 = 1 x 4 = 4 ;
2 1 x 6 12 3
3 x 4 = 12
3= 3x3 = 9 ; 1 = 1x2 =2 ;
4 4 x 3 12 6
6 x 2 12
Therefore, the fractions arranged
decreasing order
are 3 , 1 , 1 , 1 .
4 2 3 6 ( from the biggest to the
smallest )

E) Simplifying Fractions

MIXED NUMBERS
A) Recognising Mixed Numbers
1. A mixed number is a number consisting of a
whole number and a fraction.
For example:-

1. A fraction is in its lowers terms if the


numerator and
denominator have no common factor
except 1.
2. To simplify a fraction, divide the numerator
and denominator repeatedly by their common
factors.
For example:-

2. All mixed numbers are greater than 1.

B) Representing Mixed Numbers with


Diagrams
Mixed numbers can be represented by
diagrams.
For example:-

D) Comparing andd Arranging


Mixed Numbers
1. Like fractions, mixed numbers can be
compared and
arranged by using a number line. Any number
on the
number line is greater than the numbers to its
left.
2. To compare and arrange mixed numbers
having the
same whole number part but different
fractional part,
carry out following steps.
Step 1 : Find the LCM of the dinominators.
Step 2 : Convert each of the given fractions to
an equivalent
fraction with the LCM as its
denominator.
Step 3 : Compare and arrange the mixed
numbers.
Worked Example

C) Writing Mixed Numbers based on the


given Diagrams

Which is greater,

For example:Arrange both mixed numbers on a number line.


Solution
The LCM of 9 and 3 is 9.

Since 3 6 is greater than 3 5 , therefore 3 2 is


9

Therefore, the mixed numbers arranged in


decreasing
order are 2 3, 2 1 , 1 1 .
4
2
3

3.4 PROPER FRACTIONS AND


IMPROPER FRACTIONS
A) Determining Proper Fractions and
Worked Example

Improper Fractions
(a) Arrange 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 1 in increasing order.
2
3
6
(b) Arrange 2 3 , 1 1 , 2 1 in decreasing order.
4
3
2
Solution

1. A proper fraction has a numerator which is


smaller than the denominator.
For example:-

(a) The LCM of 2, 3 and 6 is 6.

1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 13
2 4 7 12 30

2 1=2 3;2 2=2 4


2

2. An improper fraction has a numerator which

is the same as or greater than the


denominator.
Therefore, the mixed numbers arranged
increasing

3 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 12 , 15
2 3 3 10
5
9

order are 2 1 , 2 1 , 2 2 .
6
2
3
(b) The LCM of 4, 3 and 2 is 2.

Worked Example

1 1 is smaller than 2 1 and 2 3 .


3

21

=22
2
4

For example:-

Determine whether each fraction below is a


proper
fraction or an improper fraction.
(a) 6
4

(b) 7
7

(c) 13
16

Solution

denominator and

(a) 6 is an improper fraction.


4

then add the product to the numerator. The


denomi-

(b) 7 is an improper fraction.


7

nator remains the same.


Worked Example

(c) 13 is a proper fraction.


16

Convert these mixed numbers to improper


fractions.

B) Converting Whole Numbers to


Improper Fraction.

(a)

55

(b) 10 6
7

9
1. All whole numbers are improper fractions
with

Solution

1 as their denominators.
For example:-

5 = 5 , 13 = 13 , 32 = 32
1

2. Whole numbers can be converted to


improper
fractions with other denominators.
For example:(a) 4 = 4
1

4 = 4 x 12
1 x 12

=4x8
= 48
1 x 8 ( 8 as denominator )
12 ( 12
as denominator )
= 32
8

C) Converting Mixed Numbers to


Improper Fractions.
To change a mixed number to an improper
fraction,
multiply the whole number by the

(b) 10 6 = 10 x 7 + 6
7
7
= 76
7

D) Converting Improper Fractions to


Mixed Numbers.
1. To change an improper fraction to a mixed
number,
divide the numerator by the denominator.
2. The quotient obtained is the whole number
part and
the remainder is the numerator of the
fractional part.
Worked Example

Convert these improper fractions to mixed


numbers.
(a) 57
4

(b) 92
8

Solution
(a) 57 = 14 1
4
4

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF


FRACTIONS
(b) 92 = 11 4
8
8

A) Addition of Fractions
i) Adding two fractions with the same
or common
denominator
1. To add two fractions with the same
denominator,

3. Where possible, simplify the improper


fraction to

keep the denominator and add the


numerators.

its lowest terms before converting it to the


mixed

2. Answer are always written in their lowest


terms.

number.

Worked Example

Worked Example
Change these improper fractions to mixed
numbers
or whole numbers.
(a) 129
9
Solution

(b) 96
8

Find the value of 5 + 7 .


9
9
Solution
5 + 7 = 12
9
9
9 ( No change in the denominator. )
= 1 3 ( Change improper fraction
9 to mixed number )
=11
3 ( Simplify to lowest terms )

ii) Adding two fractions with different


denominators

(a) 12 + 3 = 12 3
5
5
( Answer are mixed

To add two fractions with different denominators,


first

numbers. )
(b) 7 + 6 =
9

7
9

find the LCM of the denominators and then


convert

iv) Adding fractions and mixed numbers

both the fractions with the same denominator.

1. To add a fraction and a mixed number, keep


the

Worked Example
Solve the following.

whole number and add the fractional parts


like
adding the fractions.

(a) 5 + 2
12 3

2. Answer are always written in their lowest


terms.

Solution
(a) 5 + 2 = 5 + 2 x 4
12 3 12 3 x 4 ( LCM of 3 and 12 is
12 )

Worked Example
Simplify

=5 + 8
12 12

(a) 1 +
3

= 13
12

Solution

(a) 1 +
3

11

2 = 1 +
3
3

4+

2 = 1+
3
3

4+2

2
3

12 ( Change to mixed number. )


=4+3
3

iii) Adding whole number and fraction, a mixed


number is produced

=4+1

Worked Example

=5

Solve the following.

v) Adding two mixed numbers

(a) 12 + 3
5

Worked Example

Solution

(b) 7 + 6
9

Solve

5+
9

5
6

B) Problem Solving involving Addition of


Fractions

Solution

Worked Example
Bag P weighs 1 4 kg. Bag R is 2 3 kg heavier
than
5
10
bag P. Calculate the total mass of the two bags.
Solution
1. Understand the problem
Given information :

vi) Adding three fractions


Before performing the addition, convert the
fractions
to their respective equivalent fractions with the
same
denominator.

Find the value of

5+4
5

Bag R is 2 3 kg heavier than bag P.


10
Find : Total mass of bags P and R.
2. Devise a plan
Use addition.

Worked Example

(a)

Bag P weighs 1 4 kg.


5

31

3. Carry out the plan

14+23
5

14

= 9 + 23 + 9
5
5
10
5

10

= 18 + 23 + 18
10

Solution

= 59
10

(a) 5 + 4 + 3 1 = 5 + 4 + 7
5
2
1
5
2
= 50 + 8 + 35
10
= 93
10
=93
10

59

10
Therefore, the total mass of
bags P and R is

5 9 kg.

10
4. Check

14

23

= 9 + 23

10

10

= 18 + 23
10
= 41
10
41 + 9 = 41 + 18
10 5
10
= 59 =
10

59
10

c) Subtraction of Fractions
i) Subtracting fraction with the same or common
denominator.
1. To subtract two fractions with the same
denominator,
keep the denominator and subtract the
numerators.
2. Answers are always written in their lowest
terms.
Worked Example
Solve 9 - 3 .
14 14
Solution
9- 3 =9-3
14 14
14 ( subtract. )
=6
14
= 3 ( lowest terms )
7

ii) Subtracting fractions with different


denominators

To subtract two fractions with different


denominators,
first find the LCM of the denominators and then
convert
both the fractions to their respective equivalent
fractions
with the same denominator.
Worked Example
Solve 5 - 3
6 8
Solution
5 - 3=5x4 - 3x3
6 8
24
24 ( LCM of 6 and 8 is 24. )
= 20 - 9
24
= 11
24

iii) Subtracting a fraction from a whole number


To subtracting two fraction from a whole number,
convert the whole number to an improper
fraction
with a common denominator as the fraction.
Worked Example
Solve the following.
Solution

iv) Subtracting a fraction from a mixed number

Solution

To subtract a fraction from a mixed number,


carry
out the following steps.
Step 1 : Convert the mixed number to an
improper
fraction.
Step 2 : Find the LCM of the denominators.
Step 3 : Convert both the fractions to their
respective
equivalent fractions with the same
denominator.
Worked Example
Simplify the following.
(a) 5 5 - 3
6 4

vi) Subtracting three fractions

Solution
(a)

55

- 3 = 35 - 3
6
4 6 4
= 70 - 9
12
= 61
12
=

51
12

v) Subtracting two mixed numbers


Worked Example
Simplify

51-35
4

Carry out the subtractions of three fractions


from left to right.
Worked Example
Simplify
(a) 9 - 1 - 1
10 2 5
Solution

Therefore, amount of oil remained was 1 3 kg.


5
4. Check

32+13
5

= 17 + 8
5
5

= 25
5

D) Problem Solving involving Subtraction of


Fractions
Worked Example

=5

MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF


FRACTIONS

Puan Aishah bought 5 kg of cooking oil. She used

A) Multiplication of Fractions

up 3 2 kg. Find the amount of oil remained.


5

i) Multiplying a whole number by a fraction


Multiplying of a whole number by a fraction

Solution

or a mixed number is the repeated addition


1. Understand the problem
Given information :

of the fraction or the mixed number.


Worked Example

32

kg from the 5 kg of oil was used.


5
Find : Amount of oil remained
2. Devise a plan
Use subtraction.
3. Carry out the plan

5 - 3 2 = 5 17
5

5
= 25 - 17
5
=8
5

=13
5

Solve 6 x 3
4
Solution
Method 1 : By using diagrams
6x3
4

Worked Example
Find the value of 4 x 25.
5
Solution
Method 1 : By multiplying directly
4 x 25 = 100
5
5
Method 2 : By repeated addition
= 20
6x3=3+3+3+3+3+3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Method 2 : By cancellation

= 18
4
=41
2
Method 3 : By multiplying directly

iii) Multiplying two fractions


Evaluate 2 x 3
3
8
Solution
Method 1 : By using diagrams
2 x 3
3
8

Method 4 : By cancellation

ii) Multiplying a fraction by a whole number

Method 2 : By cancellation
2x 3
3 8

numbers and mixed numbers )


Worked Example
Evaluate 2 1 x 9 x 1 1
3 14
12
Solution

iv) Multiplying two mixed numbers ( including


whole numbers )
In multiplication involving a mixed number,
change

B) Problem Solving involving Multiplication


of Fractions
Worked Example

Worked Example

In a class of 48 pupils, 5 are girls. How many


12
girls are there in the class ?

Simplify each of the following.

Solution

(a) 2 4 x 20
5

1. Understand the problem

the mixed number to an improper fraction first.

Solution

Given information :
5 of 48 pupils are girls.
12
Find : Number of girls
2. Devise a plan
Use multipcation.
3. Carry out the plan

v) Multiplying three fractions ( including whole

terms.
Worked Example
Therefore, there are 20 girls in the class.

Divide the shaded portion into 4 equal parts.

4. Check

Solution

C) Division of Fractions
i) Dividing a quantity into parts.
Diagrams can be used to show the division of
a quantity.
For example:Worked Example
Simplify the following.
(a) 2 4
5
Solution

ii) Dividing a fraction by a whole number

iii) Dividing a fraction by a fraction

1. To perform division involving fractions,


multiply

Diagrams can be used to show the division

the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.


2. Answer are always written in their lowest

of a fraction by another fraction.


For example:-

Worked Example
Simplify 2 4
3 5

Worked Example

Solution

Simplify the following.


(a) 6 3
8
Solution

iv) Dividing a whole number by a fraction


Division of a whole number by a fraction
is process of finding the number of times
the fraction is contained in that number.
For example:-

v) Dividing a mixed number by a mixed number


1. To perform a division involving mixed
numbers,
always convert the mixed numbers into
improper
fraction first.
2. Answer are always written in their lowest
terms.
Worked Example
Simplify each of the following.
(a) 1 1 1 7
4
8

Use division
(b) 1 1 8 1
3 9 6
Solution

3. Carry out the plan

2 1 15 = 9 15
4

4
= 9 x 1 = 9 = 3 kg.
4 15 60 20

Therefore, the mass of each packet is 3 kg.


20
4. Check
Mass of 15 packets of flour
= 15 x 3 kg = 2 1 kg
20
4

COMBINED OPERATIONS OF +, -, x,
OF FRACTIONS
D) Problem Solving involving Division of
Fractions

A) Combined Operations of any Two


Operations
Worked Example

Worked Example
Simplify the following.
2 1 kg of flour is put equally into 15 packets.
4

(a) 11 + 3 - 1
12 4 1

Find the mass of each packets.


Solution
Solution
1. Understand the problem
Given information :

21

kg of flour is put equally into 15


packets.
4
Find : Mass of each packet of flour
2. Devise a plan

(b) 6 - 4 1 + 2 3
5 10

B) Combined Operation involving Brackets

Worked Example
Simplify the following.
(a) 3 + 5 x 1 1
5 8
5
Solution

(b)

2511-11
8

1. To perform a calculation involving any two


combined operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division or brackets, always work
the calculation within the brackets first.
2. Then, do the multiplication or division
before the addition or subtraction, working
from left to right.
Worked Example
Simplify

Solution

C) Problem Solving involving any Two


Operations
Worked Example
Mr Lee bought
bought

3 1 litres of orange juice. He

2
9 litre of water melon less than orange juice.
How much fruit juice did he buy altogether?

Worked Example
Fatimah bought 10m of coth. She cut out 3
pieces,
each 2 3 long. Find the length of the remaining
cloth.
4

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