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is equal to 1.
FRACTIONS
A) Reading Fractions
A fraction is a number that represents a
part
of a whole. It is written as p where p
and q are
q
whole numbers and q # 0.
p is read as 'p over q'.
q
For example:(a) 3 is read as 'three over four' or three
quarter.
4
For example:-
EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS
A)Finding Equivalent Fractions
1. Equivalent fractions are fractions having
the same value.
For example:(a)
Worked example
Determine whether 2 and 4 are equivalent.
6
12
Solution
45
35 < 36
45 45
Therefore, 4 is greater.
5
(b) 1 = 1 x 6 = 6 ; 1 = 1 x 4 = 4 ;
2 1 x 6 12 3
3 x 4 = 12
3= 3x3 = 9 ; 1 = 1x2 =2 ;
4 4 x 3 12 6
6 x 2 12
Therefore, the fractions arranged
decreasing order
are 3 , 1 , 1 , 1 .
4 2 3 6 ( from the biggest to the
smallest )
E) Simplifying Fractions
MIXED NUMBERS
A) Recognising Mixed Numbers
1. A mixed number is a number consisting of a
whole number and a fraction.
For example:-
Which is greater,
Improper Fractions
(a) Arrange 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 1 in increasing order.
2
3
6
(b) Arrange 2 3 , 1 1 , 2 1 in decreasing order.
4
3
2
Solution
1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 13
2 4 7 12 30
3 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 12 , 15
2 3 3 10
5
9
order are 2 1 , 2 1 , 2 2 .
6
2
3
(b) The LCM of 4, 3 and 2 is 2.
Worked Example
21
=22
2
4
For example:-
(b) 7
7
(c) 13
16
Solution
denominator and
(a)
55
(b) 10 6
7
9
1. All whole numbers are improper fractions
with
Solution
1 as their denominators.
For example:-
5 = 5 , 13 = 13 , 32 = 32
1
4 = 4 x 12
1 x 12
=4x8
= 48
1 x 8 ( 8 as denominator )
12 ( 12
as denominator )
= 32
8
(b) 10 6 = 10 x 7 + 6
7
7
= 76
7
(b) 92
8
Solution
(a) 57 = 14 1
4
4
A) Addition of Fractions
i) Adding two fractions with the same
or common
denominator
1. To add two fractions with the same
denominator,
number.
Worked Example
Worked Example
Change these improper fractions to mixed
numbers
or whole numbers.
(a) 129
9
Solution
(b) 96
8
(a) 12 + 3 = 12 3
5
5
( Answer are mixed
numbers. )
(b) 7 + 6 =
9
7
9
Worked Example
Solve the following.
(a) 5 + 2
12 3
Solution
(a) 5 + 2 = 5 + 2 x 4
12 3 12 3 x 4 ( LCM of 3 and 12 is
12 )
Worked Example
Simplify
=5 + 8
12 12
(a) 1 +
3
= 13
12
Solution
(a) 1 +
3
11
2 = 1 +
3
3
4+
2 = 1+
3
3
4+2
2
3
=4+1
Worked Example
=5
(a) 12 + 3
5
Worked Example
Solution
(b) 7 + 6
9
Solve
5+
9
5
6
Solution
Worked Example
Bag P weighs 1 4 kg. Bag R is 2 3 kg heavier
than
5
10
bag P. Calculate the total mass of the two bags.
Solution
1. Understand the problem
Given information :
5+4
5
Worked Example
(a)
31
14+23
5
14
= 9 + 23 + 9
5
5
10
5
10
= 18 + 23 + 18
10
Solution
= 59
10
(a) 5 + 4 + 3 1 = 5 + 4 + 7
5
2
1
5
2
= 50 + 8 + 35
10
= 93
10
=93
10
59
10
Therefore, the total mass of
bags P and R is
5 9 kg.
10
4. Check
14
23
= 9 + 23
10
10
= 18 + 23
10
= 41
10
41 + 9 = 41 + 18
10 5
10
= 59 =
10
59
10
c) Subtraction of Fractions
i) Subtracting fraction with the same or common
denominator.
1. To subtract two fractions with the same
denominator,
keep the denominator and subtract the
numerators.
2. Answers are always written in their lowest
terms.
Worked Example
Solve 9 - 3 .
14 14
Solution
9- 3 =9-3
14 14
14 ( subtract. )
=6
14
= 3 ( lowest terms )
7
Solution
Solution
(a)
55
- 3 = 35 - 3
6
4 6 4
= 70 - 9
12
= 61
12
=
51
12
51-35
4
32+13
5
= 17 + 8
5
5
= 25
5
=5
A) Multiplication of Fractions
Solution
32
5 - 3 2 = 5 17
5
5
= 25 - 17
5
=8
5
=13
5
Solve 6 x 3
4
Solution
Method 1 : By using diagrams
6x3
4
Worked Example
Find the value of 4 x 25.
5
Solution
Method 1 : By multiplying directly
4 x 25 = 100
5
5
Method 2 : By repeated addition
= 20
6x3=3+3+3+3+3+3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Method 2 : By cancellation
= 18
4
=41
2
Method 3 : By multiplying directly
Method 4 : By cancellation
Method 2 : By cancellation
2x 3
3 8
Worked Example
Solution
(a) 2 4 x 20
5
Solution
Given information :
5 of 48 pupils are girls.
12
Find : Number of girls
2. Devise a plan
Use multipcation.
3. Carry out the plan
terms.
Worked Example
Therefore, there are 20 girls in the class.
4. Check
Solution
C) Division of Fractions
i) Dividing a quantity into parts.
Diagrams can be used to show the division of
a quantity.
For example:Worked Example
Simplify the following.
(a) 2 4
5
Solution
Worked Example
Simplify 2 4
3 5
Worked Example
Solution
Use division
(b) 1 1 8 1
3 9 6
Solution
2 1 15 = 9 15
4
4
= 9 x 1 = 9 = 3 kg.
4 15 60 20
COMBINED OPERATIONS OF +, -, x,
OF FRACTIONS
D) Problem Solving involving Division of
Fractions
Worked Example
Simplify the following.
2 1 kg of flour is put equally into 15 packets.
4
(a) 11 + 3 - 1
12 4 1
21
(b) 6 - 4 1 + 2 3
5 10
Worked Example
Simplify the following.
(a) 3 + 5 x 1 1
5 8
5
Solution
(b)
2511-11
8
Solution
2
9 litre of water melon less than orange juice.
How much fruit juice did he buy altogether?
Worked Example
Fatimah bought 10m of coth. She cut out 3
pieces,
each 2 3 long. Find the length of the remaining
cloth.
4
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