RESPIRATION ANIMAL WATER

By :
Name
Student ID
Entourage
Group
Assistant

: Fatahalani Rizkika
: B1K014017
: VII
:2
: Lucky Pratama Suharto

PRACTICUM REPORT OF ANIMAL PHISIOLOGY I

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER

EDUCATION
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2015

I. INTRODUCTION
1.1.

Background
Fish is animal ektotermic which not produce body heat, so temperature

body dependent or adapt with environment. Fish have degrees tolerance to the
each temperature range which important roles for growth, incubation eggs, the
feed conversion and its resistance to disease. Fish will be experience exposure on
the temperature range that can be tolerated. On the environment waters, physical
factor, chemical and biological plays a role in setting homeostatic that need to
growth and reproduction fish. The changes factor can cause of disease and
stress (Yuwono, 2001).
Respiration or breathing is gas exchange O2 and CO2 breathing organ
in living. Source O2 in waters come from air and phytoplankton photosynthesis.
Aerob respiration is a process respiratory that requires oxygen from the air, while
anaerob espiration breathing is a process that does not need oxygen. Factors that
influence the process respiration there are two that internal and external factors.
Organ system that has a role in respiration in the gills fish. Oxygen is the
substance respiratory required by the cell to various reactions metabolism. For the
fish, oxygen required by his body to produce energy through oxidation fat and
sugar (Ville et al., 1988).
According to Mas'ud (2011), measurements water quality such as the high
salinity, low DO, and high standard NH that became reference to know total
oxygen consumtion in the fish. Research on oxygen consumption can be used as
comparison with total of feed consumed, temperature, and weight of fish itself.
Fish in growing process, not all that the food eaten by fish used for growth. Most
of the energy from the food is used for activity, growth and the reproduction. The
process of metabolism and factors that influence is knowledge that important in
developing aquaculture techniques.
The reason in practicum use Nila fish (Pangasius sp,) and Nilem
fish (Ostheochilus hasselti) in practicum respiration water animals because nilem
fish represents fish freshwater . Easily, cheap at affordable prices and a large and
small that we want many available.

The purpose 1.2.

The purpose of this paraktikum is student be able to measure oxygen water
organisms with good ways titrasi (winkler method) or with the instruments DO
meters, and can be measured response to the metabolic disturbances water
animals associated with body weight as well as environmental changes or
stressed.

II. MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.1. Matter
The materials used in during this practical are nila tillapia (Oreochromis
niloticus),Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) and reagan (MnSO4, KOHKI, H2SO4 Amilum, Na2S2O3).
The tools that used glass measuring, measure of consumption
oxygen (Respirometer),

aerator,

weight

analytical,

bottle

samples,

tube

erlenmeyer, buret with statif, bottle Winkler, filler, glass measure and pipette.
2.2. Method
1. Respirometer tools that will be used in the experiment functioned.
2. Animal tests put into the devices respirometer in tubes II sought no air
trapped in it, and let animal tests in it a few minutes until actlimatisation.
3. Pour water sample into winkler bottle, Taking water samples I (early)
using Winkler bottle (volume 125 ml) from a tube II through water hoses
out on tube II.
4. Waiting until 30 minutes, while titration.
5. Titration, firstly water sample that taking adding with 1 mL MnSO4 ,
KOH-KI, H2SO4 to winkler bottle water sample.
6. The winkler bottle that fill water sample homogenized until sediment lost.
7. Move 100 mL water sample into erlenmeyer flask
8. Add 2-3 drops of amilum into erlemeyer flask and titration until water
sample clear.
9. Measured the water volume during titration
Measure the DO early with formula
Ota =

1000 p q 8
100

Note:
Ota

: Oxygen dissolved early (mg/L)

: Solution N2S2O3 who became obsolete.

: Normalitas N2S2O3 (0.025)

: Heavy oxygen molecules

10. Taking water samples II (last) using Winkler bottle (volume 125 ml) from
tube II through water hoses out on a tube II after take a rest 30 minutes.
11. Titration the water sample II with same method 5-10.
12. Calculation the oxygen consumtion with formula
VO2 = ( CO2i CO2f ) x V H-1 W-1
Note:
V02

Consumption oxygen (mg/g/h)

C02i

: Oxygen dissolved early( mg/L)

C02f

: Oxygen dissolved end( mg/L)

: Heavy fish (g)

: Volume tubes after carp reduced volume (L)

: The period of time measuring oxygen beginning and end (jam)

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Results
Table 1. Data metabolic rate

NO

Fish species

V (L)

W(g)

Small Nila
tillapia
Large Nila
tillapia
Small Nilem
fish
Big Nilem
fish

5,145

2
3
4

CO2i

CO2f

VO2

38

H
(hour)
0,5

2,2

1,2

0,285

9,15

53

0,5

3,2

0,069

5,445

25

0,5

3,2

0,348

0,06

63

0,5

3,6

2,4

0,344

The count big fish:

a. OT early = 1000 p q 8
100
= 1000 1,6 0,025 8
100
= 3,2 Mg/L

b. OT last = 1000 p q 8
100
= 1000 1,5 0,025 8
100
= 3 Mg/L
c. V O2 = (c O2i - c O2f) V
HxW
= (3,2 - 3 ) x 9.125
0.5 x 53
= 0,069 Mg/gr/hour

3.2 Discussion.
Weight fish and consumption oxygen different, based on the test results
that doing, get the total oxygen in big fish 53 gr. Oxygen Consumption small fish
to 0.069 mg/gr/hour. According to Afrianto (1992), that consumption oxygen
influenced by body size (the weight and Volume). The more weight and large
volume fish, oxygen consumption has smaller, while if the oxygen consumption
low weight, the consumption oxygen bigger. So in the experiment using Nilem
fish and Nila fish, the result not accordance with libraries. Incompatibility results
that obtained to several factors such as:
1.
2.

Less precisely in determination in the titrasi

Factors that cause CO2 of fish increase example because there was treatment

3.

that caused fish move more.

Leak test tube in using the methods winkler that causes
oxygen out diffuses check-in, so that the CO2 increased.
According to Lagler (1977), consumption O2 can be influenced by several
factors, there are the intensity of oxidative metabolism in the cell, the speed
exchanges that control the movement water around gill that diffuses passing
through. Internal factors is speed blood circulation and blood volume that has
been brought to their gills and afinity oxygen of hemoglobin, nutrition, disease,
reproduction status, stress and hormonal influence from the animal was also affect
oxygen consumption. According to Fujaya (2004), there are factors that affect
consumption O2 in a fish :
1. Activity
Fish with high activity, active swimming will consume O2 more from the fish
which does not actively swimming.
2. Age
Fish with age younger will consume O 2 more than with the fish that older age.
This is meant to support the growth fish is young people.
3. Size or weight of the body
Fish that have smaller body size that have high metabolism than the fish is
bigger, so small-sized fish more consuming O2.
4. Temperature

Fish that in the environment high temperature will consume high O2 than fish
to the environment low temperature . According to Gendro Sari (2007),
change temperature will affect distribution, metabolism, reproduction water
organisms and directly affects to process of photosynthesis phytoplankton
plants and water.
The winkler method is methods that used to measure oxygen dissolved,
was introduced in 1988 by L. W. Winkler and to the following steps:
1. Water samples entered to winkler bottle 250 ml with conditions in taking
water samples there is no air.
2. Water sample in the Winkler bottle added solution KOH-KI 1 mL then
homogenized or shuffled for 5 minutes, then added MnSO4 1 mL solution
shuffled or homogenized then left to form a layer heterogeneous, the top
nodes and the lower part brown sludge form (if not contain O 2 sediment
white color ). Sediment brown indicate that there is still O2.
MnSO4 + 2KOH
Mn(OH)2 + K2SO4 (White sediment)
2Mn(OH)2 + O2
2MnO(OH)2
(Brown sediment)
3. Water sample in Winkler bottle reacted with H 2SO4 1 mL then shuffled. After
adding H2SO4, the sediment will dissolved and form MnSO 4 H2SO4 change
solution muddy brown to brown or more to the yellow.
2MnO(OH)2 + 4 H2SO4
2Mn(SO4)2 + 6H2O
4. Water in the bottle taken as many as 100 ml, then it is accommodated in a tube
Erlenmeyer for titration with Na2S2O3 0.025 N. Amilum droped 3 drops as
indicators pH and titration with Na2S2O3 to produce clear solution.
According to Wetzel and Linkens (2000), function solution that used to
titration process are as follows:
1. MnSO4 and KOH-KI : to form a brown sediment, indicate that there are still
O2 in samples water. When sediment that produced by a white, there was no
O2 dissolved in samples. KOH itself serves to reduce MnSO4.
2. H2SO4 : changing brown solution that was originally to muddy brown, and to
break down or eliminate ties that happened because of the influence of
solution KOH-KI, MnSO4 solution are not form of reaction sulfuric acid with a
reaction between manganese oxide formed manganese sulfate.
3. Amilum: to detect amilum in solution and as indicators that change was
originally brown color solution became blue.

4. Na2SO3 : for titration as the p to look for the O2 dissolved.

Consumption

O2

relationship with

metabolic

rate

according

to Zonneveld et al., (1991), is consumption O2 in maintenance metabolic rate is

less than 60 percent higher than the fish during lack feeds. O2 consumption in fish
that are growing came from one side, from maintenance metabolism and from
other parties that comes from synthesis and consumption rate O 2 decreased
because no more oxygen to fish. KO2 relationship with that metabolism needed
oxygen, more quickly metabolic rate will consumption O2 that needed also high.
So that more KO2, so more need hemoglobin which functions binds oxygen in the
blood.
Metabolic rate is usually seen with maximum measure oxygen that
consumed by living beings per unit of time. This was possible because oxidation
of food need oxygen (the number is known) to produce energy that can be the
total known . Metabolic rate is usually expressed in the form oxygen
consumption. Some of the factors that influence oxygen consumption there
are temperatures, species of animal, size of body, and activities. The rate oxygen
consumption can be determined by various ways, among others by using
microrespirometer, Winkler method, or respirometer Scholander. Each of them is
based on the type of animals that will be measured consumption rate oxygen
consumpstion. Relations between the weight fish with oxygen-straight
consumption. Relations with oxygen consumption, in direct proportion metabolic
rate (Prosser, 1991).
Respirometer is a tool that has function to measure average breathing
organisms with measures the average exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It's
possible investigation into how factors such as age or influence light
influence average breathing in terms of medical care. Respirometer works on
principle that in respiration there is oxygen that is used by organisms and there is
carbondioxide that carried out. If organisms that breathe is kept in closed spaces
and carbondioxide, so the shrinkage air will happen. The speed shrinkage air in
the room can be write (observe) in large-scale capillary pipes (Zonneveld,1991).
Measuring Instrument respirometer consists of several components that is
2 tube (tube I and tube II). Tube volume I of 5550 mL that function as place

accommodate animal tests. Tube I equipped with pumps resiculation (as tool air
circulation), aerator (tool providers oxygen), and thermostat (the tool that
measuring temperature), and 2 cover, cover a and b as the place to entry animal
tests to tube I. Tube I is also equipped with 3 channel. The Channel I as way of
pumps oxygen, the channel II as waste air CO2, and channel III as way to take
sample water the result of respiration. Tube II with a volume II 31,915 L
(Yuwono, 2001).
Differences in activities also explained the fact oxygen is consuming have
more speed number until 5 days. While in high consumption the larva is higher
than that is 2 day (Tsuzuki et al. , 2008). Consumption rate oxygen is determined
based on the amount of oxygen concentration that is measured in the beginning
and end measuring in the consumption, decrease oxygen consumption in fish
occur increase because stress that caused by environmental adaptation of
aquarium into respirator bottle, so that it causes activity or speed in swiming
were also increased (Zainuddin, 2003).

IV. CONCLUSION
Based on their observations and discussions, it can be obtained conclusion
that is as follows :
1.

Oxygen consumption in small fish is 53 gr and big fish 0.069 mg/g/h.

2.

Smaller fish move more active metabolism, so that more increased

consumption and had serious O2 more increased.

3.

Oxygen consumption of fish that small should be more than big

fish. These factors that affect consumption oxygen in the fish the weight of the
body, volume, type of fish, age, activities, nutrition, disease, gender,
stress, hormonal control, solubility oxygen and temperatures.

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