The Philippine economy has been growing steadily over decades and the International Monetary

Fund in 2014 reported it as the 39th largest economy in the world. However its growth has been
behind that of many of its Asian neighbors, the so-called Asian Tigers, and it is not a part of
the Group of 20 nations. Instead it is grouped in a second tier for emerging markets or newly
industrialized countries. Depending on the analyst, this second tier can go by the name the Next
Eleven or the Tiger Cub Economies.
In the years 2012 and 2013, the Philippines posted high GDP growth rates, reaching 6.8% in
2012 and 7.2% in 2013,[59][60][61] the highest GDP growth rates in Asia for the first two quarters of
2013, followed by China and Indonesia.[62]
A chart of selected statistics showing trends in the gross domestic product of the Philippines
using data taken from the International Monetary Fund.[63][64]

Year

GDP growth
in percent
(constant
prices, base
year = 2000)

GDP
in PHP
Billion
(current
prices)

GDP
in USD
Billion
(current
prices)

GDP per
capita
in USD
(current
prices)

GDP
in USD
Billion
(PPP)

GDP
per
capita
in USD
(PPP)

Peso vs
Dollar
Exchange
Rate

1980

5.15

270.1

35.9

744

64.4

1334

7.51

1981

3.42

312.0

39.5

797

72.9

1471

7.90

1982

3.62

351.4

41.1

810

80.1

1578

8.54

1983

1.88

408.9

36.8

707

84.9

1630

11.11

1984

-7.32

581.1

34.8

652

81.6

1530

16.70

1985

-7.31

633.6

34.1

623

77.9

1426

18.61

1986

3.42

674.6

33.1

591

82.4

1471

20.39

1987

4.31

756.5

36.8

641

88.4

1540

20.57

1988

6.75

885.5

42.0

715

97.6

1663

21.09

1989

6.21

1025.3

47.3

786

107.6

1791

21.70

1990

3.04

1190.5

48.9

796

115.2

1873

24.33

1991

-0.58

1379.9

50.2

797

118.6

1882

27.48

1992

0.34

1497.5

58.7

912

121.8

1891

25.51

1993

2.12

1633.6

60.2

914

127.1

1929

27.12

1994

4.39

1875.7

71.0

1052

135.5

2007

26.42

1995

4.68

2111.7

83.7

1224

144.8

2118

25.24

1996

5.85

2406.4

93.5

1336

156.1

2232

26.22

1997

5.19

2688.7

92.8

1297

167.1

2336

28.98

1998

-0.58

2952.8

73.8

1009

168.1

2297

40.02

1999

3.08

3244.2

83.0

1110

175.8

2352

39.09

2000

4.41

3580.7

81.0

1053

187.5

2437

44.19

2001

2.89

3888.8

76.3

971

197.3

2511

50.99

2002

3.65

4198.3

81.4

1014

207.8

2591

51.60

2003

4.97

4548.1

83.9

1025

222.7

2720

54.20

2004

6.70

5120.4

91.4

1093

242.7

2905

56.04

2005

4.78

5677.8

103.1

1209

261.0

3061

55.09

2006

5.24

6271.2

122.2

1405

283.5

3255

51.31

2007

6.62

6892.7

149.4

1684

309.9

3493

46.15

2008

4.15

7720.9

173.6

1919

329.0

3636

44.47

2009

1.15

8026.1

168.5

1851

335.4

3685

47.64

2010

7.63

9003.5

199.6

2155

365.3

3945

45.11

2011

3.64

9706.3

224.1

2379

386.1

4098

43.31

2012[65]

6.82

10564.9

250.2

2611

419.6

4380

42.23

2013[66]

7.16

11546.1

272.2

2792

454.3

4660

42.45

2014[67]

6.10

2015[67]

5.8%

44.40

2016[67]

GDP growth at constant 1985 prices in Philippine pesos:[63][68][69]

Year

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

4.6

4.9

4.8

9.2

6.4

5.6

5.2

5.6

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

GDP growth %

Year

GDP growth % 5.149 3.423 3.619 1.875 -7.324 -7.307 3.417 4.312 6.753 6.205

Year

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

GDP growth % 3.037 -0.578 0.338 2.116 4.388 4.679 5.846 5.185 -0.577 3.082

Year

GDP
growt
h%

200 200 200

0
1
2

200 200 200 200 200 200 200 201

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0

20
11

20
12

20
13

20
14

20
15

4.4

2.8

3.6

4.9

6.6

4.7

5.2

7.1

4.1

1.1

7.6

3.

6.

7.

6.1

11

94

46

70

98

78

43

17

53

48

32

[67]

20
16

6.
3

Regional Accounts[edit]
Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) is GDP measured at regional levels. Figures below are
for the year 2014:

GRD
Region

of

P (in

GD

B)

Metro Manila

4,679.8
30

37.02

Agricul
ture (in
B)

9.290

Indus

Servi

of

try

of

ces

of

GR

(in

GR

(in

GR

DP

B)

DP

B)

DP

0.20

828.025

17.69

3,842.51
5

82.11

per
capi
ta
GR
DP

365,62
9

GRD
Region

of

P (in

GD

B)

Agricul
ture (in
B)

Indus

Servi

of

try

of

ces

of

GR

(in

GR

(in

GR

DP

B)

DP

B)

DP

per
capi
ta
GR
DP

132,61

Cordillera

230.706

1.82

25.320

10.98

115.760

50.18

89.626

38.85

Ilocos

390.511

3.09

95.546

24.47

103.939

26.61

191.026

47.42

234.314

1.85

97.077

41.43

32.981

14.08

104.257

44.49 68,317

9.08

207.130

18.05

481.729

41.98

458.691

39.98

15.94

119.270

5.92

60.72

672.171

33.36

Cagayan
Valley

Central
Luzon

CALABARZO
N

1,147.5
50

2,014.8
90

1,223.4
50

127,92
6

104,08
1

141,89
1

MIMAROPA

212.218

1.68

56.211

26.49

73.220

34.50

82.786

39.01 72,041

Bicol

264.495

2.09

70.471

26.64

54.280

20.52

139.745

52.83 45,798

502.800

3.98

126.461

25.15

99.046

19.70

277.293

55.15 66,757

831.833

6.58

56.387

6.78

309.877

37.25

465.570

55.97

Western
Visayas

Central

113,39

GRD
Region

P (in
B)

%
of
GD
P

Agricul
ture (in
B)

Indus

Servi

of

try

of

ces

of

GR

(in

GR

(in

GR

DP

B)

DP

B)

DP

Visayas

Eastern
Visayas

Zamboanga
Peninsula

Northern
Mindanao

Davao
Region

SOCCSKSA
RGEN

Caraga

Muslim
Mindanao

Total

per
capi
ta
GR
DP
1

258.739

2.05

54.324

21.00

100.768

38.95

103.648

40.06 59,654

257.060

2.03

63.591

24.74

82.264

32.00

111.205

43.26 70,074

485.705

3.84

122.198

25.20

156.265

32.17

207.242

42.67

519.069

4.11

104.436

20.12

151.174

29.12

263.459

50.76

351.357

2.78

116.079

33.04

105.313

29.97

129.964

36.99 77,662

155.296

1.23

36.808

23.70

44.494

28.65

73.944

47.65 59,941

106.362

0.84

67.533

63.49

6.312

5.93

32.517

30.57 30,602

100

1,428.131

11.30

12,642.
736

3,968.8
97

31.39

7,245.70
8

57.31

104,42
4

107,47
9

126,57
9

Note: Green-colored cells indicate higher value or best performance in index, while yellow-colored cells indicate the opposite.

Economic indicators and international rankings[edit]

Further information: Philippine investment climate

Organization

International Monetary Fund

International Monetary Fund

International Monetary Fund

International Monetary Fund

Title

Gross Domestic Product

(PPP)

Gross Domestic Product

(nominal)

GDP per Capita (PPP)

GDP per Capita

(nominal)

As

Change from

of

previous

Ranking

2014

( )

30th[108]

2014

( )

39th[109]

2014

2014

1)

( )

1)

119th[110]

128th[111]

26th[112]

International Monetary Fund

Foreign Reserves

2014

United Nations

Population

2013

( )

12th[113]

United Nations

Land Area

2013

( )

73rd[114]

Population Commission

Population Density

2014

World Health Organization

Life Expectancy

2014

40th out of
242th[115]

112th out of
193st[116]

Organization

Title

As

Change from

of

previous

108th out of

Central Intellegence Agency

Literacy Rate

2014

The World Factbook

External Debt

2014

3)

2014

1)

2014

6)

2014

5)

2014

4)

2015

8)

2014

8)

2014

13)

United Nations

World Economic Forum

Fraser Institute

World Economic Forum

World Economic Forum

World Economic Forum

World Bank

Human Development
Index

Global Competitiveness

Economic Freedom of
the World

Global Gender Gap

Report

Travel and Tourism

Competitiveness

Global Enabling Trade

Report

Ease of Doing Business

Ranking

194nd[117]

57th[118]

117 out of
187[119]

52 out of
148[120]

51 out of
144[121]

9 out of 142[122]

74 out of
140[123]

64 out of
138[124]

95 out of
183[125]

Organization

Transparency International

Title

Corruption Perceptions

2014

8)

Global Peace Index

2013

5)

Press Freedom Index

2015

6)

2012

5)

Index

Freedom

World Economic Forum

previous

9)

Wall Street Journal

Reporters Without Borders

of

Index of Economic

Unit

Change from

2014

Heritage Foundation/The

The Economist Intelligence

As

Financial Development
Index

Ranking

85 out of
177[126]

89 out of
178[127]

134 out of
158[128]

141 out of
178[129]

49 out of 60[130]

Composition by sector
Composition by sector[edit]
As a newly industrialized country, the Philippines is still an economy with a large agricultural sector;
however, services have come to dominate the economy.[citation needed] Much of the industrial sector is
based on processing and assembly operations in the manufacturing of electronics and other hightech components, usually from foreign multinational corporations.
Filipinos who go abroad to work-known as Overseas Filipino Workers or OFWsare a significant
contributor to the economy but are not reflected in the below sectoral discussion of the domestic
economy. OFW remittances is also credited for the Philippines' recent economic growth resulting to
investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as the Fitch Group and Standard &
Poor's.[70] In 1994, more than $2 billion USD worth of remittance from Overseas Filipinos were sent to

the Philippines.[71] In 2012, Filipino Americans sent 43% of all remittances sent to the Philippines,
totaling to $10.6 billion USD.[72]

Agriculture[edit]

a fruit stand in Makati City.

Further information: Agriculture in the Philippines

Rice field in Nueva Ecija

Agriculture employs 32% of the Filipino workforce as of 2013, according to World Bank
statistics.[73]Agriculture accounts for 12% of Philippines GDP as of 2013, according to the World
Bank.[74] The type of activity ranges from small subsistence farming and fishing to large commercial
ventures with significant export focus.
The Philippines is the world's largest producer ofcoconuts producing 19,500,000 tons in 2009.
Coconut production in the Philippines is generally concentrated in medium-sized farms.[75] By 1995,
the production of coconut in the Philippines had experienced a 6.5% annual growth and later
surpassed Indonesia in total output in the world.[76] The Philippines is also the world's largest
producer of pineapples, producing 2,198 thousand metric tons in 2009.[77]
Rice production in the Philippines is important to the food supply in the country and economy. The
country is the 8th largest rice producer in the world, accounting for 2.8% of global rice

production.[78] The Philippines was also the world's largest rice importer in 2010.[79] Rice is the most
important food crop, a staple food in most of the country. It is produced extensively in Luzon,
the Western Visayas, Southern Mindanao, and Central Mindanao.
The Philippines is one of the largest producers of sugar in the world according to Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division.[80] At least 17 provinces located in 8
regions of the country have grown sugarcane crops, of which Negros island accounts for half of the
countrys total production. As of Crop Year 2012-2013, 29 mills are operational divided as follows: 6
mills in Luzon, 13 mills in Negros, 4 mills in Panay, 3 mills in Eastern Visayas and 3 mills in
Mindanao.[81] A range from 360,000 to 390,000 hectares are devoted to sugarcane production. The
largest sugarcane areas are found in Negros which accounts for 51% of sugarcane areas planted.
This is followed by Mindanao which accounts for 20%; Luzon, 17%; Panay islands, 7% and Eastern
Visayas, 4%.[82]

Shipbuilding and repair[edit]

The Philippines is a major player in the global shipbuilding industry with shipyards
in Subic,Cebu, General Santos City and Batangas.[83][84] It became the fourth
largest shipbuildingnation in 2010.[85][86] Subic-made cargo vessels are now exported to countries
where shipping operators are based. South Korea's Hanjin started production in Subic in 2007 of the
20 ships ordered by German and Greek shipping operators.[87] The countrys shipyards are now
building ships like bulk carriers, container ships and big passenger ferries. General Santos' shipyard
is mainly for ship repair and maintenance.[88]
Being surrounded by waters, the country has abundant natural deep-sea ports ideal for development
as production, construction and repair sites. On top of the current operating shipyards, two additional
shipyards in Misamis Oriental and Cagayan province are being expanded to support future locators.
It has a vast manpower pool of 60,000 certified welders that comprise the bulk of workers in
shipbuilding.
In the ship repair sector, the Navotas complex in Metro Manila is expected to accommodate 96
vessels for repair.[89]

Automotive[edit]
The ABS used in Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Volvo cars are made in the
Philippines. Ford,[90]Toyota,[91] Mitsubishi, Nissan and Honda are the most
prominent automakers manufacturing cars in the country.[citation needed] Kia and Suzuki produce small
cars in the country. Isuzu also produces SUVs in the country. Honda and Suzuki produce
motorcycles in the country. A 2003 Canadian market research report predicted that further
investments in this sector were expected to grow in the following years. Toyota sells the most
vehicles in the country.[92] By 2011, China's Chery Automobile company is going to build their

assembly plant in Laguna, that will serve and export cars to other countries in the region if monthly
sales would reach 1,000 units.[93] Automotive sales in the Philippines moved up from 165,056 units in
2011 to over 180,000 in 2012. Japans automotive manufacturing giant Mitsubishi Motors has
announced that it will be expanding its operations in the Philippines.[94]

Aerospace[edit]
Aerospace products in the Philippines are mainly for the export market and include manufacturing
parts for aircraft built by both Boeing and Airbus. Moog is the biggest aerospace manufacturer with
base in Baguio in the Cordillera region. The company produces aircraft actuators in their
manufacturing facility.
In 2011, the total export output of aerospace products in the Philippines reached US $3 billion.[95]

Electronics[edit]
A Texas Instruments plant in Baguio has been operating for 20 years and is the largest producer
of DSP chips in the world.[96] Texas Instruments' Baguio plant produces all the chips used
in Nokia cell phones and 80% of chips used in Ericsson cell phones in the world.[97] Until
2005, Toshiba laptops were produced in Santa Rosa, Laguna. Presently the Philippine plant's focus
is in the production of hard disk drives. Printer manufacturer Lexmark has a factory in Mactan in the
Cebu region. Electronics and other light industries are concentrated in Laguna, Cavite, Batangas
and other CALABARZON provinces with sizable numbers found in Southern Philippines that account
for most of the country's export.

Mining and extraction[edit]

Geothermal power station in Negros Oriental.

The country is rich in mineral and geothermal energy resources. In 2003, it produced 1931 MW of
electricity from geothermal sources (27% of total electricity production), second only to the United
States,[98] and a recent discovery of natural gas reserves in theMalampaya oil fields off the island
of Palawan is already being used to generate electricity in three gas-powered plants. Philippine gold,
nickel, copper and chromite deposits are among the largest in the world. Other important minerals

include silver, coal, gypsum, and sulphur. Significant deposits of clay, limestone, marble, silica, and
phosphate exist.
About 60% of total mining production are accounted for by non-metallic minerals, which contributed
substantially to the industry's steady output growth between 1993 and 1998, with the value of
production growing 58%. In 1999, however, mineral production declined 16% to $793 million.[citation
needed]

Mineral exports have generally slowed since 1996. Led by copper cathodes, Philippine mineral

exports amounted to $650 million in 2000, barely up from 1999 levels. Low metal prices, high
production costs, lack of investment in infrastructure, and a challenge to the new mining law have
contributed to the mining industry's overall decline.[citation needed]
The industry rebounded starting in late 2004 when the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of
an important law permitting foreign ownership of Philippines mining companies.[citation needed] However,
the DENR has yet to approve the revised Department Administrative Order (DAO) that will provide
the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Financial and Technical Assistance Agreement
(FTAA), the specific part of the 1994 Mining Act that allows 100% foreign ownership of Philippines
mines.[citation needed]

Offshoring & outsourcing[edit]

Outsourcing offices in Makati City

A business process outsourcing office in Bacolod

Main articles: Business process outsourcing in the Philippines and Call center industry in the
Philippines
In 2008, the Philippines has surpassed Indiaas the world leader in business process
outsourcing.[99][100] The majority of the top ten BPO firms of the United States operate in the
Philippines.[citation needed] The industry generated 100,000 jobs, and total revenues were placed at $960
million for 2005. In 2012, BPO sector employment ballooned to over 700,000 people and is
contributing to a growing middle class. BPO facilities are located mainly in Metro Manila and Cebu
City although other regional areas such asBaguio, Bacolod, Cagayan de Oro, Clark Freeport
Zone, Dagupan, Davao City,Legazpi, Dumaguete, Lipa, Iloilo City, andCamSur are now being
promoted and developed for BPO operations.
Call centers began in the Philippines as plain providers of email response and managing services
and is now a major source of employment. Call center services include customer relations, ranging
from travel services, technical support, education, customer care, financial services, online business
to customer support, and online business to business support. Business process outsourcing (BPO)
is regarded as one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The Philippines is also considered
as a location of choice due to its many outsourcing benefits such as less expensive operational and
labor costs, the high proficiency in spoken English of a significant number of its people, and a highly
educated labor pool. In 2011, the business process outsourcing industry in the Philippines generated
700 thousand jobs[101] and some US$11 billion in revenue,[102] 24 percent higher than 2010. By 2016,
the industry is projected to reach US$27.4 billion in revenue with employment generation to almost
double at 1.3 million workers.[103]
BPOs and the call center industry in general are also credited for the Philippines' recent economic
growth resulting in investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as Fitch and
S&P.[70]
With the Philippines being the 39th largest economy in the world, the country continues to be a
promising prospect for the BPO Industry. Just in August 2014, the Philippines hit an all-time high for

employment in the BPO industry. From 101,000 workers in 2004, the labor force in the industry has
grown to over 930,000 in just the first quarter of 2014.[104]
Growth in the BPO industry continues to show significant improvements with an average annual
expansion rate of 20%. Figures have shown that from $1.3 Billion in 2004, export revenues from the
BPO sector has increased to over $13.1 Billion in 2013. The IT and Business Process Association of
the Philippines (IBPAP) also projects that the sector will have an expected total revenue of $25
Billion in 2016.[104]
This growth in the industry is further promoted by the Philippine government. The industry is
highlighted by the Philippines Development Plan as among the 10 high potential and priority
development areas. To further entice investors, government programs include different incentives
such as tax holidays, tax exemptions, and simplified export and import procedures. Additionally,
training is also available for BPO applicants.[104]

Tourism[edit]
Main article: Tourism in the Philippines

Old Houses in Intramuros, Manila

Tourism is an important sector for the Philippine economy, contributing 7.8% to the Philippinegross
domestic product (GDP) in 2014.[105]
The tourism industry employed 3.8 millionFilipinos, or 10.2 per cent of national employment in 2011,
according to data gathered by the National Statistical Coordination Board. In a greater thrust by
the Aquino administration to pump billion[clarification needed] to employ 7.4 million people by 2016, or about
18.8 per cent of the total workforce, contributing 8 per cent to 9 per cent to the nation's GDP.[106]
In 2014, the tourism sector contributed 1.4 trillion pesos to the country's economy.[107]

Statistics[edit]
Further information: Income inequality in the Philippines and Poverty in the Philippines

Percentage of population in 2007 living below poverty line, by province. Provinces with darker shades have
more people living below the poverty line.
Economic growth[131][132][133]

Year

% GDP

% GNI

1999

3.1

2.7

2000

4.4

7.7

2001

2.9

3.6

2002

3.6

4.1

2003

5.0

8.5

2004

6.7

7.1

2005

4.8

7.0

2006

5.2

5.0

2007

7.1

6.2

2008

4.2

5.0

2009

1.1

6.1

2010

7.6

8.2

2011

3.7

2.6

2012[67]

6.8

6.5

2013[67]

7.2

7.5

2014[67]

6.1

5.8

2015[67]

5.8

5.4

2016

* Computed at Constant 2000 Prices

** Source: NEDA and NSCB

Filipino exports in 2006

Graphical depiction of Philippines' product exports in 28 color-coded categories.

Most of the following statistics are sourced from the International Monetary Fund Philippines(as of
2012; figures are in US dollars unless otherwise indicated).

GDP purchasing power parity:$751.770 billion (2015)

GDP real growth rate:5.6% (Q2 2015)

GDP per capitapurchasing power parity: $6,985.680 (2014)

GDP nominal: $330.259 billion (2015)

GDP per capita: $2,913.344 (2014)[134]

GDP composition by sector:

agriculture: 11.2%
industry: 31.6%
services: 57.2% (2013 est.)[9]

Population below poverty line: less than $1.25 / 10.41% (2009)

less than $2 / 25.2% (2012),[135] 26.3% (2009),[135] 32.9% (2006 est.)[9]

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 31.2% (2006)[9]

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.1% (November 2015), 4.0% (November 2014), 5.3% (2011
est.),[9] 3.5% (September 2010)[136]

Labor force: 59.81 million (2011 est.)[9]

Labor force by occupation:

agriculture 32%
industry 15%

services 53% (2012 est.)[9]

Unemployment rate: 5.7% (December 2015), 6.0% (December 2014),[135][not in citation given][137][not in
citation given]

7.5% (April 2013),[137] 6.9% (April 2012),[137] 7.2% (April 2011)[138]

Budget:
revenues: $34.58 billion (2013),[139] $31.99 billion (2011 est.)[9]
expenditures: $44.29 billion (2013),[139] $36.71 billion (2011 est.)[9]

Foreign Reserves: US$85.761 billion (January 2013)[140]

Industries: electronics assembly, shipbuilding, garments, footwear, pharmaceuticals, chemicals,

wood products, food processing, petroleum refining, fishing

Industrial production growth rate: 12.1% (2010 est.)[9]

Electricity production: 59.19 billion kWh (2009 est.)[9]

Electricity consumption: 54.4 billion kWh (2009 est.)[9]

Electricity exports: 0 kWh (2007)[9]

Electricity imports: 0 kWh (2007)[9]

Agriculture
products: sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, cassavas, pineapples,mangoes; pork, egg
s, beef; fish[9]

Exports: $53.98 billion (2013)[141]$54.17 billion (2011 est.); $69.46 billion (2010 est.)[9][142]

Exports commodities: semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment,

garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, fruits[9]

Exports partners: China 19%, United States 13.4%, Singapore 13.2%, Japan 12.8%,Hong
Kong 7.6%, Germany 4.2%, South Korea 4.1% (2010)[9]

Imports: $61.831 billion (2013),[141] $68.84 billion (2011 est.)[9]

Imports commodities: electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment,
iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic[9]

Imports partners: Japan 14.1%, China 13.6%, United

States 9.9%, Singapore 9.3%,Thailand 6.5%, South Korea 5.6%, Indonesia 4.1% (2010)[9]

Debt external: $62.41 billion (31 December 2011 est.)[9]

Currency: 1 Philippine peso () = 100 centavos

Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar 44.39 (2014 average),[143] 42.43 (2012
average),[143] 43.44 (2011), 45.11 (2010), 47.68 (2009), 44.439 (2008), 46.148 (2007), 51.246
(2006),[9] 55.086 (2005[citation needed])

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Improvement of the countrys economic conditions continues to benefit retailing
The significant growth in the private sector, which includes many businesses operating under retailing,
continued to boost the countrys economy. In addition, remittances from overseas Filipino workers (OFW),
sustained growth of the business process outsourcing (BPO) industry, and the lower inflation rate resulted in
increased purchasing power that encouraged consumers to buy more often than usual. Due to this, retailers,
specifically major ones, decided to further expand their outlets in order to answer the needs of a wider
audience.
Grocery retailers continues to dominate the countrys retail landscape
While significant growth in terms of sales was evident in both grocery and non-grocery retailing, grocery
retailers continued to have a greater impact on the countrys retailing landscape, primarily because it offers
products which are essential to most consumers. The continued growth of the channel further pushed
retailers to develop their current product portfolios in order to answer the growing and evolving needs of
Filipino consumers regarding food, beauty and personal care, and home care.
Major retailers acquire a number of small and single-propriety businesses
The review period witnessed the acquisition of smaller and single-propriety businesses focusing on groceries,
electronics and appliances, and home and garden by major retailers such as SM Retail Inc, Robinsons Retail
Group and Puregold Price Club Inc. This particular move was carried out in order to minimise, if not
eliminate competition with smaller players, especially in areas where their presence is not yet felt. This is
also a way of securing their place in the very competitive retail landscape of the country.
Foreign brands continue to penetrate the local retail landscape
Because of the strong performance of the countrys economy, the Philippines has become one of the bright
spots within the Asia Pacific Region among foreign or global brands that are looking for new and dynamic
markets to tap into, which can help them grow and strengthen their brands. Most of these foreign brands,
mainly from modern grocery retailers and apparel and footwear specialists, chose to partner with local
distributors in order to take advantage of the latters knowledge of the local retail scene and business
networks.
Great opportunity for retailing to prosper in the coming years is predicted
Retailing in the Philippines is expected to significantly grow alongside the continued improvement in the
economy over the forecast period. The increasing disposable income of Filipinos will encourage further
purchases of products within grocery and non-grocery categories. The constant exposure to various media
sources and overseas travel are also expected to further increase sophistication of Filipinos, which will
hasten the growth of local and foreign retail brands already present.

Sample case study

Case study: Erectile dysfunction from torture

by Laleh Yaghoubi
The following is a case study of a male client, Mubilajeh, suffering from a sexual disorder
(impotence). Erectile disorder, the inability to have an erection or maintain one, is currently the most
common sexual disorder among men (Hyde 468). One result of erectile disorder is that the man cannot
engage in sexual intercourse. For many men, including this individual, psychological reactions to erectile
disorder may be severe: embarrassment, depression, and anxiety. The client was diagnosed and given
an assessment with the goal of determining the factors. Through a process of discovery, the client's
history finally revealed that the impotence was actually a result of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
caused by a past experience. People with PTSD fear re-experiencing a traumatic event and sometimes
are unable to remember certain aspects (Barlow 138). However, through psychoanalytic therapy, this
client illustrates a successful recovery.
Patient
This section presents a brief patient assessment, including a case history of the client considered in
the study. Mubilajeh, thin proportioned and nearly seven feet tall, is a thirty-year-old African male
originally from Nigeria. He is a peaceful and proud African man. He has been married to his wife, Zhane,
for nine years, and they hope to have children very soon.
At the age of fourteen, Mubilajeh's father passed away, which left his mother alone to raise six
children. Mubilajeh was the oldest of the six children. After his father's death, Mubilajeh felt obligated as
"man of the house" to financially support his family. These difficult times forced him to quit school, and he
found a full-time job at a neighborhood library. Mubilajeh had always been an excellent student in school;
he especially missed writing his creative stories. Mubilajeh found his job extremely boring; therefore, he
kept himself occupied reading anything he found interesting in the library to pass time. Mubilajeh
returned back to school when his brothers were old enough to work and help financially support the rest
of the family. This allowed all three of them to work and attend school. Mubilajeh eagerly continued and
completed his education at a local university.
In Nigeria, Mubilajeh became a well-known professional writer and an engineer. He later published
a very controversial story that stirred considerable political debate. The Nigerian government felt the
story could provide a cause for starting a revolution and threatened Mubilajeh, so he and his wife
escaped to the United States. They moved to Philadelphia approximately four years ago and live in a
one-bedroom apartment a mile from Mubilajeh's place of employment. Mubilajeh is a hard-working janitor
in the emergency services department at St. John's hospital.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
This section presents a description of the Mubilajeh's problems and their diagnosis. His complaints
presented a list of symptoms associated with a particular kind of sexual disorder, erectile dysfunction
(impotence). This has been a very embarrassing and stressful problem for him and has put a strain on
his relationship with his wife, Zhane. Zhane has been sympathetic but she is very worried about him.
Mubilajeh was feeling sharp pains in his lower back and proceeded to see a doctor at his place of
work. During his medical office examination, the attending physician, Dr. Dahl, noticed twenty enormous
burn scars all over Mubilajeh's back. Though healed through time, the scars still felt rough like the bark of
a tree. Dr. Dahl asked Mubilajeh, "How did you get those?" However, Mubilajeh didn't want to talk about
it. 'We don't have to talk about it, but I am rather concerned about that possible hernia," replied Dr.
Dahl. After x-rays and further tests Dr. Dahl revisited with Mubilajeh and determined that surgery was
urgently necessary.

After Mubilajeh's surgery, Dr. Dahl reported the successful results to Zhane. Dr. Dahl, concerned
about further possible problems with Mubilajeh's health, asked Zhane how Mubilajeh got the severe scars
on his back. Zhane explained that due to the controversial story that Mubilajeh published, a group of
soldiers came to their house and captured him. That same night, the soldiers returned and raped
Zhane. After several weeks the soldiers released Mubilajeh. Barely alive, he finally returned home. He
had broken bones, severe burns, and bruises. Zhane explained that she never told Mubilajeh of her rape
by the soldiers. Also, Zhane volunteered to share that she and Mubilajeh had been experiencing intimacy
problems. During his routine patient check-up, Dr. Dahl consulted with Mubilajeh about the information
Zhane had shared with him. Mubilajeh confessed that he had been experiencing impotency.
During a standard room check/preparation one day, Nurse Elliot walked in and found Mubilajeh in
the comer of an examination room. The room was in disarray. Mubilajeh had blood all over his hands and
shirt. Nurse Elliot not only found surgical scissors in his hands, but also saw Zhane lying unconscious on
the floor in front of him. Security was called and Mubilajeh was arrested. When Zhane finally became
conscious from her coma, she explained that after shamefully confessing to Mubilajeh of her rape, she
repeatedly struck herself with the surgical scissors. Mubilajeh was only trying to stop her. "He felt
responsible for what happened to me. I felt ashamed, like I could never please him again," stated Zhane.
Mubilajeh was temporarily released.
Due to illegal entry into the United States , the immigration office demanded to hear Mubilajeh's
whole story in court. Otherwise, Mubilajeh and his wife would be forced to leave the country. However,
Mubilajeh could not remember anything from the incident. It was diagnosed that Mubilajeh was suffering
from a posttraumatic stress disorder.
Plan
This section presents the treatment plan that was used for dealing with the client's problem. Also,
this section will describe the results and outcome of how that process was applied. This plan took into
consideration the severity of Mubilajeh's disorder with regard to his resistance to treatment.
COMPONENTS [Type of Therapy Chosen ]
From a psychological point of view, most clinicians agree that victims of PTSD should face the
original trauma in order to develop effective coping procedures and thus overcome the debilitating effects
of the disorder. In psychoanalytic therapy, reliving emotional trauma to relieve emotional suffering is
called catharsis (Barlow 144). The trick, of course, is in arranging the re-exposure so that it will be
therapeutic rather than traumatic once again. A traumatic event is difficult to recreate, and very few
therapists want to try. Therefore, imaginal exposure, in which the content of the trauma and the emotions
involved with it are worked through systematically, may be used.
Another complication is that trauma victims often repress their memories of the event. This happens
automatically and unconsciously. On occasion, with treatment, the memories flood back and the patient
very dramatically relives the episode. Although this may be very frightening to both patient and therapist,
it is therapeutic if handled appropriately.
APPLICATION [of Therapy to This Patient]
Given Mubilajeh's resistance to seek professional help, Dr. Dahl attempted to find another strategy
for treatment. Mubilajeh was still reluctant to seek psychological therapy, but he was beginning to feel
more comfortable discussing his problems with Dr. Dahl. As a result, Dr. Dahl spontaneously decided to
share a personal experience with Mubilajeh in which he suffered memory loss caused by PTSD from a
traumatic incident.
He explained the gruesome details of a viscous attack. "Afterwards, all I could think of was 'why
didn't I do anything?"' explained Dr. Dahl. "You can't . . .you can't do anything. You're helpless," replied
Mubilajeh. All of a sudden, Mubilajeh remembered what happened to him. He recalled his eyes tightly

blindfolded, the unbearable smell of smoke, the excruciating pain of being hung by his hands, and the
metal irons burning into his skin. He hopelessly wondered if he would ever taste Zhane's sweet lips again
or smell the scent of her perfume.
Results/Outcome
This section presents the results of the treatment plan used in the study. After hearing all of the
details, the courts agreed to allow Mubilajeh and Zhane to remain in the United States . Due to the
psychoanalytic therapy process used by Dr. Dahl, our diagnosis of Mubilajeh's PTSD showed itself to be
valid. Dr. Dahl's strategy was successful and Mubilajeh was able to remember the details of his traumatic
experience.
Cognitive, Behavioral and Couple Therapy later used in the treatment process also provided
successful results. Mubilajeh learned to overcome the fear and horror of his past traumatic
experience. The anxiety caused by these emotions was gradually overcome, as was the sexual disorder.
Conclusion
The author hopes that the case study presented here has communicated some of the issues and
concerns associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The author also hopes to show the damaging
effects that patients may suffer as a result of this disorder. Such individuals are often doubly
handicapped. Our hypothesis that Mubilajeh's sexual disorder was actually a result of PTSD caused by a
past experience proved to be valid. Mubilajeh was not only suffering from severe psychological problems
caused by PTSD, but psychological problems from his sexual disorder as well. With a helpful, caring
doctor and a therapeutic treatment program he was able successfully recover.
References
Barlow, D., & Durand, M. (1999). Abnormal Psychology: Anxiety Disorders (pp. 138-144). New York:
State University of New York.
Hyde, J., & DeLarnater, I. (1997). Understanding Human Sexuality: Sexual Disorders (pp. 468-49 1).
Madison: University of Wisconsin.
---

GUIDELINES FOR WRITING A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

A case study analysis requires you to investigate a business problem, examine the alternative solutions, and propose
the most effective solution using supporting evidence. To see an annotated sample of a Case Study Analysis,
click here.

Preparing the Case

Before you begin writing, follow these guidelines to help you prepare and understand the case study:
1.
2.

3.
4.

Read and examine the case thoroughly

Take notes, highlight relevant facts, underline key problems.
Focus your analysis
Identify two to five key problems
Why do they exist?
How do they impact the organization?
Who is responsible for them?
Uncover possible solutions
Review course readings, discussions, outside research, your experience.
Select the best solution
Consider strong supporting evidence, pros, and cons: is this solution realistic?

Drafting the Case

Once you have gathered the necessary information, a draft of your analysis should include these sections:
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Introduction
Identify the key problems and issues in the case study.
Formulate and include a thesis statement, summarizing the outcome of your analysis in 12
sentences.
Background
Set the scene: background information, relevant facts, and the most important issues.
Demonstrate that you have researched the problems in this case study.
Alternatives
Outline possible alternatives (not necessarily all of them)
Explain why alternatives were rejected
Constraints/reasons
Why are alternatives not possible at this time?
Proposed Solution
Provide one specific and realistic solution
Explain why this solution was chosen
Support this solution with solid evidence
Concepts from class (text readings, discussions, lectures)
Outside research
Personal experience (anecdotes)
Recommendations
Determine and discuss specific strategies for accomplishing the proposed solution.
If applicable, recommend further action to resolve some of the issues
What should be done and who should do it?

Finalizing the Case

After you have composed the first draft of your case study analysis, read through it to check for any gaps or
inconsistencies in content or structure: Is your thesis statement clear and direct? Have you provided solid evidence?
Is any component from the analysis missing?
When you make the necessary revisions, proofread and edit your analysis before submitting the final draft. (Refer
to Proofreading and Editing Strategies to guide you at this stage).