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Mansoura University

1st year

Engineering Faculty

Mechanical Eng. Department

Thermodynamics 2012

Time 3 hours

Thermodynamic tables are allowed


1. Steam at a rate of 1.5 kg/s expands in a turbine adiabatically from 20 bar and 500oC to
2 bar. Assuming the process was conducted with an isentropic efficiency of 90%, find
Outlet temperature, Mechanical power, Heat exchanged, Rate of entropy change. Is
the process reversible?
2. A rigid tank of volume 0.5 m3 contains CO2 at 327oC and 10 bar is cooled down to
27oC. Find the mass of CO2, the final pressure, the work, the change in internal
energy, the heat exchanged and the change in entropy.
3. Air is compressed in a frictionless piston and cylinder arrangement from 1 bar and
300K to 7 bar in a polytropic process: Pv1.3 = Constant. Find the final temperature,
change in internal energy, work, heat and change in entropy.
4. Steam at a rate of 3kg/s at 5bar, 300oC enters an insulated desuperheater. Water at
5bar and 50oC also enters the desuperheater. At the exit, saturated steam leaves at 5
bar. Find the specific enthalpy of inlet and exit steam as well as water. Find also the
rate of water addition, as well as the rate of entropy increase
5. An inventor claims designing a new engine absorbing 1200 kJ of heat from a heat
reservoir at 627oC and rejects heat to atmosphere at 27oC.
a. The inventor claims the engine will produce 700 kJ of work. Is that possible?
b. The inventor claims the engine will reject 400 kJ of heat to surroundings. Is
that possible?

R (J/kg.K)

cv (J/Kg.K)

cp/cv

CO2

189

567

1.33

Air

289

722

1.4

GOOD LUCK Prof. Mohamed-Nabil Sabry

Mansoura University
1st year

Engineering Faculty

Mechanical Eng. Department

Thermodynamics 2013

Time 3 hours

Thermodynamic tables are allowed


1. A rigid tank of volume 0.2 m3 initially contains 0.652 kg of H20 at 2 bar. A heat
reservoir at 500oC is used to heat the tank until the pressure inside it reaches 10 bar.
Find initial and final temperatures inside the tank, heat and work exchanged by H2O,
entropy change of the universe as well as availability change due to this process
(ambient temperature 27oC). Is the process reversible?
2. In a jet engine ( ) enters 0.3 kg/s of fuel ( )as well as 3.6 kg/s of air. After
combustion ( )exhaust gases ( ) are at 6 bar and 517oC. Their properties
may be considered as those of air, semi-ideal. Gases expand in a nozzle in a reversible
adiabatic process to exit from it at 1 bar and very high speed to produce a thrust () .
Find exit temperature and exit velocity. Find exit density as well as exit cross-sectional
area. What is the entropy change during expansion?
3. Ocean ( )temperature at its surface is 27oC. Temperature decreases as we go deep
inside the ocean () , because solar rays are absorbed ( ) to
reach 17oC. It is possible to use this temperature difference to produce electricity, by
placing a thermocouple between those temperatures. Two models exist in the market;
each of them absorbs 30 W of heat at the hot temperature. Catalog of model 1 states it
delivers 0.72 W of electricity, while catalog of model 2 states 1 W of electricity. Which
one would you recommend?
4. In an insulated mixer, 0.2 kg/s of CO2 enter at 1.1 bar and 50oC as well as 0.3 kg/s of N2
at 1.05 bar at 40oC. Mixture exits at 1 bar. Find exit temperature, partial pressure of each
gas at exit, heat and work exchanged, and entropy production due to this process. If
ambient temperature was 27oC, what is the availability loss due to this process?
5. In order to measure the dryness fraction of steam flowing in a pipe, part of this steam is
extracted to flow through a throttle valve (called throttling calorimeter) before exiting to
atmosphere. If steam pressure inside the pipe was 20 bar, while conditions at exit of the
throttle valve were 1 bar and 120oC, what is the dryness fraction of steam in the pipe?
What is the entropy production due to throttling? If outside air temperature was 27oC,
what is the availability loss due to throttling?

Figure problem 2

Figure problem 5

Mansoura University

Engineering Faculty

1st year

Thermodynamics 2014

Mechanical Eng. Department


Time 3 hours

Thermodynamic tables are allowed

Question No. (1)

(25 Marks)

A rigid tank of volume 17.15 liter contains 0.5 kg of steam initially at 200oC. Heat from a
reservoir at 500oC is added to steam until its pressure reaches 80 bar. Find final steam
temperature, heat and work exchanged by steam, steam entropy change, entropy
productionofUniverseandavailabilityloss.
Question No. (2)

(20 Marks)

Inaninsulatedaircompressor,airisadmittedatambientconditions(1bar,27oC).Ifthemass
flowratewas2kg/s,finalpressurewas75.9barandisentropicefficiencywas75%,find
exit temperature as well as heat and work exchanged by air. Find also total entropy
productionaswellasSecondlawefficiency.Assumeairisasemiidealgas.
Question No. (3)

(15 Marks)

Itisrequiredtoheataroombyadding2kWat29oC,whileoutsidetemperatureis5oC.Heat
willbeprovidedfor1000hoursperyearover2years.Twooptionsareavailable.Thefirst
optionistobuyanelectricheaterof price150EGP.Thesecondoptionistobuyan air
conditioning systemof price2 000 EGP.Thesystemcanbe considered as a heatpump
having a COP that is 40% that of a Carnot engine working at the same temperatures.
KnowingthatthepriceofakWhis0.6EGP,calculatethesumofinitialandrunningcosts
() ofbothoptionsoverthetwoyears.Whichischeaper?
Question No. (4)

(20 Marks)

Arigidinsulatedtankisinternallyseparatedintotworoomsbyamembrane.RoomAhasa
volumeof0.2m3,containing0.3kgofN2initiallyat1.5bar.RoomBhasavolumeof0.6
m3, containing 0.1 kg of H2 initially at 2.5 bar. Membrane ruptures, gases mix. Find
mixturepressureandtemperature,partialpressuresofeachgasinthemixtureaswellas
entropyproductionduetothisprocess.
Question No. (5)

(20 Marks)

A rigid tank of volume 0.2 m3 initially contains oxygen at ambient conditions (1 bar, 27oC).
Tank is filled by connecting it to a line where oxygen flows at 4 bar and 350K, until
pressure in the tank reaches 2bar. Heat exchanged during this rapid process can be
neglected.Findfinaltemperatureandmasswithinthetank.
BestWishesProf.MohamedNabilSabry

Mansoura University

Engineering Faculty

1st year

Thermodynamics 2014

Mechanical Eng. Department


Time 3 hours

Thermodynamic tables are allowed

Question No. (1)

(25 Marks)

A rigid tank of volume 17.15 liter contains 0.5 kg of steam initially at 200oC. Heat from a
reservoir at 500oC is added to steam until its pressure reaches 80 bar. Find final steam
temperature, heat and work exchanged by steam, steam entropy change, entropy
productionofUniverseandavailabilityloss.
Question No. (2)

(20 Marks)

Inaninsulatedaircompressor,airisadmittedatambientconditions(1bar,27oC).Ifthemass
flowratewas2kg/s,finalpressurewas75.9barandisentropicefficiencywas75%,find
exit temperature as well as heat and work exchanged by air. Find also total entropy
productionaswellasSecondlawefficiency.Assumeairisanidealgas.
Question No. (3)

(15 Marks)

Itisrequiredtoheataroombyadding2kWat29oC,whileoutsidetemperatureis5oC.Heat
willbeprovidedfor1000hoursperyearover2years.Twooptionsareavailable.Thefirst
optionistobuyanelectricheaterof price150EGP.Thesecondoptionistobuyan air
conditioning systemof price2 000 EGP.Thesystemcanbe considered as a heatpump
having a COP that is 40% that of a Carnot engine working at the same temperatures.
KnowingthatthepriceofakWhis0.6EGP,calculatethesumofinitialandrunningcosts
() ofbothoptionsoverthetwoyears.Whichischeaper?
Question No. (4)

(20 Marks)

Arigidinsulatedtankisinternallyseparatedintotworoomsbyamembrane.RoomAhasa
volumeof0.2m3,containing0.3kgofN2initiallyat1.5bar.RoomBhasavolumeof0.6
m3, containing 0.1 kg of H2 initially at 2.5 bar. Membrane ruptures, gases mix. Find
mixturepressureandtemperature,partialpressuresofeachgasinthemixtureaswellas
entropyproductionduetothisprocess.
Question No. (5)

(20 Marks)

In a vertical frictionless piston and cylinder arrangement, 0.5 kg of H2O initially at


120oC occupies 0.3m3. It loses heat to atmosphere at 27oC until it becomes
saturated liquid. Find the work and heat exchanged as well as entropy changes of
H2O. Find also the entropy production for the universe during this process.

BestWishesProf.MohamedNabilSabry

Test
1) Given : H2O, m = 0.652 kg, V=0.2 m3, Trecevoir = 500
C, Tambient = 27 C
State 1:
P1 = 2 bar, V1 = 0.2 m3
State 2:
P2 = 10 bar
Process:
Isochoric (constant volume)

Required: T1, T2, W, Q, SUniverse, availability change


Solution
State 1:
 =  =

.

.


v1 = 0.30675 m3/kg

Enter table (2) by P1 = 2 bar:


vf = 0.00106049 m3/kg, vg = 0.8858 m3/kg
 <  <   Point 1 is in the wet zone
a) Then,T1 = Tsat = 120.211546 C
Then, from table: uf = 504.47 kJ/kg, ug = 2529.21
kJ/kg, sf = 1.53 kJ/kg.K, sg = 7.127 kJ/kg.K
 =  + (  ) 
0.30675=0.00106049 + x (0.8858 0.00106049)
X = 0.3455
 =  + (  ) 
u1=504.47 + 0.3455 * (2529.21 - 504.47)
u1 = 1204 kJ/kg
 =  + (  ) 
s1=1.53 + 0.3455 * (7.127 -1.53)
s1 = 3.4638 kJ/kg.K
State 2:

P2 = 10 bar, v2 = v1 = 0.30675 m3/kg

Enter table (2) by P2 = 10 bar:


vf = 0.001127 m3/kg, vg = 0.1944 m3/kg
 >   Point 2 is in the super-heated zone
Enter table 3 by P2 and v2 
b) T2 = 400 C
u2 = 2957.79 kJ/kg, s2 = 7.46597 kJ/kg. K
c) W = Zero  Constant volume process.
d) Q = m (u2 u1) = 0.652 * (2957.79 1204)
 Q = 1143.47 kJ

e)

SSystem = m * (s2 s1)


= 0.652 (7.46597 3.4638)
 SSystem = 2.6094 kJ/K
Sheat recevoir = -Q / Trecevoir = - 1143.47 / 773
 S heat recevoir = -1.479 kJ/K
Suniverse = Ssystem + Sheat recevoir
= 2.6094 + (-1.479) Suniverse = 1.1304 kJ/K

f) Exergy change for closed system (X)


X = m*((u2 u1) + P0 (v2 v1) T0 (s2 s1))
= 0.652 * ((2957.79 1204) + 100(0.30675 0.30675) 300(7.46597 3.4638))
X = 114.19 kJ
2)

Given: Air (semi- ideal), mf = 0.3 kg/s, mair = 3.6 kg/s.


State 1: T1 = 517 C = 790 K, P1 = 6 bar
State 2: P2 = 1 bar
Process: reversible adiabatic (isentropic)
Required: T2, C2, 2, A2, S
Solution
- For semi-ideal gas:
Enter table (page 6) by T1 = 790 K
Get Pr1=45.55, h1=810.99 kJ/kg, s1=2.704 kJ/kg. K







 = 7.592

Enter table (page 5) by  = 7.592


a) Get ! by interpolation:
! 480
7.592 7.268
=
=>! = 485.83 (
490 480 7.824 7.268
Get  by interpolation:  = 488.463 *+/*Get   by interpolation:   = 2.18993

01

0

.(

b) Applying first law for open system:


Q P = m (h + K.E + P.E)
Q = zero (adiabatic process), P = Zero, P.E = Zero
Then, h = - K.E
h1 h2 = 0.5 * (C22 C12)/1000
Let C1 = zero (very law compared to exit velocity)
2 = 32 (  ) = 32000 (810.99 488.463)
 C2 = 803.15 m/s
c) Applying the equation of state on the exit:
P2 = 2*R2*T2  5 =



2=0.717 kg/m3

.6786
.69

d) m = 2 * A2 * C2 : =
2

.9;9.

.7769.

 A2 = 0.00677 m
e) S = Zero (because it is an isentropic process).

3) Given: TH=300 K, TC = 290 K,

TH = 300 K

QH = 30 W
QH = 30 W

Model 1: W = 0.72 W

Model 2: W = 1 W
Required: recommend a model
Solution
TH = 290 K

a) For ideal heat engine (Carnot cycle):


=,?@ = 1

AB

AC

=1

D

 c,th = 3.333 %

9

b) For first model:


?@,E =

GC

.7
9

 th,I = 2.4 %  th,I < c,th

c) For second model:


?@,EE =

GC

 th,II = 3.333 %  th,II = c,th

9

- Although the second model efficiency is greater than


the first, it is practically impossible because the
efficiency cannot be equal to or greater than a Carnot
cycle heat engine that works under the same
conditions. Therefore, I recommend the first model.
4) Given: - mixture contents:
State 1:
CO2  m = 0.2 kg/s, P = 1.1 bar, T = 50 C
N2  m = 0.3 kg/s, P = 1.05 bar, T = 40 C
State 2: Pmix = 1 bar
Tamb = 300 K

Required: Tmix, PCO2, PN2, W, Q, S, availability change

Solution

For CO2: HI =

JK

JL

M.NO

.99 OO
.99L

(=1.33 for polyatomic gases)

cp) co2 = 0.7615 kJ/kg. K


For N2: HI =

JK

JL

M.NO

.8 M
.8L

(=1.4 for diatomic gases)

cp) N2 = 1.03925 kJ/kg. K


a) Applying first law for open system:
Q P = m (h + K.E + P.E)
Q = zero, P = Zero, K.E = Zero, P.E = Zero
Then, H = Zero
Or: HCO2 = HN2
(m * cp * (T1 Tmix)) CO2 = (m * cp * (Tmix T1)) N2

0.2 * 0.7615 *(50 T) = 0.3 * 1.03925 * (T 40)


Solving for T  Tmix = 43.28 C
b)

PQRS =
P XS =

content X %
CO2
N2

40
60

TQRS
TTUP

TXS

TTUP

V.S

V.W

XCO2 = 0.4

V.Y

 XN2 = 0.6

V.W

x/

44
28

0.909
2.143
]
=3.052
`

c) Ssystem = SCO2 + SN2


!

b = cd eHf ln i ln j
!


Z/[

y =

]/[

29.78
70.22

^ = _ ^] (bar)

0.2978
0.7022

316.28 8.314 0.2978

ln
j
323
44
1.1
 SCO2 = 0.04618 kW/K
316.28 8.314 0.7022
 0.3 e1.03925 ln

ln
j
313
28
1.05
 SCO2 = 0.03909 kW/K

bkl = 0.2 e0.7615 ln


bm

Ssystem = SCO2 + SN2  Ssystem = 0.08527 kW/K


d) Exergy change for closed system (X)
X = T0 * Ssystem  X = 25.581 kW

5)

- Given: H2O, Tambient = 27 C


State 1:
P1 = 20 bar
State 2:
P2 = 1 bar, T2 = 120 C
Process:
constant enthalpy
Required: X1, S, availability change
State 2:

Solution
enter table (3) by P2 = 1 bar, T2 = 120 C
h2 = 2716.37 kJ/kg, s2 = 7.46653 kJ/kg. K

Applying first law for open system:


Q P = m (h + K.E + P.E)
Q = zero, P = Zero, K.E = Zero, P.E = Zero
Then, H = Zero  h1 = h2 = 2716.37 kJ/kg
Enter table (2) by P1 = 20 bar:
hf = 908.720 kJ/kg, hg = 2798.75 kJ/kg
<  <   Point 1 is in the wet zone
Then, from table: sf =2.44719 kJ/kg. K, sg = 6.33962
kJ/kg. K.
 = + (  ) 
2716.37 =908.720 + x (2798.75 908.720)
X = 0.9564
 =  + (   ) s1 = 6.1699 kJ/kg. K
s = s2 s1  s = 1.29663 kJ/kg. K
Exergy change for closed system (X)
X = T0 * Ssystem  X = 388.989 kJ/kg

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