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Tute Revision Questions

Anatomy:
1. The heart is a dual pump. Describe the functions of the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
2. List 4 functions of the cardiovascular system.
3. Where approximately is the heart positioned in the mediastinum?
4. Describe the 3 major histological layers of the heart and their function.
5. How are the muscle fibres in the heart arranged, what effect does this have?
6. Describe the route blood takes from the Right ventricle all the way around to the Right atrium.
7. What is the function of the fibrous skeleton?
8. Name the two atrioventricular valves and semilunar. Describe their structure.
9. What is the function of the papillary muscles and chord tendinae. To which valves do they
attach?
10. What is the function of pericardium? (separate by layers)
11. The phrenic nerve supplies the _______ and the ________ layers of the pericardium
12. Sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves (vagus) supply the _________ layer of the
pericardium.
13. Distinguish between an artery and a vein.
14. Where does blood from the digestive system go and what is the purpose of this?
15. What is the function of the heart valves. What causes the opening and closure the valves?
16. Fill out this table
Left Anterior Desceidng

Left Circumflex

Right Coronary

Area of myocardium
supplied

Physiology:
17. List (and briefly explain) the events of the cardiac cycle, starting from the beginning of
ventricular diastole.
18. Define EDV, ESV and give an approximate volume for each.
19. What type of cellular junction are present between cardiomyocytes at intercalated discs and
what is the function of each?
20. How does the heart increase its blood flow during exercise?
21. Distinguish between systole and diastole.
22. What is the normal rhythm of the heart called?
23. The FrankStarling law of the heart explains why the of the left ventricle is the same as that of
the right ventricle.
24. What three components govern stroke volume?
25. Define cardiac output.
26. What effect does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation have on the heart? How does
each change the action potentials graphs of the SA node.
27. What determines systolic blood pressure? What determines diastolic blood pressure?
28. Describe the 4 Starling fluid forces working at the level for the capillary.
29. The net fluid force is 2mmHg out of the capillary. Where doe this extra fluid go?
30. If the pressure in a capillary is so low, describe the mechanisms by which venous blood returns
to the heart.
31. What causes each of the heart sounds? (be specific)
32. What causes a heart murmur?
33. What is the slow drift to threshold of autoryhtmic cardiac cells called?

34. Complete this table for the auto rhythmic cells of the heart relating to their cyclical generation
action potentials.
Ion

Direction and Channel


type

Causes what part of the


potential graph

Function

35. Draw the action potential graph for a contractile cardiomyocyte, label the phases, and indicate
the ion movements and direction.
36. Draw an ECG and label the peaks and segments describing the mechanical events.
37. What information can an ECG tell you.
38. Compare C-fibres with A-delta fibres.
39. Describe the pathway by which paint is detected and sent to the brain (draw a diagram).
40. What is the theorised mechanism of referred pain.
41. Is radiating and referred pain the same thing?
Pathology:
Provide a Mech for:
atherosclerosis
stable angina (chest pain on exertion)
unstable angina and myocardial infarction
gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
dyspnoea on exertion
orthopnoea
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
nocturia
ankle swelling
aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation causing dyspnoea on exertion and chest pain.

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