Winter

For other uses, see Winter (disambiguation).

Winters redirects here. For other uses, see Winters
(disambiguation).
Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and

Conifer forest in the Pillapalu, Estonia, in January 2014

2 Cause
See also: Eect of Sun angle on climate
A snow-covered park in front of the Cathedral of Learning in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, during winter

The tilt of the Earths axis relative to its orbital plane plays
a big role in the weather. The Earth is tilted at an angle of
23.44 to the plane of its orbit, and this causes dierent
latitudes on the Earth to directly face the Sun as the Earth
moves through its orbit. It is this variation that primarily
brings about the seasons. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun
more directly and thus experiences warmer temperatures
than the Northern Hemisphere. Conversely, winter in the
Southern Hemisphere occurs when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted more toward the Sun. From the perspective of an observer on the Earth, the winter Sun has a
lower maximum altitude in the sky than the summer Sun.

temperate climates, between autumn and spring. Winter

is caused by the axis of the Earth in that hemisphere being
oriented away from the Sun. Dierent cultures dene different dates as the start of winter, and some use a denition based on weather. When it is winter in the Northern
Hemisphere, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere,
and vice versa. In many regions, winter is associated
with snow and freezing temperatures. The moment of
winter solstice is when the suns elevation with respect to
the North or South Pole is at its most negative value (that
is, the sun is at its farthest below the horizon as measured
from the pole), meaning this day will have the shortest day
and the longest night. The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates outside the polar regions dier from the date
of the winter solstice, however, and these depend on latitude, due to the variation in the solar day throughout the
year caused by the Earths elliptical orbit (see earliest and
latest sunrise and sunset).

During winter in either hemisphere, the lower altitude of

the Sun causes the sunlight to hit that hemisphere at an
oblique angle. In regions experiencing winter, the same
amount of solar radiation is spread out over a larger area.
This eect is compounded by the larger distance that the
light must travel through the atmosphere, allowing the atmosphere to dissipate more heat. Compared with these
eects, the changes in the distance of the earth from the
sun are negligible.

The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snowprone parallels
is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus
1 Etymology
marine winds and the amount of precipitation. A case of
point is in Canada which is a country normally associated
The English word winter comes from the Proto-Indo- with its tough winters. Winnipeg on the Great Plains at a
European word Wend, that stood for water.[1]
relative distance from large bodies of water has a January
1

4 ASTRONOMICAL AND OTHER CALENDAR-BASED RECKONING

high of 11.3 C (11.7 F) and a low of 21.4 C (6.5

F).[2] In comparison, Vancouver on the coast with a marine inuence from moderating Pacic winds has a January low of 1.4 C (34.5 F) with days well above freezing
at 6.9 C (44.4 F).[3] Both areas are on the 49th parallel
north and in the same western half of the continent. Similar eects although less extreme dierentials are being
found in Europe, where the British Isles do not have a
single non-mountain station below freezing in mean temperatures in spite of their northerly position.[4]

Meteorological reckoning
Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

Animation of snow cover changing with the seasons

well as prolonged dampness because of permanent snow

cover or high precipitation rates coupled with low temperatures, precluding evaporation. Blizzards often develop
and cause many transportation delays. Diamond dust,
also known as ice needles or ice crystals, forms at temperatures approaching 40 F (40 C) due to air with
slightly higher moisture from aloft mixing with colder,
surface based air.[7] They are made of simple ice crystals
that are hexagonal in shape.[8] The Swedish meteorological institute (SMHI) dene winter as when the daily mean
temperatures go below 0 C (32 F) for ve consecutive
days.[9] According to the SMHI, winter in Scandinavia
is more pronounced when Atlantic lowpressure systems
take more southerly and northerly routes, leaving the path
open for highpressure systems to come in and cold temperatures to occur. As a result, the coldest January on
record in 1987 was also the sunniest in Stockholm.[10][11]

Accumulations of snow and ice are commonly associated

with winter in the Northern Hemisphere, due to the large
land masses there. In the Southern Hemisphere, the more
maritime climate and the relative lack of land south of
40S makes the winters milder; thus, snow and ice are
less common in inhabited regions of the Southern Hemisphere. In this region, snow occurs every year in elevated
regions such as the Andes, the Great Dividing Range in
The Old Town of Tallinn, Estonia, full of snow on 1 January
Australia, and the mountains of New Zealand, and also
2010
occurs in the southerly Patagonia region of South America.
Snow occurs year-round in Antarctica.
Meteorological winter is the method of measuring the
winter season used by meteorologists based on sensible weather patterns for record keeping purposes,[5] so
the start of meteorological winter varies with latitude.[6] 4 Astronomical
and
other
Winter is often dened by meteorologists to be the three
calendar-based reckoning
calendar months with the lowest average temperatures.
This corresponds to the months of December, January
and February in the Northern Hemisphere, and June, July In the Northern Hemisphere, some authorities dene the
and August in the Southern Hemisphere. The coldest period of winter based on astronomical xed points (i.e.
average temperatures of the season are typically experi- based solely on the position of the Earth in its orbit around
enced in January or February in the Northern Hemisphere the sun), regardless of weather conditions. In one version
and in June, July or August in the Southern Hemisphere. of this denition, winter begins at the winter solstice and
Nighttime predominates in the winter season, and in some ends at the vernal equinox.[12] These dates are somewhat
regions winter has the highest rate of precipitation as later than those used to dene the beginning and end of

Winter snowfall in Jerusalem, 31 January 2008

Winter in Owensboro, Kentucky, United States 16 February 2015

Winter in La Carlota, Crdoba, Argentina 9 July 2007

In the mid-latitudes and arctic, winter is associated with snow

and ice

Winter in Carraroe, Galway, Ireland, on 25 December 2010

Snowfall in the southern highlands of Brazil, at So Joaquim

town

equinox[16][17] in the Northern Hemisphere, depending

on the year, this corresponds to the period between 21 or
22 December and 19, 20 or 21 March. In the UK, meteorologists consider winter to be the three coldest months
[18]
Astronomically, the winter solstice, being the day of the of December, January and February.
year which has fewest hours of daylight, ought to be In Scandinavia, winter in one tradition begins on 14 Octhe middle of the season,[14][15] but seasonal lag means tober and ends on the last day of February.[19] In Rusthat the coldest period normally follows the solstice by sia, currently calendar winter starts on 1 December and
a few weeks. In some cultures, the season is regarded lasts through to the end of February, though traditionas beginning at the solstice and ending on the following ally it was reckoned from the Christmas (25 December
the meteorological winter usually considered to span
the entirety of December, January, and February in the
Northern Hemisphere and June, July, and August in the
Southern.[13]

5 ECOLOGICAL RECKONING AND ACTIVITY

The Port of Hamburg, Germany, on 6 January 2010

Nieve Ranelagh, Argentina

seasons is based on the length of days exclusively. (The

three-month period of the shortest days and weakest solar
radiation occurs during November, December and January in the Northern Hemisphere and May, June and July
in the Southern Hemisphere.)
Also, many mainland European countries tend to recognize Martinmas or St. Martins Day (11 November), as
the rst calendar day of winter. The day falls at midpoint between the old Julian equinox and solstice dates.
Also, Valentines Day (14 February) is recognized by
some countries as heralding the rst rites of spring, such
Heavy snowfall during the night in Pant Glas, Gwynedd, Wales as owers blooming.
on 20 February 2010

In Chinese astronomy and other East Asian calendars,

winter is taken to commence on or around 7 November,
with the Jiq (known as
l dngliterally, establishment of winter).
The three-month period associated with the coldest average temperatures typically begins somewhere in late
November or early December in the Northern Hemisphere and lasts through late February or early March.
This thermological winter is earlier than the solstice delimited denition, but later than the daylight (Celtic) definition. Depending on seasonal lag, this period will vary
between climatic regions.

A morning after a cold night in the United States

in Julian calendar, or 7 January in Gregorian) until the

Annunciation (25 March in Julian).[20] In many countries
in the Southern Hemisphere, including Australia,[21][22]
New Zealand and South Africa, winter begins on 1 June
and ends on 31 August. In Celtic nations such as Ireland
(using the Irish calendar) and in Scandinavia, the winter
solstice is traditionally considered as midwinter, with the
winter season beginning 1 November, on All Hallows, or
Samhain. Winter ends and spring begins on Imbolc, or
Candlemas, which is 1 or 2 February. This system of

Cultural inuences such as Christmas creep may have led

to the winter season being perceived as beginning earlier in recent years, although high latitude countries like
Canada are usually well into their real winters before the
December solstice.

5 Ecological reckoning and activity

Ecological reckoning of winter diers from calendarbased by avoiding the use of xed dates. It is one of
six seasons recognized by most ecologists who customarily use the term hibernal for this period of the year (the
other ecological seasons being prevernal, vernal, estival,
serotinal, and autumnal).[23] The hibernal season coin-

5
white (in order to be confused with snow) and thus
retains its cryptic coloration year-round. Examples
are the rock ptarmigan, Arctic fox, weasel, whitetailed jackrabbit, and mountain hare.
Some fur-coated mammals grow a heavier coat during the winter; this improves the heat-retention qualities of the fur. The coat is then shed following the
winter season to allow better cooling. The heavier
coat in winter made it a favorite season for trappers,
who sought more protable skins.
Snow also aects the ways animals behave; many
take advantage of the insulating properties of snow
by burrowing in it. Mice and voles typically live under the snow layer.

The snowshoe hare, and some other animals, change color in

winter.

cides with the main period of biological dormancy each

year whose dates vary according to local and regional climates in temperate zones of the Earth. The appearance
of owering plants like the crocus can mark the change
from ecological winter to the prevernal season as early as
late January in mild temperate climates.

Some annual plants never survive the winter. Other annual plants require winter cold to complete their life cycle,
this is known as vernalization. As for perennials, many
small ones prot from the insulating eects of snow by
being buried in it. Larger plants, particularly deciduous
trees, usually let their upper part go dormant, but their
roots are still protected by the snow layer. Few plants
bloom in the winter, one exception being the owering
plum, which owers in time for Chinese New Year.
The process by which plants become acclimated to cold
weather is called hardening.

6 Exceptionally cold winters

To survive the harshness of winter, many animals have

developed dierent behavioral and morphological adaptations for overwintering:
Migration is a common eect of winter upon animals, notably birds. However, the majority of birds
do not migratethe cardinal and European robin,
for example. Some butteries also migrate seasonally.
Hibernation is a state of reduced metabolic activity during the winter. Some animals sleep during
winter and only come out when the warm weather
returns; e.g., gophers, frogs, snakes, and bats.
Some animals store food for the winter and live on
it instead of hibernating completely. This is the
case for squirrels, beavers, skunks, badgers, and River Thames frost fair, 1683
raccoons.
Resistance is observed when an animal endures winter but changes in ways such as color and musculature. The color of the fur or plumage changes to

16831684, The Great Frost, when the Thames,

hosting the River Thames frost fairs, was frozen
all the way up to the London Bridge and remained

7 OTHER HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT WINTERS

frozen for about two months. Ice was about 27 cm
(11 in) thick in London and about 120 cm (47 in)
thick in Somerset. The sea froze up to 2 miles (3.2
km) out around the coast of the southern North Sea,
causing severe problems for shipping and preventing
use of many harbours.
17391740, one of the most severe winters in the
UK on record. The Thames remained frozen-over
for about 8 weeks. The Irish famine of 17401741
claimed the lives of at least 300,000 people.[24]
1816 was the Year Without a Summer in the Northern Hemisphere. The unusual coolness of the winter of 18151816 and of the following summer
was primarily due to the eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, in April 1815. There were secondary eects from an unknown eruption or eruptions around 1810, and several smaller eruptions
around the world between 1812 and 1814. The
cumulative eects were worldwide, but were especially strong in the Eastern United States, Atlantic
Canada, and Northern Europe. Frost formed in May
in New England, killing many newly planted crops,
and the summer never recovered. Snow fell in New
York and Maine in June, and ice formed in lakes and A frozen lake in the winter of 2010
rivers in July and August. In the UK, snow drifts
remained on hills until late July, and the Thames
froze in September. Agricultural crops failed and
livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere,
resulting in food shortages and the worst famine of
the 19th century.
18871888, there were record cold temperatures in
the Upper Midwest, heavy snowfalls worldwide, and
amazing storms, including the Schoolhouse Blizzard
of 1888 (in the Midwest in January), and the Great
Blizzard of 1888 (in the Eastern US and Canada in
March).

In Europe, the winters of early 1947,[25] February 1956, 19621963, 19811982 and 20092010
Winter in Rego Park, Queens, New York
were abnormally cold. The UK winter of 1946
1947 started out relatively normal, but became one
the unpredictable weather of the Little Ice Age that
of the snowiest UK winters to date, with nearly conlasted for several centuries (from about 1300 to
tinuous snowfall from late January until March.
1900). The persistently cold, wet weather caused
In the eastern United States and Canada, the wingreat hardship, was primarily responsible for the
ter of 20132014 and the second half of February
Great Famine of 13151317, and strongly con2015 were abnormally cold. However, the winter of
tributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition
20142015 did have a balmy December and a norleading up to the Black Death (13481350).
mal January.
16001602, extremely cold winters in Switzerland
and Baltic region after eruption of Huaynaputina in
Peru in 1600.
7 Other historically signicant

winters
13101330, many severe winters and cold, wet summers in Europe the rst clear manifestation of

16071608, in North America, ice persisted on

Lake Superior until June. Londoners held their rst
frost fair on the frozen-over River Thames.
1622, in Turkey, the Golden Horn and southern sec-

7
tion of Bosphorus froze over.
1690s, extremely cold, snowy, severe winters. Ice
surrounded Iceland for miles in every direction.
17791780, Scotlands coldest winter on record,
and ice surrounded Iceland in every direction (like
in the 1690s). In the United States, a record veweek cold spell bottomed out at 20 F (29 C) at
Hartford, Connecticut, and 16 F (27 C) in New
York City. Hudson River and New Yorks harbor
froze over.
17831786, the Thames partially froze, and snow
remained on the ground for months. In February
1784, the North Carolina was frozen in Chesapeake
Bay.
17941795, severe winter, with the coldest January
in the UK and lowest temperature ever recorded in
London: 21 C (6 F) on 25 January. The cold
began on Christmas Eve and lasted until late March,
with a few temporary warm-ups. The Severn and
Thames froze, and frost fairs started up again. The
French army tried to invade the Netherlands over its
frozen rivers, while the Dutch eet was stuck in its
harbor. The winter had Easterlies (from Siberia) as
its dominant feature.
18131814, severe cold, last freeze-over of Thames,
and last frost fair. (Removal of old London Bridge
and changes to rivers banks made freeze-overs less
likely.)
18831888, colder temperatures worldwide, including an unbroken string of abnormally cold and brutal
winters in the Upper Midwest, related to the explosion of Krakatoa in August 1883. There was snow
recorded in the UK as early as October and as late
as July during this time period.

July for the rst time in 35 years and a much heavier

snowstorm for 3 days in a row in August.
20112012, one of the warmest winters. Christmas
Day 2011 was the warmest Christmas in Ireland, as
observed by the Armagh Observatory.[26]

8 Humans and winter

Humans evolved in tropical climates, and met cold
weather as they migrated into Eurasia, although earlier
populations certainly encountered Southern Hemisphere
winters in Southern Africa. Micro-evolution in Caucasian, Asiatic and Inuit people show some adaptation to
the climate.

8.1 Winter and human health

Humans are sensitive to cold, see hypothermia.
Snowblindness, norovirus, seasonal depression, slipping
on black ice and falling icicles are other health concerns
associated with cold and snowy weather. In the Northern
Hemisphere, it is not unusual for homeless people to die
from hypothermia in the winter.
One of the most common diseases associated with winter
is inuenza. Symptoms include: headache, fever, muscle
pains, sinus infection, fatigue, dizziness, cough, and loss
of appetite.

9 Mythology

19761977, one of the coldest winters in the US in

decades.
1985, Arctic outbreak in US resulting from shift in
polar vortex, with many cold temperature records
broken.
20022003 was an unusually cold winter in the
Northern and Eastern US.
20102011, persistent bitter cold in the entire eastern half of the US from December onward, with few
or no mid-winter warm-ups, and with cool conditions continuing into spring. La Nia and negative
Arctic oscillation were strong factors. Heavy and
persistent precipitation contributed to almost constant snow cover in the Northeastern US which nally receded in early May.
2011 was one of the coldest on record in New Allegory of Winter by Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter with Aeolus'
Zealand with sea level snow falling in Wellington in Kingdom of the Winds, 1683, Wilanw Palace

12

In Persian culture, the winter solstice is called Yald

(meaning: birth) and it has been celebrated for thousands
of years. It is referred to as the eve of the birth of Mithra,
who symbolised light, goodness and strength on earth.
In Greek mythology, Hades kidnapped Persephone to be
his wife. Zeus ordered Hades to return her to Demeter,
the goddess of the Earth and her mother. However, Hades
tricked Persephone into eating the food of the dead, so
Zeus decreed that Persephone would spend six months
with Demeter and six months with Hades. During the
time her daughter is with Hades, Demeter became depressed and caused winter.
In Welsh mythology, Gwyn ap Nudd abducted a maiden
named Creiddylad. On May Day, her lover, Gwythr ap
Greidawl, fought Gwyn to win her back. The battle between them represented the contest between summer and
winter.
Old Man Winter
Jack Frost
Ded Moroz
Snegurochka
Vetrright
Sinterklaas etc.
In Bengali, the advent of winter is often expressed by the
sentence "Sheeter buri ashchhe dheye" which means the
winter old woman is coming fast. This is used especially
when it is said to a child.

10

Festivals

Main article: List of winter festivals

11

See also

REFERENCES

Volcanic winter
Winter City
Winter Olympic Games
Winter sport
Winter War
Christmas
New Year
Valentines Day

12 References
[1] http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=winter&
allowed_in_frame=0
[2] Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data for
Winnipeg. Environment Canada. Retrieved 8 August
2015.
[3] Canadian climate normals 1981-2010 Station Data for
Vancouver. Environment Canada. Retrieved 8 August
2015.
[4] UK climate - Station Map. Met Oce. Retrieved 8
August 2015.
[5] Huttner, Paul (6 December 2007). Instant meteorological winter. Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
[6] Winters Been Here Despite What the Calendar Says.
NOAA Magazine. 22 December 2003. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
[7] Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). Diamond Dust.
American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 21 January
2010.
[8] Kenneth G. Libbrecht (2001). Morphogenesis on Ice:
The Physics of Snow Crystals (PDF). Engineering & Science (California Institute of Technology) (1): 12. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
[9] Vinter (in Swedish). SMHI. Retrieved 31 July 2015.

Summer
Arctic warfare
Cold wave
Fimbulwinter
Global cooling
Global warming
Nuclear winter
Pineapple Express
Siberian Express

[10] Precipitation, Sunshine & Radiation for January 2015

(all-time records section)" (PDF) (in Swedish). SMHI.
Retrieved 31 July 2015.
[11] Temperature & Wind - January 2015 (all-time records
section)" (PDF) (in Swedish). SMHI. Retrieved 31 July
2015.
[12] . In Standards: The Seasons. Retrieved 20 December
2012, from Answers.USA.gov
[13] . In When does Autumn start? Dening seasons. Retrieved
20 December 2012
[14] Ball, Sir Robert S (1900). Elements of Astronomy. London: The MacMillan Company. p. 52.

[15] Heck, Andre (2006). Organizations and strategies in Astronomy Volume 7. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 1-4020-53002.
[16] winter. (2009). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved
13 May 2009, from Encyclopdia Britannica Online
[17] solstice. (2009). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved
13 May 2009, from Encyclopdia Britannica Online
[18] Meteorological Glossary (Sixth ed.). London: HMSO.
1991. p. 260. ISBN 0-11-400363-7.
[19] Frste vinterdag. (2009). The Norwegian Meteorological
Institute. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
[20] . XVI
XVII . .: , 2005. 162 .
ISBN 5-9578-2773-8, in Russian
[21] Meteorological Glossary. Retrieved 21 June 2009 from
Australian Bureau of Meteorology
[22] Hamilton, Daniel (2 June 2009). Images from around
Australia on rst day of Winter 2009. Abc.net.au. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
[23] Michael Allaby (1999). A Dictionary of Zoology. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
[24] Cormac Grda (2009). "Famine: a short history".
Princeton University Press. p.23. ISBN 0-691-12237-7
[25] Winter 1947 in the British Isles. winter1947.co.uk. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
[26] Grant, Ash (1 February 2010). Top 10 Worst Blizzards
U.S. History. Top 10 Worst Blizzards U.S. History. Ash
Grant. Retrieved 4 December 2014.

13

Further reading

Rosenthal, Norman E. (1998). Winter Blues. New

York: The Guilford Press. ISBN 1-57230-395-6

14

External links

Media related to Winter (category) at Wikimedia

Commons
Quotations related to Winter at Wikiquote
Cold weather travel guide from Wikivoyage
The dictionary denition of winter at Wiktionary

10

15

15
15.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Winter Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter?oldid=713579351 Contributors: Mark, Alex.tan, Khendon, Rmhermen, SimonP,

Karl Palmen, Montrealais, Lir, Patrick, Michael Hardy, Lexor, Liftarn, Zanimum, Alo, Ahoerstemeier, Den fjttrade ankan~enwiki,
Ugen64, John W. MacDonald, Nikai, Andres, WouterVH, Smack, Ideyal, Hashar, Vancouverguy, Peregrine981, Nv8200pa, ZeWrestler,
Bloodshedder, Pollinator, Slawojarek, Owen, Jni, Donarreiskoer, Robbot, Paul Klenk, Earl Andrew, Fredrik, Altenmann, Merovingian, Pingveno, Academic Challenger, Jord, MPF, Gtrmp, Obli, Bkonrad, Rookkey, Cheekyal, Yekrats, Python eggs, SWAdair, Tagishsimon, Edcolins, Wmahan, Andycjp, Plutor, LiDaobing, MistToys, Kaldari, 1297, Rdsmith4, Kesac, Maximaximax, Jklamo, B.d.mills,
Picapica, Aioth, Mike Rosoft, CALR, Discospinster, Rhobite, TomPreuss, Rama, Vsmith, Autiger, Warpyght, Bender235, Rubicon,
ESkog, Djordjes, Violetriga, Fenice, Mirage5000, Dpotter, RJHall, Purplefeltangel, Spearhead, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, MPS, Thuresson, Bobo192, Iamunknown, Circeus, Sentience, BrokenSegue, Angie Y., SpeedyGonsales, Vystrix Nexoth, Nk, PiccoloNamek, Haham
hanuka, Polylerus, Ranveig, Storm Rider, Alansohn, Njaard, Arthena, Jeltz, Andrewpmk, Wdfarmer, Malo, DreamGuy, Live Forever,
TaintedMustard, Cecil, Tony Sidaway, Zxcvbnm, ~shuri, Woodstone, Ghirlandajo, Kitch, Tom.k, Feezo, Firsfron, Woohookitty, RHaworth, BlankVerse, MONGO, Will.i.am, Kralizec!, Gimboid13, Mandarax, Gettingtoit, BD2412, Bunchofgrapes, Island, Reisio, Canderson7, Dimitrii, Quiddity, Harro5, Bruce1ee, Kalogeropoulos, Cassowary, Petrusbarbygere, SNIyer12, Vuong Ngan Ha, FlaBot, Nihiltres,
Gurch, Neofelis Nebulosa~enwiki, Czar, CoolFox, Bmicomp, Zotel, Chobot, YurikBot, Wavelength, Mushin, RobotE, Jimp, Brandmeister (old), RussBot, Qwertzy2, Groogle, Zlobny, Stephenb, Polluxian, Moocreature, NawlinWiki, Eduardo Cuellar, Magicmonster, Grafen,
Bloodofox, DavidH, Robchurch, Djm1279, Aaron Brenneman, Haoie, Crasshopper, Tony1, Dbrs, Karl Meier, Olleicua, DPWester, Nlu,
Wknight94, Kelovy, Saric, Emijrp, Ageekgal, Spring Rubber, Aeryka, Josh3580, Joshw, Bondegezou, Banana04131, Mastercampbell,
GraemeL, Womblebbear, JoanneB, Brandon 4417, Danny-w, Andjam, StarWoman, Zquack, Babij, Mejor Los Indios, N3362, Yvwv,
SmackBot, MattieTK, KnowledgeOfSelf, McGeddon, Unyoyega, Davewild, BiT, HeartofaDog, Mikko-Petteri, Commander Keane bot,
Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Skizzik, Nzd, Unint, Persian Poet Gal, MalafayaBot, Rolypolyman, DHN-bot~enwiki, Colonies
Chris, Scwlong, Mooncow, DavidSpencer.ca, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Egsan Bacon, Naja Haje, Parent5446, DR04, Thrane, Krich,
EVula, Crd721, Last Avenue, Filpaul, DDima, GameKeeper, Cookie90, Ceoil, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, NotMuchToSay, Mazlemay,
J 1982, Gobonobo, Bo99, Enelson, Thegreatdr, Zaparojdik, JHunterJ, Slakr, Zeldamaster3, Waggers, Simiprof, Hogyn Lleol, P199,
Jose77, Violncello, Dl2000, KJS77, Pejman47, Quaeler, Vlad788, Francl, Twas Now, Octane, Civil Engineer III, Courcelles, Eric Tittley, Tawkerbot2, MarylandArtLover, JForget, Iced Kola, KyraVixen, Basawala, ShelfSkewed, Ravensfan5252, Andrew Kirschner, Mattbuck, Trimp, Korky Day, Extate, Adolphus79, Shirulashem, Chrislk02, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, ChildwallFiveways, Zickzack, Hugo.arg,
Wompa99, Marek69, Sinn, Johnwrw, Escarbot, Sonicboi, KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot, Konman72, Majorly, Emeraldcityserendipity, Eltanin, Bakabaka, EdwinGroothuis, Towelie55, Ingolfson, Uusitunnus, JAnDbot, Barek, MER-C, Inks.LWC, Acroterion, Freshacconci, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, JNW, JamesBWatson, Theroadislong, Gabriel Kielland, Ace42, Allstarecho, Jahangard,
NatureA16, Gjd001, FisherQueen, Tonicthebrown, MartinBot, Kraken of the Depths, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Jdw4jesus,
Mausy5043, J.delanoy, Trusilver, Khathi, Dojo99, Jerry, HiLo48, Vanished User 4517, Twfowler, Bu2m5dgw, FuegoFish, Wikidogia,
Nat682, Bgtgwazi, Inwind, Vhowells, Idioma-bot, Pietru, Justin Forbes, Lights, Vranak, VolkovBot, Thedjatclubrock, ABF, AlnoktaBOT,
Ryan032, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Emmastaron, Gerry Lawless OS, CoJaBo, Qxz, Lradrama, Guldenat, WikiLove010,
Cremepu222, Jeremy Bolwell, JDalessandro, Katimawan2005, Kilmer-san, Meters, Insanity Incarnate, Brianga, Truthanado, Monty845,
Doc James, AlleborgoBot, DominicTheFlorist, Legoktm, EmxBot, Ponyo, SieBot, Alessgrimal, Portalian, PeterCanthropus, BotMultichill,
Storm1879, Flyer22 Reborn, Oda Mari, Akharabi, Ayudante, Oxymoron83, Nuttycoconut, Hello71, Lightmouse, Dravecky, Ronaldomundo, Jmleak, Denisarona, RBChallenger, Mr. Granger, Faithlessthewonderboy, Elassint, ClueBot, GorillaWarfare, The Thing That
Should Not Be, Plastikspork, EoGuy, Arakunem, Aislinn04, CounterVandalismBot, Niceguyedc, P. S. Burton, MrKIA11, Quiescen, DragonBot, -Midorihana-, Alexbot, Calimo, Eeekster, 12 Noon, MAG Fry, AliceinWinterWonderland, SchreiberBike, BOTarate, Thingg,
Wedcx, Andrewuwe, BurgererSF~enwiki, Editor2020, Djneufville, XLinkBot, Trogdorofnumor, Dark Mage, NellieBly, Garycompugeek,
Al tally, ElMeBot, Shoemakers Holiday, Transparagon, Thatguyint, Hoplophile, Sfr95, Addbot, Xp54321, JBsupreme, Sashomeru78,
Oysterguitar, Dan56, Betterusername, SunDragon34, Blethering Scot, CanadianLinuxUser, Leuo, Ashanda, NjardarBot, Glane23, ShadowFusion, Jaydec, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, , Locationx3, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Ptbotgourou,
Dede2008, Amirobot, Bbrownp, Nallimbot, A Stop at Willoughby, Ningauble, MacTire02, AnomieBOT, Tyfghvb, Message From Xenu,
Materialscientist, Knowledge Incarnate, LilHelpa, Ne2425, Xqbot, Addihockey10, Dalton1980, Nasnema, Solenne, Iman d, Chiswell,
Anna Frodesiak, W9442, Pmlineditor, GrouchoBot, AVBOT, Frosted14, Frankie0607, RibotBOT, Amaury, Shadowjams, Celuici, Who
then was a gentleman?, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Viprachowdhary, Tobby72, Thayts, RetiredCollector, Sebastiangarth, Haein45, Allstrak,
Pinethicket, Danikk0516, HRoestBot, Samirsaidi, Abductive, Rushbugled13, Jschnur, Mardaloop, MastiBot, Serols, Pbrisbane, Meaghan,
Cnwilliams, FoxBot, TobeBot, Kalaiarasy, AHeneen, Lotje, Dinamik-bot, Skoolgirl202, Vwhorhees, Suusion of Yellow, Mizzmijah10,
Mattlohr, TjBot, ProvingReliabilty, Ripchip Bot, Agent Smith (The Matrix), CalicoCatLover, Lulaq, DASHBot, Drama123, EmausBot,
Gfoley4, Katherine, Stebunik, Faolin42, Tommy2010, Winner 42, Wikipelli, K6ka, Its snowing in East Asia, F, Dmac4933, Xerox748,
Wayne Slam, Tolly4bolly, Ocean Shores, Simsala111, MonoAV, Rotpunkt, Wipsenade, ChrisCarss Former24.108.99.31,
, Mphoer, Petrb, ClueBot NG, SpikeTorontoRCP, Gareth Grith-Jones, Lexington96, Autor5492, Satellizer, Movses-bot,
Livi8433, Snotbot, O.Koslowski, Widr, SpacemanDick, Timedel, Cehlgnwiki, Nobletripe, Libertarianrule, Helpful Pixie Bot, Strike
Eagle, Gob Lofa, Ramaksoud2000, BG19bot, Brownhole69, Zzzzzzzoooooppp, Caca7, MongolWiki, AvocatoBot, Dan653, Mark Arsten, Dipankan001, Joydeep, Sharingknowledge, CitationCleanerBot, Ttom126, TomeHale, Carraroe1, Glacialfox, Tanimichan, Jasonels,
Shugalmela2988, Klilidiplomus, Shaun, Earthscience21, Fh1991, Lommaren, Poppersocks, Tutelary, Charlieboo1999, Mogism, UsefulWikipedia, Lugia2453, Fox2k11, Zobug317, BetterSkatez, Teacher83, WTCAlex, Timothy.hoag, Stephanie.tompkins, Paige.Banaszak,
Emily Byhardt, Epicgenius, Eyesnore, Jl16519p, Lolol555, Home1st2nd3rdHome, Hoho24, Hind.ilidrissi, Haminoon, Potsmoker123,
Jaredzimmerman (WMF), FDMS4, Quenhitran, Ongulpenguin, HawkSteven, Frogger48, Meganesia, Destoryior2, Destoryior123, Crow,
JaconaFrere, REVRAINBOWSLASH, 1qazw2wsxxcde4rf, Coolstorybrah123, Aleksander Kaasik, Youiduir, FuckOldManWinterInTheAss, B1357M, Uzair ahmad shaikh, Bell29, Fr4z3ry0, KBH96, EvilLair, Anton0110, Snickerdoggy, PGH-J, Pishcal, Jhudg181, Stveltramp, Fatbooty, Joseph2302, Swirly Swirly, Voiceinthecrowd, Amberbieber121701,
, KasparBot, Tsoukalos tiene razn,
KentuckyKevin, Denitely not an editor, XxLolliexX, CAPTAIN RAJU, SodaliteMalachite, EricaJoJayne, DatGuy, Gabrielmcqueenbee,
Iiri1999, Umphy12344321 and Anonymous: 728

15.2

15.2

Images

11

Images

File:1988b.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/1988b.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: http://www.

skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=440668 Original artist: Caio Cesar
File:Caladh_Thadhg_lake.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Caladh_Thadhg_lake.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Anthony Mac Donnacha
File:CathedralofLearningLawinWinter.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/
CathedralofLearningLawinWinter.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: University of Pittsburgh Original artist: Benjamin Hollis
from Seattle, WA, USA
File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_
fair_weather.jpeg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: legacy.openphoto.net Original artist: Michael Jastremski
File:Earth-satellite-seasons.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Earth-satellite-seasons.gif License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Frost_Fair_of_1683.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Frost_Fair_of_1683.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Hamburg_Germany_Jan_6.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Hamburg_Germany_Jan_6.jpg
License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/calvinshmelvin/4250377801/ Original artist: Tobias Mandt
File:KleinarlWinterwonderland.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/KleinarlWinterwonderland.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Markus Leupold-Lwenthal
File:Nieve_LaCarlota.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Nieve_LaCarlota.jpg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: foto de Hugo Pujszo Original artist: Hugo Pujszo desde La Carlota
File:Nieve_Ranelagh.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Nieve_Ranelagh.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Es trabajo propio Original artist: Yo cre este archivo
File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg License:
LGPL Contributors: Own work Original artist: David Vignoni, SVG version by Bobarino
File:Old_Jerusalem_in_a_new_guise.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Old_Jerusalem_in_a_new_
guise.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Old Jerusalem in a new guise Original artist: Copper Kettle
File:PN_Tierra_del_Fuego_(Hiver).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/PN_Tierra_del_Fuego_
%28Hiver%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Ro Pipo semicongelado Original artist: galio
File:Siemiginowski_Allegory_of_Winter.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Siemiginowski_
Allegory_of_Winter.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: www.pinakoteka.zascianek.pl Original artist: Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter
File:Snowfall_in_Pant_Glas.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Snowfall_in_Pant_Glas.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Matthew R Dunn
File:Snowshoe_hare.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Snowshoe_hare.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Tallinn_cityview.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Tallinn_cityview.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zigomar
File:Winter_frozen_lake.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Winter_frozen_lake.JPG License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Poppersocks
File:Winter_in_NY.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Winter_in_NY.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Simsala111
File:Winter_in_Owensboro_Neighborhood_2-16-2015.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Winter_
in_Owensboro_Neighborhood_2-16-2015.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: KentuckyKevin
File:Winter_morning_US.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Winter_morning_US.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dipankan001
File:_Pillapalu_metsasiht.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Pillapalu_metsasiht.jpg License: CC BYSA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aleksander Kaasik

15.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0