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ANNUAL

REPORT
V O LU M E 1
09
CONTENTS

The Record 4 5 Sector and Thematic


Highlights 30
1 Message from
the President 6 6 Financing Operations 34

2 Board of Directors 8 7 Central and West Asia 40

3 Policy and Strategy 8 East Asia 50


Overview 14
9 Pacific 58
4 Delivering an Effective
Organization 18
ANNUAL

09
REPORT

10 South Asia 68 ADB CONTACT


ADDRESSES 120
11 Southeast Asia 78
glossary 122
12 Nonsovereign
Operations 88 abbreviations 122

13 Finance and
Administration 92

14 APPENDIXES 98

The ADB Annual Report 2009 comprises two separate volumes: Volume 1 is the main report and Volume 2 contains the
financial statements and statistical annexes.
4 Asian Development Bank

The Record
($ million)
1966–2009 2006 2007 2008 2009
OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES (A + B + C + D + E + F) 170,925 8,389 10,770 11,329 16,078

A. LOANS (amount) (1 + 2) 155,893 7,264 9,516 10,124 13,230
Number of Projectsa, b, c 2,205 64 77 81 93
1. Ordinary Capital Resources (OCR) Loans (amount) (a + b + c) 117,356 5,992 7,623 8,360 11,020
Number of Loans 1,299 33 55 57 64
Disbursements (amount) 80,400 4,420 5,234 6,472 7,898
a. Sovereign 112,182 5,542 6,972 6,839 10,577
Number of Loans 1,166 26 38 45 57
Disbursements (amount) 77,076 4,061 4,743 5,878 7,449
b. Nonsovereign Publicd 519 75 10 300 134
Number of Loans 6 1 1 2 2
Disbursements (amount) 85 1 30 54 –
c. Nonsovereign Private 4,655 375 640 1,222 309
Number of Loans 127 6 16 10 5
Disbursements (amount) 3,239 358 461 540 449
2. Asian Development Fund (ADF) Loans (amount) (a + b) 38,537 1,272 1,893 1,764 2,210
Number of Loans 1,264 44 36 35e 47e
Disbursements (amount) 29,317 1,338 1,618 2,043 2,201
a. Sovereign 38,522 1,272 1,893 1,764 2,210
Number of Loans 1,259 44 36 35e 47e
Disbursements (amount) 29,302 1,338 1,618 2,043 2,201
b. Nonsovereign Private 15 – – – –
Number of Loans 5 – – – –
Disbursements (amount) 15 – – – –

B. GRANTSc, f, g (amount) 5,191 530 673 809 1,113
Number of Projectsa, b, c 315 41 39 48 64

C. GUARANTEESb (1 + 2) 3,318 125 251 – 397
Number of Projects 29 3 3 – 2
1. Political Risk Guarantee (amount) 708 15 – – 325
Number of Projects 9 1 – – 1
2. Partial Credit Guarantee (amount) 2,610 110 251 – 72
Number of Projects 20 2 3 – 1

D. TRADE FINANCE FACILITATION PROGRAMh 1,000 – – – 850

E. EQUITYb, i (amount) 1,714 231 80 123 220
Number of Investments/Commitments 164 12 5 7 5

F. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE GRANTSg (amount) 3,809 240 251 273 267
Number of Projectsa, b 6,863 259 239 298 313

COFINANCING (amount)
j
13,297 970 321 1,090 3,164
Number of Projects 221 14 7 7 14
Sovereign Operations (amount) 11,318 565 121 665 2,768
Number of Projects 188 10 6 5 10
Nonsovereign Operations (amount) 1,979 405 200 425 396
Number of Projects 33 4 1 2 4

RESOURCES (as of period end)


Ordinary Capital Resources
Authorized Capital 166,179 53,169 55,978 54,890 166,179
Subscribed Capital 60,751 53,169 55,978 54,890 60,751
Borrowings (gross) (for the period) 93,714 5,576 8,854 9,372 10,359
Outstanding Debt 42,123 27,601 31,569 35,672 42,123
Ordinary Reserve 9,790 8,994 9,245 9,532 9,790
Special Reserve 219 198 203 210 219
Gross Revenue (for the period) 1,472 1,839 2,208 2,064 1,472
Net Income (loss) after Appropriation of Guarantee Fees 14,114k 566 760 1,119 (37)
to Special Reserve (for the period)

Special Funds Resources


Asian Development Fund Total Resourcesl 34,159 29,247 31,950 33,479 34,159
Technical Assistance Special Fund Total Resourcesl 1,716 1,347 1,361 1,403 1,716
Japan Special Fund Total Resources
Regular and Supplementary Contributions 974 929 956 974 974
Asian Currency Crisis Support Facility 151m 151 151 151 151
ADB Institute Special Fund Total Resources 149 121 133 141 149
Asian Tsunami Fund Total Resources 587 594 617 626 587
Pakistan Earthquake Fund Total Resources 144 114 137 142 144
Regional Cooperation and Integration Fund Total Resources 43 – 41 43 43
Climate Change Fund Total Resources 41 – – 41 41
Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund Total Resources 40 – – – 40

– = nil.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
a Projects with multiple loans, or with combination of public and private lending are counted once. Cumulative number of projects excludes supplementary loans. Grant projects with multiple funds are counted once.
b Excludes terminated loans, equity, guarantees, technical assistance, and grants.
c Includes loans/grants arising from multitranche financing facilities.
d These are loans to companies in which public sector entities own more than 50% of the capital or over which they exert management control in other ways.
e Includes count for an earlier approved loan with supplementary financing in the current year.
f Includes ADF and other grants.
g Includes direct value-added cofinancing.
h Includes the $150 million approved in 2003 (OCR loan of $45 million and partial credit guarantee of $105 million).
i Refers to nonsovereign operations only.
j Starting 2006, cofinancing statistics indicate direct value-added cofinancing: cofinancing with administrative or collaborative arrangements with ADB.
k Includes cumulative effect of ASC 820/825 adoption amounting to $227.5 million, as an adjustment to the 1 January 2009 reserves.
l Cumulative resources excluding amounts not yet available for operational commitments.
m Net of $90.0 million that was transferred to Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction in 2002.
Annual Report 2009 5

TABLE 1 ASSISTANCE BY COUNTRY, 2009


($ million)
Loans Technical
Assistance
OCR ADF Grantsa Guarantees TFFP Equity Grantsb Total

Central and West Asia 1,457.0 718.3 433.5 – – – 14.7 2,623.5


Afghanistan – – 336.4 – – – 1.4 337.8
Armenia – 140.0 – – – – 1.7 141.7
Azerbaijan 75.0 – – – – – 1.0 76.0
Georgia – 228.8 – – – – 1.4 230.2
Kazakhstan 687.0 – – – – – 0.8 687.8
Kyrgyz Republic – 44.5 35.5 – – – 1.3 81.3
Pakistan 695.0 245.0 – – – – 2.7 942.7
Tajikistan – – 61.6 – – – 0.7 62.3
Turkmenistan – – – – – – – –
Uzbekistan – 60.0 – – – – 3.8 63.8

East Asia 1,954.9 50.1 54.0 – – 25.0 31.8 2,115.9


China, People’s Republic of 1,954.9 – 9.9 – – 25.0 24.6 2,014.4
Mongolia – 50.1 44.2 – – – 7.2 101.5

Pacific 136.7 95.0 91.0 – – – 12.1 334.7


Cook Islands 10.0 – – – – – 0.6 10.6
Fiji Islands 76.7 – – – – – – 76.7
Kiribati – – – – – – 0.9 0.9
Marshall Islands – – – – – – 0.2 0.2
Micronesia, Federated States of – – – – – – – –
Nauru – – – – – – – –
Palau – – – – – – 1.2 1.2
Papua New Guinea 50.0 95.0 2.0 – – – 3.5 150.5
Samoa – – 1.0 – – – 1.6 2.6
Solomon Islands – – 29.0 – – – 0.7 29.6
Timor-Leste – – 49.0 – – – 0.6 49.6
Tonga – – 10.0 – – – 1.0 11.0
Tuvalu – – – – – – – –
Vanuatu – – – – – – 1.9 1.9

South Asia 2,626.0 752.1 286.2 – – 40.0 50.7 3,755.0


Bangladesh 600.0 427.9 58.5 – – – 12.0 1,098.3
Bhutan – – 38.8 – – – 2.0 40.8
India 1,811.0 – 2.0 – – 40.0 19.5 1,872.5
Maldives – 36.5 – – – – 3.0 39.5
Nepal – 172.8 172.5 – – – 5.7 351.0
Sri Lanka 215.0 115.0 14.5 – – – 8.4 352.9

Southeast Asia 4,845.3 594.8 248.7 396.8 – 40.0 37.2 6,162.7


Brunei Darussalam – – – – – – – –
Cambodia – 71.7 108.7 – – – 7.9 188.3
Indonesia 2,184.2 – 5.0 – – 40.0 6.3 2,235.5
Lao People’s Democratic Republic – 0.1 126.6 – – – 4.5 131.2
Malaysia – – – – – – – –
Myanmar – – – – – – – –
Philippines 1,176.1 – 4.9 – – – 6.5 1,187.5
Thailand 82.1 – – 71.8 – – 1.3 155.2
Viet Nam 1,402.9 523.0 3.5 325.0 – – 10.6 2,265.0
Regional – – – – 850.0 115.0 120.7 1,085.7
TOTAL 11,019.9 2,210.3 1,113.5 396.8 850.0 220.0 267.2 16,077.6
– = nil, ADF = Asian Development Fund, OCR = ordinary capital resources, TFFP = Trade Financing Facilitation Program.
Note: (i) For reference to sovereign and nonsovereign approvals, see Statistical Annex 1 (Sovereign and Nonsovereign Loan Approvals by Country) and Statistical Annex 10 (Nonsovereign
Approvals and Total Project Costs by Country). (ii) Grants and technical assistance grants include those that are officially cofinanced by external sources. (iii) Totals may not add up
because of rounding.
a For reference, please see Statistical Annex 2 (Grant-Financed Project Approvals by Country).
b For reference, please see Statistical Annex 16 (Technical Assistance Grant Approvals By Country and Regional Activities).
6 Asian Development Bank

Chapter 1
MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT

T
he global economic crisis presented developing and quality of their food intake, withdraw children from
Asia and the Pacific with one of the most chal- school, or postpone health care.
lenging years since the 1997/98 Asian financial Against this backdrop, ADB shareholders agreed
crisis. Reduced demand for the region’s exports from the in April to triple ADB’s capital base from $55 billion to
major industrial economies, together with muted private $165 billion, the biggest increase in ADB history and the
consumption and investment in the region, cut growth first in 15 years, giving us the resources to pursue our
rates to about 5.2% in 2009, just over half the decade’s mission. The capital increase enabled ADB to respond
peak of 9.5% in 2007. quickly to the needs of developing member countries
Asia is leading the world’s recovery, with regional by significantly scaling up our assistance, with overall
growth expected to rebound to over 7% in 2010. operations growing by 42% from $11.3 billion in 2008 to
Heartening as this is, there remains an underlying $16.1 billion in 2009. Loan disbursements also reached
fragility to the recovery. Some economies are doing well a record high in 2009 at $10.1 billion compared with
but others are still struggling. External demand for the $8.5 billion in 2008.
region’s goods and services, including tourism, may be As the region continues on its path to recovery, it is
sluggish for some time until the advanced economies critical to ensure that growth is more inclusive and envi-
fully emerge from recession. Increasing resilience to future ronmentally sustainable. Regional integration must be
shocks, especially by building domestic and regional deepened to further increase the region’s resilience,
demand, will be essential to produce the high rates of connect more of its economies to global markets, and
growth needed to reduce poverty over the long term. spread the benefits of growth. The private sector must
While economic recovery is under way, ADB has esti- also be supported to help realize its key role in accelerat-
mated that 71 million people, who could have escaped ing growth and generating wider prosperity.
poverty if growth rates had stayed at 2007 levels, contin-
ue living on less than $2 a day; 54 million of them have
remained living on less than $1.25 a day. High unem- ADB looks forward to working
ployment and its social impacts are likely to be felt for
with shareholders and partners
several years to come, especially in poorer countries. The
crisis could have costly and long-lasting effects on human
to spread the benefits of recovery
welfare, as families with few alternative jobs and little more widely as the region emerges
or no access to credit are forced to reduce the quantity from a time of crisis
Annual Report 2009 7

President Kuroda visits one of more than a hundred ADB-assisted urban primary health care centers in Bangladesh, which benefit mainly women
and children

About 65% of ADB investments were allocated to ment Funds to support clean technology, climate
infrastructure, helping promote inclusive growth by resilience, forest protection, and renewable energy in
increasing access to important services and economic low-income countries.
opportunities. Many of our infrastructure projects promote Our overall operations of $16.1 billion in 2009
regional integration, and about 35% of ADB’s total 2009 comprised loans and grants of $14.3 billion, guaran-
investments supported environmental sustainability. tees amounting to $397 million, $850 million for a trade
About 81% of our total assistance in 2009 went to the five finance facilitation program, $220 million in equity
core operational areas of infrastructure, finance, educa- investments, and $267 million in technical assistance.
tion, environment, and regional cooperation. ADB also mobilized cofinancing amounting to $3.2
Alongside the global economic crisis, world lead- billion.
ers came together in Copenhagen in December to seek With the Asian Development Fund replenishment
solutions to the climate change crisis. While progress in 2008 and the general capital increase in 2009, ADB
was less than what many had hoped, leaders from both has a strong mandate to fully implement its long-term
the developed and developing world are embracing the strategy, Strategy 2020. The introduction of Our People
convergence among climate change, sustainable develop- Strategy in early 2010 will ensure that we have not only
ment, and human well-being. the financial but also the human resources to pursue our
ADB’s climate change and sustainable development important mission.
operations took a significant step forward. First, the ADB ADB looks forward to working with shareholders and
Board of Directors approved two major policies: the new partners to spread the benefits of recovery more widely
Energy Policy and the Safeguards Policy Statement. as the region emerges from a time of crisis, with renewed
Second, we have stepped up our financial and advisory determination to tackle the causes of poverty and raise
assistance. Our clean energy program, for example, has Asia’s standards of living, especially for the poor.
invested $2.8 billion over the last 2 years, investing in
renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean technolo-
gy deployment that encourage our developing member
countries to move toward low-carbon energy generation Haruhiko Kuroda
and utilization. Third, ADB joined other multilateral President and Chairman
development banks in establishing the Climate Invest- Board of Directors
8 Asian Development Bank
BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Chapter 2
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
The ADB Board of Directors continued to play its vital role in overseeing operations,
guiding the institution as it responded to the economic crisis and worked to improve

The Board supported the establishment of the $3 billion Countercyclical Support


Facility to help member countries hit by the crisis, approved an additional $400
million for the poorest members, and expanded the Trade Finance Facilitation
Program to $1 billion. R
Safeguard Policy
Statement, updating and superseding the policies on involuntary resettlement,
indigenous peoples, and environment. The Board also approved a new Energy Policy.
Internally, it established the Human Resources Committee to provide guidance on
human resources management.
Annual Report 2009 9

T
he Board of Directors is responsible for the overall policy, which establishes limits for nonsovereign exposure,
direction of the operations of the Asian Develop- is designed to support the prudential expansion of private
ment Bank (ADB), including the approval of poli- sector operations without jeopardizing ADB’s credit
cies, loans, grants, and guarantees. As the representative rating.
of ADB’s shareholders, the Board plays a vital role in over- The Board also endorsed ADB’s new approach to
seeing ADB’s implementation of the guidance given by assisting the Pacific. Expressing concern on the impact
its shareholders. of global climate change on these small, developing coun-
The Board has provided inputs both directly and tries, the Board underscored the need for ADB to respond
from the member capitals to make ADB a more effective to this challenge within the special development context

Board of Directors
institution. As ADB expands its operations to meet the of the Pacific.
growing demands of its developing member countries, The Board continued to focus on reforms in key
the Board plays an active role in overseeing institution- areas to improve ADB’s institutional effectiveness and
al governance. The Board approved a number of key accountability to shareholders and beneficiaries. The
measures to improve ADB’s development effectiveness, Safeguard Policy Statement was approved, updating
responsiveness, and accountability. and superseding the Involuntary Resettlement Poli-
The meetings of the Board of Directors covered a cy (1995), the Policy on Indigenous Peoples (1998),
broad range of policy, financial, and administrative issues, and the Environment Policy (2002). The Board also
as well as a wide variety of projects and programs. The approved the new Energy Policy to meet Asia’s rapidly
Board also endorsed new partnership strategies with growing energy needs, facilitate a transition to a low-
several developing member countries. Total approvals carbon economy, and achieve ADB’s vision of a region
by the Board, including loans, grants, guarantees, trade free of poverty. In addition, the Board discussed the
financing facility, equity investments, and technical assis- 2008 Development Effectiveness Review, a key publication
tance, exceeded $16 billion. In addition, ADB mobilized intended to drive future action and ensure greater
more than $3 billion in cofinancing. accountability.
The Board approved the recommendation for a 200% With the aim of improving ADB’s internal operations,
general capital increase to the Board of Governors, a critical the Board established the Human Resources Committee
step in securing the funds needed to implement Strate- to oversee and provide guidance on ADB’s human resourc-
gy 2020 and address the global economic crisis. The fifth es management.
general capital increase was subsequently approved by the The Board also deliberated on ADB’s annual financial
Governors. statements, its budget and borrowing program for 2010, its
In response to the economic crisis, the Board support- Work Program and Budget Framework for 2010–2012,
ed several measures to assist ADB’s developing member and the salaries and benefits of staff. It also reviewed the
coun­tries. It approved the establishment of the $3 billion 3-year rolling Work Program and Budget for 2010 of the
Countercyclical Support Facility as a short-term, budget ADB Institute.
support instrument for crisis-affected members with
access to ADB’s ordinary capital resources. The Board also
Country Partnership Strategies
approved the distribution of $400 million in additional
liquidity to ADB’s poorest members through the Asian The country partnership strategy maps out the ways
Development Fund (ADF). that ADB can most effectively work with its developing
With global trade shrinking and access to capital tight- member countries, given each country’s challenges and
ening, the Board approved an expansion of ADB’s Trade priorities. It also enables ADB to evaluate a country’s
Finance Facilitation Program to $1 billion. The program development performance over the strategy period.
increases the financing available for trade transactions to The Board endorsed six country partnership stra-
cushion the shock of the global downturn on developing tegies in 2009: Afghanistan (2009–2013), India (2009–
countries in Asia and the Pacific. 2012), Pakistan (2009–2013), Nepal (2010–2012), Palau
In line with the objective of Strategy 2020 to expand (2009–2013), and Vanuatu (2010–2014). It also endorsed
private sector operations, the Board approved a new expo- an interim country partnership strategy for Solomon
sure management policy for nonsovereign operations. The Islands (2009–2011).
10 Asian Development Bank

adoption of principles for the selection of outside


auditors, as well as the implementation of the Infor-
mation Systems and Technology Strategy II and other
information technology–related activities.
The committee monitored the work of the Office
of Risk Management, including a review of ADB’s risk
management capability and progress in integrating risk
management in ADB, as well as the recommendations by
the outside auditor.
Board of Directors

The work and findings of the Integrity Division of the


Office of the Auditor General were closely monitored by the
Visits to member countries deepen Board members’ understanding of committee, including the implementation of recommenda-
the region
tions to address weaknesses in internal controls and policies
identified through investigations. The committee also moni-
Other Meetings
tored progress toward a whistleblower protection policy.
In November, the Board and Management participated in The committee met 13 times.
a 2-day retreat outside Manila, Philippines, covering two
topics: ADB’s general capital increase and the way ahead,
Budget Review Committee
and ADB’s operations on climate change.
The committee discussed the President’s planning direc-
Board Group Visits and Tours tions to prepare for the Work Program and Budget Frame-
work, 2010–2012. It noted the development challenges
Members of the Board made two visits around the region to facing ADB and the new approaches, streamlined business
get a firsthand view of ADB projects and their impacts, and processes, and realigned skills mix that would be neces-
to meet with senior government officials, development part- sary to effectively meet these challenges. In August, the
ners, private sector leaders, and other stakeholders. committee discussed the progress of operations programs
From 20 February to 9 March, a team visited the with the operations departments; Strategy and Policy
People’s Republic of China and Mongolia. Another team Department; and Budget, Personnel, and Management
visited the Republic of the Marshall Islands and Palau 4–10 Systems Department. This included crisis response,
July. The visits strengthened ADB’s relationship with its countercyclical support, private sector operations, public–
development partners and generated valuable feedback. private partnerships, regional projects, cofinancing, and
On 12 March, a Board group visited the International projects at risk.
Rice Research Institute south of Manila for a familiariza- The committee also met with the vice-presidents on
tion tour. the highlights of the draft program and framework, focus-
ing on priority work areas, new products, and continuing
initiatives. The committee appreciated the plan under the
BOARD COMMITTEES program and framework for ADB to pursue additional envi-
ronmental initiatives, such as those that address clean and/or
renewable energy as well as climate change. Members under-
Audit Committee
scored the need for ADB to strengthen collaboration with its
The committee assists the Board in its oversight of ADB’s development partners to achieve greater development effec-
financial reporting and audits, including internal controls tiveness. The committee also emphasized the importance
and audits, risk management, and ADB-related anticorrup- of the knowledge management culture and the need for the
tion and integrity efforts. management action plan to be implemented well.
The committee reviewed ADB’s financial state- The committee discussed the 2010 draft budget
ments and Management’s discussion and analysis with document. It noted that the document presents a coher-
the outside auditor. It also monitored the selection ent picture of how ADB aims to adjust its staff and internal
process of the outside auditor and the progress toward resources to respond effectively to the challenges of imple-
Annual Report 2009 11

menting Strategy 2020, including support for achieving the assistance program evaluations were timely in informing
Millennium Development Goals, and delivering the level of the preparation of new country partnerships and strate-
assistance envisaged by the ninth replenishment of the ADF gies. The committee consistently strived to recommend
and the fifth general capital increase. The committee called ways to ensure that ADB operations would achieve devel-
for continuing efforts to achieve efficiency gains, and to reas- opment effectiveness.
sess and fine-tune the internal resource requirements in The committee met 11 times.
the coming years. The committee confirmed that the 2010
draft budgets for ADB, the Independent Evaluation Depart-
Ethics Committee
ment, and ADB Institute were consistent with the work

Board of Directors
plans and appropriate for consideration by the Board. The The Board established the committee to address matters of
committee also met in November 2009 to discuss the draft ethics that may arise under the Code of Conduct adopted
special capital budget proposal on the expansion of the by the Board in September 2006. The code provisions apply
ADB headquarters building and some resident missions. to all Board members (directors, alternate directors, and
The committee met 11 times. temporary alternate directors) and to the President.
The committee is responsible for advising directors,
alternate directors, and the President when they request
Compliance Review Committee
guidance on actual or potential conflicts of interest or other
The committee is responsible for clearing the terms of refer- ethical issues concerning themselves. The committee also
ence of the Compliance Review Panel and the time frame considers any allegations of misconduct against directors,
for conducting each compliance review authorized by the alternate directors, and the President that relate to the
Board, and clearing the panel’s draft reports on monitoring performance of their duties. It recommends appropriate
the implementation of any remedial actions approved by the action to the Board.
Board. The committee is mandated to meet as often as it The committee met once with the general counsel
considers necessary. in attendance to familiarize the new members with their
The committee met once to discuss its work plan responsibilities under the Code of Conduct and related
through 2010, the status of the Accountability Mechanism procedures.
review, and its annual report, as well as to obtain an update
from the panel on compliance review cases. The panel’s
Human Resources Committee
monitoring reports are available on the panel’s website
(www.compliance.adb.org). In June, the Board established the committee to review,
monitor, and make recommendations to the full Board on
ADB’s human resources strategy and policies, particularly
Development Effectiveness Committee
as they pertain to staffing, compensation and benefits, and
The committee discussed major evaluation reports by the other related issues. Members will also review any external
Independent Evaluation Department. These included evaluations of ADB’s human resources strategy and poli-
1 regional and 4 country assistance program evaluation cies and report their findings and recommendations to the
studies, 11 sector assistance program evaluation reports, and Board. These issues are considered vital to ADB’s ability to
4 special evaluation studies. Other department reports that recruit, train, and retain the highly qualified staff needed to
were discussed included two annual evaluation reports, one carry out its mandate under Strategy 2020.
project performance evaluation report, one impact evaluation The committee made recommendations on major
study, and one evaluation knowledge brief. The committee human resources initiatives such as the Our People Strategy
reviewed and discussed the 2008 Development Effectiveness and the Human Resources Action Plan. The committee
Review to feed into the full Board discussion of the review. also discussed other matters relevant to human resourc-
From its findings and recommendations in 2008 on es management, including gender, integrity and ethics,
ADB’s institutional effectiveness relative to its strategies, and accountability issues. The committee had separate
policies, and resources, the committee moved toward assess- intro­ductory meetings with the Staff Council and the
ing ADB’s operations at the country and sector levels, and on Professional Women’s Committee.
crosscutting themes. The discussions of country and sector The committee met six times.
12 Asian Development Bank

BOARD OF DIRECTORS
PRESIDENT AND CHAIRMAN
OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS

Phil Bowen Howard Brown Curtis S. Chin Marwanto Kyung-Hoh Kim


Harjowiryono

ALTERNATE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS

Haruhiko Kuroda

Dereck Torben Bellers Paul W. Curry C.J. (Stan) Tsuen-Hua Shih


Rooken-Smith Vandersyp
Annual Report 2009 13

Ashok K. Lahiri Michele Masakazu Siraj S. Chaiyuth Eduard Yingming Yang


Miari Fulcis Sakaguchi Shamsuddin Sudthitanakorn Westreicher

Md. Aminul Jose Yasuto Marita Govinda Richard Edwards Xiuzhen Guan
Islam Bhuiyan Miguel Cortes Watanabe Magpili-Jimenez Bahadur Thapa

MANAGEMENT

C. Lawrence Ursula Bindu N. Lohani Xiaoyu Zhao Rajat M. Nag Robert L.T.
Greenwood, Jr. Schaefer-Preuss Dawson
14 Asian Development Bank
Policy and Strategy Overview

Chapter 3
POLICY AND STRATEGY
OVERVIEW
Shareholders endorsed a tripling of ADB’s general capital, enabling ADB to pursue
longer-term development priorities in the region and substantially increase its support
to countries affected by the global economic downturn. In June, ADB approved the
new Energy Policy to better align energy operations with ADB’s long-term strategic
framework, Strategy 2020. The Safeguard Policy Statement to address environmental
and social impacts of ADB-supported projects was approved in July. It incorporates
international good practice and harmonizes with the policies of other multilateral
development banks. In October, ADB approved an exposure management policy
for nonsovereign operations to ensure that the growth in private sector operations
envisaged under Strategy 2020 remains within ADB’s risk-bearing capacity.
Annual Report 2009 15

Fifth General Capital Increase in a manner that encourages social, economic, and environ-
mental sustainability. Implementation centers on three

O
n 29 April, an overwhelming majority of ADB’s key pillars: promoting energy efficiency and renewable
67 member countries endorsed the fifth general energy; maximizing access to energy for all; and promoting
capital increase (GCI V), tripling ADB’s capital energy sector reform, capacity building, and governance.
base. The 200% increase is ADB’s largest and the first
since ADB increased its capital by 100% in 1994. GCI
V financially equips ADB to implement Strategy 2020, Safeguard Policy Statement
adopted in 2008, and to pursue longer-term develop-
ment priorities in the region. GCI V also allowed ADB On 20 July, ADB approved the Safeguard Policy Statement
to substantially increase its support to countries affected (SPS) governing environmental and social safeguards for

Policy and Strategy Overview


by the global economic downturn and help prevent the ADB operations. The SPS supersedes three previous safe-
reversal of hard-won gains in social and economic devel- guard policies on the environment, involuntary resettle-
opment and in poverty reduction in Asia and the Pacific. ment, and indigenous peoples, uniting them in a single
document that will enhance consistency and coherence.
The policy defines common objectives and policy princi-
Improving Coherence ples, and outlines a policy delivery process. It also provides
in Corporate Strategies specific requirements for borrowers and clients as they
address the environmental and social impacts and risks of
and Policies
ADB-supported projects.
Under Strategy 2020, ADB committed to improve the The SPS incorporates international good practice
coherence of its corporate strategies and policies. In this and harmonizes with the policies of other multilateral
context, ADB reviewed existing directional documents development banks. It includes appropriate requirements
covering the five drivers of change and eight operational for different lending modalities and recently developed
areas. The review concluded that some existing operational financial instruments, and further strengthens require-
documents were not sufficiently detailed and/or current ments for safeguard monitoring and supervision. The SPS
to effectively guide implementation of Strategy 2020. increases emphasis on developing capacity to manage
ADB completed new operational plans for private sector environmental and social impacts and risks. It also intro-
and nonsovereign (see Glossary) operations, knowledge duces provisions to strengthen and use country safeguard
management, and agriculture (focusing on sustainable systems for ADB projects, subject to ADB’s assessments
food security), and began working on new operational of equivalence and acceptability.
plans for education, transport, and finance.

Review of Exposure Limits on


2009 Energy Policy Nonsovereign Operations
In June, ADB approved a new Energy Policy, aligning its In October, ADB approved an exposure management
energy operations with Strategy 2020. The policy aims to policy for nonsovereign operations (NSO), establishing a
help ADB’s developing member countries provide reli- medium-term overall limit for nonsovereign exposure that
able, adequate, and affordable energy for inclusive growth equals about 15% of projected total operations and gradu-
ally phases in NSO growth. It also limited to $2.1 billion the
The Safeguard Policy Statement maximum nonsovereign exposure of any single country.
This limit represents about 20% of the proposed NSO
incorporates international good
limit in 2014, or about 60% of notional NSO capital. The
practice and harmonizes with the new policy ensures that the growth of NSO exposure
policies of other multilateral envisaged under Strategy 2020 will not exceed ADB’s risk-
development banks bearing capacity.
16 Asian Development Bank

The country limit will vary according to the country’s private sector interventions in smaller countries.
credit rating. To ensure equitable access for all countries, ADB also established prudential limits for industry,
the country limit cannot exceed 10% of gross domestic prod- groups, single obligors, and counterparties, and intro-
uct, less sovereign (see Glossary) exposure. A minimum duced a definition of exposure that concurs with that
country allocation of $25 million will enable meaningful already established by ADB’s capital adequacy framework.

The Global Economic Crisis: ADB’s Response

T
he global economic crisis presented developing Asia By 31 December, ADB had allocated $8.8 billion in
with one of its most difficult challenges in recent total crisis support for 43 projects, of which $7.0 bil-
times. The crisis spread to Asia mainly through col- lion (80%) was delivered in 2009. By source of fund,
Policy and Strategy Overview

lapsing demand for regional exports in major global mar- ordinary capital resources (OCR) provided $7.6 bil-
kets. Because a large portion of regional trade involves parts lion (87%) and ADF resources provided the remaining
and components supporting supply chains, imports also $1.2 billion (13%). By modality, program loans accounted
suffered steep declines. Weakening regional consumption for 40.1%, the Countercyclical Support Facility (CSF) pro-
and investments further compounded these problems, sub- vided about 28.5%, nonsovereign operations accounted
stantially reducing growth rates (5.2% forecasted in 2009) for 20.1%, and 11.3% came from sovereign project loans
from the decade’s peak of 9.5% in 2007. ADB estimates and grants. Crisis assistance concentrated primarily on quick-
that the regional decline in economic growth projected for disbursing budget support, and supporting public and pri-
2009 will cause 54 million and 71 million people to remain vate projects that generate employment and increase busi-
below the poverty threshold (at $1.25 and $2.00 a day, re- ness confidence. As of 31 December, total crisis-related dis-
spectively), compared with a “without crisis” scenario under bursement amounted to more than $4 billion.
which the high growth rate of 2007 would have continued.
This is a major setback to the fight against poverty. Countercyclical Support Facility

Mobilizing Additional Resources to Support In June, ADB established the $3 billion CSF. The new, time-
Emerging Development Needs restricted budget support instrument will support devel-
oping member countries eligible for borrowing OCR and
The timely completion of the fifth general capital increase help middle-income developing member countries sustain
and successful ninth replenishment of the Asian Develop- critical expenditures. Designed as a short-term lending in-
ment Fund (ADF X) in May 2008 enabled ADB to respond strument, the CSF complements conventional program
quickly to the needs of developing member countries af- loans that support longer-term structural reforms. The CSF
fected by the crisis. adopted access criteria to determine eligibility, and needs

Volume of ADB's Total Operations and Crisis Assistance Total OCR and ADF Crisis Assistance by Modality
($ million) ($ million)

17,011 Program
18,000 16,078 Nonsovereign
1,148 operations loans
16,000 (excluding
(including
14,000 TFFP and CSF)
11,329 7,020 other 3,520
12,000 guarantees, (40.1%)
615 and project
10,000 loans)
8,000 15,863 1,769
(20.1%)
6,000
10,714
4,000 9,058

2,000
OCR and ADF
0 project loans
2008 2009 2010 (Est) and grants
994
Regular ADB Program Crisis Assistance Total ADB (11.3%)
CSF
2,500
(28.0%)

ADF = Asian Development Fund, CSF = Countercyclical Support Facility,


OCR = ordinary capital resources, TFFP = Trade Finance Facilitation Program.
Annual Report 2009 17

and equity considerations to determine loan amounts. exposure supported $1.9 billion in trade, most of which
By 31 December, ADB had approved $2.5 billion in assis- occurred within the region. Much of ADB’s TFFP outstand-
tance to five countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, ing portfolio is in Asia’s most challenging markets, includ-
the Philippines, and Viet Nam). Consistent with the quick-dis- ing Bangladesh and Pakistan. The program continues to
bursing nature of the facility, $2 billion (80% of the amount expand aggressively throughout developing Asia.
approved) had been fully disbursed by the end of 2009.
Strengthening Regional Cooperation, Policy
Additional Asian Development Fund Advice, and Knowledge Sharing
Commitment Authority
ADB also intensified its policy advice to developing mem-
Also in June, ADB approved an additional $400 million ber countries through technical assistance grants. Country
ADF commitment authority to help the most fiscally economic analysis and forecast for Asia and the Pacific were

Policy and Strategy Overview


stretched ADF-only countries, which have difficulty spearheaded by the Asian Development Outlook (ADO) in
accessing nonconcessional resources. Funds were March and the ADO update in September. To generate
allocated according to the performance-based allocation appropriate policy responses to the crisis, ADB and the
formula, increasing the total ADF allocation for 2009– ADB Institute also facilitated expert discussions and ideas
2010 to $5.76 billion. In addition, ADF-eligible borrowers exchange among developing member countries, organiz-
were allowed to front-load up to 100% of their biennial ing about 20 events on the global economic crisis (often in
allocation. Armenia, Georgia, Mongolia, and Papua New association with other development partners) throughout
Guinea sought and received approval for front-loading 2009.
beyond their maximum allowable annual utilization. In March, ADB convened the first South Asian Forum on
the Impact of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis. Dur-
Cofinancing ing the 2-day forum in Manila, public and private sector rep-
resentatives from seven South Asian countries (Bangladesh,
ADB also committed to increase project cofinancing. The Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka)
total of direct value-added cofinancing (see Glossary) shared cross-country experiences on the impacts of the
increased from $1.1 billion in 2008 to $3.2 billion in 2009. crisis, and on the ongoing and planned measures to
Collaborative cofinancing with the World Bank accounted for preserve financial stability, stimulate growth, and ensure
most of the increase. To establish stable sources of funding social protection in their respective economies. In
alongside its own investments, ADB also increased its efforts September, a high-level conference on the impact of the
toward more programmatic cofinancing arrangements crisis on poverty and sustainable development was held in
with its financing partners (the People’s Republic of China, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. In early October, an international confer-
Islamic Development Bank, Japan, and the Republic of Korea). ence co-organized by ADB on financial policy responses to
the crisis, held in Seoul, Republic of Korea, drew lessons
Supporting Private Sector Recovery from the crisis and identified areas to further safeguard
regional financial systems.
Strategy 2020 emphasizes the importance of the private
sector as a key driver of change, a role that increased as the
region worked to overcome the economic crisis and impel
the next stage of growth. ADB’s crisis-related assistance
to the private sector aims to rebuild business confidence
by providing incentives for private investment and facili- ADB estimates the regional
tating trade financing. The crisis dramatically reduced the decline in economic growth in
amount of financing available to companies for trade. This
shortage hit developing nations particularly hard as major 2009 will cause 54 million and 71
international banks worked to rebuild capital and reduce million people to remain below
risk. Access to trade finance has been vital in cushioning
the shock of the global crisis on international trade. On the poverty threshold (at $1.25
31 March, ADB expanded its Trade Finance Facilitation and $2.00 a day, respectively),
Program (TFFP), increasing its overall exposure limit to
$1 billion from an initial $150 million. By the end of
compared with a “without crisis”
December, total TFFP exposure reached over $700 million, scenario. This is a major setback
exceeding the $500 million target set for 2009. This TFFP to the fight against poverty
18 Asian Development Bank
Delivering an Effective Organization

Chapter 4
DELIVERING AN EFFECTIVE
ORGANIZATION
Through actions including stronger, more independent evaluation of its programs,
influential research underscoring its role as a regional knowledge leader, and better
management of human resources, ADB strove to increase the effectiveness of its
development programs. It bolstered its institutional relevance and performance
through a lasting commitment to the principles of good governance and sound
business practices in all operations.
Annual Report 2009 19

OVERVIEW results framework, the second development effectiveness


review (covering ADB’s performance in 2008), and the use
ADB worked systematically to make its assistance more of better tools for country operations planning, monitor-
efficient, deliver better results, and make the best use ing, and reporting, helped by user-friendly management
of resources under the fifth general capital increase. Key information systems.
activities for executing Strategy 2020 included initiatives ADB also implemented recommendations of the
to improve how ADB manages and accounts for its money, 2007 and 2008 development effectiveness reviews.
manages staff, and progresses toward building an effective ADB incorporated feedback from shareholders into the
learning organization that is able to excel at leveraging and results framework and streamlined sector-wide outputs,
sharing its expertise with development partners. and established common definitions for all performance
Rigorous assessment of strategies, policies, proce- indicators across departments. ADB added more quanti-
dures, and operations by the renamed Independent tative data alongside qualitative country assessments in
Evaluation Department (IED) continued during the its Development Effectiveness Brief series. By using selected

Delivering an Effective Organization


year. Monitoring of IED’s recommendations for deeper indicators from its results framework, ADB brought the
management accountability and dissemination of lessons briefs in line with the development effectiveness review.
learned within ADB and beyond were important themes ADB also established a working group to identify better
throughout 2009. ADB’s research departments—Asian steps to incorporating gender issues in all its operations.
Development Bank Institute (ADB Institute), Econom- ADB helped increase results management capacity in
ics and Research Department, Office of Regional and its developing member countries by promoting learning and
Economic Integration, and Regional and Sustainable knowledge exchange through the Asia-Pacific Community of
Development Department—continued to produce key Practice on Managing for Development Results. The commu-
analyses and information, such as the seminal piece of nity of practice fosters exchange between public managers,
work on a “seamless Asia” which has influenced policy organizations, executing agencies, and practitioners. As the
makers across ADB’s member countries. secretariat for the community of practice, ADB published
The year also saw ADB improve its human resourc- Moving from Concept to Action on MfDR good practices.
es management to prepare for the increase in workforce ADB also funded initiatives to promote MfDR in plan-
required to implement Strategy 2020, and streamline ning and implementing programs in developing member
business processes to consolidate partnerships with countries. ADB supported the Asia Regional Forum on
developing member countries and improve loan delivery. Mainstreaming Managing for Development Results,
Credit risk management was improved to better position held in Colombo in October. The forum gave developing
nonsovereign operations for the private sector’s increased member countries an opportunity to discuss MfDR expe-
role in ADB operations over the coming decade. riences and current obstacles, especially in results-based
budgeting. ADB participated in global and regional initia-
tives such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
ENSURING ADB MAKES and Development–Development Assistance Committee
A REAL DIFFERENCE Global Partnership on Managing for Development Results
and the Multilateral Development Bank Working Group on
Managing for Development Results.
Managing for Development Results
In September, ADB Management approved a new action
The Development Effectiveness
plan to institutionalize the managing for development results
(MfDR) approach, support developing member countries’ Review assesses ADB’s progress in
capacity to follow its methods, and build partnerships with implementing Strategy 2020. It is a
other organizations on global and regional MfDR initiatives.
key element in mainstreaming the
During the year, ADB further refined its focus on
results. This was achieved through regular performance managing for development results
monitoring and action planning within the corporate approach in ADB’s operations
20 Asian Development Bank

Progress on Aid Effectiveness Agenda to increase efforts to meet targets on using program-based
approaches and coordinating donor missions, and to under-
ADB made significant progress toward achieving most targets take joint country analytical work to meet the Paris Declara-
of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Concentrating tion targets by their 2010 deadline. In March, ADB launched
on the need to keep policies and programs in step with a joint donor initiative called the Capacity Development
those of developing member countries, ADB met targets for Facility for Development Effectiveness to help govern-
aligning aid flows with national priorities, coordinating tech- ments prepare localized action plans on the declaration.
nical support, and using country public financial management
systems. It is also on track to meet targets on the use of country
Ensuring Accountability and Compliance
procurement systems for national competitive bidding, on
reducing the number of parallel project implementation struc- The ADB Accountability Mechanism provides an inde-
tures, and for enhancing aid predictability. ADB will need pendent forum for people adversely affected by ADB-
Delivering an Effective Organization

2008 Development Effectiveness Review


To ensure that it is meeting the goals laid out under its long-term strategy for 2008–2020 (Strategy 2020), ADB adopted a
corporate results framework that measures its contribution to development in Asia and the Pacific, and its performance as an
organization. ADB reports progress on the results framework annually through the Development Effectiveness Review. The
2008 Development Effectiveness Review is ADB’s second corporate performance report.
The 2008 review confirms that, compared with its 2007 performance, ADB is improving its overall development effective-
ness, with the majority of performance indicators on track to meet targets. It also highlights areas that need strengthening,
such as project performance reporting, knowledge creation and sharing, cofinancing, gender mainstreaming through opera-
tions, and gender equality within the organization. In response to the review findings, ADB will implement a number of time-
bound remedial actions.
2008 Development Effectiveness Review Summary of Performance
ADB ADF*
Countries Countries
Asia and the Pacific Development Outcomes (Level 1)
Poverty and Human Development Outcomes G A
Other Outcome Indicators G G

ADB ADF
Performance Categories Operations Operations
Key Sector Outputs and Their Contributions
to Development Outcomes (Level 2) G G
Operational Effectiveness (Level 3)
Operational Quality and Portfolio Performance G G
Finance Mobilization G A
Gender Mainstreaming R R
Strategic Focus in Operations G G
Knowledge Management A A
Partnerships G G
Organizational Effectiveness (Level 4)
Human Resources A A
Budget Adequacy R R
Business Processes and Practices G G

Green: “On track” (More than 50% of indicators in the group have shown improvements over baselines or previous periods.)
Amber: “Potential regression” (Results are mixed: equal number of indicators improving or beginning to stagnate or regress.)
Red: “Stagnated or regressed” (More than half of indicators in the group stagnating or regressing over two or more previous
review periods)
ADB = Asian Development Bank, ADF = Asian Development Fund.
* ADF is a pool of funds available for financing ADB operations at concessional terms.
Annual Report 2009 21

assisted projects to voice complaints, report allegations began reporting directly to ADB’s Board of Directors, a
of noncompliance with ADB’s operational policies and review in 2008—which included extensive consultation
procedures, and achieve resolution. The mechanism with members of ADB’s staff, Management and Board
has two related phases: consultation conducted by the of Directors, and the Evaluation Cooperation Group
special project facilitator, and review led by the indepen- of other multilateral development banks—concluded
dent Compliance Review Panel. People who believe that that its evaluation functions could be made more effec-
they are, or may be, adversely affected by ADB-assisted tive. Accordingly, on 1 January 2009, it became the IED.
operations may bring a complaint to the special project This and other changes effectively minimized the role
facilitator to seek a resolution of the problem through of Management in selecting, appointing, and evalu-
consultation and facilitation. In certain circumstances, ating the performance of IED’s director general, thus
if the affected persons believe the alleged harm was the ensuring operational autonomy and protection from
result of ADB’s failure to comply with operational poli- outside influence. The changes also provided a greater
cies and procedures, they may ask that the panel review degree of autonomy in the recruitment of department

Delivering an Effective Organization


the allegation of noncompliance. The mechanism is also staff, and more independence in budget formulation and
designed to contribute to ADB’s development effective- flexibility in resource use. The Board’s updated policy
ness and help improve project quality. on IED likewise requires it to follow internationally
The Office of the Special Project Facilitator (OSPF) accepted principles to ensure that its evaluations are
reviewed 13 new complaints in 2009. Four were found impartial, independent, credible, timely, and useful, and
to meet OSPF’s eligibility criteria, and their handling that it works closely with all stakeholders.
received priority attention. OSPF conducted studies and From an accountability perspective, the purpose of
disseminated information on project-specific grievance independent evaluation is to assess whether ADB is doing
mechanisms, including a book on handling complaints. the right things, allocating and using resources properly,
The Compliance Review Panel received one request for and realizing intended outcomes. One measure of this is
a review filed in relation to the Fuzhou Environmental the project and program success rate. The long-term trend
Improvement Project in the People’s Republic of China. in success rates of ADB projects and programs by the year
The review was ongoing as of 31 December 2009. The of approval is shown in the figure in Appendix 15. The
panel also continued to monitor Board-approved remedi- tables in the same appendix show project and program
al actions for the Chashma Right Bank Irrigation Project success rates by country and sector.
Stage III in Pakistan and the Southern Transport Devel- The IED also derives lessons and best practices to
opment Project in Sri Lanka. promote the sustainability and development impact of
Throughout the year, OSPF and the Office of the ADB assistance; recommends measures for the design
Compliance Review Panel (OCRP) continued their of future policies, strategies, practices, and procedures;
outreach activities, including disseminating informa- and assesses the development effectiveness of resources.
tion about the Accountability Mechanism, by updating, Follow-up assessments of recommendations are carried
translating, and distributing information brochures; and out to sustain the benefits of ADB’s operations.
conducting orientation and training sessions. To aid The department also coordinates evaluation practices
cooperation with independent accountability mecha- and activities with other multilateral development banks
nisms of international finance institutions, OCRP estab- through the Evaluation Cooperation Group, and reviews
lished a global community of practice, which joins other new operations to ensure that lessons learned and appro-
international financial institutions and a number of bilat- priate monitoring and evaluation frameworks have been
eral agencies as part of a virtual network. incorporated.
A more rigorous system to monitor the cumula-
tive progress of actions taken on the department’s
Independent Evaluation for
recommendations became operational in 2009. The
Development Effectiveness
management action record system serves as an account-
Although the Operations Evaluation Department ability mechanism to monitor how the department’s
became operationally independent in January 2004 and recommendations are acted upon. The system allows
22 Asian Development Bank

assessment of how ADB Management incorporates IED’s work program is rooted in Strategy 2020 and
the findings and recommendations of evaluations the ninth replenishment of the Asian Development Fund
into its decision making. The system provides wide (ADF). It takes into account ADB’s changing operating
electronic access to evaluation recommendations. It environment and promotes self-evaluation by operation-
also promotes ADB ownership and allows systemat- al departments and developing member countries. IED
ic tracking to help validate actions taken. To ensure increasingly turned to providing input into ADB policies
improved development effectiveness, IED high- and programs to ensure greater consistency with overall
lighted the importance of monitoring outcomes, strategy. Both higher-level evaluations on a regional scale
particularly after loans are closed. and the strengthening of self-evaluation within ADB’s

Helping Lives to Flow


Independent evaluation allowed the success of almost identical households in a similar location outside
Delivering an Effective Organization

a water and sanitation project in Pakistan to be the project area enabled the scale of improvements to be
gauged, while highlighting where there was estimated and attributed more accurately.
The study compared a representative sample of 1,301
room for improvement
beneficiary households selected randomly from 115 com-
munities (10% of communities in the project areas) with a

A
DB-funded water and sanitation projects in comparison group of 1,301 randomly selected households
Pakistan’s Punjab province brought the welcome from 115 communities that were not part of the project.
benefit of freedom from an arduous task for one These two groups were well matched in terms of all key
schoolgirl. “I do not have to suffer from back pain and socioeconomic attributes except access to a potable water
headache from fetching water from outside. I can now go supply.
to high school and think about my future,” she says. It was found that ADB assistance greatly improved
The $38 million Punjab Rural Water Supply and access to drinking water and particularly benefited women
Sanitation Project, completed in 2003, improved conditions and girls, freed from the time and difficulty of carrying
for about 900,000 people in 335 communities; and the water from far-flung places. “My girls do not have to walk
$50 million Punjab Community Water Supply and Sanitation long distances to fetch water because it is available within
Project, completed in 2007, brought the same kind of the house. I am happy with water quality and availability,”
benefits to about 2.3 million people in 788 communities. said a woman from Faisalabad district.
An assessment by ADB’s Independent Evaluation De- The time and effort saved has resulted in 8.2% more
partment showed the sense of liberation felt by the girl in girls (14–17 years old) attending high school, and sig-
Rawalpindi and other districts, and improved the lives of the nificantly reduced the school dropout rate in the project
3.2 million people given access to clean water. areas, even among the poorest.
The department’s study measured the impact of Better access to safe water supply did not, however,
the projects on health, school attendance, labor force improve women’s participation in the workforce, nor
participation, and the hours worked. Comparisons with did it significantly reduce the incidence and intensity of
diarrhea. Rural water supply and sanitation projects focus
more on improving water access to the households, and
less on managing wastewater and solid waste.
The study concluded that the next step in project
design to improve the effectiveness of ADB investments
is to create synergies between water supply and the safe
disposal of waste water.

“My girls do not have to walk


long distances because water is
available within the house”
Supplying running water in villages saves women from an arduous task —A mother, Faisalabad district, Pakistan
Annual Report 2009 23

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and ADB Operations in the Energy Sector

A
s a significant proportion of greenhouse gas (GHG) the share of clean energy projects in total energy sector
emissions originates from the energy sector, assistance increased from 26% to 43%, and energy sector
energy operations are critical to controlling pol- assistance to the private sector (without government
lution. At the same time, because of the vital role that guarantee) increased twelvefold. The review also
energy availability plays in economic development, ADB found ADB has increasingly emphasized GHG–efficient
assigns a high priority to investments in this sector. To investments in its energy sector portfolio.
address global concerns that GHG emissions accelerate The review found that in promoting investment in en-
climate change, both ADB’s Strategy 2020 and its 2009 ergy efficiency, ADB focuses more on energy sector enti-
Energy Policy require that ADB assist developing member ties rather than broad reforms of the entire sector. Scope
countries to put their economies on a low-carbon growth exists for ADB to assist developing member countries to
path. In particular, ADB is to help developing member cut the high cost of energy from renewable sources. This
countries improve energy efficiency, expand the use of can be done by helping developing member countries in-
energy derived from clean sources, reduce fugitive GHG troduce more appropriate technologies, encouraging lo-

Delivering an Effective Organization


emissions such as methane from landfills, modernize cal production of equipment, and exploiting economies
public transport systems, and arrest deforestation. of scale. Finally, the review recommended that ADB pro-
In fulfilling this mandate, the Independent Evaluation mote GHG-efficient investments by helping developing
Department recently reviewed ADB’s energy sector member countries reduce the incremental cost of clean-
assistance to Bangladesh, the People’s Republic of China, coal technologies, encourage the use of appropriate and
India, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Viet Nam. These affordable renewable energy technologies, aggressively
countries account for 80% of ADB assistance to the pursue methane capture projects, focus on projects that
energy sector. Comparing the periods 2001–2005 and increase energy efficiency in the industry sector, and as-
2006–2008, the review found that annual lending to clean sess the GHG implications of proposed energy-sector in-
energy projects increased fourfold to about $670 million, vestments.

operational departments continued. IED also helped


developing member countries build capacity to evalu-
STRENGTHENING LEARNING
ate and monitor investments. In the People’s Republic
of China, IED and the World Bank’s Evaluation Group
Learning from Independent Evaluation
jointly provided training in this regard.
IED completed country assistance program evalua- IED disseminated its findings and lessons learned on
tions for Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal, and Viet Nam. its website and through knowledge products such as
The department conducted several higher-level special Learning Curves, Evaluation Alerts, Evaluation Presen­
evaluation studies relating to public–private partner- tations, and Evaluation News. IED also introduced Eval-
ships, rural roads, gender and development, and justice uation Knowledge Brief, which analyzes specific areas
reforms in selected developing countries. It evalu- of ADB opera­tions with respect to issues that interest
ated ADB assistance to public sector reform in Pacific both the developing member countries and the donor
island countries. IED used quasi-experimental methods community. The first brief analyzed the interrelation-
to assess the development impact of ADB operations ship between economic growth, ADB operations in the
(Helping Lives to Flow, p. 22). energy sector, the global problem of greenhouse gas emis-
Besides providing timely feedback on operational sions, and Strategy 2020’s emphasis on environmentally
documents, IED also continued to carry out real-time sustainable growth (Greenhouse Gas Emissions and ADB
evaluation. It examined the ongoing Emergency Rehabil- Operations in the Energy Sector, p. 23). Such department
itation of Calamity Damage Project in Viet Nam, as well as initiatives provide timely information on matters of broad
ADB’s response to the global financial crisis of 2008–2009. concern to development stakeholders and help decision
In sum, IED continued to perform credible, timely, and makers take action.
strategic higher-level evaluations, and to encourage and In February, IED’s internal structure was reconfigured
validate self-evaluation by operational departments and to align with ADB’s overall organizational structure. IED
developing member countries. also established a strategy, quality, and knowledge unit
24 Asian Development Bank

within the office of the director general to provide quality 155% over 2008, and the survey confirmed improved
assurance services, improve and refine evaluation meth- organizational knowledge capacities, especially in devel-
odologies, and manage knowledge products. Finally, the oping and delivering client knowledge-based projects
department began developing a long-term strategy to 2020 and services and in creating a knowledge-sharing environ-
to ensure appropriate responses to the region’s develop- ment throughout the organization.
ment requirements that are likely to emerge. In response to requests from policy makers, ADB
Institute evaluated the impacts of the global crisis
Generating and Sharing Knowledge on Asia. The research recommended macropruden-
tial surveillance and regulation of the finance sector;
ADB’s Strategy 2020 underlined the importance of knowl- deepening of regional bond markets, including promo-
edge solutions as a driver of change. On 31 July, Presi- tion of rating agencies, and harmonization of issuing
dent Kuroda approved a comprehensive plan of action requirements, regulations, and tax regimes; a regime
to ensure that the organization’s knowledge products for monetary policy that takes account of asset price
Delivering an Effective Organization

and services remains of the highest quality, continues movements to avoid development of bubbles; great-
to expand, and is of practical use in developing member er liberalization of regional trade (including services)
countries. The plan is organized into four clusters. The and investment; development of an Asian infrastruc-
first focuses on adding value to ADB’s operations in devel- ture investment fund; stronger social safety nets and
oping member countries, and the other three deal with national pension systems; and policies and strategies
how to do it. The plan is designed to sharpen the knowl- to achieve low-carbon growth more cost-effectively and
edge focus in ADB’s operations, empower communities to lower trade barriers for green technology transfer.
of practice, strengthen external know­ledge partnerships, ADB Institute’s distinguished-speaker seminar series
and enhance staff learning and skills. encouraged debate and knowledge sharing. At nine presen-
Several parts of the plan were launched in 2009, building tations, internationally known experts spoke on policy
on work started in the previous year. Measures for imple- and development issues, including reform of international
menting others were incorporated into ADB’s Work Program economic institutions, post-crisis issues facing Asia and the
and Budget Framework (2010–2012). In November, the Pacific, and United States trade policy toward Asia.
Regional and Sustainable Development Department began
to formulate a knowledge management results framework
Sharpening the Knowledge Focus in
to monitor and report on implementation.
ADB Operations
Toward the end of the year, ADB conducted its annu-
al Most Admired Knowledge Enterprise survey to gauge ADB leveraged its comparative advantages—expertise in
staff perception of how effective ADB was in manag- identifying trends in the region, capacity for interdisci-
ing knowledge in 2009. Staff participation increased by plinary and integrated approaches, and its ability to blend

Enhancing Knowledge Management under Strategy 2020:


Plan of Action for 2009–2011
Sharpen the knowledge focus in ADB’s operations
(Add value at regional, country, and project levels)

Empower the communities of practice Strengthen external knowledge partnerships


(Collaborate for knowledge generation and sharing) (Align and leverage external knowledge)

Further enhance staff learning and skills development


(Enhance opportunities for staff to learn)
Annual Report 2009 25

knowledge and insight with large, concessional financing— To further monitor developments in the region, Asia
to generate and share operationally relevant knowledge. Capital Markets Monitor was launched. It is an annual report
At the regional level, the knowledge departments that reviews recent developments in Asia’s stock, bond,
generated and shared knowledge highlighting ADB’s and currency markets, along with their outlook, risks, and
stance on critical challenges in Asia and the Pacific. These policy implications. Asia Bond Monitor was launched as a
products, designed to help key regional stakeholders make quarterly publication to provide more timely analysis of
informed decisions and take positive action, received local-­cur­rency-denominated bond markets in the wake of
much coverage in the global media, reinforcing ADB’s the global financial crisis. The semiannual Asia Economic
image as a knowledge source. (See Appendix 14 for a list Monitor was published in July and December.
of ADB’s knowledge products.) At the country level, the knowledge departments
Asian Development Outlook 2009: Rebalancing Asia’s Growth produced diagnostics to mainstream in-depth analysis of
discussed the mix of actions that were undertaken in Asian binding developments in ADB country partnership strategy
economies to mitigate the effects of the global econom- formulation and improvements in project design. Exam-

Delivering an Effective Organization


ic crisis and recommended measures to rebalance Asia’s ples included Diagnosing the Philippine Economy—Toward
growth. Asian Development Outlook 2009 Update concentrated Inclusive Growth; Nepal: Critical Development Constraints; and
on broadening the scope and structure of Asia’s openness Sanitation in India—Progress, Differentials, Correlates, and
to trade, capital flows, and movement of workers. Challenges. The statistical database system, ADB’s search-
ADB Institute’s conference with the Brookings Insti- able database for storing annually updated macroeconomic
tution discussed the principles of financial regulation, and social data from national statistical offices and central
financial development and regulation in emerging mar- banks, continued to support ADB’s operations. The
kets, macroeconomic frameworks to support financial Economics and Research Department conducted a work-
stability and inclusion, and cross-border regulation of shop on Challenges in Managing National Statisti-
capital flows. The Regional and Sustainable Develop- cal Systems to build the capacity of national statistical
ment Department and ADB Institute organized a confer- offices and planning and finance ministries.
ence on The Impact of the Global Economic Slowdown At the project level, successful practices were docu-
on Poverty and Sustainable Development in Asia and mented and disseminated through briefs and good-practice
the Pacific in Ha Noi, Viet Nam. The conference also papers. Many of these were founded on IED’s stud-
served as the 3rd China–ASEAN (Association of South- ies as well as self-evaluations. The Knowledge Showcase
east Asian Nations) Forum on Social Deve­lopment and series—which presents innovative ideas and serves to
Poverty Reduction and the 4th ASEAN+3 High-Level foster discussion and research, and perhaps even encour-
Seminar on Poverty Reduction. ages replication—covered disaster management, public
2009 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific—besides accountability, and more. The readership increased both
featuring the latest available economic, financial, social, inside and outside ADB.
and environmental indicators for the region—deliberat- Knowledge Solutions—quick reference guides to tools,
ed on the impact of the crisis on small and medium-sized methods, and approaches that propel development and
enterprises, and on how they might foster greater dyna- enhance its effects—attracted more attention. Topics
mism once the crisis has played out. Infrastructure for a on strategy development, management techniques,
Seamless Asia projected an annual infrastructure invest- collabora­tion mechanisms, knowledge sharing and learn-
ment of $750 billion in the region during 2010–2020 and ing, and knowledge capture and storage were covered in
proposed an infrastructure fund to mobilize Asian and 43 issues added to the series. ADB Economics Working Paper
international funds. Series, ADB Regional Econo­mic Integration Working Paper
Economics of Climate Change in Southeast Asia: A Region- Series, ADBI Working PaperSeries, ADB Briefs, and Asian
al Review demonstrated to stakeholders, including policy Development Review—the forums for ongoing and recent-
makers and the private sector, that a wide range of adap- ly completed research and policy studies by ADB and
tation measures are already being applied, and that the ADB Institute staff members, consultants, and resource
region has great potential to contribute to the global persons—continued to stimulate discussion on key
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. economic and development issues in the region.
26 Asian Development Bank

Empowering the Communities of Practice The number of ADB-assisted water-related hubs grew
from 13 to 17. They offered innovative solutions in river
Communities of practice (CoPs)help generate and share basin management, climate change adaptation, water quality
knowledge, ultimately to the benefit of ADB’s clients. management, and irrigation service reforms. Seven regional
They keep know-how in sectoral and thematic domains knowledge hubs established in 2006 on clean energy; climate
alive by continuously sharing what they know, building on change; public finance; public–private partnerships; reduc-
it, and adapting knowledge to specific applications. ing, reusing, and recycling; sustainable development; and
ADB hosted CoPs on topics such as agriculture and regional trade and investment cooperation stood to complete
food security, education, energy, environment, finance, their deliverables in the first half of 2010.
gender, governance, health, regional cooperation, trans- Work on guidelines to design knowledge part-
port, urban development, and water. The year saw a surge nerships for collaborative advantage was initiated to
in support to CoPs, beginning with the first-ever survey strengthen existing partnerships and develop new ones.
to gauge factors contributing to their performance. Next Country diagnostics were developed in partnership
Delivering an Effective Organization

came interventions to fill gaps and boost effectiveness— with the United Kingdom’s Department for Internation-
including significant budget increases, streamlined al Development and Department of Foreign Affairs, the
guidelines on sector and thematic reporting, a brain­ International Labour Organization, the Islamic Devel-
storming session toward a forum on learning, and an opment Bank, the United Nations (UN) Economic and
inaugural year-end gathering to give in-house CoPs a Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, and relevant
chance to highlight their accomplishments and exchange government agencies. The Workshop on Challenges in
lessons. Managing National Statistical Systems was held in collab-
CoPs contributed to key ADB documents, among oration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
them the Operational Plan for Sus­­tainable Food Secu- UN. ADB signed a milestone agreement with the National
rity and Sustainable Transport Initiatives and Action University of Singapore’s Lee Kuan Yew School of Public
Plan. They also undertook numerous regional studies Policy to exchange information, knowledge, and staff.
in aid of project design and implementation, including ADB Institute served as a forum for Asian think tanks
rapid gender assessments in four developing member to forge recommendations for East Asian countries partici-
countries, market analysis and project identification for pating in the G20 London Summit. The forum called for
nonsovereign lending in urban infrastructure in the People’s collective action in East Asia and encouraged the US and
Republic of China, and an assessment of the community Europe to improve their fiscal and financial health.
impact of environmental infrastructure in Pakistan. About 1,500 people, two-thirds of whom were govern-
Outreach to stakeholders also gained firmer footing, ment officials from developing member countries, attended
with CoP members providing advice on projects managed 31 ADB Institute capacity-building events. The events tack-
by their peers (e.g., the Viet Nam Mong Duong 2 Power led public–private partnerships in infrastructure, water
Plant), and CoPs as a group forging stronger links with resource management, climate change adaptation, capital
development partners (e.g., the Clean Air Initiative for market reforms, trade facilitation, eco-industrial clusters, the
Asian Cities). Finally, the CoPs broadened ADB’s knowl- Millennium Development Goals, and competition policies.
edge base by producing a long list of knowledge products, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
including good-practice studies on education, tool kits Development and ADB Institute’s 10th Roundtable on
for urban transport development, and e-newsletters and Capital Market Reform in Asia debated the causes of the
video documentaries on water. global financial crisis, and the impact on and implications
for capital market development in Asia.

Strengthening External
Knowledge Partnerships Enhancing Staff Learning and Skills
ADB shares insights from its development practices and The ability of staff to learn is a precondition to the
benefits from knowledge generated by others. Knowl- success of Strategy 2020. Beyond updating technical
edge hubs are important conduits. and professional skills, staff must also acquire and
Annual Report 2009 27

master methods and techniques for knowledge manage- ledge management and learning. Success stories
ment and learning. showcasing accomplishments were publicized, and
Several needs-based learning programs were conducted. other instructive and informative materials were
Among many others, these included economic analysis for disseminated. Learning for Change in ADB—which
investment-based lending, climate change and financing for illustrates how the parameters of a learning organi-
ADB operations, and Islamic finance. The customized nature zation are defined and discusses how ADB can over-
of the courses gave staff members new skills, from simulat- come key challenges—attracted worldwide attention.
ing climate change and its economic impacts to performing Brochures, posters, bookmarks, and digital signage sent
econometric analysis using state-of-the-art software. out messages on the value of managing knowledge.
The Regional and Sustainable Development Depart- Dissemination of knowledge products took tradi-
ment developed six courses, dubbed Learning for Change tional and modern paths. Aside from direct distribution
Primers, to help raise in-house capacity to leverage knowl- to clients, audiences, and partners, and advertising
edge with information technology, grasp the essentials of through launches, press conferences, media interviews,

Delivering an Effective Organization


successful communities of practice, understand knowledge and ADB websites, modern tools like blogs, tweets, social
management and learning essentials, manage knowledge networking facilities, e-flyers, and podcasts were used to
at work, build a learning organization, and improve the expand outreach and engage stakeholders.
design of knowledge partnerships.
Efforts were made to capture, store, and share the
Disclosure and Transparency
knowledge of past and present staff members. Through-
out the year, they explored ways to marry ADB’s narrative Since the approval of its public communications policy
capacity with its analytical skills. To form a living archive, in April 2005, ADB has become much more transparent
an exhibit, short structured sessions, and interactive in the way it communicates with the public and shares
workshops were held, and extended oral history inter- information with its stakeholders, particularly about
views and on-location sound recordings were collected. ADB projects.
ADB now has a pool of staff members trained to apply Of initial project information documents for public and
narrative techniques supported by a major publication, private sector projects under preparation, 97% were disclosed
ADB: Reflections and Beyond. An accompanying audio on ADB’s website (63% in 2006). Disclosure has become more
composition, Beyond: Stories and Sounds from ADB’s Region, timely each year since the policy’s approval in 2005.
wove excerpts from the interviews to sounds from ADB’s Policy and strategy papers, agendas, and minutes of
headquarters and the field. Yet another product was ADB meetings of ADB’s Board of Directors, and summaries of
Narrative Practitioners Handbook. The successful intro- Board discussions on strategy, policies, and regional and
duction of stories and narratives in ADB significantly country partnership strategies were made public, as were
enhanced its ability to value, share, and capitalize on documents required for public disclosure during project
development impact. design and implementation, including environmental
assessments.
Staff members (273, including 106 from resident
Raising Awareness of Knowledge
missions) were briefed on the policy. The staff disclo-
Management and Learning
sure handbook was updated to cover new document types.
Seeds planted in knowledge products and services Seminars on the policy were held for development partners,
blossomed into greater awareness and improved including 58 developing member country officials, and civil
performance throughout the year. ADB’s web pages on society organizations in Cambodia and Viet Nam. ADB also
knowledge management and learning (www.adb.org/ informed 30 network members of the NGO (Nongovern-
knowledge-management) were overhauled, sparking ment) Forum on ADB of their right to access information
an immediate doubling of readership. Their content and of the status of policy implementation.
and usability were enhanced and instruments intro- ADB continued to maintain and improve the disclo-
duced to generate enthusiasm about ADB work, sure information technology systems to adjust to changes
including tools, methods, and approaches for know- in business processes and to address user concerns. The
28 Asian Development Bank

InfoUnit responded to all external requests in 4 days on from the country partnership strategy process and merged
average, the maximum time limit allowed by the policy with ADB’s knowledge management functions. This will
being 30 days. permit more demand-driven analytical work to be carried
out with the participation of development partners.
Loan delivery reforms included a single concept
MAKING THE MOST OF clearance process (combining project preparatory tech-
ADB RESOURCES nical assistance and loans), the further merging of the
project preparatory phase with loan processing, and
enhanced quality assurance through a risk-based project
Improving Human Resources Management
categorization of operations (including greater manage-
ADB shows its commitment to institutional effectiveness ment and peer scrutiny of complex projects). Still other
by continually improving human resources management. reforms included more strategic and sector-focused peer
The 2008 comprehensive review of the human resources review; better use of the project administration manual in
Delivering an Effective Organization

strategy (2005–2007) underscored the importance of project design, readiness, and implementation; and the
linking ADB’s human resources management to its busi- introduction of indefinite delivery contracts to mobilize
ness to support and deliver Strategy 2020’s required the expertise of consultants. These are expected to halve
results. The findings of the review and the 2008 staff the average time for processing loans.
engagement survey were combined to develop a detailed,
time-bound human resources action plan. Its priority
Strengthening Risk Management
was the development of a new strategy on which to base
workforce planning for successful implementation of The Risk Management Unit was upgraded to the Office of
Strategy 2020, taking into account projected growth in Risk Management on 1 October. The expanded role will
the number of staff from 2010 to 2012 that the fifth bring ADB into line with best market practice, including
general capital increase will finance. Our People Strategy those of other multilateral development banks, and ensure
was drafted and circulated to the Board of Directors for greater efficiency and effectiveness of ADB’s operations.
discussion. An equally important section of the plan In conjunction with the review of ADB’s policy on
consists of measures to strengthen the human resources exposure limits for nonsovereign operations (Review of
function (Finance and Administration, p. 92). Exposure Limits on Nonsovereign Operations, p. 15),
ADB introduced a new risk-rating methodology for non-
sovereign operations. This assigns loans to categories based
Streamlining Business Processes
on a complete assessment of credit risk and will help ADB
ADB completed an assessment of its business processes. gauge the potential losses and amount of capital needed
The work aimed to improve efficiency and streamline to be set aside for absorbing expected and unexpected
processes without sacrificing quality in two areas: the losses. As well as allowing for improved management of
country partnership strategy and loan delivery. Working credit risks in ADB’s nonsovereign loan and guarantee
groups were established to consider options for stream- portfolios, the methodology applies a system for consid-
lining documentation and reducing complex pro- ering credit risk when pricing new transactions, and adds
cessing steps and reviews. Their recommendations were to efficiency by standardizing credit processes. Work is
ap­proved by Management in November. also under way to develop an integrated risk management
ADB is refocusing its country partnership strategies system that will provide an information technology plat-
on the points where a country’s development plans and form to monitor and manage risk more efficiently.
Strategy 2020 intersect. This will better align ADB
resources with the national strategic planning cycle. Other
Audit
improvements in ADB’s strategies included enhanced
review processes through peer group assessments ADB’s loan, grant, and technical assistance operations
and the creation of a single documentation platform. are audited independently by the Office of the Auditor
In-depth sector and thematic evaluations were unbundled General (OAG). The office also conducts audits of finan-
Annual Report 2009 29

cial, accounting, risk management, and administrative ing recommendations, with an emphasis on high-risk
processes, and information systems. Risk assessment is at recommendations.
the heart of the audit process, which is geared to strength-
ening internal controls and governance, and ensuring Integrity and Anticorruption Activities
compliance with ADB policies, procedures, and regula-
tions. The audits achieve improvements in the effective- ADB separated its Integrity Division from OAG and
ness, efficiency, and economy of operational, financial, established the Office of Anticorruption and Integrity
administrative, and information technology activities. (OAI) in October to ensure independence and impar-
OAG also works with Deloitte and Touche Singapore, tiality in investigations and other activities pursuant to
ADB’s newly appointed outside auditor, to ensure effec- ADB’s Anticorruption Policy. OAI serves as the recep-
tive transition and proper coordination of audit activities. tion point for allegations of fraud and corruption in
Formalized principles for the selection of the outside ADB-financed activity. It is responsible for conducting
auditor are under discussion with the Audit Committee independent and objective investigations of fraud and

Delivering an Effective Organization


of the Board of Directors. These principles will apply to corruption, collusive and coercive practices, conflict of
the next selection of the outside auditor, which will take interest, and abuses. Working with other offices, OAI also
place in 2012, and will serve to further increase the trans- advances awareness among stakeholders of Anticorrup-
parency of the outside auditor selection process. tion Policy requirements.
OAG completed 25 audits in 2009. Loan, grant, and As part of its overall efforts to encourage the reporting
technical assistance portfolios of selected headquarters of integrity violations and misconduct, ADB introduced
divisions, resident missions, and regional offices were provisions for whistle-blower and witness protection
reviewed in terms of their compliance with ADB policies within its framework for regulating staff conduct. Among
and procedures and contractual agreements. The audits other things, the provisions establish how to respond to
took account of the accuracy, reliability, and timeliness whistle-blowing-related retaliation, and provide clarity on
of financial, managerial, and operating information, and the remedies for retaliation against whistle-blowers.
looked at whether significant loan and grant objectives ADB received 194 new allegations related to ADB-
were achieved. The audits also considered the propriety of financed projects and ADB staff members, and sanctioned
disbursements of operational activities and the processes 68 individuals and 56 firms. Six project procurement–
for safeguarding assets. related reviews (formerly called project procurement–
Financial and administrative audits were conduct- related audits) were carried out on projects in Armenia,
ed at headquarters and selected resident missions Cambodia, India, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines,
and regional offices to assess the reliability of finan- and Sri Lanka. Three limited project procurement–
cial data and the effectiveness of operations. Treasury related reviews were conducted in Mongolia. OAI held
reviews examined the investments of the staff retire- anticorruption training sessions in Indonesia, Mongolia,
ment plan and the investment management system. Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Viet Nam under two regional
Reviews of information systems covered the inde- technical assistance projects. The office also conducted
pendent verification and validation of the governance 18 orientation seminars and 5 fraud and corruption aware-
of the Information Systems Technology Strategy II ness workshops as part of ADB’s continuing endeavors to
program, several information technology systems ensure that all ADB staff members observe the highest
under development, and disaster recovery testing of standards of integrity and ethics.
critical systems. Several consultant contracts were
audited to ensure the authenticity of claims. OAG
Ethics
also issued six internal audit certifications to donors
of trust and grant funds upon the request of the Office The Ethics Committee was established by the Board of
of Cofinancing Operations and in compliance with Directors in November 2006 to assist the Board of Direc-
the technical assistance letters of agreement and/or tors with matters of ethics that may arise under the Code
memoranda of understanding. Throughout the year, of Conduct for Directors, Alternates, and the President
OAG continually monitored the progress of outstand- (see Board of Directors, p. 11, for details).
30 Asian Development Bank
Sector and Thematic Highlights

Chapter 5
SECTOR AND THEMATIC
HIGHLIGHTS
ADB strengthened strategies and safeguards to support efforts of the entire
organization and development partners to facilitate sustainable and inclusive
economic growth. A new Energy Policy promoted the transition to a low-carbon
economy, putting the environment at the heart of infrastructure investments. At
a time of stress for Asia and the Pacific, ADB helped governments and the finance
sector to better serve people and responded to growing demand for assistance in
higher education. Strategies helped steer developing member countries toward
achieving the Millennium Development Goals, and to mainstream gender equality
into policies and programs.
Annual Report 2009 31

S Sustainable Infrastructure
trategy 2020 envisions ADB operations focusing on
a handful of priority sectors and thematic areas
that align best with the long-term agenda for Energy. ADB approved a new Energy Policy to promote
inclusive growth. These priorities take into account the energy security, universal access, and the transition to a
current needs of developing member countries but low-carbon economy.
remain adaptable to demands and challenges yet to come. The Energy Efficiency Initiative—the main vehicle
ADB has mobilized its resources and strengthened its for increasing investments in clean energy to $1.0 billion
support to meet this agenda. a year—was completed, with ADB’s investments reach-
ing $2.8 billion over the last 2 years. Redubbed the Clean
Energy Program, it monitored the extent to which ADB’s
CLIMATE CHANGE clean energy investments reduced greenhouse gas emis-
sions, saved kilowatt-hours, and produced megawatts from
ADB further strengthened its capacity to support devel- renewable energy sources.
oping member countries in meeting climate change
challenges. ADB engaged an advisory group of interna­ Transport. ADB’s Sustainable Transport Initiative

Sector and Thematic Highlights


tionally recognized eminent persons, and drafted corpo- provided enhanced support to developing member coun-
rate priorities for action to provide strategic guidance to tries in developing inclusive, clean, and energy-efficient
operations. ADB completed climate change implemen- transport projects and policies. ADB expanded partner-
tation plans to guide operations in its five subregions and ships in the transport sector, which led to the launch of
approved more than 40 new grant-financed programs, the Partnership on Sustainable Low-Carbon Transport
which leveraged over $600 million in low-carbon, climate- in Developing Countries. ADB signed a memorandum
resilient investments. A climate change coordination unit of understanding with the Inter-American Development
was established. ADB convened the High-Level Dialogue Bank for cooperation on sustainable low-carbon transport,
on Climate Change to discuss imperatives for climate and was among the 50 organizations that signed the Bellagio
action and mobilized climate finance for clean techno- Declaration on Transportation and Climate Change.
logy, climate resilience, forest protection, and renew-
able energy in low-income countries through the Climate Water. ADB’s Water Financing Program continued to
Investment Funds, the Global Environment Facility, and promote increased investment in the water sector. By the
the carbon market. The Future Carbon Fund provides end of 2009, 4 years after the program was launched in
up-front financing for post-2012 carbon credits. ADB 2006, ADB had processed over $8 billion in water invest-
also completed several ground-breaking studies on ments. Approvals for water loans in 2009 amounted to
climate change: Impacts of Climate Change in Southeast Asia, $1.6 billion. The Water Financing Partnership Facility,
Improving Energy Security and Reducing Carbon Intensity in which was established to support the project, registered
Asia and the Pacific, Building Climate Resilience in the Agriculture a total of $48 million in confirmed commitments from
Sector in Asia and the Pacific, and Climate Change and Migration financing partners by the end of 2009.
in Asia and the Pacific. ADB emphasized the need for investments in sanita-
tion “from toilet to river” in developing member countries.
Beneficiaries included Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Indonesia,
ADB completed climate change Kiribati, Pakistan, Palau, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan,
and Viet Nam. ADB also increased assistance for climate
implementation plans to guide
change adaptation in the water sector.
operations in its five subregions and
approved more than 40 new grant- Urban development. Urban environment infrastruc-
ture is a high priority under Strategy 2020, addressing
financed programs, which leveraged
the pressing issues of climate change, poverty reduction,
over $600 million of low-carbon, and the creation of livable and sustainable cities. The
climate-resilient investment urban sector accounts for an increasing share of ADB
32 Asian Development Bank

lending, with 20 loans totaling $2.3 billion approved education and training, and cost sharing and financing
in 2009. The Cities Development Initiative for Asia, in higher education. ADB also launched a regional study
supported by Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the Nordic and capacity development project, Higher Education in
Development Fund, with operations in 16 countries, Dynamic Asia.
leveraged resources with cofinan­cing and partnerships
with private sector operations to approve programs and Health. ADB focused on areas where its skills and experi-
pre-feasibility studies in 11 cities. The Urban Financing ence are bringing the greatest benefits: water and sanitation
Partnership Facility, designed to provide investment infrastructure projects; governance and public expendi-
cofinancing for environmental infrastructure, and ture management in health programs in the Lao People’s
initially supported by Sweden with $85 million in grants Democratic Republic, Mongolia, and the Philippines;
and guarantees, was approved. waste management in Bangladesh; and evidence-based
advocacy and policy support in collaboration with other
development partners. With the United Nations Chil-
Finance and Governance dren’s Fund (UNICEF) and others, ADB helped develop
an investment case for maternal, newborn, and child
Sector and Thematic Highlights

Finance sector development. Finance sector develop- health; with the Joint United Nations Programme on
ment lending amounted to $410 million, or about 6% of HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the regional data hub for targeted
total lending. The loans supported general finance sector interventions in HIV programs was further developed; and
and capital market development, and finance infrastruc- with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World
ture development for small and medium-sized enter- Bank, ADB initiated the Asia Pacific Health Observatory.
prises, infrastructure, and housing. ADB strengthened its partnership with the Association of
Most technical assistance for finance sector develop- Southeast Asian Nations and with the United Nations tech-
ment supported the preparation of lending programs or nical agencies (the Food and Agriculture Organization and
projects; the remainder backed collective efforts by devel- the WHO) to develop regional collaboration and capacity to
oping member countries to promote regional economic and prevent and control infectious diseases. Asia was well
financial integration, international standards, and sound prepared when the H1N1 pandemic hit the region.
practices.
Millennium Development Goals. Taking into account
Governance. Under the Second Governance and the 2015 deadline for the United Nations Millennium
Anticorruption Action Plan, ADB neared completion of Development Goals (MDGs) and the global economic
its risk assessments for several countries, focusing slowdown, ADB committed $1.5 million to monitor and
on public finance management, procurement, and accelerate the achievement of MDGs in its developing
anticorruption policies. ADB supported the Capacity member countries.
Development for Development Effectiveness Program, Working with the Economic and Social Commission
designed to help governments of developing member for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the United Nations
countries implement capacity development policies to Development Programme (UNDP), ADB finalized its
further the Accra Agenda for Action.

Human Development
Education. ADB responded to growing demand from
developing member countries for assistance in educa-
tion with the establishment of Focus on Education,
a series of knowledge products that includes reports
on good practice in information and communication
technology for education, technical and vocational ADB supports equal-opportunity education in Indonesia
Annual Report 2009 33

2009 MDG progress report, which discusses the effects Other key activities included protecting critical biodi-
of the global economic slowdown on MDGs and recom- versity in the Greater Mekong Subregion; financing and
mends ways to prevent backsliding. ADB also discussed implementing a marine conservation program in the Coral
the need for social protection in developing member Triangle, source of food and income for about 120 million
countries with programs on social assistance, conditional people; and supporting the Heart of Borneo Initiative to
cash transfers, and community-driven development. preserve the largest remaining forest in Southeast Asia.
ADB also approved its Safeguard Policy Statement (see
Gender mainstreaming in ADB operations. ADB set Policy and Strategy Overview, p. 15).
targets to achieve “gender mainstreaming”—the inclu-
sion of gender-related analyses in program and project
design—in 40% of public sector projects and in 50% of Crosscutting Initiatives
Asian Development Fund (ADF) projects by 2012. It
established the interdepartmental Technical Working Agriculture and food security. ADB approved seven
Group on Gender Mainstreaming to find ways to achieve loans for agriculture and natural resources, totaling $443
the targets and reverse the retrogression of recent years. million. Its non-loan fund of $154 million attracted

Sector and Thematic Highlights


ADB also monitored pipeline projects for gender main- $36 million in cofinancing. The new Agriculture, Rural
streaming opportunities, increased the number of gender Development, and Food Security Unit supervised ADB’s
specialists in regional departments, conducted briefings, regional research programs, formulated a regional agri-
and developed reference materials. culture research agenda as part of the global research
The Gender and Development Plan of Action 2008– program of the Consultative Group on International
2010 continued to focus on accelerated gender main- Agricultural Research, and commissioned a study on
streaming in country partnership strategies and projects, Building Climate Resilience in the Agriculture Sector of
enhanced policy dialogue and capacity support to Asia and the Pacific.
developing member countries, and improved organiza-
tional effectiveness. Country gender assessments were Emergency assistance and disaster risk management.
conducted for Mongolia and Nepal. Gender specialists ADB approved the Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund,
in 11 ADB resident missions continued to influence which provides grants of up to $3 million to help govern-
gender-responsive programming at the country level ments cover the immediate costs of responses to natural
and provide oversight to ensure gender-responsive disasters. Grants have been given to Indonesia (earth-
projects. quake), the Philippines (typhoon), and Samoa (tsunami).
The number of projects that mainstreamed gender
increased. More innovative gender mainstreaming Information and communication technology. By the
designs were developed and applied. Rapid gender end of 2009, there were 214 ADB-supported projects
assessments of ongoing projects in Indonesia, Mongolia, involving information and communication technology
Sri Lanka, and Viet Nam noted positive and tangible (ICT), including 76 loans and 138 technical assistance
gender equality results from gender action plans in projects and grants. They have helped developing member
rural development, education, and water supply and countries improve ICT infrastructure; enhance ICT
sanitation. literacy and professional skills; and develop ICT applica-
tions, e-services, and content.

Environment and Safeguards


ADB committed $1.5 million
ADB approved 33 environmental sustainability projects to monitor and accelerate the
totaling $3.7 billion, representing 27% more projects and
achievement of Millennium
48% more funding than in 2008. It approved 91 technical
assistance projects for environmental protection and Development Goals in its
climate change mitigation and adaptation. developing member countries
34 Asian Development Bank
Financing Operations

Chapter 6
FINANCING OPERATIONS
ADB raised $10.4 billion in public bond issues and private placements. ADB
approved a total of $16.1 billion in financing operations through loans, grants,
guarantees, a trade finance facilitation program, equity investments, and technical
assistance—a 42% increase from 2008. Loan cofinancing amounted to about
$3.2 billion. Resources of $6.0 billion were transferred from ADB to its developing
member countries, compared with $4.3 billion in 2008.
Annual Report 2009 35

A
uthorized and subscribed capital stock amounted 5-year (2009–2013) strategic partnership to fight pover-
to $166.2 billion and $60.8 billion, respectively. ty in India, and $85.8 million, including $13.8 million in
Other resources in ordinary capital resources grants, by Sweden for a multidonor Urban Financing Part-
(OCR) in the form of gross income, comprising revenue nership Facility. Commitments to existing trust funds
and net realized gains, amounted to $1.5 billion, $1.0 amounted to $170.3 million, of which Japan pledged $100.0
billion of which was generated from the loan portfolio, million to enhance the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction
$489.8 million from the investment portfolio, and $45.2 initiatives, which aim to support projects and technical
million from equity investments and other sources. assistance that address the effects of the financial crisis.
Resources in the form of contributions and revenue In addition, the establishment of the Clean Technology
attained during 2009 in ADB’s Special Funds totaled Fund and Strategic Climate Fund under ADB adminis­
about $4.4 billion. These included the Asian Develop- tration was approved.
ment Fund (ADF) of $4.0 billion, Technical Assistance
Special Fund of $313.7 million, Japan Special Fund of
$1.2 million, ADB Institute Special Fund of $8.5 million, FUNDING
Asian Tsunami Fund of $0.9 million, Pakistan Earthquake
Fund of $2.3 million, Regional Cooperation and Inte- ADB raised $10.4 billion in medium- and long-term funds
gration Fund of $0.4 million, Climate Change Fund of through public bond issues and private placements. Public
$0.4 million, and Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund of offerings amounted to $7.7 billion and private placements

Financing Operations
$40.1 million. totaled $2.7 billion. Of the public offerings, $4.0 billion
Additional resources of 2009 commitments to trust was raised through two US-dollar global benchmarks.
funds, comprising commitments for three new trust
funds and replenishments of existing trust funds, totaled
$296.3 million. The commitments to three new trust OVERVIEW OF OPERATIONS
funds amounted to $126 million, including $17.2 million
by Australia to establish the Carbon Capture and Stor- ADB approved a total of $16.1 billion in financing opera-
age Fund under the Clean Energy Financing Partnership tions (Table 2). These included 111 loans (93 projects)
Facility, $23 million by the United Kingdom for a new for about $13.2 billion, 64 grants for $1.1 billion, two
guarantees for $397 million, one trade finance facilita-
tion program for $850 million, 5 equity investments for
Table 2 ADB Financing Operations at a Glance
($ million) $220 million, and 313 technical assistance projects for
2008 2009 Change (%) $267 million. Top recipients of financing operations are
Loans provided in Table 3.
OCR 8,360 11,020 32
ADF 1,764 2,210 25
10,124 13,230 31
Grants
ADF Grants 707 911 29
Other Grants 102 202 98
809 1,113 38

Loans and Grants 10,933 14,343 31

Guarantees 397
ADB approved a total of
Trade Finance Facilitation
Program 850 $16.1 billion in financing
Equity 123 220 79
operations through loans, grants,
Technical Assistance
TOTAL
273 267
11,329 16,078
(2)
42
guarantees, a trade finance

Memorandum Item facilitation program, equity
Cofinancing 1,090 3,164
ADF = Asian Development Fund, OCR = ordinary capital resources. investments, and technical
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
assistance projects
36 Asian Development Bank

TABLE 3 Top Recipients by Approval, 2009


($ million)
Loans
Sovereign Nonsovereign Grants Guarantees TFFP Equity Technical Assistance Total

Viet Nam 1,925.9 – 3.5 325.0 10.6 2,265.0


Indonesia 2,184.2 – 5.0 40.0 6.3 2,235.5
China, People’s Republic of 1,762.1 192.9 9.9 25.0 24.6 2,014.4
India 1,711.0 100.0 2.0 40.0 19.5 1,872.5
Philippines 1,056.1 120.0 4.9 6.5 1,187.5
Bangladesh 1,027.9 – 58.5 12.0 1,098.3
Pakistan 940.0 – – 2.7 942.7
Kazakhstan 687.0 – – 0.8 687.8
Sri Lanka 330.0 – 14.5 8.4 352.9
Nepal 172.8 – 172.5 5.7 351.0
Regional – – – 850.0 115.0 120.7 1,085.7
Other DMCs 990.5 30.0 842.7 71.8 49.2 1,984.2

Total 12,787.3 442.9 1,113.5 396.8 850.0 220.0 267.2 16,077.6


– = nil, DMC = developing member country, TFFP = Trade Finance Facilitation Program.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.

Overall, sovereign lending of requests approved in 2009 under multitranche financing


facilities—for 18 OCR loans for $3.1 billion and 6 ADF
Financing Operations

$12.8 billion approved in 2009 loans for $328.8 million. Overall, sovereign lending of
increased by 48.6% compared with $12.8 billion approved in 2009 increased by 48.6%
$8.6 billion approved in 2008 compared with $8.6 billion approved in 2008 (an
increase of 54.7% for OCR and 25.3% for ADF lending).
Two nonsovereign public sector loans to state-owned
enterprises for $134.3 million were approved. Five
LOANS non­sovereign loans (5 projects) to the private sector for
Of the $13.2 billion in loans, sovereign lending amounted $308.6 million were also approved—74.7% less than the
to $12.8 billion for 104 loans (86 projects/programs), $1.2 billion for 10 loans (9 projects) in 2008.
comprising 57 loans from ADB’s OCR for $10.6 billion, Of the 93 projects and programs approved in 2009,
and 47 loans from ADF for $2.2 billion. These amounts 67 (72.8%) were general interventions and 25 (27.2%)
include about $3.4 billion—pursuant to periodic financing were targeted interventions (excluding one project with

TABLE 4 Operations by Sector, 2008–2009


Loans Grants
2008 2009 2008 2009
$ million % $ million % $ million % $ million %
Agriculture and Natural Resources 607.5 6.0 443.5 3.4 82.6 10.2 174.5 15.7
Education 130.0 1.0 85.0 0.6 27.8 3.4 173.7 15.6
Energy 2,567.5 25.0 2,125.9 16.1 259.9 32.1 95.3 8.6
Finance 217.8 2.0 510.0 3.9 1.0 0.1 3.5 0.3
Health and Social Protection 172.0 2.0 93.1 0.7 15.7 1.9 35.0 3.1
Industry and Trade 167.5 2.0 101.0 0.8 10.0 1.2 1.6 0.1
Public Sector Management 1,845.0 18.0 5,306.4 40.1 122.4 15.1 57.0 5.1
Transport and ICT 2,688.1 27.0 2,347.8 17.7 169.1 20.9 355.2 31.9
Water Supply and Other Municipal
Infrastructure and Services 873.6 9.0 808.5 6.1 59.9 7.4 110.4 9.9
Multisector 855.0 8.0 1,409.0 10.6 60.5 7.5 107.3 9.6
Total 10,123.9 100.0 13,230.2 100.0 808.9 100.0 1,113.5 100.0
ICT = information and communication technology.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
Annual Report 2009 37

TABLE 5a Loan Cofinancing Arrangements,a 2007–2009


($ million)
2007 2008 2009
Sovereign Nonsovereign Total Sovereign Nonsovereign Total Sovereign Nonsovereign Total

Syndications 0.0 200.0 200.0 0.0 425.0 425.0 0.0 276.2 276.2
Commercial Loansb 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 120.0 120.0
Official Loans 120.5 0.0 120.5 664.6 0.0 664.6 2,768.0 0.0 2,768.0

Total 120.5 200.0 320.5 664.6 425.0 1,089.6 2,768.0 396.2 3,164.2
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
a Comprising direct value-added loan cofinancing for projects, i.e., those with administrative or collaborative arrangements with ADB. Net of cancellations.
b Collaborative cofinancing under a framework agreement.

TABLE 5b Loan Cofinancing Arrangements,a 2007–2009


(number of projects)
2007 2008 2009
Sovereign Nonsovereign Total Sovereign Nonsovereign Total Sovereign Nonsovereign Total

Syndications 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 3 3
Commercial Loans
b
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Financing Operations
Official Loans 6 0 6 5 0 5 10 0 10

Total DVA Cofinancing 6 1 7 5 2 7 10 4 14


DVA = direct value-added.
Note: Totals may not add up because a project with more than one source of cofinancing is counted once.
a Comprising direct value-added loan cofinancing for projects, i.e., those with administrative or collaborative arrangements with ADB. Net of cancellations.
b Collaborative cofinancing under a framework agreement.

pre-2004 targeting classification). Economic growth was Of the 64 grant projects, social development was
the most common theme and was associated with 76 proj- the most common theme, associated with 42 projects.
ects. Public sector management received the largest share Transport and information and communication tech-
of lending (40.1%) by sector (Table 4). nology received the largest share among the sectors
Of the 93 projects and programs, the 70 projects (31.9%).
amounted to $7.3 billion and the 23 programs totaled
$5.9 billion. The project lending included nine sector
projects amounting to $567 million, compared with four GUaraNTEES
sector projects amounting to $279 million in 2008. Poli-
cy-based program lending, excluding programs financed Two guarantee operations for $397 million were approved
under the Countercyclical Support Facility amounted to in 2009 (Table 3).
$3.4 billion. This constituted a 38.3% increase, compared
with $2.49 billion in 2008.
TRADE FINANCE
FACILITATION PROGRAM
GRANTS
ADB approved additional trade financing commitment
ADB approved 64 grant projects for $1.1 billion in 2009. for $850 million, which increased the total exposure limit
Of this amount, $911 million was funded from ADF, of the Trade Finance Facilitation Program to $1 billion.
$13 million from ADB’s Special Funds, and $189 million In partnership with numerous commercial banks from
from external sources with full or partial administration both devel­oping and developed countries, the program in
by ADB, comprising $35 million from the Japan Fund for 2009 supported $1.9 billion in trade transactions in Asia
Poverty Reduction, and $154 million from other bilateral (see Thawing the Big Credit Freeze, p. 89, for the
and multilateral sources. program’s impact).
38 Asian Development Bank

TABLE 6 Nonsovereign Operations, 2006–2009a, b TABLE 7 Cumulative Nonsovereign Operations by Top


($ million) Countries, 1983–2009a, b
2006 2007 2008 2009 $ million %

Nonsovereign Loans 450 650 1,522 443 China, People’s Republic of 2,188 20.4
– Private sector 375 640 1,222 309 India 2,129 19.8
– Public sector 75 10 300 134 Indonesia 919 8.6
Equity 230 80 123 220 Philippines 768 7.2
Pakistan 721 6.7
Partial Credit Guarantee 110 251 – 72
Political Risk Guarantee 15 – – – Thailand 395 3.7
Kazakhstan 375 3.5
Trade Finance Facilitation
Program – – – 850 Sri Lanka 280 2.6
Viet Nam 280 2.6
Total Nonsovereign Approvals 805 981 1,645 1,585
Bangladesh 242 2.3
– Private sector 730 971 1,345 1,451
– Public sector 75 10 300 134 Afghanistan 198 1.8
Lao People’s Democratic Republic 100 0.9
Memorandum Items
Cofinancing (B-Loans) 330 200 425 276 Azerbaijan 66 0.6
– Private sector 105 200 200 220 Nepal 59 0.5
– Public sector 225 – 225 56 Georgia 25 0.2
Total Project Cost 7,678 3,485 9,992 4,506 Papua New Guinea 25 0.2
– = nil. Regional 1,895 17.7
a Includes nonsovereign projects processed by the Private Sector Operations Department Other DMCs 62 0.6
and various regional departments of ADB. Regional departments started nonsovereign
Financing Operations

operations in 2007.
Total 10,728 100.0
b Net of facilities cancelled in full before signing. DMC = developing member country.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
a Includes nonsovereign projects processed by the Private Sector Operations
Department and various regional departments of ADB. Regional departments

EQUITY OPERATIONS
started nonsovereign operations in 2007.
b Net of facilities cancelled in full before signing.

Five equity investments totaling $220.0 million were


approved in 2009, compared with seven for $123.1 million
TABLE 8 Resource Transfers to Developing
in 2008. Member Countries
($ million)
2008 2009

LOAN COFINANCING OCR


Loan Disbursements 6,472 7,898
Principal Repaymentsa (1,923) (1,891)
During 2009, cofinancing continued to be integrated
Payments of Interest/Charges (1,416) (1,126)
into ADB’s mainstream operations planning to support Net Equity Investment 57 13
the goals of Strategy 2020. The total direct value-added Net 3,190 4,894
(DVA) loan cofinancing in 2009 amounted to about
ADF
$3.2 billion for 14 initiatives (Tables 5a and 5b). More-
Loan Disbursements 2,043 2,201
over, an additional $5.9 billion in discrete (non-DVA) Principal Repayments (677) (845)
cofinancing was realized in the form of parallel loans for Payments of Interest/Charges (256) (261)
eight ADB-assisted projects and programs. Net 1,110 1,095
Total 4,300 5,989
DVA cofinancing under official loans (i.e., those
( ) = resource inflow from developing member countries, ADF = Asian Development
provided by bilateral and multilateral agencies) totaled Fund, OCR = ordinary capital resources.
a Includes prepayments of $6.7 million ($277.1 million in 2008).
$2.8 billion for 10 projects and commercial loans totaled
$396.0 million comprising $276.0 million for three proj-
ects, for which ADB is lender-of-record (B-loans) and Australia’s Export Finance and Insurance Corporation,
a collaborative commercial loan cofinancing of $120.0 the Asia EXIM Banks Forum Workshop on Re-Guarantee
million. and/or Co-Financing. The regional technical assistance
ADB also continued to promote its cofinancing for strengthening the capacity of developing member
products. For example, ADB hosted the Asia Finance countries in managing credit enhancement products was
and Risk Mitigation Forum, and co-hosted with launched during 2009.
Annual Report 2009 39

ADB establishes framework cofinancing agreements Cumulative nonsovereign operations are largest in
with its cofinanciers to effectively create a pipeline of the People’s Republic of China (20.4%), followed by India
future cofinancing operations. Such a programmatic (20%), followed by Indonesia (9%), and the Philippines
approach to cofinancing gives predictability to ADB’s (7%). Regional projects account for roughly 18% of the total
cofinancing operations, moves cofinancing upstream, and (Table 7).
allows the use of standardized, project-specific cofinanc-
ing agreement templates that streamline cofinancing
operations. By the end of 2009, six framework agree- RESOURCE TRANSFERS
ments were in effect, the total value of which amounted
to approximately $9 billion over the coming 2–3 years. In During the year, there was a net transfer of $6.0 billion
2009, ADB signed a framework cofinancing agreement from ADB to its developing countries, compared with
with the Export–Import Bank of China for $1.5 billion $4.3 billion in 2008. Of these, net resource transfers of
over 3 years for the cofinancing of infrastructure projects. $4.9 billion went to OCR borrowers and/or investors in
2009, compared with $3.2 billion in 2008 (Table 8). The
four countries with the largest net resource transfers
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE were India, Viet Nam, the Philippines, and the People’s
OPERATIONS Republic of China.
Loan disbursements totaled $10.1 billion compared

Financing Operations
A total of 313 technical assistance projects for $267.2 with $8.5 billion in 2008. Of the total, OCR disbursements
million, including 267 new and 46 supplementary proj- were $7.9 billion or 78% and ADF disbursements were
ects, was approved, or 2.2% less than the 298 projects for $2.2 billion, or 22%. Loan service payments totaled
$273.2 million approved in 2008. Of the 313 technical $4.1 billion in 2009 compared with $4.3 billion in 2008.
assistance projects, 88 are project preparatory, 114 are
capacity development, 71 are policy and advisory, and 40
are research and development.

NONSOVEREIGN OPERATIONS
ADB approved a total of 12 financial markets and infra-
structure nonsovereign projects, providing about
$1.6 billion in assistance (Table 6). The interventions
comprise five private sector loans of $309 million; two
public sector nonsovereign loans of $134 million; five
equity investments of $220 million; a credit guarantee of
$72 million and, as mentioned above, an increase in the
total exposure limit of the Trade Finance Facilitation
Program by $850 million to $1 billion in 2009.
As of 31 December, the total outstanding balances
and undisbursed commitments of nonsovereign opera-
tions amounted to about $4.5 billion, consisting of loans
of $2.6 billion, $1.1 billion in equity investments, and
guarantees of $740.0 million. ADB’s nonsovereign expo-
sure is largest in the infrastructure sector, with a total
of $ 2.7 billion, followed by the finance sector with expo-
sure of $ 1.7 billion, and other sectors with exposure of
A power station in Pakistan, aimed at harnessing the power of the
$70.0 million. private sector, goes up with ADB support
40 Asian Development Bank
Central and West Asia
Annual Report 2009 41

Chapter 7

CENTRAL AND
WEST ASIA

Central and West Asia


Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,
Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

The provision of regional transport connectivity, energy security and


efficiency, urban services, and finance sector and government reforms
formed the bedrock of ADB assistance. Approval was given to build a
railway linking Uzbekistan and Afghanistan as a flagship transport project
for the region. The eight countries in the Central Asia Regional Economic
Cooperation program endorsed an action plan for the energy sector.
42 Asian Development Bank

Overview ical work shifted to the start of the project, increasing


time and resources for implementation, and paving the

A
DB strategy highlights transport and logistics, way for longer term partnerships and faster approval. Total
energy security and efficiency, urban services multitranche financing in 2009 reached almost $3 billion.
(water, wastewater, and urban transport), and
reforms (government efficiency, access to credit, and
capital markets development). The strategy is delivered Regional Cooperation
through transactions structured around debt and equity
finance, guarantees, and grants. Accompanying tech- The Eighth Ministerial Conference on Central Asia
nical assistance grants train clients in planning, project Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC), held in
management, monitoring, evaluation, and reporting. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, deepened cooperation among
Regional cooperation, environmental sustainability, CAREC countries (Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, the People’s
climate change, and gender are emphasized. Republic of China, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic,
Disbursements rose to $2.2 billion (Table 10). New Mongolia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan). The conference
lending for public sector projects and reforms reached endorsed an action plan for the energy sector and agreed
$3.1 billion. on the establishment of a comprehensive results frame­
work for the CAREC program. A yearly effectiveness
report will become a standard feature of the program.
Portfolio Performance ADB approved a flagship regional transport
project—a new railway line connecting Hairatan in
Central and West Asia

More effective project management resulted from coop- Uzbekistan to Mazar-e-Sharif in Afghanistan. This initi-
eration between client and ADB teams, supported by ated a three-phase program to develop a rail network
an improved management information system covering
project performance. A “no extension” policy on poorly
performing projects ensured timely, within-budget project ADB approved a flagship regional
execution. Portfolio performance also benefited from transport project—a new railway
clearer readiness filters, simplified design, and advance line connecting Uzbekistan to
actions on procurement, safeguards compliance, and
Afghanistan. This will connect
timely counterpart finance. ADB continued to rely on
programmatic financing approaches, using multitranche Central Asia to ports in South Asia
financing facilities and cluster program loans. The analyt- and the Caucasus
TABLE 9 Central and West Asia: Grant-Financed Project Approvals by Country, 2009
($ million)
Other
Country ADF Sourcesa Total
Afghanistan
Hairatan to Mazar-e-Sharif Railway 165.0 – 165.0
Water Resources Development Investment Program – Tranche 1 86.6 3.3 89.9
Energy Sector Development Investment Program – Tranche 2 81.5 – 81.5
Kyrgyz Republic
CAREC Transport Corridor 1 (Bishkek–Torugart Road) Project 2b 22.0 – 22.0
Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development 13.5 – 13.5
Tajikistan
Crisis Recovery Support Program 40.0 – 40.0
Dushanbe–Kyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation (Phase II) (Supplementary)b 20.0 – 20.0
Regional Customs Modernization and Infrastructure Developmentb – 1.6 1.6

Total 428.6 4.9 433.5


– = nil, ADF = Asian Development Fund, CAREC = Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation.
a Officially cofinanced by external sources, and fully or partially administered by ADB.
b Grant component of a loan project.
Annual Report 2009 43

Highlights The Global Economic Crisis:


• Continued to support Pakistan’s economic ADB’s Response
stabilization and key reforms in the electricity,
finance, and agriculture sectors, as well as Armenia
social pro­tection systems through a new • With an $80 million loan, supported critical
subprogram of $500 million under the crisis recovery measures that targeted social
cluster Accelerated Economic Transformation protection and job creation, and helped
Program maintain critical public expenditures
• Provided an $81 million grant to improve Georgia
energy transmission and supply in Afghanistan,
and the first tranche of $60 million under a new • With three loans totaling $150 million, sustained
multitranche financing for energy efficiency in social protection measures and aided in timely
Pakistan pension and social security payments

• Extended substantial support to improve Kazakhstan


road and railway networks, including a $165 • With a $500 million loan from the Counter­
million regional railway project in Afghanistan cyclical Support Facility, supple­mented and
connecting Mazar-e-Sharif in Afghanistan and sustained job creation and other social pro-
Hairatan in Uzbekistan, which is the beginning tection programs, and helped the govern-
of a network into Herat, Tajikistan, and Pakistan ment build public and investor confidence as
• Made major advances in regional cooperation it implemented an ambitious crisis recovery

Central and West Asia


on trade policy, transport, and energy under program
the CAREC program; CAREC-participating The Kyrgyz Republic
countries endorsed an action plan for energy
and the establishment of a results framework • With a $15 million grant, supported reforms to
restore investor confidence, and supplemented
• Greatly improved portfolio quality, closed the government’s crisis mitigation measures
39 sovereign loans, 4 grants, and 51 technical
assistance projects; contract awards exceeded Pakistan
the annual target by 6% and disbursements
by 8%
• With a $500 million loan, helped expand the
social protection program and restructure
power sector debt overhang, identified
across northern and southern Afghanistan, and improve impediments to industrial diversification, and
supported economic transformation
transit and open up routes for Central Asia to access
ports in South Asia and the Caucasus. The railway will Tajikistan
dispense with the unloading and reloading of cargo onto • With a $40 million grant, helped meet critical
trucks at Hairatan and will connect cargo and people to social protection expenditures, including for
Mazar-e-Sharif airport and the country’s ring road. job creation, social assistance to vulnerable
groups, fiscal subvention support for poor
regions, and supplementary assistance to
educational and health institutions
Country Highlights
ensure continuity and timely implementation, and better
Afghanistan
partnerships.
Partnership priorities. The 2009–2013 country part-
nership strategy, approved in January, complements the Impact of operations. The portfolio comprises 19 sover-
national development strategy. ADB will extend $1.5 eign loan and grant projects totaling $1.7 billion. ADB
billion for transport, energy, and irrigation; and will approved a $165 million grant to lay a 75-kilometer
provide institutional and capacity-building assistance. (km) single railway line between Mazar-e-Sharif and
Most of the assistance is via multitranche financing, to Hairatan—a town at the Uzbekistan border that is the
44 Asian Development Bank

TABLE 10 Central and West Asia: Portfolio Performance Indicators for Sovereign Lending, 2008–2009
Contract Awards/

Commitments Disbursements Loans at Risk
Ongoing Loans
as of 31 Dec 2009 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008
Country (no.) ($ million) ($ million) ($ million) ($ million) (%) (%)
Afghanistan 11 37.1 53.2 74.3 51.8 18.2 9.1
Armenia 4 117.0 23.0 119.1 8.0 – –
Azerbaijan 10 149.0 31.8 58.5 20.8 – –
Georgia 3 111.1 69.9 111.4 69.9 – –
Kazakhstan 3 700.9 10.6 542.5 8.3 – –
Kyrgyz Republic 7 14.1 9.6 24.0 27.1 – 28.6
Pakistan 42 1,178.9 1,799.7 1,093.3 1,873.2 21.4 16.1
Tajikistan 11 40.5 66.8 67.1 50.0 – 7.7
Uzbekistan 20 137.8 58.7 125.9 49.0 – –
Total 111 2,486.3 2,123.3 2,216.1 2,158.1 9.9 10.8
– = nil.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.

gateway for half of Afghanistan’s imports and for human- Impact of operations. In response to the government’s
itarian relief goods. This is the beginning of a network request, the $80 million crisis recovery loan was quickly
linking to Herat, Tajikistan, and Pakistan. In addition, prepared, approved, and disbursed, helping meet social
with support by ADB and other donors, the North East expenditures and implement anti-crisis measures.
Power System was commissioned. This serves Kabul
and other cities, stimulating economic growth and job
Azerbaijan
Central and West Asia

creation.
Partnership priorities. ADB focuses on transport,
energy, and urban services. Three transport projects were
Armenia
funded, two of them under the $500 million multi­
Partnership priorities. ADB’s engagement with tranche financing facility for roads. In the water sector,
Armenia expanded beyond rural transport and water ADB approved a $600 million facility targeting secondary
supply with the approval of a $500 million multitranche towns, benefiting 500,000 residents. ADB’s cooperation
financing facility (see Glossary) for a regional transport in the energy sector will improve the transmission system
corridor. The 7-year program will build 550 km of high- and lead to a new master plan for power distribution.
speed road extending from south to north, connecting to
Georgia’s highway, and reaching Black Sea ports. The first Impact of operations. The completed Flood Mitiga-
$60 million tranche will upgrade selected road sections. tion Project reduced poverty and increased incomes.
Work also began on improving urban transport in Yerevan. The government estimates that 241,900 people have a
safer living environment. Undeveloped land came into
productive use, and water and wastewater services
and trans­port connectivity improved because of ADB
The Eighth Ministerial Conference assistance.
on Central Asia Regional Economic
Cooperation (CAREC) endorsed an Georgia
action plan for the energy sector
Partnership priorities. Since Georgia joined ADB in
and agreed on the establishment of 2007, loans worth $339 million were approved for trans-
a comprehensive results framework port, urban services, and crisis support. ADB’s resident
mission opened in January 2009. ADB approved loans
for the CAREC program. A yearly
worth $228.8 million: $80.0 million for growth recovery
effectiveness report will become a in response to the global financial crisis, $30.0 million for
standard feature of the program municipal services (for transport and to resolve traffic
Annual Report 2009 45

Table 11 Central and West Asia: Sovereign Loan Approvals by Country, 2009
($ million)
Country OCR ADF Total
SOVEREIGN
Armenia
Crisis Recovery Support Programa – 80.0 80.0
North–South Road Corridor Investment Program – Tranche 1 – 60.0 60.0
Azerbaijan
Water Supply and Sanitation Investment Program – Tranche 1 75.0 – 75.0
Georgia
Growth Recovery Support Programa – 80.0 80.0
Municipal Services Development – Phase 2 – 30.0 30.0
Road Corridor Investment Program – Tranche 1 – 118.8 118.8
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan Countercyclical Support 500.0 – 500.0
CAREC Transport Corridor I (Zhambyl Oblast Section)
[Western Europe–Western People’s Republic of China
International Transit Corridor] Investment Program – Tranche 2 187.0 – 187.0
Kyrgyz Republic
CAREC Transport Corridor I (Bishkek–Torugart Road) – Project 2 – 28.0 28.0
Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development – 16.5 16.5
Pakistan
Accelerating Economic Transformation Program (Subprogram 2) 350.0 150.0 500.0

Central and West Asia


National Highway Development Sector Investment Program – Tranche 2 230.0 - 230.0
Punjab Government Efficiency Improvement Program (Subprogram 2) 75.0 75.0 150.0
Energy Efficiency Investment Program – Tranche 1 40.0 20.0 60.0
Uzbekistan
Water Supply and Sanitation Services Investment Program – Tranche 1 – 60.0 60.0
Total 1,457.0 718.3 2,175.3
– = nil, ADF = Asian Development Fund, CAREC = Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, OCR = ordinary capital resources.
a Consists of two ADF loans.

An ADB-funded water station in Sindh province, Pakistan, improves villagers’ health


46 Asian Development Bank

FIGURE 1 Central and West Asia: ADB Lending by FIGURE 2 Central and West Asia: ADB Disbursements by
Country, 2008–2009 (Sovereign and Nonsovereign) Country, 2008–2009 (Sovereign and Nonsovereign)

($ million) ($ million)

Afghanistan 101.0
Afghanistan 80.5
60.0

Armenia 119.1
Armenia 140.0
8.0
17.3
Azerbaijan 58.6
75.0 20.8
Azerbaijan 215.4
Georgia 111.4
228.8 69.9
Georgia
110.0
Kazakhstan 542.5
8.3
687.0
Kazakhstan 340.0
Kyrgyz Republic 24.0
27.1
44.5
Kyrgyz Republic 1,099.6
Pakistan
1,923.3
940.0 67.1
Pakistan Tajikistan
1,090.0 50.0

60.0 125.9
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan
130.0 49.0

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000

2008 2009 2008 2009


Central and West Asia

problems), and a $500.0 million multitranche financing


facility to develop regional transport corridors. The first TABLE 12 Central and West Asia: Cumulative Lending
and Disbursements by Country as of the end of 2009
tranche ($118.8 million) financed a road linking Black ($ million)a, b
Sea ports and connecting Georgia with neighboring
Country Lending Disbursements
countries. Afghanistan 952.3 660.4
Armenia 223.9 127.2
Impact of operations. The Growth Recovery Support Azerbaijan 660.4 146.4
Georgia 363.8 206.3
Program allowed the government to deal with revenue
Kazakhstan 1,703.6 1,161.6
gaps and thereby maintain core spending for key social
Kyrgyz Republic 648.0 576.2
needs, including welfare payments and services for vulner- Pakistan 20,245.8 15,334.2
able groups. Tajikistan 372.5 290.2
Uzbekistan 1,290.9 659.9
Regional 20.0 3.0
Kazakhstan Total 26,481.3 19,165.2
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
Partnership priorities. Transport and water supply a Loan component of regional projects distributed to the countries whenever
possible.
are strategic priorities. Two tranches were signed b Includes nonsovereign (public and private) sector loans specific to the region.

under a $700 million multitranche financing facility for


the CAREC Transport Corridor 1 Investment Program. eastern and western neighbors, and will open up north–
This will improve transit across Kazakhstan, linking south routes. It will be complemented by a loan for
reconstruction of the Aktau–Beineu Road connecting
Kazakhstan to its neighbors and the Caspian Sea.
Transport and water are priorities
Impact of operations. ADB provided a $500 million loan
in Kazakhstan, and infrastructure,
under the Countercyclical Support Facility to mitigate
investment climate, and regional impacts of the global economic crisis, support the govern-
cooperation in the Kyrgyz Republic ment’s crisis-mitigation plan, and create jobs.
Annual Report 2009 47

The Kyrgyz Republic assistance upgraded rural drinking water, education,


and early childhood development. A $30 million project
Partnership priorities. Infrastructure remains a priority. was approved to protect Lake Issy-Kul from untreated
Reforms to improve the investment climate are also wastewater discharges.
part of the strategic initiatives. Regional cooperation is
integral to ADB’s partnership with the Kyrgyz Republic.
Pakistan
Impact of operations. ADB financing improved infra­ Partnership priorities. A new strategy prioritized energy,
structure and the tax and customs services. It supported transport, irrigation, urban development, and government
policies to reduce investment barriers, lowered com­­ efficiency. A facility for energy efficiency, cofinanced by the
pliance costs, and enhanced access to finance. ADB Agence Française de Développement and with multitranche

Clean Water on Tap


A program in the Kyrgyz Republic is providing buckets for a few hours for the dirt to settle, Abdymanap
standpipes that connect villagers to clean spring explains. In any case, cows and sheep would drink from the
water stored in reservoirs above their villages river and pollute it with their wastes.
“People were getting infections from the water before

S
the water pipe was built,” says Janargul, a nurse at the local
ome of the richest water resources in Central Asia can hospital. Diarrhea was common and the hospital was so

Central and West Asia


be found in the mountains of the Kyrgyz Republic, short of water that nurses had to carry bucketfuls from the
yet most people must walk miles to the nearest river nearest river 3 kilometers away.
to meet their daily needs. Thanks to an ADB grant, water is The ADB-financed project, known as Tazasuu (clean
coming closer to home. water), enabled local communities to construct water pipes.
Abdymanap lives with his family in Josholu, a village in Josholu is typical of the many communities across the
the mountainous Alai district in the south of the country. country that have benefited from the project. The village now
Before ADB helped the village construct a pipe as part of boasts 56 standpipes, which provide its 4,500 inhabitants
a project to improve rural water supply and sanitation, the with fresh, clean spring water from the mountains. The
local river served villagers’ needs. “Water in the river was not source springs are protected by a tent to keep out rainwater
bad,” he says. “But during the rainy season it turned brown and animal waste, and pipes carry the water from the spring
because of the dirt.” Villagers had to leave the water in to a reservoir above the village. The reservoir can hold up to
500,000 liters, enough to provide water to the village for 1
day, in case the springs stop running.
Abdashym, who takes care of the reservoir, does not
believe the springs will run dry. “It will never happen,” he
says. “But even if it does, the village will not stay without
water for very long.”
Supplies are assured by a backup system that can take
water from the river, filter it, and take it to the village.
Fetching water is no longer a big issue for the women,
as water is readily available at the standpipe just around
the corner. Children have less work to do and more time
to play and study—and they have water on tap to drink
whenever they like.

Supplies are assured by a backup


system that can take water from
the river, filter it, and take it to
Villagers in Josholu queue for water: clean water from convenient
standpipes  frees time for more productive activities the village
48 Asian Development Bank

support for renewable energy and power transmission, ADB’s share focusing on reforms in electricity, finance,
broadened the energy partnership. Leaders of the Friends agriculture, and social protection. ADB signed agreements
of Democratic Pakistan assigned ADB a lead role in helping with Pakistan banks to provide finance and guarantees for
prepare a master plan targeting international assistance letters of credit with international banks. ADB also helped
in energy. ADB supported economic stabilization reforms mobilize international financing for the first private sector
under a program of the International Monetary Fund, hydropower project. With the World Bank, ADB completed

Learning in the 21st Century


An ADB project in Uzbekistan brings education Samoylovich, head of the teaching department at
into the 21st century by providing computers, Tashkent’s Secondary School Number 94. Hers is one
internet connectivity, and training to schools, of 860 cluster leader schools—hubs for an average of
even in rural areas 11 other schools—where the government is providing ICT.
When the entire network is operational, 540,000
students in 9,757 cluster leader schools will directly

A
t Secondary School Number 94 in Tashkent City, benefit. Their central role means all students and teach-
Rogova Nadejda Viktorovna moves among stu- ers—about 6 million students and 200,000 teachers over
dents working on computers, supervising their 5 years—will gain computer skills. ADB financed $30 mil-
multimedia lessons in mathematics. lion of the $43 million cost of the project.
A teacher since 1990, she completed in-service teacher Cluster leader schools act as resource centers for sur-
Central and West Asia

training in information technology in June 2009, part of rounding schools typically up to 30 kilometers away. By
the ongoing ADB-funded Information and Communica- offering two computer classes—one for students and an-
tion Technology in Basic Education Project. other for teachers—to surrounding schools, the opportu-
“Learning is more interactive using computers, and nity for teachers to train and spread knowledge is readily
students learn far faster than the old ways,” Viktorovna available.
says. “They are able to access a lot more information on The project contains specific measures that directly im-
various subjects, too.” pact about 165,000 poor students in grades five through
Under the umbrella of the government’s National Pro- nine. For example, the project ensures 70% of the cluster
gram for Basic Education Development, the project aimed leader schools are in rural and poor areas.
to put information and communication technology (ICT) Materials in languages, including Karakalpak, Kazakh,
in schools. Before the project began in 2006, computer Korean, Kyrgyz, Russian, Tajik, and Turkmen, provide a
access for students was limited to 18% of secondary and leg up for minority students. Pilot projects are also testing
half of all schools. alternative ways of connecting remote schools, including
Computers installed in September 2009 are already the use of digitized phone lines, or mobile and wireless
improving education for 1,700 students, says Tamara connections.
“ICT literacy has increased dramatically since the
project was launched,” says Sayora Melikova, director of
School Number 21 in Samarkand City. “Before, comput-
ers were for grades eight and nine, but now grades five
through nine have them, too,” she says. Tertiary education
is computer-based these days, so ICT study is critical to
students’ further education.
“This project is giving them a head start,” says
Melikova.

“Learning is more interactive using


computers, and students learn far
faster than the old ways”
Uzbek students hone their information technology skills —Rogova Nadejda Viktorovna, teacher
Annual Report 2009 49

a preliminary damage needs assessment for conflict-affected In Uzbekistan, resource transfers


areas in northern Pakistan.
more than doubled from 2008
Impact of operations. ADB disbursed $1.1 billion for as more frequent interactions
investments and reforms. An electricity project is upgra­ between government officials
ding grid connectivity. Transport projects rehabilitated
and ADB improved portfolio
400 km of roads and 300 rural access links. Support for
a major cash transfer program assisted poor women. performance
A rural development project provided electricity,
extending productive work hours and raising living
standards. The Pakistan Institute of Corporate Govern­
ance, established with ADB assistance, increased market
Turkmenistan
efficiency. Safeguard training raised the awareness of
public officials about compliance with ADB’s policies. Partnership priorities. The strategy focuses on transport,
including construction of road corridors and a railway. The
partnership will expand after ADB’s resident mission in
Tajikistan
Ashgabat opens in 2010.
Partnership priorities. ADB will adopt a new country
partnership strategy (2010–2014) in early 2010. Impact of operations. ADB has yet to begin its lending
Priorities include roads, energy, and investment climate operations in Turkmenistan.

Central and West Asia


reforms. To enhance aid efficiency and improve donor
coordination, ADB and 11 development partners signed Uzbekistan
the Joint Country Partnership Strategy 2010–2012.
Partnership priorities. Priorities include transport,
Impact of operations. ADB projects improved trans­ energy, sanitation, irrigation rehabilitation, and water
port connectivity and energy security. Irrigation and manage­ment. Access to credit is also vital. ADB responded
flood protection projects increased agricultural to private sector development opportunities, regional
pro­ductivity. ADB approved a $40 million program to connectivity, and energy security and trade. ADB also
sus­tain social spending imperiled by the global economic provided a $300 million multitranche financing facility
crisis, helping the government manage budget shortfalls for water supply and sanitation, and began preparing
and supporting public investments that preserve and for environmentally sustainable power generation and
create jobs. ADB provided a $20 million grant to supple­ regional highway corridors.
ment the Dushanbe–Kyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation
Project, which is upgrading highways within the CAREC Impact of operations. Since 1996, ADB has financed
corridor. 30 loans totaling $1.3 billion. Resource transfers more
than doubled from 2008 as more frequent interactions
between government officials and ADB improved port-
folio performance. Farmers’ income increased because of a
near doubling of wheat yields under the Grain Productivity
Improvement Project, which introduced new farming
equipment. ADB support also provided safe drinking
water and sanitation. Women in rural communities started
cottage industries and small businesses with support from
the Small Microfinance Development Project. The Text-
book Development Pro­ject implemented an innovative
textbook rental scheme, providing textbooks to almost all
Educational benefits: poor women learn with ADB support needy students.
50 Asian Development Bank
East Asia
Annual Report 2009 51

Chapter 8

EAST ASIA

East Asia
The People’s Republic of China, Mongolia

ADB support for the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Mongolia
concentrated on mitigating the effects of the global financial crisis.
Lending in the PRC complemented the government’s massive fiscal
stimulus program and supported rehabilitation efforts in the wake
of the devastating 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. In Mongolia, ADB
helped develop a social program to improve access to basic social
services for the poor. ADB facilitated cooperation between the PRC
and Mongolia in such areas as joint customs control, border transport
development, and trade logistics. Regional trade and economic
cooperation with other countries of Central Asia and the Greater
Mekong Subregion were also promoted.
52 Asian Development Bank

Overview
The Global Economic Crisis:

A
DB operations in East Asia were guided by Stra­ ADB’s Response
tegy 2020 and the need to respond to the effects
The People’s Republic of China
of the global financial crisis on the PRC and
Mongolia. In the PRC, ADB lending complemented • Supported the stimulus package through in-
the government’s massive fiscal stimulus program that vestment in transport, natural resource man-
agement, urban infrastructure, environment
moderated the impact of the crisis on the economy.
improvement, and job creation in small cities
Support for post-disaster rehabilitation, energy efficiency and towns
in transportation, natural resource conservation, and
integrated urban–rural development were the highlights
• Provided technical assistance resources to im-
prove access to financial services for the poor
of lending operations. In Mongolia, ADB helped develop and vulnerable households and to strengthen
a social program that improved access of the poor to basic the legal, regulatory, and supervisory frame-
social services. ADB also promoted nonsovereign lending work of the PRC’s finance sector
and private–public partnerships in infrastructure, and
Mongolia
measurable progress was made in renewable energy proj-
ects in the PRC. In both countries, ADB provided tech- • Partnered with the Japan International Coop-
eration Agency to jointly finance $110 million
nical assistance to increase access to financial services,
to facilitate social welfare reforms and to help
support social services, promote clean technology and establish social safety nets. This complemented
alternative energy, facilitate trade among neighboring the 18-month stand-by arrangement with the
countries, and enhance regional cooperation. International Monetary Fund
Total lending operations (Table 15) in the PRC • Provided a $17 million Asian Development
East Asia

con­sisted of 12 sovereign loans for $1.8 billion and 3 non- Fund grant for the Education for the Poor proj-
sovereign loans for $192.9 million. For Mongolia, financial ect and four Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction
assistance included two Asian Development Fund (ADF) grants totaling $10 million to help protect the
grants totaling $33.9 million, of which $16.9 million was poor and the vulnerable groups from the ad-
verse impact of the crisis
made in conjunction with an ADF loan of $43.1 million
• Provided $2 million in technical assistance for
policy and institutional support to the banking
sector on systemic risk management
Highlights
• A $400 million emergency loan to reconstruct
and upgrade damaged roads, bridges, and
school buildings in Sichuan and Shaanxi for the Social Sectors Support Program (Tables 13 and 15).
provinces in the wake of the devastating 2008 The PRC received $9.9 million in grants from various
Wenchuan earthquake sources for climate change, energy efficiency, and water
conservation and wastewater-related demonstration com-
• Greening of the PRC portfolio through projects
in renewable energy, sustainable transport, ponents (Table 13). Mongolia received $10.3 million
urban development, and natural resource from the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction for four
management projects that focused on energy conservation, early
• A second Panda bond issue worth $146.5 mil- childhood education and nutrition, and health protection
lion (CNY1 billion) to support ADB private sec- during the financial crisis. Total technical assistance
tor operations amounted to $40.2 million, consisting of $24.6 million
• A $60 million loan and grant for the Mongolia for the PRC, $7.2 million for Mongolia, and $8.4 million
Social Sectors Support Program to mitigate the for regional technical assistance.
negative social consequences of the financial Knowledge management was strengthened. Filters
crisis and promote priority social sector reforms were adopted to screen project proposals upon entry, peer
reviews helped ensure quality, and knowledge products
Annual Report 2009 53

TABLE 13 East Asia: Grant-Financed Project Approvals by Country, 2009


($ million)
Other
Country ADF CCF Sourcesa Total

China, People’s Republic of


Capacity Building for Energy Efficiency Implementation (Supplementary)b – 1.2 – 1.2
Liaoning Small Cities and Towns Development Demonstration Sectorb – – 0.3 0.3
Shaanxi Qinling Biodiversity Conservation and Demonstrationb – – 4.3 4.3
Integrated Ecosystem and Water Resources Management in the Baiyangdian Basinb – – 2.9 2.9
Hebei Small Cities and Towns Development Demonstration Sectorb – – 0.3 0.3
Shanxi Integrated Agricultural Developmentb – – 0.7 0.7
Shanxi Small Cities and Towns Development Demonstration Sector Projectb
– Support for Water/Wastewater Service Implementing Agencies and Companies – – 0.3 0.3
Mongolia
Reducing Persistent Chronic Malnutrition in Children in Mongolia – – 2.0 2.0
Social Sectors Support Programb 16.9 – – 16.9
Protecting the Health Status of the Poor During the Financial Crisis – – 3.0 3.0
Early Childhood Education for Rural, Nomadic, and Migrant Children – – 2.9 2.9
Demonstration Project for Improved Electricity Services to the Low-Income
Communities in Rural Areas – – 2.4 2.4
Education for the Poor—Financial Crisis Responseb 17.0 – – 17.0

Total 33.9 1.2 18.9 54.0

– = nil, ADF = Asian Development Fund, CCF = Climate Change Fund.


Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
a Officially cofinanced by external sources, and fully or partially administered by ADB.
b Grant component of a loan project.

East Asia
TABLE 14 East Asia: Portfolio Performance Indicators for Sovereign Lending, 2008–2009
Contract Awards/

Commitments Disbursements Loans at Risk
Ongoing Loans
as of 31 Dec 2009 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008
Country (no.) ($ million) ($ million) ($ million) ($ million) (%) (%)

China, People’s Republic of 66 1,122.9 1,312.0 1,341.7 1,234.3 1.5 1.8


Mongolia 10 53.2 19.0 56.7 26.7 20.0 –

Total 76 1,176.1 1,331.0 1,398.4 1,261.0 3.9 1.5


– = nil.

and services were jointly programmed with the govern- to assume increased portfolio management responsibili-
ment during country programming discussions. Thirty-two ties, and phased delegation of disbursement functions
knowledge products and services were completed while to the PRC was implemented. The increasing number
knowledge sharing was conducted through 34 confe- of smaller loans approved and delays in project comple-
rences and workshops, 8 book launches, and 8 interna- tion contributed to an expanding portfolio. Operational
tional conferences. targets for project administration were met.

Portfolio Management
ADB continued to improve
ADB continued to promote results-based portfolio
project readiness and streamline
management and effective development by improving
project readiness and streamlining ADB procedures,
procedures, aligning them with
aligning them with government procurement and government procurement and
approval processes. Resident missions were strengthened approval processes
54 Asian Development Bank

PRC and Mongolia, such as joint customs control, coor-


Regional Cooperation dinating transport development, improving the legal and
Regional cooperation programs promoted trade and policy framework for power trading, and enhancing trade
economic cooperation among the countries of Central logistics and urban infrastructure development in key
Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) and the border towns.
Greater Mekong Subregion. ADB also supported imple-
mentation of the joint action plan of the CAREC Trans-
port and Trade Facilitation Strategy, and notable progress Country Highlights
was achieved in fostering customs cooperation, measuring
and monitoring transport corridor performance, and
The People’s Republic of China
developing single-window customs clearance systems.
ADB conducted a more targeted program between the Partnership priorities. The 2008–2010 country part-
nership strategy remains closely aligned both with the
government’s Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006–2010)
Notable progress was achieved in
and ADB’s Strategy 2020 priorities. The global finan-
fostering customs cooperation, cial crisis highlighted the urgency of rebalancing from
measuring and monitoring export-oriented, investment-driven growth to a consump-
tion-driven, service-oriented economy. Another emerging
transport corridor performance,
challenge was to reinforce environmentally sustainable
and developing single-window development by addressing climate change issues and
customs clearance systems adopting greener, low-carbon growth strategies.
East Asia

TABLE 15 East Asia: Sovereign and Nonsovereign Loan Approvals by Country, 2009
($ million)
Country OCR ADF Total
SOVEREIGN
China, People’s Republic of
Emergency Assistance for Wenchuan Earthquake Reconstruction 400.0 – 400.0
Xinjiang Urban Transport and Environmental Improvement 100.0 – 100.0
Liaoning Small Cities and Towns Development Demonstration Sector 100.0 – 100.0
Shaanxi Qinling Biodiversity Conservation and Demonstration 40.0 – 40.0
Guiyang Integrated Water Resource Management (Sector) 150.0 – 150.0
Hebei Small Cities and Towns Development Demonstration Sector 100.0 – 100.0
Anhui Integrated Transport Sector Improvement 200.0 – 200.0
Lanzhou Sustainable Urban Transport 150.0 – 150.0
Railway Energy Efficiency and Safety Enhancement Investment Program – Tranche 1 300.0 – 300.0
Shanxi Integrated Agricultural Development 100.0 – 100.0
Guangdong Energy Efficiency and Environment Improvement Investment Program – Tranche 2 22.1 – 22.1
Shanxi Small Cities and Towns Development Demonstration Sector 100.0 – 100.0
Mongolia
Social Sectors Support Programa – 43.1 43.1
Urban Development Sector (Supplementary) – 7.0 7.0

Subtotal 1,762.1 50.1 1,812.2

NONSOVEREIGN
China, People’s Republic of
Small Hydropower Development 58.6 – 58.6
Zhangbei Wind Power 34.3 – 34.3
Municipal Waste to Energy 100.0 – 100.0

Subtotal 192.9 – 192.9

Total 1,954.9 50.1 2,005.1


– = nil, ADF = Asian Development Fund, OCR = ordinary capital resources.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
a Accompanied by a grant.
Annual Report 2009 55

TABLE 16 East Asia: Cumulative Lending and FIGURE 3 East Asia: ADB Lending by Country,
Disbursements by Country as of the end of 2009 2008–2009 (Sovereign and Nonsovereign)
($ million)a ($ million)
Country Lending Disbursements
China, People’s 1,954.9
China, People’s Republic of 22,959.1 14,905.8 Republic of 1,750.1
Mongolia 726.7 638.1
Totalb 23,685.8 15,543.9 50.1
Mongolia
a Includes nonsovereign (public and private) sector loans.
b Excludes Hong Kong, China; the Republic of Korea; and Taipei,China, which have 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000
graduated from regular ADB assistance.

2008 2009

Impact of operations. Most projects were in the less-


FIGURE 4 East Asia: ADB Disbursements by Country,
developed central and western regions of the PRC, where 2008–2009 (Sovereign and Nonsovereign)
rural poverty and environmental degradation are more ($ million)
pronounced. Greening of the portfolio was achieved
China, People’s 1,468.2
through the railway energy efficiency program under the Republic of 1,292.8
multitranche financing facility and a nonsovereign wind
58.7
power project in Hebei Province. Preparatory work was Mongolia
34.7

initiated for innovative projects such as the 250-mega- 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000
watt Tianjin integrated gasification combined cycle
2008 2009
project and a concentrated solar thermal power develop-
ment project in the western PRC while carbon capture

East Asia
and storage demonstration studies were started to iden- and a short-term crisis strategy in consultation with other
tify barriers, develop road maps, and to identify poten- development partners. ADB provided funds to help
tial projects. ADB continued its support for balanced and protect the poor during the crisis and discussed ways to
environ­mentally sustainable urbanization of small cities adjust the timing, funding arrangements, and sequencing
and towns in Hebei, Liaoning, and Shanxi provinces. of proposed projects to support the government’s crisis
ADB, with the Ministry of Finance, organized a response program.
national workshop to promote sustainable urban devel-
opment. The PRC–ADB knowledge-sharing platform,
with its first event on sustainable urbanization, facili-
tated exchange between the PRC and other developing
member countries on urban development.

Mongolia
Partnership priorities. To respond swiftly to the effects
of the global financial crisis, ADB assisted the govern-
ment in formulating a country operations business plan

The PRC–ADB knowledge-sharing


platform facilitated exchange
between the PRC and other
developing member countries on
ADB supports targeted provision of textbooks to poor students in
urban development Mongolia
56 Asian Development Bank

Impact of operations. ADB helped the government financing needs and by continuing longer-term policy
start reforms in the health insurance system, improving reform.
the financing of hospitals and rural health facilities, and Two projects funded through the Japan Fund
developing incentives to encourage health workers to work for Poverty Reduction sought to promote community
in rural areas. ADB also supported overhauling the legal natural resource management by introducing alternative
status of family group practices and strengthening the livelihoods to the rural poor. A grant of $14.7 million in
legal and regulatory basis for public–private partnership 2008 supported an innovative private sector development
initiatives in the health sector. In education, an ADF approach in agro-processing that helped the rural poor
grant ensured that those most affected by the crisis stay by expanding value chain processing of food products,
in school by helping the government meet its short-term marketing, and exports.

Methane: From Pollution to Solution


An ADB project is helping the PRC safely capture of the cleaner energy sources since it produces no soot and
methane gas extracted from coal mines, and at does not contribute to acid rain, and it can replace dirty
the same time providing consumers, such as in fuels such as coal and petroleum.
Jincheng, clean alternative energy sources A $117.4 million loan from ADB helped introduce
new technologies that can increase the production and
use of methane. Begun in 2004, the Coal Mine Methane

T
he glassmakers at Jincheng East Glassware’s work- Development Project in Jincheng captures coal mine
shops in Jincheng, Shanxi province breathe easier methane from mine shafts to fuel a 120-megawatt
now because the company’s switch from coal to power plant, and transmits and distributes methane to
East Asia

methane gas to fuel its furnaces has improved air quality commercial, residential, and industrial consumers in the
in the factory and greatly reduced the incidence of respi- city.
ratory disease. The furnace upgrade saves the company For Wei Jiusheng, who drives a methane-powered
$147.10 (CNY1,000) per day, and because the consistent taxi, the availability of this cleaner, cheaper fuel is a boon.
gas supply keeps the temperature of the furnaces steady, When Wei used gasoline, filling the fuel tank was so costly
the glass melts evenly without trapping bubbles, reduc- that he was barely able to support his wife and child. Now
ing wastage by 20%. that he has converted his car to methane gas, he earns
The methane that fuels the glassworks is tapped from an average of $440 a month (CNY3,000), substantially
the city’s extensive coal deposits. Methane is highly explosive more than most drivers in his city. To reduce air pollution
and must be extracted from the underground coal mines to and promote the use of methane gas, the municipal
keep working conditions safe. But once captured it is one government later made the conversion mandatory for all
taxis and buses, and many owners of private vehicles have
made the switch, too.
Households also make major savings now that coal
mine methane is widely available on tap. The average
annual cost for gas supply for a family is $52 (CNY350),
compared with $294 (CNY2,000) for coal. Making piped
gas available not only reduced households’ expenses but
also liberated women from time-consuming cooking. The
Jincheng municipal government plans to cover the whole
city with pipelines to supply over 60,000 households with
coal mine methane for heating and cooking by 2011.

Once captured, methane gas is


one of the cleaner energy sources
since it produces no soot and does
Glassware workers breathe easier as methane gas fires furnaces not contribute to acid rain
Annual Report 2009 57

Education Comes in From the Cold


Mongolia’s extensive Second Education Devel- students enrolled. The project also provided educational
opment Project has constructed new schools, and developmental materials to 150 kindergartens.
rehabilitated old ones, provided educational Parents and teachers say this is the best investment made
materials, trained teachers, and revised school in preschool education in the last 20 years, benefiting
about 30,000 children.
policy, among its many achievements. Preschool
Most schools were built 30 to 40 years ago and have
enrollment has increased substantially received little maintenance. The project supported reha-
bilitation, including providing energy-efficient heating sys-

A
tems and sanitation, and installing ramps and other facili-
Mongolian herder’s daughter rushes into a kin-
ties for students with physical disabilities. By 2007, a total
dergarten in Töv, some 135 kilometers from
of 5,994 physically disabled students were enrolled in the
Ulaanbaatar. With temperatures outside dropping
136 schools that ADB financing restored. The project pro-
to –30°C, the school, with its age-appropriate safety fur-
vided much-needed teacher training and free textbooks to
niture, audio and video equipment, and toys, provides
children from poor families. In all, the program benefited
warmth and comfort on an early morning in January.
72,653 primary school students and 124,251 secondary
Extreme winter weather is difficult for young children.
students in 2005/06.
Six new schools built under the ADB-supported Second
The project also supported several polices, includ-
Education Development Project provide welcome relief
ing an extension of basic education to 12 years in 2009,
and have made a tangible contribution to preschool and
from 10 years in 2005, and an education master plan for
primary education, with preschool enrollment increasing
2006–2015 that the government has adopted. The Edu-
from 45% in 2002/03 to about 57% in 2007/08. They
cation Donors’ Consultative Mechanism devised in 2005
have helped develop part of the system that has struggled
to guide activities of ADB and its partners is viewed as a
since the former Soviet Union–era funding was withdrawn

East Asia
model for donor coordination for other sectors.
in the 1990s.
Total project costs of $68.5 million comprised $14.0
Approved in 2002, the project aimed to help provide
million from ADB, $45.0 million from Japan, $4.8 million
universal access to quality primary and secondary education,
from the Nordic Development Fund, and $4.7 million from
especially in rural areas and poor urban communities.
the Government of Mongolia.
In 2009, newly constructed schools operated one shift
ADB assistance has played a part in Mongolia’s
for kindergarten and two for primary school, with 3,179
notable progress in reviving education since Soviet
funding ceased. In 2006, the enrollment rate for primary
and secondary education had recovered to 95%, from a
low of 81% in 1995.
Ongoing partnerships have been a major factor in
reclaiming achievements and a strong political will exists
for reforms that deliver quality education.

Most schools were built 30 to


40 years ago and have received
little maintenance. The project
supported rehabilitation,
including providing energy-
efficient heating systems and
sanitation, and installing ramps
and other facilities for students
Students benefit as the project helps restore their school system with disabilities
58 Asian Development Bank
Pacific
Annual Report 2009 59

Chapter 9

PACIFIC
The Cook Islands, the Fiji Islands, Kiribati,

Pacific
the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of
Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea,
Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga,
Tuvalu, Vanuatu

ADB’s scaled-up assistance for 14 Pacific developing member countries


meets the region’s unique challenges, including their response to climate
change. Support boosted economic and social infrastructure, strengthened
governance, and promoted private sector growth. The Pacific Approach
2010–2014 will guide the continued strengthening of regional cooperation,
the regional provision of services, and improvement of policies.
60 Asian Development Bank

Overview
The Global Economic Crisis:

A
DB helps 14 Pacific developing member countries ADB’s Response
raise living standards and build resilience by devel- • Improved economic monitoring, led by the
oping economic and social infrastructure, strength- quarterly Pacific Economic Monitor
ening governance, and promoting private sector growth. • Analytical work, including the release of Taking
Innovative approaches continued meeting the region’s the Helm: A Policy Brief on a Response to the
unique challenges. ADB has scaled up its lending and Global Economic Crisis
nonlending operations in response to increasing demand • Approval of economic recovery support
from Pacific countries. The Pacific Approach 2010–2014, programs for the Cook Islands and Tonga
produced in 2009, aims to improve the effectiveness of
future ADB development operations in the Pacific.
Frequent high-level consultation improved coordina- Fund (ADF) grants, contract awards were 79.3% ($15.7
tion among development partners, laying the groundwork million) and disbursements 90.5% ($14.1 million). The
for a regional approach to the global economic crisis and Pacific Department’s achievements in contract awards
deepening the response to climate change. This included were the best in the past 10 years. The number of active
ADB strengthening its partnership with the US govern- technical assistance projects averaged 82 over the past 3
ment. years. Technical assistance savings were $2.3 million.
Five loans, four grant projects, and two technical assis-
tance projects were delegated to the resident missions
Portfolio Management in 2009, resulting in more effective monitoring, stronger
partnerships with Pacific developing member countries
Performance against targets for sovereign loans was 38.7% and development partners, and improved engagement in
for contract awards ($48.2 million) and 84.2% for disburse- policy dialogue.
Pacific

ments ($30.4 million) (Table 18). For Asian Development

Regional Cooperation
Highlights
• New Pacific Approach 2010–2014 aimed at The Pacific Approach 2010–2014 supports strengthened
improved development effectiveness regional cooperation, the regional provision of services,
and better policies.
• New country partnership strategies for Palau,
Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu, and a midterm ADB approved a regional technical assistance proj-
review of Papua New Guinea’s country ect to improve its engagement in fragile states and
strategy and program 2006–2010 situations. The Infrastructure Advisory Center, estab-
• Significant increases in Pacific lending and lished under the Pacific Region Infrastructure Facility,
nonlending operations: $231.7 million in will help Pacific countries develop sustainable infra-
loans and $71.0 million in Asian Development structure and services. ADF investments in border roads
Fund grants, and $39.0 million in technical in Timor-Leste and cross-border infrastructure in Papua
assistance projects (including cofinancing) New Guinea were approved. The Private Sector Devel-
• Emergency response to natural disasters in the
Fiji Islands, Samoa, and Solomon Islands
• The Climate Change Implementation Plan for
Frequent high-level consultation
the Pacific, which gave member countries a improved coordination among
framework for developing and implementing
climate change investments and action plans
development partners, laying the
to 2015 groundwork for a regional approach
to the global economic crisis
Annual Report 2009 61

TABLE 17 Pacific: Grant-Financed Project Approvals by Country, 2009


($ million)
Other
Country ADF APDRF Sourcesa Total
Papua New Guinea
Extending the Socioeconomic Benefits of an Improved
Road Network to Roadside Communities – – 2.0 2.0
Samoa
Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Response – 1.0 – 1.0
Solomon Islands
Road Improvement (Sector) (Supplementary) – – 0.2 0.2
Road Improvement (Sector) (Supplementary) – – 1.9 1.9
Emergency Assistance (Supplementary) – – 4.0 4.0
Second Road Improvement (Sector) 15.0 – 7.8 22.8
Timor-Leste
Road Network Development Sector 46.0 – – 46.0
Our Roads Our Future–Supporting Local Governance
and Community-Based Infrastructure Worksb – – 3.0 3.0
Tonga
Economic Support Program 10.0 – – 10.0

Total 71.0 1.0 19.0 91.0


– = nil, ADF = Asian Development Fund, APDRF = Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
a Officially cofinanced by external sources, and fully or partially administered by ADB.
b Grant component of a loan project.

TABLE 18 Pacific: Portfolio Performance Indicators for Sovereign Lending, 2008–2009


Contract Awards/

Commitments Disbursements Loans at Risk

Pacific
Ongoing Loans
as of 31 Dec 2009 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008
(no.) ($ million) ($ million) ($ million) ($ million) (%) (%)

Cook Islands 4 1.6 – (0.3) 1.3 25.0 –


Fiji Islands 4 17.0 6.2 5.3 9.7 25.0 50.0
Kiribati – – 0.1 – – – –
Marshall Islands – – – – – – –
Micronesia, Federated States of 2 0.8 1.6 0.8 3.6 – –
Papua New Guinea 13 23.6 16.1 17.4 19.9 – –
Samoa 4 5.1 9.6 6.3 2.6 – –
Solomon Islands – – 0.02 – 0.1 – –
Tuvalu 2 0.1 0.04 0.4 0.6 – –
Regional 1 0.05 0.7 0.5 0.6 – –

Total 30 48.2 34.2 30.4 38.4 6.7 3.7


– = nil, ( ) = negative.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.

opment Initiative, cofinanced with Australia, continued Country Highlights


to improve the business environment and stimulate
private sector investment. A second phase was approved
The Cook Islands
during 2009.
Partnership priorities. The country operations business
The Pacific Approach 2010–2014 plan, 2010–2012, continued to emphasize infrastruc-
ture and public financial management. A budget support
supports strengthened regional
program was also included in light of the adverse impact
cooperation, the regional provision of the global economic crisis. ADB strengthened its focus
of services, and better policies on climate change and private sector development.
62 Asian Development Bank

TABLE 19 Pacific: Sovereign and Nonsovereign Loan TABLE 20 Pacific: Cumulative Lending and
Approvals by Country, 2009 Disbursements by Country as of the end of 2009
($ million) ($ million)a, b
Country OCR ADF Total Country Lending Disbursements

SOVEREIGN Cook Islands 55.0 27.6


Cook Islands
Economic Recovery Support Program 10.0 – 10.0 Fiji Islands 326.6 197.8

Fiji Islands Kiribati 15.1 13.7

Third Road Upgrading (Sector) Marshall Islands 78.1 64.2


(Supplementary) 36.1 – 36.1 Micronesia, Federated States of 75.1 47.1
Emergency Flood Recovery (Sector) 17.6 – 17.6
Suva–Nausori Water Supply and Nauru 5.0 2.3
Sewerage Development
Palau – –
(Supplementary) 23.0 – 23.0
Papua New Guinea 1,272.0 746.0
Papua New Guinea
Civil Aviation Development Samoa 159.4 114.6
Investment Program – Tranche 1a 25.0 70.0 95.0
Pilot Border Trade and Investment Solomon Islands 79.3 65.8
Development – 25.0 25.0 Timor-Leste – –
Subtotal 111.7 95.0 206.7 Tonga 57.8 52.3
NONSOVEREIGN Tuvalu 7.8 7.6
Papua New Guinea
Digicel Mobile Telecommunication Vanuatu 51.3 49.0
Expansion 25.0 – 25.0 Regional 1.5 176.9
Subtotal 25.0 – 25.0 Total 2,184.0 1,564.9
Total 136.7 95.0 231.7 a Loan component of regional projects distributed to the countries whenever
possible.
– = nil, ADF = Asian Development Fund, OCR = ordinary capital resources.
b Includes nonsovereign (public and private) sector loans specific to the region.
a Consists of two ADF loans.

Impact of operations. Technical assistance for the Infra- Impact of operations. The Suva–Nausori Water Supply
Pacific

structure Master Plan and Infrastructure Development and Sewerage Project continued to improve water and
Project improved coordination among development part- sanitation services. Notable achievements included
ners, helping them support the infrastructure sector and commissioning a 10-kilometer (km) large-diameter raw
elevate government efforts to manage and develop infra- water main, completing a 4-million-liter clear water
structure and reform the ministries. reservoir, upgrading five major sewage pump stations, and
constructing about 5 km of sewers for a heavily populated
residential area.
The Fiji Islands
Partnership priorities. ADB operations are guided by
Kiribati
its 2007 Approach to Reengagement. ADB continued to
support ongoing operations in water supply, sanitation, Partnership priorities. ADB continued to help the
and road development. country overcome limited resources and geographic
isolation and make progress toward its economic growth
goals by emphasizing economic and financial planning
ADB continued to help Kiribati and management. Technical assistance was approved
to support economic management and reforms of state-
overcome limited resources and
owned enterprises.
geographic isolation and make
progress toward its economic Impact of operations. The Integrated Land and
Population Development Program on Kiritimati Island,
growth goals by emphasizing
which considered planning and zoning for residential and
economic and financial planning economic development land uses, continued to help the
and management government improve land allocation.
Annual Report 2009 63

FIGURE 5 Pacific: ADB Lending by Country, FIGURE 6 Pacific: ADB Disbursements by Country,
2008–2009 (Sovereign and Nonsovereign) 2008–2009 (Sovereign and Nonsovereign)
($ million) ($ million)

10.0 (0.3)
Cook Islands 15.5 Cook Islands 1.3
76.7 5.3
Fiji Islands Fiji Islands 9.7

Kiribati Kiribati

Marshall Islands Marshall Islands

Micronesia, Micronesia, 0.8


Federated States of Federated States of 3.6

Nauru Nauru

Palau Palau
145.0 35.4
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea
100.0 19.9
2.8 Samoa 6.3
Samoa
2.6
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands
0.1
Timor-Leste Timor-Leste

Tonga Tonga
0.4
Tuvalu Tuvalu
0.6
Vanuatu Vanuatu

0 50 100 150 200 (10) 0 10 20 30 40

2008 2009 2008 2009

national conferences on public sector reform, fisheries


The Marshall Islands

Pacific
development, energy reform, and climate change, leading
Partnership priorities. The government cleared its loan to the adoption of strategy documents and work plans.
repayment arrears with ADB in March and has main-
tained subsequent repayments. The approved country
The Federated States of Micronesia
operations business plan, 2009–2011, prioritizes tech-
nical assistance and policy advice to support public sector Partnership priorities. Economic management and
reform initiatives, formulate climate and environmental accountability, including social and private sector
adaptation plans, and improve the government’s financial development, remained priorities. ADB strengthened its
management. partnership with the US through high-level dialogue and
closer collaboration during project implementation.
Impact of operations. Technical assistance programs
continued to support improved public sector perfor- Impact of operations. The Omnibus Infrastructure
mance and a better enabling environment for private Project helped restore critical water supply, sanita-
sector activity. ADB also supported the organization of tion, and power infrastructure. The technical assistance
program continued to strengthen the government’s ability
to manage finance, budget, and performance.
Technical assistance programs in
the Marshall Islands continued to
Nauru
support improved public sector
Partnership priorities. After its reengagement in May
performance and a better enabling
2008, ADB stepped up its activities, which are closely
environment for private sector aligned with the updated National Sustainable Develop-
activity ment Strategy.
64 Asian Development Bank

Impact of operations. ADB operations focused on ADB’s first private sector project in Papua New
improving infrastructure and public sector management. Guinea was approved and disbursed in 2009. A total of $18
million was disbursed for the expansion and improvement
of a nationwide mobile telecommunication network, which
Palau
increases access to affordable telecommunication services,
Partnership priorities. ADB and the government particularly for low-income users, and improves their acces-
developed a country partnership strategy to guide their sibility and quality, particularly in the country’s remote and
relationship over the next 5 years. They will work to rural areas.
improve the public sector’s effectiveness, facilitate
private sector development, and manage the threats of Impact of operations. Ongoing ADB assistance
climate change. improved the Highlands highway network and national
road safety. ADB also strengthened support for private
Impact of operations. Technical assistance supported sector participation and development by providing
embedding the development strategy into ministries’ assistance for the implementation of the national
budget plans, helped develop a health insurance scheme public–private partnership policy and in the delivery of
to complement existing health care services, and helped rural health services, including HIV/AIDS prevention.
prepare a new commercial code to improve private sector The private sector was tapped to improve the supply
and consumer lending. and distribution of medical supplies. An ADB-supported
project established a financial literacy and outreach
Papua New Guinea program, and continued to strengthen the successful
Nationwide Microbank, which grew to 12 branches.
Partnership priorities. The midterm review of ADB’s
country strategy and program 2006–2010 confirmed the
ADB’s first private sector project in
rationale and validity of the four strategic priorities: public
Papua New Guinea was approved
Pacific

financial management, private sector development, infra-


structure, and health and HIV/AIDS. and disbursed in 2009

ADB support in the Pacific has helped train health workers including in Papua New Guinea
Annual Report 2009 65

Samoa Impact of operations. A $1 million grant from the Asia


Pacific Disaster Response Fund helped the government
Partnership priorities. The country partnership strategy, provide medical care, shelter, and food to the population
2008–2012, emphasizes poverty reduction, with three affected by the tsunami. The Power Sector Expansion
pillars for intervention: removing infrastructure constraints, Project facilitated installation of prepaid power meters
improving access to and delivery of public services, and in households.
promoting private sector development.

Restoring the Reef


An ADB-financed fisheries management project come here have no idea about the importance of managing
in Papua New Guinea’s coastal regions could these resources.”
begin to turn the tide against destructive fishing The big prizes—sea cucumbers, trochus shells (used to
practices through a community-based approach make mother-of-pearl buttons), and reef fish—have vanished
because of the twin pressures of growing coastal populations
and destructive fishing practices.

L
ocals wade through the shallows on a beach in the slim By contrast, villagers of Panakais on the west coast have
hope of finding a few small shells and peanut worms. established a no-fishing zone, although on this day they give
Two hours away, on a palm-fringed coast on the other themselves permission to break the ban for a special feast.
side of a mountain range dividing this narrow island prov- The community has also renounced poisoning fish with der-
ince, shiny mullet slither in the nets of joyful fishermen. ris root powder, fishing with dynamite, and night fishing
The contrast between these two stretches of water reveals by flashlight using fine-mesh nets as part of a self-imposed
much about the story of Papua New Guinea’s declining management plan drawn up with the help of Ailan Aware-
coastal resources—and the efforts of some communities to ness, a local nongovernment organization.
reverse the trend. “They told us in a scientific way why we should not catch

Pacific
“This area has been totally overfished because it is near small fish and why we should leave the spawning fish alone,”
town, very accessible, and there are no restrictions or man- says Francis Bolaf, chair of Panakais’ fisheries management
agement of the reef,” a resident complains on the beach out- committee.
side Kavieng, the main port of New Ireland. “The people who The community-based management approach to con-
serving marine resources has been pioneered through the
Coastal Fisheries Management and Development Project,
financed by ADB with a $5.7 million soft loan. Seven com-
munities in New Ireland and another 17 in Morong province
had applied the methods by the time the project ended in
2007. A further 37 were waiting to participate.
“Our project was to kick-start this concept and pilot it,
and I’m happy that this has been achieved and we would
like to see it replicated throughout the coast,” said Allan Lee,
officer-in-charge at the ADB resident mission in Port Moresby.
As more communities decide to make short-term sacri-
fices for long-term gains, the tide could turn for Papua New
Guinea’s once bountiful reefs.

“They told us in a scientific way


why we should not catch small
fish and why we should leave the
spawning fish alone”
Fishermen in Panakais and elsewhere are learning new ways to —Francis Bolaf, chair of Panakais’
bring in the day’s catch fisheries management committee
66 Asian Development Bank

Impact of operations. Rehabilitation work under the


Solomon Islands
emergency assistance program (in response to the 2007
Partnership priorities. A new interim country partner- earthquake and tsunami) progressed well and the Gizo
ship strategy continued the focus on improving transport town road was reopened. ADB continued to help the
infrastructure and services and developing the private government implement company laws and establish a
sector. companies registry.

On the Same Track


Through post-conflict reconstruction, such as in says Rishi Adhar of ADB’s Pacific Liaison and Coordination
Solomon Islands, ADB is helping governments Office, who worked on the project, which started in 2002.
restore fragile connections. The successful proj- Additional funding made available by the Australian
ect has rebuilt roads and bridges, providing a Agency for International Development (AusAID), through
lifeline to markets and hospitals its Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands, and
the New Zealand Agency for International Development
(NZAID) helped expand the rehabilitation project and avoid

S
everal times a week, Mary Puke travels from Visale in duplication of efforts. “By pooling our different ideas, we
West Guadalcanal to sell mangoes in Honiara, the generally come up with a much better result,” NZAID man-
capital of Solomon Islands. The 80-kilometer round trip ager Guy Redding says.
used to take her about 6 hours on a route damaged in conflict The restoration of important transport links like the
more than a decade ago. She can now cover that ground in Tanavasa Bridge—the “Bridge of Peace,” which had been
2 hours, after ADB’s Post-Conflict Emergency Rehabilitation blown up during the conflict—is a tangible symbol of the
Project restored roads and bridges. trust and cooperation that now exists between communi-
Bridges were bombed and major roads linking provincial ties previously at war.
and market centers with communities in Guadalcanal and “The project has been widely regarded as being success-
Pacific

the Island of Malaita were severely damaged during ethnic ful, delivering on its original objectives in an environment
tensions that afflicted this South Pacific archipelago in that was still fragile,” says Paul Kelly, RAMSI development
1999–2000. An October 2000 peace agreement ended coordinator. “It also contributed to economic growth in
conflict between groups from Guadalcanal and Malaita Solomon Islands. A working network of improved roads and
provinces, but communities were left without access to bridges, particularly in rural areas, has joined communities
markets, clinics, schools, and agricultural services. together and become a lifeline to markets and hospitals.’’
“Frankly speaking, these were the worst conditions The Solomon Islands Road Improvement Project is the
I’d seen in nearly 30 years of working on road projects,” next big transport rehabilitation project. This will build on
the work of ADB’s Post-Conflict Emergency Rehabilitation
Project, spreading the gains more widely. Policy advice and
capacity building for the Ministry of Infrastructure is part of
the package, and there are plans to involve youth, school
dropouts, and women’s groups in local road maintenance
to maximize the useful life of these arteries of commerce and
peaceful existence.

The restoration of important


transport links such as the
“Bridge of Peace” is a tangible
symbol of the trust and
cooperation that now exists
The project rejoins communities separated by conflict between communities
Annual Report 2009 67

Timor-Leste Impact of operations. ADB continued to help upgrade


the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute to double the
Partnership priorities. ADB priorities include infra- number of students. A program grant supported improved
structure, public administration, and ongoing support public financial management, including major changes in
for the Instituicao de Microfinancas de Timor-Leste. taxation legislation.
Regional technical assistance was also approved to
improve cross-border linkages between Indonesia and
Vanuatu
Timor-Leste.
Partnership priorities. The country partnership
Impact of operations. The concluded $10 million ADF strategy, 2010–2014, focuses on transport, urban devel-
Road Sector Improvement Project rehabilitated about opment, and energy. It aims to strengthen the private
123 km of deteriorated national roads, piloted road sector through an improved regulatory environment,
maintenance on 47 km of national roads using labor- better access to finance, and reform of state-owned
intensive methods, and engaged roadside communities in enterprises.
feeder road maintenance.
Impact of operations. ADB continued to improve access
Tonga to financial services by strengthening the Financial
Services Commission’s institutional framework, refor­
Partnership priorities. The joint ADB–World Bank field ming company and bankruptcy laws, modernizing the
presence in Tonga has strengthened country-level inter- registry of compa­nies, and establishing a framework for
action. A budget support program grant will help mitigate secured transactions.
the impact of the global economic crisis.

Impact of operations. ADB supported state-owned

Pacific
enterprise (SOE) reforms. Finding the Balance, a 2009
comparative study of SOE performance, rated Tonga as
having outperformed the Fiji Islands and Samoa in SOE
reform.

Tuvalu
Partnership priorities. The country operations business
plan, 2010–2012, focuses on improving public expendi-
ture and financial management.

ADB priorities include infrastructure,


public administration, and
microfinance in Timor-Leste; budget
support in Tonga; improving public
expenditure financial management
in Tuvalu; and strengthening the
private sector in Vanuatu Once of doubtful use for heavy cargo, the improved port at Suva is
now the biggest in the Fiji Islands
68 Asian Development Bank
South Asia
Annual Report 2009 69

Chapter 10

SOUTH ASIA
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka

South Asia
ADB strengthened partnerships with key donors to deliver effective
assistance and provided support to mitigate impacts of the global economic
crisis. Regional cooperation and integration efforts were stepped up and the
risk-based approach to portfolio management was strengthened. Climate
change became a pillar of a country partnership strategy.
70 Asian Development Bank

Overview loan disbursements increased to $2.8 billion from $2.4


billion in 2008, while contract awards and commitments

A
DB’s performance in South Asia remained reached $3.2 billion from $2.4 billion in 2008 (Table 22).
strong. ADB streng­thened donor harmonization
and aid effectiveness through donor partnership
in formulating country strategies.
Highlights
ADB made climate change a pillar of a country part- • Included climate change as a pillar of Nepal’s
country partnership strategy
nership strategy and provided substantial assistance in
response to the global economic crisis. • Extended substantial financial assistance in
response to the global economic crisis
• Further strengthened donor harmonization
Portfolio Management and aid effectiveness through partnership
with key donors in formulating country part-
nership strategies in addition to undertaking
ADB strengthened the risk-based approach to portfolio
country portfolio reviews
management. This focuses on complex and problematic
projects and sectors; capacity development assistance • Strengthened risk-based approach to portfo-
to executing agencies; better project preparation and lio management
enhanced quality-at-entry review, including more rigorous
assessment of project readiness; and closer monitoring of
major deviations at all stages of the project cycle. As a result,
The Global Economic Crisis:
ADB’s Response
Bangladesh
• Helped the government stimulate economic
recovery and improve social safety nets through
the Countercyclical Support Facility
South Asia

• Improved service delivery, boosted the effi-


ciency of social safety net programs, promoted
public–private partnerships, and strengthened
public resource management through the par-
allel Public Expenditure Support Facility
The Maldives
• Supported reform measures to arrest the
deteriorating macroeconomic situation and
help the country resume sustainable growth
by providing concessional loans through the
Economic Recovery Program
• Helped improve macroeconomic policy
formulation and development effectiveness
through technical assistance grants
Nepal
• Mitigated the reduction of remittances and
tourism income by increasing investments
in the productive sectors, using resources
allocated from the Asian Development Fund’s
additional liquidity for crisis response
ADB helped preserve spending on social welfare, including urban
primary health care in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Annual Report 2009 71

Table 21 South Asia: Grant-Financed Project Approvals by Country, 2009


($ million)
Other
Country ADF CCF Sourcesa Total
Bangladesh
Developing Inclusive Insurance Sector – – 2.0 2.0
Second Primary Education Development Program (Supplementary)b – – 30.0 30.0
Emergency Disaster Damage Rehabilitation (Supplementary)b – – 24.0 24.0
Post-Literacy and Continuing Education (Supplementary)b – – 2.5 2.5
Bhutan
Road Network II 38.8 – – 38.8
India
Capacity Building and Livelihood Enhancement of Poor Water Users – – 2.0 2.0
Nepal
Emergency Flood Damage Rehabilitation 25.6 – – 25.6
Establishing Women and Children Service Centers – – 0.8 0.8
Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 45.1 – – 45.1
Education Sector Program – Subprogram III 70.0 – – 70.0
Capacity Building for the Promotion of Legal Identity among the Poor – – 2.0 2.0
South Asia Tourism Infrastructure Developmentb 12.8 – – 12.8
Air Transport Capacity Enhancementb 10.0 – – 10.0
Energy Access and Efficiency Improvementb – 0.3 4.2 4.5
Flour Fortification in Chakki Mills – – 1.8 1.8
Sri Lanka
Clean Energy and Access Improvementb – 4.2 – 4.2
Improving Connectivity to Support Livelihoods and Gender Equality – – 3.0 3.0
North East Community Restoration and Development Program II (Supplementary)b – – 7.3 7.3

Total 202.2 4.5 79.5 286.2


– = nil, ADF = Asian Development Fund, CCF = Climate Change Fund.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
a Officially cofinanced by external sources, and fully or partially administered by ADB.
b Grant component of a loan project.

Table 22 South Asia: Portfolio Performance Indicators for Sovereign Lending, 2008–2009

South Asia

Contract Awards/
Commitments Disbursements Loans at Risk
Ongoing Loans
as of 31 Dec 2009 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008
Country (no.) ($ million) ($ million) ($ million) ($ million) (%) (%)

Bangladesh 59 1,209.4 506.2 1,068.0 615.6 – 2.0


Bhutan 6 75.6 18.8 31.0 4.3 16.7 –
India 53 1,657.1 1,154.0 1,339.8 1,507.7 5.7 9.1
Maldives 9 6.9 4.5 5.3 2.7 55.6 50.0
Nepal 17 94.0 64.5 73.5 60.9 5.9 5.0
Sri Lanka 40 157.4 611.0 245.6 249.5 15.0 4.9

Total 184 3,200.5 2,358.9 2,763.2 2,440.7 8.7 7.1


– = nil.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.

Regional Cooperation
ADB supported regional cooperation and integration
in South Asia through the South Asian Association for ADB convened the first High
Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Bay of Bengal Initia-
Level Forum on Emerging Vision
tive for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Coopera-
tion, and subregional initiatives. In April, ADB convened for Shared Prosperity: South Asia
the first High Level Forum on Emerging Vision for Shared and Beyond
72 Asian Development Bank

TABLE 23 South Asia: Sovereign and Nonsovereign Loan Approvals by Country, 2009
($ million)
Country OCR ADF Total

SOVEREIGN
Bangladesh
Participatory Small-Scale Water Resources Sector – 55.0 55.0
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Development – 76.0 76.0
Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program
– Program Loan – 70.0 70.0
– Project Loan – 60.0 60.0
Public Expenditure Support Facility Program and Countercyclical
Support Facility Support Programa, b 600.0 144.9 744.9
South Asia Tourism Infrastructure Development (Bangladesh, India, and Nepal) – 12.0 12.0
Padma Multipurpose Bridge Design (Supplementary) – 10.0 10.0
India
Uttarakhand Power Sector Investment Program – Tranche 3 30.6 – 30.6
Rajasthan Urban Sector Development Investment Program – Tranche 2 150.0 – 150.0
India Infrastructure Tranche Financing Facility – Tranche 2 200.0 – 200.0
National Power Grid Development Investment Program – Tranche 2 200.0 – 200.0
Madhya Pradesh Power Sector Investment Program – Tranche 5 166.0 – 166.0
National Highway Corridor (Sector) I – (Supplementary) 100.0 – 100.0
North Eastern Region Capital Cities Development Investment Program – Tranche 1 30.0 – 30.0
Rural Roads Sector II Investment Program – Tranche 4 185.0 – 185.0
Mizoram Public Resource Management Program 94.0 – 94.0
Developing Public Resource Management Program in Mizoram 6.0 – 6.0
South Asia Tourism Infrastructure Development (Bangladesh, India, and Nepal) 20.0 – 20.0
Second India Infrastructure Tranche Financing Facility – Tranche 1 210.0 – 210.0
Assam Power Sector Enhancement Investment Program – Tranche 1 60.3 – 60.3
Jharkhand State Roads 200.0 – 200.0
Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Development Investment Program – Tranche 2 59.1 – 59.1
South Asia

Maldives
Economic Recovery Program – 35.0 35.0
Capacity Building for Economic Recovery (TA Loan) – 1.5 1.5
Nepal
Education Sector Program (Subprogram 3) – 25.0 25.0
South Asia Tourism Infrastructure Development (Bangladesh, India, and Nepal) – 12.8 12.8
Air Transport Capacity Enhancement – 70.0 70.0
Energy Access and Efficiency Improvement – 65.0 65.0
Sri Lanka
Clean Energy and Access Improvement 135.0 25.0 160.0
Eastern and North Central Provincial Road – 70.0 70.0
Greater Colombo Wastewater Management 80.0 20.0 100.0

Subtotal 2,526.0 752.1 3,278.1

NONSOVEREIGN
India
Small and Medium Enterprise Trade Finance Development Facility 100.0 – 100.0

Subtotal 100.0 – 100.0

Total 2,626.0 752.1 3,378.1


–- = nil, ADF = Asian Development Fund, OCR = ordinary capital resources, TA = technical assistance.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
a Consists of two ADF loans.
b Consists of two OCR loans.
Annual Report 2009 73

FIGURE 7 South Asia: ADB Lending by Country, FIGURE 8 South Asia: ADB Disbursements by Country,
2008–2009 (Sovereign and Nonsovereign) 2008–2009 (Sovereign and Nonsovereign)

($ million) ($ million)

1,027.9 1,068.0
Bangladesh 592.0 Bangladesh 615.6

31.0
Bhutan Bhutan
80.0 4.3

1,811.0 1,551.7
India India
2,707.6 1,655.6

36.5 9.3
Maldives Maldives
15.0 2.7

172.8 73.5
Nepal Nepal
61.7

Sri Lanka 330.0 Sri Lanka 253.0


149.8 259.5

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000

2008 2009 2008 2009

Prosperity: South Asia and Beyond, bringing together


stakeholders from the finance and foreign ministries of TABLE 24 South Asia: Cumulative Lending and
Disbursements by Country as of the end of 2009
South Asian countries, their neighbors, and the SAARC ($ million)a, b
Secretariat to agree on approaches for advancing regional
Country Lending Disbursements
cooperation in South Asia and beyond.
Bangladesh 10,885.3 7,924.1
ADB approved the second multi-country investment
Bhutan 256.1 147.6
project in South Asia, which will create infrastructure India 22,228.2 13,557.2
for regional tourism; approved a road project for Bhutan, Maldives 152.8 80.8
which has significant regional implications; and prepared Nepal 2,473.7 1,777.2

South Asia
the subregional transport infrastructure and trade facil- Sri Lanka 4,685.5 3,414.8

itation project. ADB provided technical assistance to Total 40,681.6 26,901.6


Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
support resolutions of the SAARC Summit and the activ- a Loan component of regional projects distributed to the countries.
b Includes nonsovereign (public and private) sector loans.
ities of the SAARC Secretariat, including regional food
security initiatives. ADB also assisted networking among
policy research institutes and think tanks involved with
regional cooperation and integration.
Country Highlights
ADB prepared the regional cooperation opera-
Bangladesh
tions business plan for South Asia, 2010–2012, which
provides $1.6 billion for lending to regional and national Partnership priorities. The midterm review of the
projects with a regional dimension, and $15.8 million country partnership strategy, 2006–2010, completed
for nonlending products and services. ADB prepared in August, validated its strategic pillars (sustainable
the completion report for the regional cooperation economic growth, inclusive social development, and good
strategy and program 2006–2008 to help formulate the governance) while underscoring the need for greater
new strategy. investment in basic infrastructure and further progress on
economic and governance reforms.
ADB approved the second multi- ADB mobilized additional financing to support
government efforts to stimulate economic recovery
country investment project in
and improve social safety net programs, and funds were
South Asia, which will create redirected from ongoing projects for emergency post-
infrastructure for regional tourism cyclone rehabilitation. ADB also extended its support
74 Asian Development Bank

for small-scale water resources and small and medium- harmony among development partners and reduced
sized enterprises. Ten loans were approved totaling transaction costs for the government. The design of
$1 billion. the Padma Multipurpose Bridge was initiated with
ADB support, and additional resources were provided
Impact of operations. ADB’s support for primary through a supplementary loan to accelerate prepara-
education engendered progress in several key perfor- tion of this high-priority project. The Northwest Crop
mance indicators. The sector-wide approach fostered Diversification Project substantially raised the incomes

Birth Free of Worry


Women in towns and cities across Bangladesh Only 52% of pregnant women obtain antenatal care from a
can welcome their babies safely into the world medically trained provider and only 15% of births take place in
as an ADB-funded partnership works to combat health care facilities.
maternal and child mortality “We believe our health centers have contributed to a sub-
stantial reduction in child and maternal mortality and mor-
bidity in Bangladesh,” said Kazi Nurun Nabi, project manager

K
amrunnahar Akter says the birth of her third child at a of Progoti Samaj Kallyan Protisthan, who oversees an average
well-equipped health care center was free of the stress of five deliveries per day at the maternity center where Akter
she experienced in her previous deliveries. gave birth.
“I have had two children at home in deliveries that had a So far the project has established 116 primary health care
lot of anxieties and difficulties, but here I have had no worries,” centers and 9 comprehensive reproductive health care centers;
Akter, who is 29, said as she rested after giving birth to a healthy 41 more health care facilities and 42 community toilets will be
boy at the center run by Progoti Samaj Kallyan Protisthan, a non- built before the project closes at the end of 2011.
government organization (NGO) running health care centers in The centers also provide other medical treatment,
Dhaka operated under the Second Urban Primary Health Care vaccinations, family planning and nutritional advice, and
Project in partnership with the Government of Bangladesh. education on primary health care. The project targets care to
Akter’s experience is typical of women across the country the most needy: at least 30% of the health centers’ free services
who have benefited from an innovative tie-up between local reach the urban poor, and nutritional supplements are supplied
governments and NGOs to deliver primary health care to poor to severely malnourished women and children. Satellite clinics
South Asia

urban communities. Such public–private partnerships provide in slum areas treat patients who cannot come to the main
facilities and services to six city corporations and five municipali- health centers. The project has assisted more than 100,000
ties across Bangladesh. institutional deliveries, and over 5 million have benefited so far
Building on an earlier ADB project, this initiative aims to from the project.
reach underserved communities and, in particular, to improve The government is responsible for devising and overseeing
child and maternal health in areas where mortality rates re- the program, while NGOs deliver the health care and family
main high. The under-5 child mortality is 65 per 1,000 births; planning services.
41% of children under 5 are underweight, 12% severely so. The project is financed mainly by ADB with cofinance from
the Department for International Development (DFID) of the
United Kingdom, the Swedish International Development Coop-
eration Agency (Sida), and the United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA). ORBIS, an international NGO, helps the project provide
primary eye care services.

“We believe our health centers


have contributed to a substantial
reduction in child and maternal
mortality and morbidity
in Bangladesh”
—Kazi Nurun Nabi,
A baby gets treatment at an ADB-funded health center project manager of a maternity center
Annual Report 2009 75

of some 250,000 small and marginal farmers, and ADB and ADB’s Strategy 2020. The review recommended
began preparing a second phase. continued implementation as planned.

Bhutan Impact of operations. Accessibility is Bhutan’s key


development issue. The Road Network II Project
Partnership priorities. The July midterm review of the increased passenger and freight transport within the
Bhutan country partnership strategy concluded that the country and with India, and integrated the southern
strategy of poverty reduction through program and project region with its primary markets through the expanded
assistance in four core sectors (roads, power and rural elec- road network and accessible border crossings. ADB’s
trification, urban infrastructure, and financial and private power interventions enabled poor households to estab-
sector development) and capacity development in these lish income-generating microenterprises and strength-
sectors is fully aligned with the government’s Tenth Plan ened small-scale cottage industries benefiting from

Paving the Way to Prosperity


Bhutan is upgrading and extending its roads and The government partnered with ADB to meet Bhutan’s
highways, dramatically improving road safety transport needs. ADB has provided four loans and two grants
and livelihoods for farmers, business people, and totaling $85.9 million, and has helped build or upgrade
transport workers 346 km of roads and highways. The Bhutan Road Improve-
ment Project has reduced vehicle operating costs by 19%–
38%, cut travel time by 25%, and benefited nearly 100,000

B
udhbir Tamang tells stories of close calls driving on people, according to an independent evaluation by ADB.
Bhutan’s treacherous mountain roads, white-knuckle ADB is also working to improve about 140 km of the
experiences that left him inches from plunging to cer- Trongsa–Gelephu highway—the vital route linking Bhutan to
tain death. the India border—and about 100 km of other important road
The 27-year-old truck driver has fewer hair-raising tales sections.
after ADB assisted in the renovation and upgrading of 328 “The benefits of that project have been immense,” says
kilometers (km) of the East–West Highway, a vital passage that Pherub Phuntsho, an engineer with Bhutan’s Department of

South Asia
connects the two sides of the country. All-weather pavement Roads, who reports that heavy vehicle and bus accidents have
was installed on the single highway bisecting the country, fallen dramatically.
along with concrete barriers on the most dangerous curves. The impact of upgrading the East–West Highway is
“It’s still dangerous,” said Tamang, “but now my wife highly visible. Traffic in some sections of the highway has
doesn’t worry that I won’t come home alive when I have to drive increased from as few as 4 or 5 vehicles per day before im-
cross-country.” provement to 300 or 400 vehicles per day, and twice as
Vehicular transport in Bhutan, which did not have a single much in other sections.
car until the 1960s, has grown rapidly in recent years, but Temphey, a 50-year-old farmer living near the western
the country’s road network, comprising 4,153 km of drivable city of Wangdue, has also benefited immensely as a result
roads, provides only limited coverage and cannot meet the of the highway improvement. The farmer of potatoes, rad-
growing demands of larger and heavier vehicles. ishes, and chili peppers used to spend more than a day
hauling his goods to market by ox. Today, it takes about an
hour to get his goods to market.
“I used to live like the ox in the field,” Temphey says.
“Now, my work is easier and I can spend more time with
my family.”

“My wife doesn’t worry that


I won’t come home alive when
Driving on Bhutan’s highways is a lot safer these days, says truck I have to drive cross-country”
driver Budhbir Tamang —Budhbir Tamang, truck driver
76 Asian Development Bank

microcredit under ADB’s Small and Medium Enter- The Maldives


prises Sector Development Program. The finance
sector was stronger because of sustained regulatory and Partnership priorities. Under the country partnership
policy development assistance. Access and electrifica- strategy, ADB and the government agreed to augment
tion have allowed the government to establish schools human resources capacity, a binding constraint in the
and health units, increasing ADB’s direct and indirect Maldives; strengthen economic management; improve
contribution to poverty reduction and achievement of development effectiveness; and provide assistance for
the Millennium Development Goals. private sector development, energy, and transport with
an emphasis on public–private partnership. The strategy
contains a provision for ADB to respond quickly if circum-
India
stances change. The recent global economic slowdown
Partnership priorities. The country partnership strategy has adversely affected the Maldives, and ADB approved
2009–2012 will speed up poverty reduction and social quick-disbursing assistance to support the government’s
development. It will strengthen ADB support for infra- economic reform program.
structure development, promote public–private part-
nerships in infrastructure development, support climate Impact of operations. The Economic Recovery Program
change adaptation and mitigation, and encourage innova- contributed $35 million to a government emergency
tive financing. Results and knowledge creation will also program supported by international financial institutions
be enhanced. that sought to correct underlying economic distortions
and restore a sustainable medium-term growth trajectory.
Impact of operations. The Chhattisgarh Irrigation By supporting structural reforms, the program facilitated
Development Project improved irrigation infrastruc- progress toward more broad-based and sustainable devel-
ture and agriculture extension services, leading to an opment, thereby reducing vulnerability to external shocks.
estimated 50% yield increase in irrigated rice and 30%
in wheat and the piloting of new cash crops. The $100
Nepal
million Assam Power Sector Development Program,
South Asia

2003–2009, helped restructure the Assam State Elec- Partnership priorities. The country partnership stra­
tricity Board, developed tariff rules, funded an electric tegy, 2010–2012, was prepared based on consultations
service billing system, and lowered transmission and
distribution system losses. Power supply was made more
reliable and 1,200 villages were connected to the grid. Donor Partnership in Formulating
ADB financed 24 projects under the first tranche of the Country Strategies for Nepal

A
India Infrastructure Project Financing Facility, 2008–
DB’s country partnership strategy for Nepal
2010, leveraging more than 10 times its own resources
2010–2012 was formulated through stake­
from other commercial sources. holder consultations in partnership with the
United Kingdom’s Department for International De-
velopment and the World Bank. Consultations solicited
The country partnership strategy feedback on Nepal’s development priorities, and explored
ways to ensure programs’ development effectiveness.
2009–2012 for India aims to A second round of consultations was held in December
speed up poverty reduction and to provide feedback to stakeholders on the development
partners’ country strategies and discuss implementation
social development, help build challenges.
infrastructure, promote public– The donor partnership was extended to sector and the-
matic assessments, such as critical development constraints,
private partnerships, support gender equality and social inclusion, and climate change
climate change adaptation, and assessments. A “peace filter” was developed as a conflict-
sensitive tool for project design and implementation.
encourage innovative financing
Annual Report 2009 77

ADB’s country partnership in Nepal aims to sustain the gains of the peace process

with key stakeholders, including other development tion Project continued to provide improved water supply
partners. It aims to sustain the gains of the peace process and sanitation services and better health and hygiene in
by promoting broad-based inclusive economic growth, remote areas.
inclusive social development, governance and capacity
building, climate change adaptation, and environmental Sri Lanka
sustainability. The December participatory country port-
folio review focused on development effectiveness. ADB Partnership priorities. In line with the country partner-
approved six projects for $336.2 million in Asian Devel- ship strategy, 2009–2011, ADB projects supported fiscal
opment Fund (ADF) loans and grants and approved nine management, roads and transport, energy, water supply,

South Asia
technical assistance grants for $5.8 million. and education. ADB focused on postwar development
efforts when the long war against separatist rebels ended
Impact of operations. The Crop Diversification Project in mid-2009. ADB approved $330 million in loans for
completed in December 2008 improved the productivity three projects: the $160 million Clean Energy and Access
of secondary crops in 12 mid- and far-western districts. Improvement Project, the $70 million Eastern and North
Extensive social mobilization, innovative agriculture Central Provincial Road Project, and the $100 million
extension services, and processing and marketing Greater Colombo Wastewater Management Project.
services helped increase production, raise incomes of
participants, and improve nutritional status. An addi- Impact of operations. The Road Network Improvement
tional 14,963 person-years of employment were created. Project improved 309 kilometers (km) of national roads
The ongoing Community-Based Water Supply and Sanita- and rehabilitated 450 km of flood-damaged roads. The
Road Sector Development Project completed 800 km of
provincial roads. A 153 km road, cofinanced by the Euro-
pean Union, connected the South and East of Sri Lanka.
The end of the long conflict in
ADB continued to assist development in the previously
Nepal in mid-2009 allowed ADB conflict-affected northern and eastern provinces. Assis-
to focus development assistance tance for water supply and sanitation provided 2 million
people with safe water. ADB supported the modern-
on fiscal management, roads and
ization of secondary education, the development of a
transport, energy, water supply, distance education network, and expanded access to
and education higher education.
78 Asian Development Bank
Southeast Asia
Annual Report 2009 79

Chapter 11

SOUTHEAST
ASIA
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia,
the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia,
Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam

Southeast Asia
The promotion of regional cooperation saw two subregional programs
pass significant milestones and strengthened ADB’s relationship with
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
80 Asian Development Bank

OVERVIEW performance, results monitoring, and knowledge


management.

A
DB helped mitigate the impact of the global finan-
cial crisis and to alleviate the plight of commu-
nities affected by natural calamities. ADB’s PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
operations also sought to improve transport, electricity
supply, access to clean water and sanitation, edu­cation, Portfolio performance continued to improve due to a
and primary health care, particularly for the poor and sustained focus on efficient project management and
disadvantaged. ADB activities further prioritized closer monitoring, greater delegation to resident missions,
sus­tainable natural resource use, enhanced public and country-specific actions to address systemic issues
service delivery, and finance sector and public expendi- (Table 26).
ture management reform.
Indonesia, Viet Nam, and the Philippines were among
The Global Economic Crisis:
the top five recipients of ADB support (Table 3).
Regional cooperation accelerated, expanding into ADB’s Response
new areas to improve connectivity. ADB intensified its Cambodia
emphasis on the quality of projects at entry, portfolio • Helped alleviate adverse impacts on the
poor in the Tonle Sap Basin by modifying the
Highlights Emergency Food Assistance Project to ex-
pand the cash-for-work program
• Almost doubled lending, compared with
2008, to $5.4 billion—41% of total loans Indonesia
approved—especially to help countries
affected by the global financial crisis and to • Supported access to commercial financing by
sustain social sector spending providing the $1 billion Public Expenditure
Support Facility
• Supported developing member countries’
crisis responses with Countercyclical Sup- • Supported countercyclical spending with the
port Facility loans, and a loan and guarantee $500 million Countercyclical Support Facility
to enhance access to commercial financing The Lao People’s Democratic Republic
sources

Southeast Asia

Helped the government mitigate the budget-


• Facilitated the adoption of a new strategic ary impacts by expediting disbursements of
vision for cooperation between countries ongoing operations and providing an addi-
of the Greater Mekong Subregion toward tional $35.3 million grant for 2009–2010
increased connectivity, and an accelerated
agenda of infrastructure investments in The Philippines
the Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–
Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area and
• Helped the government mitigate the impact
of the crisis through policy-based operations,
the Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand Growth
by approving three loans amounting to $975
Triangle
million including the $500 million Countercy-
• Significantly aligned operations with Stra- clical Support Facility
tegy 2020 to achieve ADB’s operational tar-
Viet Nam
gets for education, environment, infrastruc-
ture, finance, and regional cooperation • Supported crisis response policy measures
through the $500 million Countercyclical
• Improved the quality of the portfolio, with
Support Facility, especially for infrastructure,
contract awards/commitments and dis-
irrigation, and transport development
bursements exceeding projections, and
program loans timely disbursed, boosting • Mobilized commercial bank financing for
achievement of outcomes and enhancing the power sector through a $325 million
impact guarantee
Annual Report 2009 81

Table 25 Southeast Asia: Grant-Financed Project Approvals by Country, 2009


($ million)
Other
Country ADF APDRF Sourcesa Total

Cambodia
Piloting the Post-Harvest Technology and Skills Bridging Program for Rural Poor – – 2.0 2.0
Second Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 21.0 – – 21.0
Strengthening Technical and Vocational Education and Training 24.5 – – 24.5
Tonle Sap Poverty Reduction and Smallholder Developmentb 27.3 – 12.4 39.7
Greater Mekong Subregion: Rehabilitation of the Railway in Cambodiab – – 21.5 21.5
Indonesia
Rice Fortification for the Poor – – 2.0 2.0
West Sumatera Earthquake Disaster – 3.0 – 3.0
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 23.0 – 5.8 28.8
Sustainable Natural Resource Management and Productivity Enhancement 20.0 – 15.0 35.0
Developing Model Healthy Villages in Northern Lao People’s Democratic Republic – – 3.0 3.0
Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprogram 2) 15.0 – – 15.0
Strengthening Higher Education 24.8 – – 24.8
Health Sector Development Program
– Program Grant 10.0 – – 10.0
– Project Grant 10.0 – – 10.0
Philippines
Philippine Energy Efficiencyb – – 1.5 1.5
Enhancing Midwives’ Entrepreneurial and Financial Literacyb – – 0.4 0.4
Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy) under the Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund – 3.0 – 3.0
Viet Nam
Thanh Hoa City Comprehensive Socioeconomic Developmentb – – 2.0 2.0
Formalizing Microfinance Institutions – – 1.5 1.5

Total 175.6 6.0 67.1 248.7


– = nil, ADF = Asian Development Fund, APDRF = Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund.
a Officially cofinanced by external sources, and fully or partially administered by ADB.
b Grant component of a loan project.

Southeast Asia
TABLE 26 Southeast Asia: Portfolio Performance Indicators for Sovereign Lending, 2008–2009
Contract Awards/

Commitments Disbursements Loans at Risk
Ongoing Loans
as of 31 Dec 2009 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008
Country (no.) ($ million) ($ million) ($ million) ($ million) (%) (%)

Cambodia 16 30.8 109.7 61.1 106.4 6.3 5.3


Indonesia 30 721.9 1,031.2 732.7 949.6 10.0 –
Lao People’s Democratic Republic 15 24.1 30.9 37.0 49.1 6.7 11.8
Philippines 11 1,314.1 632.2 1,317.5 653.2 – 7.7
Thailand 1 – – – – – –
Viet Nam 43 1,782.0 390.5 1,093.4 264.6 2.3 10.3

Total 116 3,873.1 2,194.3 3,241.7 2,022.9 5.2 6.7


– = nil.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.

The number of loans and grants in the region increased


from 154 to 168, with a net amount of $11.1 billion. Contract
ADB intensified its emphasis on the awards were 142% of projections and 172% of the 2008 level.
Disbursements were 168% of projections and 158% of the
quality of projects at entry, portfolio
2008 performance. The technical assistance port-
performance, results monitoring, folio consisted of 200 active projects, for a total of
and knowledge management $293.2 million, of which 87% were rated “satisfactory.”
82 Asian Development Bank

TABLE 27 Southeast Asia: Sovereign and Nonsovereign Loan Approvals by Country, 2009
($ million)
Country OCR ADF Total

SOVEREIGN
Cambodia
Greater Mekong Subregion: Cambodia Northwest Provincial Road Improvement – 16.3 16.3
Second Financial Sector Program (Subprogram 3) – 10.0 10.0
Tonle Sap Poverty Reduction and Smallholder Development – 3.4 3.4
Greater Mekong Subregion: Rehabilitation of the Railway in Cambodia (Supplementary) – 42.0 42.0
Indonesia
Indonesian Infrastructure Financing Facility 100.0 – 100.0
Public Expenditure Support Facility Program 1,000.0 – 1,000.0
Countercyclical Support 500.0 – 500.0
Rural Infrastructure Support to PNPM Mandiri Project II 84.2 – 84.2
Capital Market Development Program Cluster (Subprogram 2) 300.0 – 300.0
Fifth Development Policy Support Program 200.0 – 200.0
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Decentralized Irrigation Development and Management Sector (Supplementary) – 0.1 0.1
Philippines
Philippine Energy Efficiency 31.1 – 31.1
Credit for Better Health Care 50.0 – 50.0
Countercyclical Support 500.0 – 500.0
Development Policy Support Program (Subprogram 3) 250.0 – 250.0
Local Government Financing and Budget Reform Program (Subprogram 2) 225.0 – 225.0
Thailand
Greater Mekong Subregion: Highway Expansion 77.1 – 77.1
Viet Nam
Thanh Hoa City Comprehensive Socioeconomic Development – 72.0 72.0
Quality and Safety Enhancement of Agricultural Products and Biogas Development – 95.0 95.0
Renewable Energy Development and Network Expansion and Rehabilitation for Remote Communes Sector – 151.0 151.0
Countercyclical Support 500.0 – 500.0
Support for the Implementation of the Poverty Reduction Program V (Subprogram 2) – 100.0 100.0
Secondary Education Sector Development Program
– Program Loan – 20.0 20.0
– Project Loan – 40.0 40.0
Central Regions Rural Water Supply and Sanitation – 45.0 45.0
Mong Duong 1 Thermal Power –Tranche 2 902.9 – 902.9
Subtotal 4,720.3 594.8 5,315.1
NONSOVEREIGN
Southeast Asia

Philippines
Visayas Base-Load Power Development 120.0 – 120.0
Thailand
Biomass Power 5.0 – 5.0
Subtotal 125.0 – 125.0

Total 4,845.3 594.8 5,440.1


– = nil, ADF = Asian Development Fund, OCR = ordinary capital resources, PNPM = Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (National Program for Community Empowerment).

REGIONAL COOPERATION 12 high-priority transport and energy projects for 2010−


2011, worth about $1 billion, and fast-track implementa-
ADB achieved new milestones in its subregional programs tion of these projects.
within the Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia– Leaders of the IMT−GT countries agreed to accel-
Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP−EAGA), the erate the implementation of connectivity corridors. ADB
Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT− helped identify and include eight priority projects in the
GT), and the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), and IMT−GT pipeline with an estimated total cost of $2.5
enhanced collaboration with the Association of Southeast billion. A midterm review of the IMT−GT Road Map
Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat. The BIMP−EAGA and a parallel review of IMT−GT business processes are
member countries agreed to facilitate interstate transport being undertaken to ensure effective implementation.
and to accelerate infrastructure development, and ADB ADB supported and provided advice to the Center for
helped them identify projects and prepare a program of IMT−GT Cooperation.
Annual Report 2009 83

In the GMS, ADB continued to prioritize infrastruc- assisted 24,000 additional poor households in the Tonle
ture projects to expedite development of integrated Sap Basin. The Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sani-
transport networks in the region’s economic corridors tation Sector Project expanded access to safe water and
and the imple­mentation of cross-border transport agree- sanitation, resulting in better health and greater conve-
ment and trade facilitation measures. ADB organized nience, especially for women and girls, and helping
the 15th GMS Ministerial Conference in Thailand and achieve Cambodia’s Millennium Development Goals.
facilitated the Second Economic Corridors Forum in
Cambodia. Indonesia
ADB and the ASEAN Secretariat discussed the review
of their memorandum of understanding and undertook a Partnership priorities. The country strategy and prog­
strategic comparison of ADB’s programs in BIMP−EAGA ram for 2006−2009 was fully aligned with the govern-
and the GMS with the ASEAN integration framework to ment’s medium-term development plan, which aimed
enhance synergies. to increase economic growth, create jobs, and accelerate
the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.
ADB’s largest interventions focused on mitigating the
COUNTRY HIGHLIGHTS impact of the global economic crisis.

Impact of operations. ADB’s combined assistance of


Brunei Darussalam
$1.5 billion under the Public Expenditure Support
Partnership priorities. Brunei Darussalam chaired the Facility and the Countercyclical Support Facility
BIMP−EAGA ministerial and senior officials meetings, helped maintain capital flows and financed a tempo-
confirmed two connectivity projects between Brunei rary fiscal expansion to protect social spending and
Darussalam and Malaysia in the subregional priority support poverty reduction programs. These facilities,
pipeline, and partnered with ADB to develop its finance coupled with prudent macroeconomic management,
sector in pursuit of economic diversification and reduced enabled Indonesia to weather the global financial crisis.
public sector dominance. The Development Policy Support Program improved
the investment climate through a range of measures,
Impact of operations. ADB’s first reimbursable technical increased access to credit, strengthened public finan-

Southeast Asia
assistance helped establish a strategy and action plan to cial management and governance, and improved
develop the country’s capital market. ADB collaborated public service delivery to the poorest sub-districts.
with Brunei Darussalam to determine follow-on technical
assistance on a reimbursable basis.
The Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Cambodia Partnership priorities. The midterm review of ADB’s
country strategy and program for 2007–2011 affirmed
Partnership priorities. ADB’s country operations busi- its continued relevance to the country’s development
ness plan 2009−2012 was fully aligned with the govern-
ment’s 2008 Rectangular Strategy, Phase II. It aims to
achieve more inclusive, diversified economic growth ADB subregional programs
and greater poverty reduction through more targeted
achieved new milestones,
interventions in agriculture and rural development;
private sector, governance, and capacity development; accelerating infrastructure
and regional economic integration. development and enhancing
collaboration with the Association
Impact of operations. The Emergency Food Assistance
Project continued to help 89,000 poor households cope of Southeast Asian Nations
with food price hikes, and the cash-for-work program Secretariat
84 Asian Development Bank

FIGURE 9 Southeast Asia: ADB Lending by Country, FIGURE 10 Southeast Asia: ADB Disbursements by
2008–2009 (Sovereign and Nonsovereign) Country, 2008–2009 (Sovereign and Nonsovereign)

($ million) ($ million)

Cambodia 71.7 61.1


Cambodia
53.8 113.4

2,184.2 Indonesia 739.9


Indonesia
1,085.0 1,003.1

Lao People’s 0.1 Lao People’s 37.0


Democratic Republic Democratic Republic 52.5

Malaysia Malaysia

Myanmar Myanmar

1,176.1 1,317.5
Philippines Philippines
820.0 853.2

82.1
Thailand Thailand

1,925.9 1,118.4
Viet Nam 789.7 Viet Nam 264.6

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400

2008 2009 2008 2009

context. Priorities supported include agriculture, health, TABLE 28 Southeast Asia: Cumulative Lending and
education, and infrastructure which are core sectors in the Disbursements by Country as of the end of 2009
Sixth Five-Year National Socio-Economic Development ($ million)a, b
Plan, 2006–2010. Country Lending Disbursements

Cambodia 1,072.8 850.5


Indonesia 25,707.5 19,140.9
Impact of operations. During the first half of the
Lao People’s Democratic Republic 1,211.5 1,171.3
country strategy and program, income growth and poverty Malaysia 1,997.5 1,414.0
Southeast Asia

reduction targets were surpassed, and the business Myanmar 530.9 411.8
environment improved significantly. The Rural Finan- Philippines 11,828.9 9,706.9

cial Sector Development and Banking Sector Reform Thailand 5,470.2 4,207.7
Viet Nam 8,195.0 3,752.0
programs strengthened the banking system and bank c
Total 56,014.3 40,655.1
oversight, recapitalized state banks, improved credit
a Loan component of regional projects distributed to the countries.
quality, and significantly reduced the number of nonper- b Includes nonsovereign (public and private) sector loans.
c Excludes Singapore which has graduated from regular ADB assistance.
forming loans. The entry of new private banks during
2007–2009 fostered competition and efficiency and
helped establish the banking system as the main credit
source for agriculture and small and medium-sized
enterprises. Malaysia worked closely with
ADB to develop regional finance
Malaysia markets, including support given
Partnership priorities. Malaysia expanded its part- to the Islamic Financial Services
nership with ADB under BIMP−EAGA and the IMT−
Board to foster international
GT, contributing projects that form part of a fast-track
pipeline of priority infrastructure projects in the subre- prudential standards and liquidity
gions. This demonstrated the country’s commitment management
Annual Report 2009 85

to promoting private financing for infrastructure in Myanmar


the subregions. Malaysia worked closely with ADB to
develop regional finance markets, including support given Partnership priorities. ADB continued to monitor
to the Islamic Financial Services Board to foster interna- economic development in coordination with the devel-
tional prudential standards and liquidity management opment partner community and will formulate an opera­-
for Islamic financing systems. It also discussed support tional strategy when appropriate. Myanmar participated
to the ASEAN capital market integration implementa- in major GMS meetings and in some regional technical
tion plan. assistance projects. ADB’s last loan project to Myanmar

Cambodian Women: Improving Skills to Boost Income


At women’s development centers across While women are a mainstay of the informal economy, there
Cambodia, women learn to turn a profit by is little formal employment for them outside agriculture or the
using local materials to produce goods for garment factories in and around Phnom Penh.
growing markets “The problem is poverty—and access to opportunities,”
says Ing Kantha Phavi, the minister for women’s affairs. But
at new women’s development centers, women like Thav Heat

T
hav Heat’s stilted, wooden house in the province of Siem are learning how to earn money and overcome a lack of skills.
Reap looks out onto verdant rice paddies. But life is not Women’s development centers, overseen by Ing Kantha
as idyllic as it may seem in the luscious Cambodian coun- Phavi’s ministry, and supported by partners, including ADB,
tryside. train women in life skills and entrepreneurship. They also facili-
“It can be very tough to feed my four children, especially in tate access to microcredit.
the rainy season,” Thav Heat, a widow, says. “When the harvest This may have some impact on developing the informal
season comes, we have food or rice to keep us going for just 5 economy, which has received little attention from either the
months. But after that we have to earn money to buy food.” government or international donors, according to the ministry.
Women across Cambodia face a similar challenge to make The women’s development centers focus initially on en-
the money they need, with husbands absent because of death, hancing existing skills and using locally available materials to
divorce, or migration for work in other provinces or abroad. help clients improve their livelihoods.
The opening of a women’s development center in Leang
Dey, Siem Reap, gave Thav Heat the opportunity to learn not

Southeast Asia
only improved mat-weaving and design techniques but also
how to produce bags and purses for the growing tourism
market in Siem Reap.
“People used to spend up to 6 days making one mat—and
then they would sell it for $5. Lots of labor to make very little
money,” says Uch Sarom, a training adviser with the ministry.
“Now they can make $3–$4 a day depending on how fast they
work. We are teaching them marketing and design, and also
giving general business training.“
Her new skills mean that Thav Heat can stay close to home
while earning the extra money her family needs. Even the raw
material for the bags she makes, a grass known locally as rom-
chek, grows right on her doorstep.

Her new skills mean that Thav


Heat can stay close to home while
earning the extra money her
Thav Heat and others earn extra money by weaving local grass into
mats and purses family needs
86 Asian Development Bank

Chasing Buses, Chasing Profits


Building a new bus and jeepney terminal in Mindanao Basic Urban Services Sector Project, streamlines
Panabo City not only benefited travelers but also the loading and unloading of passengers and goods.
created space and extra income for the hawkers While vendors, most of whom are women, are not
who make a living serving refreshments charged rental for the stalls, they must first undergo train-
ing at the Women’s Resource Center, constructed with the
aid of a $1 million grant from ADB’s Japan Fund for Poverty

H
elen Dolino used to chase buses up and down the Reduction.
main road of Panabo City, scrambling on board to The center teaches poor women in Panabo City new
hawk her wares like many other women offering ways to increase their incomes, and helps them set up small
refreshments to travelers in the Philippines. stores to sell their products. So far, it has trained more than
“We would run from one bus to the other to sell our 100 women, including Dolino. Training modules include
merchandise since there was no designated terminal for food processing for native delicacies, fruit processing, ice
provincial buses and jeepneys,’’ says Dolino. It was chaotic, cream making, and simple accounting and bookkeeping.
and did not result in many sales, she recalls. The center plans to train 1,600 poor women in the city.
Today, Dolino and other vendors proudly display their Before she attended the Women’s Resource Center,
snacks, drinks, and souvenirs at small stalls they occupy at there were times when Dolino, 43, and her friends earned
an integrated terminal for buses and jeepneys—local mini- so little money that they had to resort to asking the local
buses—built with ADB’s help along a main highway in this social welfare office for rice and dried fish to feed their fami-
southern Philippine city. lies. Now, thanks to her training, Dolino earns extra income
In addition to this welcome benefit, the terminal, by selling native delicacies that women at the center pro-
opened by the city’s government with funding from the duce. “We now can earn $2 to $6 (P100 to P300) more
each day,” she says.
The Women’s Resource Center also operates a pre-
school where busy vendors can leave their children, know-
ing that they are safely learning nearby. In 2009, 37 stu-
dents were enrolled.
The Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction is financing the
construction of women’s resource centers in six other prov-
inces in Mindanao.
Southeast Asia

Dolino earns extra income by


selling native delicacies that
women at the center in Panabo
Women vendors used to chase buses up and down the main road
of Panabo, scramble aboard and hawk their wares City, Davao del Norte, produce

was approved in 1986 and its last technical assistance Impact of operations. ADB helped the government
project was approved in 1987. mitigate the impact of the global financial crisis through
policy-based operations and a $500 million Counter­
The Philippines cyclical Support Facility loan. ADB also helped promote

Partnership priorities. ADB continued to align its strategy


and program for 2005−2007 with the government’s ADB provided a $3 million grant
Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan, 2004−2010, under the Asia Pacific Disaster
emphasizing fiscal consolidation, an improved investment
Response Fund to help people
climate, and accelerated attainment of the Millennium
Development Goals. ADB and the government agreed in the Philippines affected by
on a country operations business plan for 2010−2012. typhoon Ondoy
Annual Report 2009 87

Pipes in Negros Occidental, Philippines, are part of a project that brings water to the poor

energy efficiency and health care, particularly for mothers strategic direction to deepen the Thai capital market.
and children. ADB provided a $3 million grant under A study on an integrated ticketing system provided
the Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund to assist people important recommendations for an expansion of
affected by typhoon Ondoy, and participated with Bangkok’s mass rapid transit.
partner agencies in a post-disaster needs assessment
to determine the extent of losses caused by typhoons
Viet Nam
Ondoy and Pepeng and to identify recovery and
reconstruction measures. Partnership priorities. ADB’s country partnership
strategies and operational programs continued to focus
Thailand on economic growth, social development, and environ-

Southeast Asia
mental management. ADB’s engagement achieved these
Partnership priorities. The country partnership strategy priorities by enhancing transport networks and improving
for 2007−2011 remained aligned with the government’s management, increasing power supply and connectivity,
policies and action plans to promote long-term, sustainable developing the private sector, establishing a diversified
economic growth and social development. The GMS market-based financial system, improving efficiency
Highway Expansion Project aimed to reduce logistics in public administration and governance, and fostering
costs along the East–West and Southern economic corridors regional cooperation and integration. ADB approved a
and to help the government plan an intercity motorway $630 million multitranche financing facility for reform of
network. state-owned enterprises.

Impact of operations. An ADB-supported capital Impact of operations. ADB provided a $500 million
market master plan laid the basis for the government’s Countercyclical Support Facility to augment the
government’s existing measures to ameliorate the
adverse impacts of the global economic crisis. Trade and
ADB supported Thailand’s strategic economic development increased dramatically with the
completion of ADB-supported road construction and
direction to deepen its capital
rehabilitation and bridge construction, and the imple-
market, and a study to expand mentation of a cross- border agreement and simplified
mass rapid transit in Bangkok border formalities in the East–West Economic Corridor.
88 Asian Development Bank

Chapter 12
NONSOVEREIGN
Nonsovereign Operations

OPERATIONS
Amid challenging financial conditions in the wake of the global financial crisis,
nonsovereign operations came under increased due diligence to reduce risks. Private
sector projects approved in 2009 included a major boost to trade financing after
capital markets came to a standstill. ADB focuses on nonsovereign projects with
significant development impact, and its target is for half of total lending by 2020 to
support the development of a healthy private sector.
Annual Report 2009 89

A
DB’s nonsovereign operations are integral to The bulk of ADB’s nonsovereign operations emanate
the objectives of Strategy 2020, which include a from the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD).
target of 50% of ADB’s lending operations by 2020 In 2009, two nonsovereign public sector projects with total
in support of private sector development and private financing of $190.5 million were processed by the South Asia
sector operations. ADB focuses on nonsovereign projects and East Asia Departments of ADB. PSOD assists devel-
with significant development impact as well as on initia- oping member countries that may have limited access to
tives that stimulate the private sector and lead to acceler- private capital by financing projects with significant
ated, sustainable, and inclusive growth. development impact. The assistance is provided through

Thawing the Big Credit Freeze


ADB dramatically stepped up assistance for trade of ADB’s Capital Markets and Financial Sectors Division, of
finance when banks hit by losses and writedowns which the program is a part.
lost trust in each other and stopped lending The 443 transactions supported last year amounted to
just under a quarter of the 1,650 that have received support
since the program started in 2004. Of the 443 transactions,

I
nternational trade was in free-fall at the beginning of 59% helped small and medium-sized enterprises—double
2009. Banks had lost confidence in each other and, as the average since inception—and half backed trade between
concerns about the deepest recession since the 1930s developing member countries. Ranging from as little as
reverberated around the world, lenders were so averse to $6,000 to $79 million, they supported exports as varied as
risk that the once-vibrant trade finance network shut down. agricultural commodities, medicines, electrical goods, oil,
Asia’s export-dependent economies were caught between a and a drilling rig.
rock and a hard place. Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Viet Nam occupied large
Amid grave concern that the lack of trade finance would chunks of the portfolio. Other major markets included
impede economic recovery, ADB ramped up its $150 million Azerbaijan and Sri Lanka, and the program also operates in
Trade Finance Facilitation Program to $1 billion. Through Afghanistan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Nepal, and Tajikistan.
the power of leveraging with partner banks, the program’s The number of issuing banks in 2009 increased from 50
loans and guarantees on letters of credit for Asian exporters at the start of the year to 73, while 89 banks that confirm
supported $1.9 billion in trade last year—almost double the letters of credit for trading parties are now in the program
target—with ADB exposure soaring 230% year on year. The after 18 joined during the year. Negotiations are ongoing
program is expected to help generate a further $13 billion of with other banks as ADB targets an expansion of the program
trade by the end of 2013. in 2010, including an aggressive push into Central Asia.
“Making it easier for companies to get hold of trade The much-anticipated recovery in the global economy

Nonsovereign Operations
finance should boost their business and encourage them is driving up trade volumes, particularly in Asia, and that
to expand and create jobs. This is critical to sustainable is spurring a blossoming in the demand for and supply of
long-term economic growth and to the poverty reduction the trade finance needed to fuel it. With ADB expecting
that goes along with it,’’ said Robert van Zwieten, director the economy of developing Asia to expand 6.6% this year,
against 1.6% growth in the United States and further likely
stagnation in the Eurozone, the Trade Finance Facilitation
Program will play a small but growing part of a brighter
future for the region.

“Making it easier for companies to


get hold of trade finance should
boost their business and encourage
them to expand and create jobs”
— Robert van Zwieten,
director of ADB’s Capital Markets
ADB played a part in expanding trade that ultimately cuts poverty and Financial Sectors Division
90 Asian Development Bank

ADB has set the standard for the construction of “good dams”

non­sovereign loans to private sector entities without Newly approved financial assistance reached
sovereign counterguarantees; equity investments; and $1.9 billion, consisting of $443 million in direct loans,
credit en­hancement products, including guarantees and $220 million in equity investments, $72 million in partial
B-loans (see Glossary), where ADB arranges a complete credit risk guarantees, $276 million in B-loans, and $850 mil­-
financing package for a project with participation from local lion in TFFP loans and guarantees. The average size of proj-
and international commercial banks and other financial ects decreased from $155 million for 16 projects in 2008
institutions. Private entities seeking assistance from ADB to $92 million for 11 projects in 2009 (excluding TFFP).
benefit not only from financial assistance but also from the Nonsovereign operations continue to support Strate-
expertise and guidance of the ADB team. Assistance is gy 2020’s three development agendas: inclusive economic
focused principally in the finance sector and in infrastruc- growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional
ture. integration. In connection with environmentally sustain-
In 2009, nonsovereign operations came under revised able growth, five projects were in the area of renewable
due diligence guidelines and credit procedures, which energy, at a cost of $426 million and representing 23%
aimed to enhance the internal risk environment. Mean- of approvals. Other approvals consisted of a $200 million
while, the external market environment continued to be waste management project representing 11%, a $120
characterized by challenging economic and financial condi- million conventional energy project accounting for 6% of
tions in the wake of the global economic crisis. Against this overall operations, TFFP representing 46%, three finance
backdrop, the Board of Directors approved nine private sector projects representing 13%, and one project in tele-
Nonsovereign Operations

sector projects, and a major boost in scope and amount for the communications (1%).
Trade Finance Facilitation Program (TFFP). TFFP oper- ADB’s nonsovereign operations focused on two of
ates directly in response to the economic and financial the core areas of operations identified in Strategy 2020:
crisis and to the deterioration in trade and trade finance infrastructure (with particular emphasis on energy) and
specifically, and supports Strategy 2020’s regional integra- finance. Strategic interventions through public–private
tion agenda. partnerships focused on renewable energy and other
infrastructure sectors. For example, ADB agreed to
invest $40 million in a new public–private joint venture
company that will develop, construct, and operate a
Nonsovereign operations continue portfolio of renewable energy projects in India, with
to support Strategy 2020’s three an initial focus on wind power and small-scale hydro-
development agendas: inclusive electric power (see Boosting India’s Wind Power,
p. 91). ADB finances commercially viable infrastructure
economic growth, environmentally
projects that are structured or capable of being struc-
sustainable growth, and regional tured as public–private partnerships. An example is
integration an equity investment of $40 million in an Indonesian
Annual Report 2009 91

Boosting India’s Wind Power


ADB’s long-term loans make it easier for compa- drive to provide more reliable power supply and transition
nies to accept the financial risk and huge cost of India to a low-carbon economy, Tata Power has become
renewable energy investments India’s largest private power player in wind energy, with a
capacity of 200 megawatts, and it plans to continue to be a
leading player in wind energy by developing more wind farms.

W
ith their 73-meter “stalks” and 26-meter “petals,” The company borrowed about $65 million (Rs3 billion)
the wind turbines look from afar like giant plants from ADB (including cofinancing arranged by ADB). The 13-
sprouting from the landscape in a remote corner year loan helped the company fix its borrowing costs and
of India’s Maharashtra state. From isolated locations like this, avoid the risk rising interest rates might have on its wind power
the turbines feed nearly 80 megawatts of electricity—enough investments at Khandke in Ahmednagar district, Bramanvel in
to power several thousand households—into the state grid. Dhulia district, and Sadawaghapur in Satara district.
Like most rural areas in energy-starved India, where during The government’s goal of “Power for All by 2012”
peak hours demand outstrips supply by some 20%, villages in requires renewable sources—solar, biomass, small hydro,
Maharashtra commonly experience power outages of up to and wind—to be developed. In Maharashtra, the state
12 hours a day. Without electricity, the villagers are virtually government is adopting a carrot-and-stick approach. It
cut off from the outside world. pays a higher rate for wind energy but requires power
Tata Power is one of the major power utilities working to distributors to procure at least 6% of their input to the
expand generation capacity to help make the nation’s power state grid from renewable energy sources by 2010, or face
supply more reliable. Encouraged by a loan from the private penalties. However, wind technology is still relatively costly
sector operations of ADB, which supports the government’s and remains unattractive to some commercial enterprises.
Through its Carbon Market Initiative—a financing
scheme that helps developing countries tap the global carbon
market—ADB is also helping the Khandke project qualify as
a Clean Development Mechanism project under the Kyoto
Protocol. Under this mechanism, ADB is prepared to provide
up-front financing by purchasing up to 50% of Tata Power’s
anticipated certified emission reductions. These payments will
add significantly to the company’s earnings from electricity sales.
Life for India’s large rural population will improve hugely
with greater access to electricity. Meanwhile, Tata Power
expects to benefit both from lessons learned and cost
Windmills grace the landscape in Maharashtra state, where ADB
backs the government’s push to put the economy on a low-carbon reductions from advances in turbine technology as it expands
its wind power investments.

Nonsovereign Operations
footing

infrastructure financing facility company and a public percentage of the overall financing for small transactions
sector loan of $100 million to a fully government-owned with a very high development impact. Given this overall
holding company, which will in turn relend the entire lending restriction for the private sector, cofinancing is
amount to the financing facility company. an important instrument for ADB to enhance support
Nonsovereign projects were administered in 23 for the private sector. ADB has various guarantee and
developing member countries, including ADB’s first cofinancing products, and demand for them has increased
private sector intervention in Papua New Guinea, which substantially of late, particularly since the recent
was approved, signed, and disbursed in 2009. financial market turmoil. In this regard, PSOD will
continue to build close and collaborative relationships
with the financial community, thereby enhancing the
COFINANCING opportunities to avail of these products.
ADB applied its cofinancing instruments to mobilize
ADB’s private sector policy restricts direct project cofinancing with several partners, catalyzing $220 million
funding to 25% of the total cost. However, in exceptional of direct new money for developing member countries for
circumstances, ADB will directly support a higher two projects with an aggregate cost of $2.2 billion.
92 Asian Development Bank

Chapter 13
FINANCE AND
Finance and Administration

ADMINISTRATION
Our People Strategy was prepared to help ADB recruit, retain, manage, and develop
the human resources needed under Strategy 2020. Staff members’ management and
technical skills were upgraded. Business processes were streamlined.
Annual Report 2009 93

Human Resources 5 members of Management, and 927 professional and 1,670


local staff members, of whom 523 or about 20.1% were in
Improving human resource management. ADB field offices. Appointments and departures numbered 119
formulated the Human Resources Action Plan (2009– and 66 among professional staff, and 154 and 109 among
2010) based on the results of two initiatives carried out local staff. Women accounted for 27.8% of all professional
in 2008: the comprehensive review of ADB’s human staff.
resources strategy (2005–2007) and the staff engagement
survey. A priority initiative of the plan was to prepare a New position and staff management systems. ADB
human resources strategy to guide the recruitment, improved its systems for managing various aspects of
retention, management, and development of the work­ staffing, including the distribution of staff among ADB’s
force required to implement Strategy 2020. ADB accom­ job levels.
plished this goal by preparing Our People Strategy, which
will guide human resources management through 2015. Organizational realignments. In response to the
changing environment in which it operates, ADB under­
Workforce planning exercise. To ensure that resources took a number of institutional realignments: it raised the
will be adequate to implement Strategy 2020 and that institutional credit risk management unit to the level of
ADB operations can sustain quality at the levels supported an office; established the Office of Anticorruption and
by the ninth replenishment of the Asian Development Integrity; created the Unit for Institutional Coordination
Fund and the fifth general capital increase, the Budget, within the Budget, Personnel, and Management Systems
Personnel, and Management Systems Department Department; and consolidated its human resources
undertook a workforce planning exercise. The exercise function into two divisions.
comprised a review of workforce requirements to identify
gaps in staff head count, allocation, and skills mix, and an
institutional review of strategic areas. Compensation and Benefits
Staff development. ADB reprioritized staff develop- The Board of Directors approved a 1.8% weighted
ment programs to ensure that ADB will have the staff skills average increase in ADB’s overall salary structure and a
needed to implement its operational programs. The devel- 3.4% salary increase for professional staff in 2010. This
opment programs emphasize team-based leadership devel- increase was in addition to the budget of $1.6 million
opment and sector and thematic programs to support allocated for performance bonuses. For national offi-
Strategy 2020. As a result, staff members at headquarters cers and the administrative staff at ADB headquarters,
and field offices were offered 152 training programs. In all, the Board approved a 2.7% weighted average increase
4,668 staff members participated in 509 learning sessions. in salary structure, and a 6.9% salary increase in 2010.

Finance and Administration


Management approved a new salary structure for national
officers and administrative staff working at ADB’s field
Staffing offices, with salary increases ranging from 0.5% to 17.7%.
Salary increases are effective 1 January 2010 and apply
Additional staffing requirements in 2010–2012. The to the midpoint salary level within each staff pay grade.
results of the workforce planning exercise indicated that
ADB will need 500 more staff positions to implement
Staff members at headquarters
Strategy 2020: about a 20% increase in staff strength over
the 2009 level by 2012, and a total increase of 90 pro­fes­ and field offices were offered
sional staff, 86 national officers, and 74 administrative 152 training programs in 2009.
staff positions in 2010.
In all, 4,668 staff members
2009 staffing. As of 31 December 2009, ADB’s staff participated in 509 learning
strength totaled 2,602 from 58 of its 67 members: sessions
94 Asian Development Bank

The Board also approved lowering the vesting period influenza A (H1N1). Although the systems are no longer
from 10 to 5 years for staff retirement plan participants who active, the team can reactivate them as necessary.
were hired on or after 1 October 2006. This change is effec-
tive as of 1 January 2010 and is retroactive for participants
hired on or after 1 October 2006. Thus, staff retirement Internal Administrative
plan participants who have met the 5-year service require- Expenses
ment are eligible for a pension. For service of less than
5 years, participants will receive a lump-sum withdrawal Internal administrative expenses totaled $379.0 million,
benefit upon termination of employment. compared to the net internal administrative budget of
ADB also upgraded its relocation package and field $388.9 million. Of the total savings of $9.9 million, about
office benefits for professional staff members assigned to 2% of the 2009 internal administrative expenses budget
field offices so that they remain competitive with other amounting to $7.7 million is being carried forward to
international financial institutions, especially in non-family 2010. The overruns in certain budget items in the oper-
and hardship duty stations, effective 1 June 2009. ational and administrative budget categories were fully
met through reallocations within the same budget catego-
ries. The savings were mainly attributable to staff vacan-
Pandemic Preparedness Plan cies and lower-than-budgeted use for relocation, business
travel, office occupancy, and contractual services. These
The pandemic crisis management team set up screening savings were partly offset by overruns in staff benefits,
procedures at ADB gates, a screening center, and a because of additional contribution to the staff retirement
medical hotline to respond to the outbreak of new fund to meet increasing funding requirements, and in
depreciation, primarily because of completion of certain
information technology projects under the Information
The net budget for internal
System and Technology Strategy, Phase II, for which
administrative expenses in 2010 depreciation began in 2009.
is $439.5 million, a rise of 13% For 2010, the net internal administrative expenses
budget is $439.5 million, including the budget for the
over the 2009 budget, including
Independent Evaluation Department of $8.4 million. The
$8.4 million for the Independent increase of $50.6 million, or 13% over the 2009 budget,
Evaluation Department reflects a price increase of 5% and a volume growth of 8%.
Finance and Administration

A resident mission staff member consults with farmers in Bajhang district, Nepal
Annual Report 2009 95

The 2010 budget is net of $6.7 million in service charges


estimated to be recoverable from administrating trust
funds of multilateral and bilateral institutions.
In addition to internal administrative expenses,
the 2010 budget includes an annual capital budget of
$6.5 million, mainly to fund cyclical capital expenditures
for headquarters and field offices, and security and safety-
related expenditures.

Administrative Services
The Office of Administrative Services (OAS) continued
to improve overall service delivery, and focused on
equipping staff with upgraded management and tech-
nical skills. Researchers use the Phnom Penh Plan Learning Resource
Center, ADB Cambodia Resident Mission
In May, OAS and the Regional and Sustainable
Development Department jointly prepared the second printers, and rationalized the use of supplies. The role
sustainability report. OAS obtained ISO (International of the iLink information coordinators was strengthened,
Organization for Standardization) 14001 and OSHAS and the iLink Digest, a monthly bulletin of excerpts
(Occupational Safety and Health Assessment Series) of sector-specific research, was launched. Finally, in
18001 recertification as part of its environmental health October, eStar, the electronic repository system, cele-
and safety management system. OAS also undertook an brated its first anniversary and, by the end of the year,
energy audit and launched green procurement guidelines, contained more than 200,000 documents.
these activities being steps in obtaining Leadership in OAS adopted a pandemic crisis management plan
Energy and Environmental Design, or green building for meeting health emergencies and demonstrated a
certification. high level of emergency response preparedness during
OAS improved the microfilming process, streamlined several typhoons.
communication and transport services, automated OAS support to resident missions focused on office
information technology inventory management, and building, property, and vehicle insurance, safety, and secu-
performed an as-is business process mapping exercise rity. Administrative policies affecting staff members posted
to determine which of OAS business processes could to field offices were likewise streamlined. OAS continued
be further streamlined, automated, or otherwise made its headquarters rehabilitation program by constructing a

Finance and Administration


more efficient. OAS launched eTrip, a web-based online covered walkway and upgrading the cafeteria and kitchen.
travel-planning facility, introduced new multifunctional Approval to build the third atrium and a car park to meet
expected space requirements was also obtained.
The OAS events management unit organized more
than 120 events since its inception in July 2008.
The Office of Administrative
Services focused on equipping Information Systems
staff with upgraded management and Technology
and technical skills, including
During 2009, the Office of Information Systems and
international recertification of its
Technology (OIST) continued to implement applica-
environmental health and safety tion systems, and improve the ADB network, informa-
management system tion technology (IT) processes, and governance. It also
96 Asian Development Bank

Recruitment and staff management were automat-


ed. The accounting applications for 24 resident missions
and payroll applications for 14 field offices were improved,
paving the way for seamless integration of practices at resi-
dent missions and headquarters.
Collaboration technology solutions were given high
priority, with ADB’s first document repository system,
eStar, being completed.
Several projects captured business process informa-
tion. The Operations Dashboard was launched to provide
operations departments with a “one-stop shop” for online
reports. The results management system was introduced.
Consultant procurement and business travel processes
were progressively automated, and a fund management
system for the Treasury Department was completed.
Resident mission officers and administrative staff, including in
Bangladesh, will benefit from a new salary structure OIST continued to help users transition to new IT
systems by conducting training workshops at headquar-
passed the halfway mark in implementing the Information ters and field offices, and it established an improved
Systems and Technology Strategy II (ISTS II). engagement model for handling business requests.
As part of implementing ISTS II and Strategy 2020,
OIST completed several IT infrastructure projects
during the year. These included upgrading ADB’s LOAN, GRANT, AND TECHNICAL
e-mail service, payment gateway, data storage system, ASSISTANCE DISBURSEMENTS
mainframe operating system, Oracle Enterprise Resource
Planning platform, and infrastructure for the enterprise The Controller’s Department (CTL) continued to
portal. Network bandwidth was likewise optimized to improve its services. The business processes for loan,
improve resident mission connectivity. grant, and technical assistance disbursements were
OIST also focused on sustaining internal control reviewed and streamlined, resulting in notable effi-
over financial reporting. Security measures were tight- ciency gains. CTL introduced a process of monitoring
ened for resident mission servers and the ADB network, its disbursement performance against set benchmarks.
including more powerful antivirus software for all The introduction of service level standards significantly
personal com­puters. Web application security software increased CTL’s disbursement efficiency, resulting in
was procured to assess vulnerabilities in ADB’s online an 8.2% decrease in the overall disbursement processing
Finance and Administration

systems. Disaster recovery tests were conducted regular- time (inclusive of time spent with the borrowers,
ly, and remote access was provided for staff performing executing agencies, operations departments, and resi-
critical payment functions. dent missions) from the year before, despite an increase
Integrated business processes and access by staff to of 15.5% in transaction volume.
appropriate information were also key priorities. Business By the end of the year, the disbursement processing
process modeling was introduced as a part of enterprise function for loans had been delegated to seven resident
architecture initiatives for managing ADB’s business missions. Seven other remote resident missions with
processes in a single repository. a smaller portfolio also assisted in the initial review of
borrowers’ disbursement requests, and helped expedite
The Operations Dashboard was disbursement through electronic submission of with-
drawal applications from the resident mission directly
launched to provide operations
to CTL. The increased role of the resident missions in
departments with a “one-stop disbursement improved communication with borrowers
shop” for online reports and executing agencies.
Annual Report 2009 97

CTL strengthened its commitment to help build The increased role of the resident
the capacity of developing member country borrowers
and executing agencies, and of disbursement staff at the
missions in disbursement improved
resident missions. CTL conducted 36 disbursement and communication with borrowers and
loan accounting training seminars for over 1,000 borrowers executing agencies
and executing agency officials, and conducted consulta-
tive meetings with the regional departments to better
understand their needs and improve coordination. together with the staff development group, strengthened
CTL developed a financial tool for loan accounting and staff training on IFRS.
servicing (eC-LAS) to help borrowers, executing agencies, CTL facilitated Management’s assertion and the
and ADB project teams process and administer loans. CTL external auditor’s attestation on internal controls for
started distributing the eC-LAS and training users in the financial reporting, which ADB started in fiscal year
People’s Republic of China, Pakistan, the Philippines, and 2008, for better corporate governance. The assertion and
Uzbekistan. CTL translated the eC-LAS into Chinese and attestation for fiscal year 2009 was accomplished with an
started the Russian version. In addition to a website on loan unqualified opinion from the external auditor, Deloitte
disbursements, CTL started developing a website on loan & Touche. This initiative strengthened staff awareness
accounting and servicing for borrowers, executing agencies, of internal controls. Training on internal controls, risk
ADB staff, and other organizations concerned. assessments, and testing skills was strengthened.
CTL, with the assistance of OIST, implemented the
financial and management accounting system for resident
Financial Reporting missions to improve work efficiency, data reliability, and
internal controls. As of 31 December, 24 of the 27 resident
CTL revised its accounting policies, especially with regard missions and regional offices were using the system. CTL
to market valuation of financial instruments. CTL also provided accounting support for new trust funds, including
started a preliminary study on the International Financial the Asia Pacific Carbon Fund, the Future Carbon Fund, the
Reporting Standards (IFRS), considering a possible tran- Financing Partnership Facilities, and the Climate Change
sition to IFRS from the United States generally accepted Fund, to ensure that ADB meets its fiduciary responsibility
accounting principles (US GAAP)–based standards. CTL, as the custodian of the funds it administers.

Finance and Administration

Systems were improved for managing distribution of staff among job levels
98 Asian Development Bank

Chapter 14
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX 1 Members, Capital Stock, and Voting Power 99
Appendix 2 Resolutions of the Board of Governors
Adopted in 2009 100
Appendix 3 Selected Policy, Strategy, and Financial
Papers Discussed by the Board in 2009 100
APPENDIX 4 Board of Governors 101
APPENDIX 5 Board of Directors and Voting Groups 103
Appendix 6 Committees of the Board of Directors 104
APPENDIX 7 ADB Institute Advisory Council 105
APPENDIX 8 Organizational Structure 106
APPENDIX 9 Former ADB Presidents and Vice-Presidents 107
APPENDIX 10 Summary of Internal Administrative Expenses –
2009 and Budget for 2010 108
APPENDIX 11 Management and Staff Representation
of ADB Members 109
APPENDIX 12 Number of Authorized Positions in
Appendixes

Resident Missions 110


APPENDIX 13 Growth in Resident Missions (RMs)
and Authorized Staff Positions at RMs 111
APPENDIX 14 Selected Knowledge Products of ADB 112
APPENDIX 15 Evaluation Results for Sovereign Operations 118
Annual Report 2009 99

APPENDIX 1
Members, Capital Stock, and Voting Power
(as of 31 December 2009)

Year Voting Year Voting


of Subscribed Powerb of Subscribed Powerb
Member- Capitala (% of Member- Capitala (% of
Member ship (% of total) total) Member ship (% of total) total)
REGIONAL Tuvalu 1993 0.001 0.300
Afghanistan 1966 0.031 0.323 Uzbekistan 1995 0.613 0.789
Armenia 2005 0.271 0.516 Vanuatu 1981 0.006 0.303
Australia 1966 5.264 4.510 Viet Nam 1966 0.310 0.547
Azerbaijan 1999 0.405 0.622 Subtotal 66.619 67.623
Bangladesh 1973 2.787 2.528 NONREGIONAL
Bhutan 1982 0.006 0.303 Austria 1966 0.310 0.546
Brunei Darussalam 2006 0.320 0.555 Belgium 1966 0.310 0.546
Cambodia 1966 0.045 0.334 Canada 1966 4.759 4.106
China, People's Republic of 1986 5.862 4.988 Denmark 1966 0.310 0.546
Cook Islands 1976 0.002 0.300 Finland 1966 0.310 0.546
Fiji Islands 1970 0.062 0.348 France 1970 2.117 1.992
Georgia 2007 0.311 0.547 Germany 1966 3.936 3.447
Hong Kong, China 1969 0.495 0.695 Ireland 2006 0.310 0.546
India 1966 5.760 4.906 Italy 1966 1.644 1.614
Indonesia 1966 4.955 4.262 Luxembourg 2003 0.310 0.546
Japan 1966 14.198 11.657 The Netherlands 1966 0.933 1.045
Kazakhstan 1994 0.734 0.885 Norway 1966 0.310 0.546
Kiribati 1974 0.004 0.301 Portugal 2002 0.310 0.546
Korea, Republic of 1966 4.583 3.965 Spain 1986 0.310 0.546
Kyrgyz Republic 1994 0.272 0.516 Sweden 1966 0.310 0.546
Lao People's Democratic 1966 0.013 0.309 Switzerland 1967 0.531 0.723
Republic Turkey 1991 0.310 0.546
Malaysia 1966 2.477 2.280 United Kingdom 1966 1.858 1.785
Maldives 1978 0.004 0.301 United States 1966 14.198 11.657
Marshall Islands 1990 0.002 0.300 Subtotal 33.381 32.377
Micronesia, Federated States of 1990 0.004 0.301 TOTAL 100.000 100.000
Mongolia 1991 0.014 0.309
Myanmar 1973 0.495 0.695 Notes: Figures may not add up because of rounding. For other
details, see tables on pages 52 and 53, Volume 2 of 2009 Annual
Nauru 1991 0.004 0.301 Report.
Nepal 1966 0.134 0.406 Subscription to the fifth general capital increase are ongoing; share-
New Zealand 1966 1.397 1.416 holding and voting power of members will change from time to
Pakistan 1966 5.945 5.055 time during the subscription period.
a Subscribed capital refers to a member’s subscription to shares of
Palau 2003 0.003 0.301

Appendixes
the capital stock of ADB.
Papua New Guinea 1971 0.085 0.367 b The total voting power of each member consists of the sum of
Philippines 1966 2.168 2.033 its basic votes and proportional votes. The basic votes of each
Samoa 1966 0.003 0.301 member consist of such number of votes as results from the equal
Singapore 1966 0.310 0.546 distribution among all members of 20% of the aggregate sum
of the basic votes and proportional votes of all members. The
Solomon Islands 1973 0.006 0.303
number of proportional votes of each member is equal to the
Sri Lanka 1966 0.528 0.721 number of shares of the capital stock of ADB held by that member.
Taipei,China 1966 0.991 1.091
Tajikistan 1998 0.782 0.924
Thailand 1966 3.716 3.271
Timor-Leste 2002 0.009 0.306
Tonga 1972 0.004 0.301
Turkmenistan 2000 0.230 0.483
100 Asian Development Bank

Appendix 2
Resolutions of the Board of Governors Adopted in 2009

RESOLUTION NO. SUBJECT DATE ADOPTED

334 Decisions Relating to Section 5 of the By-Laws 9 February


335 Amendment to Section 7(B) (a) of the By-Laws 9 February
336 Increase in Authorized Capital Stock and Subscriptions Thereto 29 April
337 Financial Statements, Management’s Report on
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and
Independent Auditors’ Reports 5 May
338 Allocation of Net Income 5 May
339 Place and Date of Forty-Third Annual Meeting (2010) 5 May
340 Procedures for the Election of Directors 16 May
341 Establishing the Legal Framework for the Use of
Asian Development Fund Resources for Grants 10 June

Appendix 3
Selected Policy, Strategy, and Financial Papers Discussed by the Board in 2009

SUBJECT DATE

Comprehensive Review of the Human Resources Strategy, 2005–2007 20 January


Review of ADB’s Ordinary Capital Resource Requirements 3 February
General Review of Salaries and Benefits for Headquarters National Officers and Administrative Staff 4 March
The Fifth General Capital Increase of the Asian Development Bank 6 April
Annual Financial Statements 7 April
Review of the Asian Development Bank’s Loan Charges and Allocation of 2008 Net Income 7 April
Enhancing ADB’s Response to the Global Economic Crisis—Establishing the Countercyclical Support Facility 16 June
Crisis Response of Asian Development Fund—Allocation of Additional Liquidity 16 June
Energy Policy 18 June
Review of the Asian Development Bank’s Exposure Limits on Nonsovereign Operations 19 June
2008 Development Effectiveness Review 14 July
Safeguard Policy Statement 20 July
Work Program and Budget Framework, 2010–2012 21 September
Appendixes

ADB’s Approach to Operations in Sri Lanka in the New Post-Conflict Environment 28 September
Review of ADB’s Exposure Limits on Nonsovereign Operations 7 October
Annual Review of Salaries and Benefits for Professional Staff 20 October
ADB’s Approach to Assisting the Pacific, 2010–2014 19 November
Borrowing Program for 2010 10 December
Budget of the Asian Development Bank for 2010 17 December
Asian Development Bank Institute—Three-Year Rolling Work Program, 2010–2012 and Budget for 2010 17 December
Special Capital Expenditure Budget Proposal:
Expansion of ADB Headquarters Building and Selected Resident Missions 17 December
Annual Report 2009 101

APPENDIX 4
Board of Governors
(as of 2 February 2010)

Rustam Azimov, Uzbekistan


(Chair)
Patrick Pruaitch, MP, Papua New Guinea Elena Salgado Méndez, Spain
(Vice Chair) (Vice Chair)

MEMBER GOVERNOR ALTERNATE GOVERNOR

Afghanistan Omar Zakhilwal Abdul Qadeer Fitrat


Armenia Nerses Yeritsyan Musegh Tumasyan
Australia Wayne Swan, MP Bob McMullan MP
Austria Josef Pröll Günther Schönleitner
Azerbaijan Samir Sharifov Shahin Mustafayev
Bangladesh Abul Maal A. Muhith Md. Musharraf Hossain Bhuiyan
Belgium Didier Reynders Gino Alzetta
Bhutan Wangdi Norbu Nim Dorji
Brunei Darussalam Pehin Dato Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Mohd Roselan Mohd Daud
Cambodia Keat Chhon Aun Porn Moniroth
Canada Lawrence Cannon James A. Haley
China, People’s Republic of Xie Xuren Li Yong
Cook Islands Wilkie Rasmussen Kevin Carr
Denmark Susan Ulbæk Martin Bille Hermann
Fiji Islands Josaia Voreqe Bainimarama Sada Sivan Reddy
Finland Ritva Koukku-Ronde Pasi Hellman
France Christine Lagarde Ramon Fernandez
Germany Gudrun Kopp Rolf Wenzel
Georgia Kakha Baindurashvili Zurab Pololikashvili
Hong Kong, China John Tsang Chun-wah Norman Chan
India Pranab Mukherjee Ashok Chawla
Indonesia Sri Mulyani Indrawati Armida Alisjahbana
Ireland Brian Lenihan, T.D. Michael J. McGrath
Italy Mario Draghi Carlo Monticelli
Japan Naoto Kan Masaaki Shirakawa
Kazakhstan Bakhyt Turlyhanovich Sultanov Ruslan Erbolatovich Dalenov
Kiribati Natan Teewe Atanteora Beiatau
Korea, Republic of Jeung-Hyun Yoon Seongtae Lee
Kyrgyz Republic Marat Abdyrazakovich Sultanov Kanat Kubatovich Asangulov

Appendixes
Lao People’s Democratic Republic Somdy Douangdy Somphao Phaysith
Luxembourg Luc Frieden Arsène Jacoby
Malaysia Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak Tan Sri Dr. Wan Abdul Aziz bin Wan
Abdullah
Maldives Ali Hashim Ahmed As-ad
Marshall Islands Jack J. Ading Amon Tibon
Micronesia, Federated States of Finley S. Perman Lorin Robert
Mongolia Bayartsogt Sangajav Purevdorj Lkhasuren
Myanmar Hla Tun Daw Myo Nwe
Nauru Kieren Keke, MP Tim Drown
Nepal Surendra Pandey Rameshore Prasad Khanal
The Netherlands Vacant Yoka Brandt
102 Asian Development Bank

MEMBER GOVERNOR ALTERNATE GOVERNOR


New Zealand Bill English John Whitehead
Norway Ingrid Fiskaa Henrik Harboe
Pakistan Shaukat Tarin Sibtain Fazal Halim
Palau Kerai Mariur Marino Rechesengel
Papua New Guinea Patrick Pruaitch, MP Simon Tosali
Philippines Margarito B. Teves Amando M. Tetangco, Jr.
Portugal Fernando Teixeira dos Santos Carlos Costa Pina
Samoa Nickel Lee-Hang Tupaimatuna lulai Lavea
Singapore Tharman Shanmugaratnam Peter Ong Boon Kwee
Solomon Islands Snyder Rini Shadrach Fanega
Spain Elena Salgado Méndez José Manuel Campa Fernández
Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa P.B. Jayasundera
Sweden Joakim Stymne Anders Bengtcén
Switzerland Beatrice Maser Mallor Jurg Benz
Taipei,China Fai-nan Perng Ming-Chung Tseng
Tajikistan Matlubkhon S. Davlatov Kh.Kh Tagoimurodov
Thailand Korn Chatikavanij Sathit Limpongpan
Timor-Leste Emilia Pires Joao Mendes Goncalves
Tonga Feleti Vaka’uta Sevele Aisake Eke
Turkey İbrahim H. Çanakcı Memduh Aslan Akçay
Turkmenistan Guvanchmurad Geoklenov Muhammetgeldi Atayev
Tuvalu Lotoala Metia Minute Alapati Taupo
United Kingdom Douglas Alexander Michael Foster
United States Timothy Geithner Robert D. Hormats
Uzbekistan Rustam Azimov Galina Saidova
Vanuatu Sela Molisa George Singara Maniuri
Viet Nam Nguyen Van Giau Nguyen Van Binh
Appendixes
Annual Report 2009 103

APPENDIX 5
Board of Directors and Voting Groups
(as of 2 February 2010)

Executive Directors Alternate Directors Members Represented

Phil Bowen Dereck Rooken-Smith Australia; Azerbaijan; Cambodia; Federated States


of Micronesia; Georgia; Hong Kong, China; Kiribati;
Nauru; Palau; Solomon Islands; Tuvalu

Howard Brown Torben Bellers Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland,


The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden

Curtis S. Chin Paul W. Curry United States

Marwanto Harjowiryono1 C.J. (Stan) Vandersyp Cook Islands, Fiji Islands, Indonesia,
Kyrgyz Republic, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga

Ashok K. Lahiri Md. Aminul Islam Bhuiyan Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan

Michele Miari Fulcis Jose Miguel Cortes2 Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland

Masakazu Sakaguchi Yasuto Watanabe Japan

Siraj S. Shamsuddin3 Marita Magpili-Jimenez4 Kazakhstan, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia,


Pakistan, Philippines, Timor-Leste

Jaejung Song5 Vacant Republic of Korea; Papua New Guinea; Sri Lanka;
Taipei,China; Uzbekistan; Vanuatu; Viet Nam

Chaiyuth Sudthitanakorn6 Govinda Bahadur Thapa7 Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Singapore, Thailand

Eduard Westreicher8 Richard Edwards Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Turkey,


United Kingdom

Appendixes
Yingming Yang9 Xiuzhen Guan10 People’s Republic of China

1 Marwanto Harjowiryono succeeded Ceppie K. Sumadilaga in August 2009.


2 Jose Miguel Cortes succeeded João Simo-es de Almeida in August 2009.
3 Siraj S. Shamsuddin succeeded Marita Magpili-Jimenez in July 2009.
4 Marita Magpili-Jimenez succeeded Siraj S. Shamsuddin in July 2009.
5 Jaejung Song succeeded Kyung-Hoh Kim in February 2010.
6 Chaiyuth Sudthitanakorn succeeded Md. Saad Hashim in November 2009.
7 Govinda Bahadur Thapa succeeded Siew Juan Aw in August 2009.
8 Eduard Westreicher succeeded Sebastian Paust in February 2009.
9 Yingming Yang succeeded Wencai Zhang in September 2009.
10 Xiuzhen Guan succeeded Fangyu Liu in August 2009.
104 Asian Development Bank

Appendix 6
Committees of the Board of Directors

Audit Committee Development Effectiveness Committee


Kyung-Hoh Kim (Chair) Ashok K. Lahiri (Chair)
Curtis Chin Eduard Westreicher
Chaiyuth Sudthitanakorn Torben Bellers
Michele Miari Fulcis Marita Magpili-Jimenez
Dereck Rooken-Smith Govinda Bahadur Thapa
C. J. Vandersyp Yasuto Watanabe

Budget Review Committee Ethics Committee


Yingming Yang (Chair) Marwanto Harjowiryono (Chair)
Phil Bowen Phil Bowen
Masakazu Sakaguchi Howard Brown
Marwanto Harjowiryono Ashok Lahiri
Jose Miguel Cortes Yingming Yang
Paul Curry
Human Resources Committee
Compliance Review Committee Siraj Shamsuddin (Chair)
Eduard Westreicher (Chair) Curtis Chin
Howard Brown Kyung-hoh Kim
Siraj Shamsuddin Masakazu Sakaguchi
Chaiyuth Sudthitanakorn Richard Edwards
Md. Aminul Islam Bhuiyan Xiuzhen Guan
Tsuen-Hua (James) Shih

Working Group on the Annual Report for 2009


Richard Edwards (Chair)
Md. Aminul Islam Bhuiyan
Paul W. Curry
Xiuzhen Guan
Dereck Rooken-Smith
Yasuto Watanabe
Appendixes
Annual Report 2009 105

APPENDIX 7
ADB Institute Advisory Council
(as of 31 December 2009)

Masahiko Aoki President, International Economic Association, Japan


K.M. Chandrasekhar Cabinet Secretary, Government of India
Gang Fan Director, National Economic Research Institute, People’s Republic of China
Victor H. Frank, Jr. President, Asian Programs Foundation, United States
Eric Girardin Professor of Economics, Université de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille, France
Andrew MacIntyre Director, Crawford School of Economics and Government,
Australian National University, Australia
Jong-Wha Lee Chief Economist, Asian Development Bank

ADB Institute Dean

Masahiro Kawai (January 2007–present)


Peter McCawley (January 2003–January 2007)
Masaru Yoshitomi (January 1999–January 2003)
Jesus P. Estanislao (December 1997–January 1999)

Masahiro Kawai (January 2007–present)


Peter McCawley (January 2003–January 2007)
Masaru Yoshitomi (January 1999–January 2003)
Jesus P. Estanislao (December 1997–January 1999)

Appendixes
106 Asian Development Bank

APPENDIX 8
Organizational Structure1 Board of Governors
(as of 28 February 2010)
Board of DIRECTORS
OFFICE OF THE COMPLIANCE INDEPENDENT EVALUATION
REVIEW PANEL2 DEPARTMENT3
B. Purdue, Secretary President H.S. Rao, Director General
H. Kuroda

MANAGING DIRECTOR
GENERAL
R. Nag

Vice-President
asian development (Knowledge Management and Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President
bank institute Sustainable Development) (Operations 1) (Operations 2) (Finance and Administration)
M. Kawai, Dean U. Schäfer-Preuss X. Zhao C. Lawrence Greenwood, Jr. B. Lohani

Office of REGIONAL AND SUSTAINABLE Office of


the Auditor General south asia department east asia department
DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT S. H. Rahman, Director General K. Gerhaeusser, Director General the Secretary
K. Moktan, Auditor General X. Yao,4 Director General R. L. T. Dawson, The Secretary

Special Senior Advisor bangladesh PRC


(Infrastructure and Water) Resident Mission Resident Mission
ECONOMICS AND RESEARCH P. Heytens, Country Director R. Wihtol, Country Director Office of
A. Thapan DEPARTMENT the General Counsel
J. W. Lee, Chief Economist J. Hovland, General Counsel
Office of India mongolia
ANTICORRUPTION, AND Resident Mission Resident Mission
INTEGRITY H. Kim, Country Director A. Ruthenberg, Country Director
P. Pedersen, Head Office of Budget, personnel and
cofinancing operations Management Systems
nepal Department
T. Kondo, Head Resident Mission M. Tamagawa, Director General
Strategy and Policy B. Hitchcock, Country Director SOUTHEAST ASIA
Department DEPARTMENT
K. Sakai, Director General K. Senga, Director General
sri lanka OFFICE OF
Resident Mission ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
R. Vokes, Country Director CAMBODIA
OFFICE OF REGIONAL Resident Mission C. Rajendran, Principal Director
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION P. Kamayana, Country Director
(vacant), Head

CENTRAL AND WEST ASIA INDONESIA Controller’s


office of the special DEPARTMENT Resident Mission Department
project facilitator J. Miranda, Director General J. Nugent, Country Director H. Jung, Controller
R. May, Special Project Facilitator
afghanistan LAO PDR
Resident Mission Resident Mission
C. Steffensen, Country Director (vacant), Country Director Treasury
OFFICE OF RISK MANAGEMENT 
J. Limandibrata, Head Department
M. Kashiwagi, Treasurer
AZERBAIJAN PHILIPPINES
Resident Mission COUNTRY OFFICE
(vacant), Country Director N. Jain, Country Director
DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL
RELATIONS Office of
A. Quon, Principal Director kazakhstan Thailand Information Systems
Resident Mission Resident Mission and TechnOlogy
european G. Li, Country Director J. Verbiest, Country Director S. Chander, Principal Director
representative office
A. A. Monari
Resident Director General
kyrgyz VIET NAM
Resident Mission Resident Mission
L. Wu, Country Director A. Konishi, Country Director
japanese
representative office
Appendixes

K. Nakamori pakistan
Resident Director General Resident Mission
R. Stroem, Country Director PACIFIC DEPARTMENT
(vacant), Director General

north american TAJIKISTAN


­representative office RESIDENT MISSION
C. W. Maccormac M. Ojiro, Country Director PACIFIC liaison AND
Resident Director General coordination OFFICE
E. Zhukov, Regional Director
uzbekistan
resident mission
K. Higuchi, Country Director PACIFIC
SUBREGIONAL OFFICE
R. K. Leonard, Regional Director

PRIVATE SECTOR PAPUA NEW GUINEA


OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT Resident Mission
P. Erquiaga, Director General C. Andrews, Country Director

special LIAISON office


in timor-leste
L. Pochard,
Resident Representative
1 For a list of management and senior staff go to www.adb.org/About/
management.asp
2 The Compliance Review Panel reports to the Board of Directors.
3 The Independent Evaluation Department reports to the Board of Directors central operations
services office
through the Development Effectiveness Committee. H. Sharif, Principal Director
4 Concurrent Chief Compliance Officer
Annual Report 2009 107

APPENDIX 9
Former ADB Presidents and Vice-Presidents
(as of 31 December 2009)

PRESIDENTS
Takeshi Watanabe 24 November 1966–24 November 1972
Shiro Inoue 25 November 1972–23 November 1976
Taroichi Yoshida 24 November 1976–23 November 1981
Masao Fujioka 24 November 1981–23 November 1989
Kimimasa Tarumizu 24 November 1989–23 November 1993
Mitsuo Sato 24 November 1993–15 January 1999
Tadao Chino 16 January 1999–31 January 2005

VICE-PRESIDENTS
C.S. Krishna Moorthi 19 December 1966–31 March 1978
A.T. Bambawale 1 April 1978–28 October 1985
M. Narasimham 1 November 1985–31 July 1988
S. Stanley Katz 1 April 1978–28 September 1990
In Yong Chung 1 August 1988–31 July 1993
William R. Thomson 1 October 1990–30 June 1994
Günther G. Schulz 1 April 1983–30 June 1995
Bong-Suh Lee 1 August 1993–31 July 1998
Pierre Uhel 1 July 1995–24 November 1998
Peter H. Sullivan 6 July 1994–20 September 2000
Myoung-Ho Shin 1 August 1998–31 July 2003
John Lintjer 18 January 1999–16 January 2004
Joseph B. Eichenberger 15 December 2000–23 December 2005
Geert H.P.B van der Linden 1 September 2003–31 August 2006
Khempheng Pholsena 5 April 2004–4 April 2007
Liqun Jin 1 August 2003–18 July 2008

Appendixes
108 Asian Development Bank

APPENDIX 10
Summary of Internal Administrative Expenses – 2009 and Budget for 2010
($ thousand)

2009
After Budget
Item Budget Transfersa Actual 2010

A. Board of Governors 1,629 1,629 1,300 2,250


B. Board of Directors 25,140 25,140 24,226 25,952
Offices of the Directors 14,850 14,850 14,540 14,847
Accountability Mechanism 2,328 2,328 2,103 2,742
Independent Evaluation 7,962 7,962 7,583 8,363
C. Operational Expenses 295,474 295,474 292,418 336,383
Salaries 150,541 145,869 145,869 168,388
Benefits 88,103 92,232 92,232 100,240
Staff Development 4,400 4,639 4,639 5,330
Relocation 6,544 6,346 4,754 7,813
Consultants 21,629 22,131 22,131 25,630
Business Travel 23,883 23,883 22,439 28,540
Representation 374 374 354 442
D. Administrative Expenses 67,896 67,896 67,040 77,230
Communications 6,479 6,479 6,066 7,906
Office Occupancy 19,047 17,587 17,587 20,372
Library 1,150 1,150 1,097 1,235
Office Supplies 1,708 1,708 1,505 1,584
Equipment/Maintenance and Support 5,683 5,897 5,897 7,172
Contractual Services 15,502 14,808 14,728 17,719
Insurance 3,037 3,272 3,272 3,572
Depreciation 14,597 16,302 16,302 16,934
Miscellaneous 693 693 584 736
E. Total Before General Contingency 390,139 390,139 384,984 b
441,815
F. General Contingency 3,901 3,901 0 4,418
G. Less: Reimbursements from Trust Funds (5,172) (5,172) (5,981) c (6,745)
Net IAE 388,868 388,868 379,003 439,488 d
H. Carryover of IAE Budget – – 7,700 e

I. Net IAE after Carryover 388,868 388,868 386,703 439,488
– = no data available or not calculated, “0” = magnitude zero, ( ) = negative, IAE = internal administrative expenses.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
a Transfers were made between budget items without exceeding the original amount of each category to meet overruns within the same budget category.
Appendixes

b Includes $1,509,000 in expenses associated with Japan Special Fund ($1,426,000) and Japan Scholarship Program ($83,000). Excludes the following adjustments incorporated in the
financial statements to comply with the generally accepted accounting principles, and recording and reporting requirements: (i) postretirement medical benefits ($5,083,000); (ii) actuarial
assessment of costs associated with pension benefit obligations ($18,195,000); (iii) expenses charged to the budget carryover ($4,622,000); (iv) accumulated compensated absences
($1,854,000); (v) accrued resettlement and repatriation allowances ($2,578,000) and severance payments ($605,000); and (vi) other miscellaneous adjustments ($186,000). Total adjusted
administrative expenses of $418,108,000 reflected in the financial statements is allocated as OCR, $193,638,000 ($216,035,000 less $22,397,000 of front-end fee); ADF, $200,564,000,
and Japan Special Fund and Japan Scholarship Program, $1,509,000.
c This amount ($5,981,000) reflects the estimated total expenses apportioned for administering the trust funds during the year.
d Net IAE budget for 2010 consist of $8,363,000 for the Independent Evaluation Department (IED) and $431,125,000 for ADB excluding IED.
e In 2006, the Board approved introduction of a budget carryover of up to 2% of net IAE budget to the next year, beginning with the 2007 budget. Accordingly, $7.7 million (about 2% of
the 2009 net IAE budget) has been carried over to 2010.
Annual Report 2009 109

APPENDIX 11
Management and Staff Representation of ADB Members
(as of 31 December 2009)
National National
Officer/ Officer/
Professional Administrative Professional Administrative
Member Management Staff Staff Total Member Management Staff Staff Total
Regional Nonregional
Afghanistan 0 0 11 11 Austria 0 8 0 8
Armenia 0 0 5 5 Belgium 0 6 0 6
Australia 0 52 7 59 Canada 0 43 0 43
Azerbaijan 0 0 4 4 Denmark 0 6 0 6
Bangladesh 0 8 46 54 Finland 0 5 1 6
Bhutan 0 3 0 3 France 0 28 0 28
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 Germany 1 35 2 38
Cambodia 0 0 21 21 Ireland 0 1 0 1
China, People's Italy 0 16 0 16
Republic of 1 59 40 100 Luxembourg 0 2 0 2
Cooks Islands 0 0 0 0 The Netherlands 0 15 0 15
Fiji Islands 0 2 11 13 Norway 0 4 0 4
Georgia 0 1 5 6 Portugal 0 3 0 3
Hong Kong, China 0 5 0 5 Spain 0 8 0 8
India 0 69 44 113 Sweden 0 9 0 9
Indonesia 0 36 37 73 Switzerland 0 5 0 5
Japan 1 130 4 135 Turkey 0 5 0 5
Kazakhstan 0 5 7 12 United Kingdom 0 32 0 32
Kiribati 0 0 0 0 United States 1 119 2 122
Korea, Republic of 0 41 1 42 Subtotal 2 350 5 357
Kyrgyz Republic 0 5 8 13 Total 5 927 1,670 2,602
Lao People's
Democratic Republic 0 1 14 15
Malaysia 0 27 0 27
Maldives 0 0 0 0
Marshall Islands 0 0 0 0
Micronesia, Federated
States of 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 3 11 14
Myanmar 0 2 0 2
Nauru 0 0 0 0
Nepal 1 6 27 34
New Zealand 0 15 0 15
Pakistan 0 22 39 61
Palau 0 1 0 1
Papua New Guinea 0 1 7 8

Appendixes
Philippines 0 31 1,231 1,262
Samoa 0 1 0 1
Singapore 0 8 0 8
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0
Sri Lanka 0 11 21 32
Taipei,China 0 5 0 5
Tajikistan 0 2 9 11
Thailand 0 10 9 19
Timor-Leste 0 1 3 4
Tonga 0 3 0 3
Turkmenistan 0 0 0 0
Tuvalu 0 0 1 1
Uzbekistan 0 5 16 21
Vanuatu 0 1 0 1
Viet Nam 0 5 26 31
Subtotal 3 577 1,665 2,245
110 Asian Development Bank

APPENDIX 12
Number of Authorized Positions in Resident Missionsa
(2009)

Analysts and
Professional National Administrative
Country Staff Officers Staff Total

Resident Missions
Bangladesh 8 15 23 46
India 14 21 24 59
Nepal 3 13 12 28
Sri Lanka 4 12 8 24
Afghanistan 7 7 7 21
Azerbaijan 1 4 1 6
Kazakhstan 3 5 6 14
Kyrgyz Republic 2 5 3 10
Pakistan 10 18 20 48
Tajikistan 3 5 6 14
Uzbekistan 3 5 7 15
Armenia – 2 3 5
Georgia – 2 3 5
Turkmenistan – 3 3
Turkey – 1 – 1
China, People’s Republic of 11 19 21 51
Mongolia 4 6 4 14
Cambodia 5 9 7 21
Indonesia 12 15 16 43
Lao, People’s Democratic Republic 4 8 5 17
Philippines 4 3 4 11
Thailand 7 5 3 15
Viet Nam 12 14 10 36
Pacific Liaison and Coordination Office in Sydneyb 3 5 4 12
Pacific Subregional Office in Fiji Islandsc 5 4 8 17
Papua New Guinea 3 4 5 12
Special Liaison Office in Timor-Leste 2 2 1 5

Subtotal 130 209 214 553

Resident Offices
Europe 2 1 2 5
Japan 2 1 2 5
North America 2 1 2 5

Subtotal 6 3 6 15

Headquartersd 756 314 912 1,982

TOTAL 892 526 1,132 2,550


Appendixes

a Includes outposted positions.


b Covers Nauru, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu.
c Covers the Cook Islands, the Fiji Islands, Kiribati, Samoa, Tonga, and Tuvalu.
d Excluding Young Professionals and Board of Directors.
Annual Report 2009 111

APPENDIX 13
Growth in Resident Missions (RMs) and Authorized Staff Positions at RMs

Number of Resident Missions and Authorized Positions


2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Number of Resident Missions (RMs) 17 18


a
20 b
22 23 23 23 24 25

Total Authorized Positions at RM 279 317 361 389 437 448 490 520 553

Professional Staff (PS) and National Officers (NO) Positions


at RM 169 190 223 240 270 267 300 321 339
Professional Staffc 65 72 80 87 107 96 112 119 130
National Officers 104 118 143 153 163 171 188 202 209
Administrative Staff 110 127 138 149 167 181 190 199 214

Total Authorized Positions at ADB 2,055 2,116 2,187 2,229 2,310 2,340 2,381 2,498 2,550

PS and NO positions at ADB 1,020 1,071 1,153 1,189 1,253 1,271 1,304 1,378 1,418
Professional Staffd 729 759 791 797 824 824 836 875 892
National Officerse 291 312 362 392 429 447 468 503 526
Administrative Staff 1,035 1,045 1,034 1,040 1,057 1,069 1,077 1,120 1,132

% of Authorized Positions at RM to Total Authorized


Positions at ADB 13.6 15.0 16.5 17.5 18.9 19.1 20.6 20.8 21.7

% of PS and NO Positions at RMs to Total PS and


NO Positions at ADB 16.6 17.7 19.3 20.2 21.5 21.0 23.0 23.3 23.9
Professional Staff 8.9 9.5 10.1 10.9 13.0 11.7 13.4 13.6 14.6
National Officers 35.7 37.8 39.5 39.0 38.0 38.3 40.2 40.2 39.7
Administrative Staff 10.6 12.2 13.3 14.3 15.8 16.9 17.6 17.8 18.9

a Includes Special Office in Timor-Leste, but excludes Thailand Resident Mission (TRM).
b Excludes Thailand Resident Mission (TRM); Azerbaijan Resident Mission (AZRM); Pacific Subregional Office in Fiji Islands (SPSO); and Pacific Liaison and Coordination
Office (PLCO) in Sydney, Australia.
c Includes outposted positions.
d Excludes Young Professionals and Board of Directors.
e Classification of national officers and administrative staff started only in 2003.

Appendixes
112 Asian Development Bank

APPENDIX 14
Selected Knowledge Products of ADB

ADB produced many knowledge products during 2009 with operational departments producing numerous studies and building knowledge into
operations. In addition, large numbers of technical assistance and regional technical assistance reports generated and disseminated knowledge. In
addition to that extensive work, the four designated knowledge departments—Asian Development Bank Institute, Economics and Research Department,
Office of Regional Economic Integration, and Regional and Sustainable Development Department—together with the Independent Evaluation
Department, the Department of External Relations, and four regional departments—Central and West Asia Department, East Asia Department, Pacific
Department, and Southeast Asia Department—produced the following products in 2009.

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE Jonung, Lars. Financial Crisis and Crisis Management in Sweden. Lessons for
Today. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 165. November.
Books
Katada, Saori N. Political Economy of East Asian Regional Integration and
ADB and ADBI. Infrastructure for a Seamless Asia. Tokyo: ADBI.
Cooperation. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 170. December.
ADBI. ADBI: Year in Review. Tokyo: ADBI.
Kawai, Masahiro and Fan Zhai. The People’s Republic of China-Japan-United
Brooks, D. H., and D. Hummels (eds). Infrastructure’s Role for Lowering Trade
States Integration Amid Global Rebalancing: A Computable General
Costs: Building for Trade. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar.
Equilibrium Analysis. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 152. October.
Kawai, M., and S. Stone (eds.). Asia’s Contribution to World Economic
Kawai, Masahiro and Ganeshan Wignaraja. Asian FTAs: Trends and
Growth and Stability. Tokyo: ADBI.
Challenges. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 144. August.
Kawai, Masahiro and Ganeshan Wignaraja. The Asian “Noodle Bowl”:
Working Papers
Is It Serious for Business? ADBI Working Paper Series No. 136. April.
Adhikari, Bhim. Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Management: A
Kawai, Masahiro and Shinji Takagi. Why Was Japan Hit So Hard by the Global
Review of Lessons from Payment for Environmental Services in Asia. ADBI
Financial Crisis? ADBI Working Paper Series No. 153. October.
Working Paper Series No. 134. March.
Kawai, Masahiro, Peter Petri, and Elif Sisli-Ciamarra. Asia in Global
Athukorala, Prema-chandra and Archanun Kohpaiboon. Intra-Regional Trade
Governance: A Case for Decentralized Institutions. ADBI Working Paper
in East Asia: The Decoupling Fallacy, Crisis, and Policy Challenges. ADBI
Series No. 157. October.
Working Paper Series No. 177. December.
Kawai, Masahiro. Reform of the International Financial Architecture:
Basir, Amir Akmar. Payment Systems in Malaysia: Recent Developments and
An Asian Perspective. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 167. November.
Issues. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 151. September.
Kawai,Masahiro and Fan Zhai. PRC-Latin America Economic Cooperation:
Batten, Jonathan A., Warren P. Hogan, and Peter G. Szilagyi. Foreign Bond
Going beyond Resource and Manufacturing Complementarity. ADBI
Markets and Financial Market Development: International Perspectives.
Working Paper Series No. 137. April.
ADBI Working Paper Series No. 173. December.
Kim, Soyoung and Doo Yong Yang. International Monetary Transmission and
Bhattacharyay, Biswa and Prabir De. Restoring the Asian Silk Route: Toward an
Exchange Rate Regimes: Floaters vs. Non-Floaters. ADBI Working Paper
Integrated Asia. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 140. June.
Series No. 181. December.
Bhattacharyay, Biswa. Infrastructure Development for ASEAN Economic
Kumar, Rajiv and Pankaj Vashisht. The Global Economic Crisis: Impact on India
Integration. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 138. May.
and Policy Responses. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 164. November.
Börsch-Supan, Axel and Alexander Ludwig. Old Europe Ages. Can it Still
Liu, Xiangfeng. Impacts of the Global Financial Crisis on Small and Medium
Prosper? ADBI Working Paper Series No. 168. November.
Enterprises in the People’s Republic of China. ADBI Working Paper Series
Bosworth,Barry and Aaron Flaaen. America’s Financial Crisis: The End of an No. 180. December.
Era. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 142. July.
Lu, Ming and Hong Gao. When Globalization Meets Urbanization: Labor
Bown, Chad and Rachel McCulloch. US-Japan and US-PRC Trade Conflict: Market Reform, Income Inequality, and Economic Growth in the People’s
Export Growth, Reciprocity, and the International Trading System. ADBI Republic of China. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 162. November.
Working Paper Series No. 158. November.
Ma, Alyson, Ari Van Assche, and Chang Hong. Global Production Networks
Cheong, Inkyo and Jungran Cho. The Impact of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and the People’s Republic of China’s Processing Trade. ADBI Working
on Business in the Republic of Korea. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 156. Paper Series No. 175. December.
October.
Mondeil, Marie and Sununtar Setboonsarng. Enhancing Biodiversity Through
Cho, Dong Chul. The Republic of Korea’s Economy in the Swirl of Global Market-Based Strategy: Organic Agriculture. ADBI Working Paper Series
Crisis. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 147. August. No. 155. October.
Das, Ram Upendra. Imperatives of Regional Economic Integration in Asia in Moon, Hyungpyo. Demographic Changes and Pension Reform in the Republic
the Context of Developmental Asymmetries: Some Policy Suggestions. of Korea. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 135. April.
ADBI Working Paper Series No. 172. December.
Morgan, Peter. The Role and Effectiveness of Unconventional Monetary Policy.
Dean, Judith M., Mary E. Lovely, and Jesse Mora. Decomposing PRC-Japan-US
Appendixes

ADBI Working Paper Series No. 163. November.


Trade: Vertical Specialization, Ownership, and Organizational Form. ADBI
Nambiar, Shankaran. Malaysia and the Global Crisis: Impact, Response,
Working Paper Series No. 159. November.
Rebalancing Strategies. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 148. August.
Eichengreen, Barry. Lessons of the Crisis for Emerging Markets.
Padoan, Pier Carlo. Fiscal Policy in the Crisis: Impact, Sustainability, and Long-
ADBI Working Paper Series No. 179. December. Term Implications. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 178. December.
Greaney, Theresa M. and Yao Li. Assessing Foreign Direct Investment Pomerleano, Michael. What Is the Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the
Relationships Between Japan, the People’s Republic of China, and the Banking System in East Asia? Working Paper 146. August.
United States. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 161. November.
Reside, Jr., Renato E. Global Determinants of Stress and Risk in Public-Private
Gupta, Souvik and Jacques Miniane. Recessions and Recoveries in Asia: Partnerships (PPP) in Infrastructure. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 133.
What Can the Past Teach Us about the Present Recession? ADBI Working March.
Paper Series No. 150. September. Setboonsarng, Sununtar, Jun Sakai, and Lucia Vancura. Food Safety and ICT
Habito, Cielito F. Patterns of Inclusive Growth in Developing Asia: Traceability Systems: Lessons from Japan for Developing Countries. ADBI
Insights from an Enhanced Growth-Poverty Elasticity Analysis. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 139. May.
Working Paper Series No. 145. August. Spiegel, Mark M. Developing Asian Local Currency Bond Markets: Why and
Hiratsuka, Daisuke, Hitoshi Sato, and Ikumo Isono. Impacts of Free Trade How? ADBI Working Paper Series No. 182. December.
Agreements on Business Activity in Asia: The Case of Japan. ADBI Working Staples, Brian Rankin and Jeremy Harris. Origin and Beyond: Trade Facilitation
Paper Series No. 143. July. Disaster or Trade Facilitation Opportunity? ADBI Working Paper Series
Jitsuchon, Somchai and Chalongphob Sussangkarn. Thailand’s Growth No. 171. December.
Rebalancing. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 154. October.
Annual Report 2009 113

Stone, Susan and Ginalyn Komoto. Determining Poverty Impacts on EAST ASIA DEPARTMENT
Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Cambodia: Reconciling Household ADB Briefs
and GTAP Data. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 141. July.
Fan Zhai, Tun Lin, Enerelt Byambadorj. A General Equilibrium Analysis of
Strutt, Anna and Susan Stone. Transport Infrastructure and Trade Facilitation the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in the People’s Republic of
in the Greater Mekong Subregion. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 130. China.
January.
Thorbecke, Willem. An Empirical Analysis of ASEAN’s Labor-Intensive Exports. Awareness-Raising Materials
ADBI Working Paper Series No. 166. November. 2008 East Asia Department Knowledge Management Initiatives
Thorbecke, Willem. An Empirical Analysis of East Asian Computer Exports. Impact of the Massive Carbon Intensity Cut
ADBI Working Paper Series No. 160. November. Knowledge Showcase: Addressing Energy Efficiency with Virtual Power Plans
Titiheruw, Ira S. and Raymond Atje. Malaysia and the Global Crisis: Impact, PRC Response to the Crisis
Response, Rebalancing Strategies. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 149. The Economic Crisis and China’s Human Resource Challenge
August. Understanding Urban Water Tariff in the PRC
Todo, Yasuyuki, Weiying Zhang, and Li-An Zhou. Knowledge Spillovers from What Lies Ahead
FDI in the People’s Republic of China: The Role of Educated Labor in
Multinational Enterprises. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 174. December. Policy Briefs
Tsai, Ying Yi. Strategic Choice of Freight Mode and Investments in Transport Country Gender Assessment
Infrastructure within Production Networks. ADBI Working Paper Series No. Observations and Suggestions on Improving Environment Management in the
132. March. PRC: Environmental Impact Assessment of Development Plans
Uchikawa, Shuji. Small and Medium Enterprises in Japan: Surviving the Long- Observations and Suggestions on Low-Income Housing Policies: Lessons from
Term Recession. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 169. November. International Experience
Wall, Larry D. Prudential Discipline for Financial Firms: Micro, Macro, and Observations and Suggestions on Managing International Capital Flow to PRC
Market Structures. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 176. December. Observations and Suggestions on Rebalancing Growth in PRC:
Zhuang, Juzhong and Fan Zhai. Agricultural Impact of Climate Change: A Macroeconomic Policy Recommendations
General Equilibrium Analysis with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Observations and Suggestions on Rebalancing Growth in PRC: Services Sector
ADBI Working Paper Series No. 131. February. Development
Observations and Suggestions on Social Assistance for Migrant Workers
Research Policy Briefs Displaced by the Economic Downturn: Providing a Safety Net and
Morgan, Peter. Unregulated Entities, Products, and Markets: Challenges for Foundation for A Strong Recovery
Monitoring and Regulation. Research Policy Brief 30. August. Policy Note on Comprehensive Agricultural Development: Opportunities from
Park, Yung Chul. The Global Economic Crisis and Rebalancing Growth in East the Current Economic Crisis
Asia. Research Policy Brief 31. December. Policy Note on the Impact of the Economic Slowdown on the Public Provision
Takagi, Shinji. The Global Financial Crisis and Macroeconomic Policy Issues in of Social Services
Asia. Research Policy Brief 32. December. Policy Note on TVET Financing and Management (formerly Policy Note on
TVET Development—Guangdong and Hunan Province, PRC)
Research Papers Promoting Urban Water Security in the PRC (formerly Policy Paper on
Rocha, Bruno. At Different Speeds: Policy Complementarities and the Recovery Managing Water Shortages in Urban Areas)
from the Asian Crisis. Research Paper 74. July.
Reports
CD-ROM Biofuels in Asia
ADBI. Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Developmental Green Benches: What can the People’s Republic of China Learn from
Planning. Environment Courts of Other Countries?
Investing for the Future: Education for All in the People’s Republic of China
CENTRAL AND WEST ASIA DEPARTMENT Mongolia: Country Poverty Assessment
Awareness-Raising and Multimedia Materials Mongolia: Private Sector Assessment
CAREC Notes February 2009, Issue No. 3. Lessons for Central Asia: Experience PRC Quarterly Economic Reports
with Regional Economic Cooperation.
CAREC Transport and Trade Facilitation: Partnership for Prosperity Working Paper Series
Energy is Life: Bringing Power to Afghanistan Walker, George, Tun Lin, and Yoshiaki Kobayashi. Is Flood Insurance Feasible?
Experiences from the People’s Republic of China. ADB Sustainable
DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL RELATIONS Development Working Paper Series No. 5.
Zifa Wang, Tun Lin, and George Walker. Earthquake Risk and Earthquake
Awareness-Raising Multimedia Materials

Appendixes
Catastrophe Insurance for the PRC. ADB Sustainble Development Working
ADB Corporate Brochure Paper Series No. 7.
ADB Experts Video Interviews – 31
ADB Review – 12 issues ECONOMIC AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
Country Fact Sheets – 67
Flagship Publications
Development Asia
Asian Development Outlook 2009
In Focus Series
Asian Development Outlook Update 2009
Multimedia Features – 7
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2009
News Feature Videos on ADB Impact Stories – 71
Photo Essays – 26
Working Paper Series
Workers – Public Service Announcement
Adams, C., and D. Park. Causes and Consequences of Global Imbalances:
Reports Perspective from Developing Asia. ADB Economics Working Paper Series
2008 Annual Report No. 157. April.
PCP Annual Assessment Report 2009
114 Asian Development Bank

Aizenman, J., M. Chinn, and H. Ito. Surfing the Waves of Globalization: Asia Multiple Growth Paths. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 149.
and Financial Globalization in the Context of the Trilemma. March.
ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 180. December. Maligalig, D., S. Cuevas, and A. Rosario. Informal Employment in Bangladesh.
Alba, J., D. Park, and P. Wang. Corporate Governance and Merger and ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 155. April.
Acquisition Foreign Direct Investment: Firm-level Evidence from Japanese Niimi, Y. Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth in Developing Asia.
Foreign Direct Investment into the US. ADB Economics Working Paper ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 186. December.
Series No. 147. February. Park, D. Aging Asia’s Looming Pension Crisis. ADB Economics Working Paper
Alba, J., D. Park, and P. Wang. The Impact of Exchange Rate on FDI and the Series No. 165. July.
Interdependence of FDI over Time. ADB Economics Working Paper Series Park, D. and G. Estrada. Are Developing Asia’s Foreign Exchange Reserves
No. 164. July. Excessive? An Empirical Examination. ADB Economics Working Paper
Alessandrini, M. Alessandrini, B. Fattouh, B. Ferrarini, and P. Scaramozzino. Series No. 170. September.
Tariff Liberalization and Trade Specialization in India. ADB Economics Park, D. and G. Estrada. Developing Asia’s Sovereign Wealth Funds and
Working Paper Series No. 177. November. Outward Foreign Direct Investment. ADB Economics Working Paper Series
Ang, A., G. Sugiyarto, and S. Jha. Remittances and Household Behavior in the No. 169. August.
Philippines. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 188. December. Park, D. and K. Shin. Can Trade with the People’s Republic of China be an
Bjornestad, L. Bjornestad. Fiscal Decentralization, Fiscal Incentives, and Pro- Engine of Growth for Developing Asia? ADB Economics Working Paper
Poor Outcomes: Evidence from Viet Nam. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 172. October.
Series No. 168. August. Park, D. and K. Shin. Saving, Investment, and Current Account Surplus in
Cuevas, S., C. Mina, M. Barcenas, and A. Rosario. Informal Employment in Developing Asia. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 158. May.
Indonesia. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 156. April. Park, D. and K. Shin. The People’s Republic of China as an Engine of Growth
Deolalikar, A., R. Hasan, and R. Somanathan. Public Goods Access and for Developing Asia?: Evidence from Vector Autoregression Models. ADB
Juvenile Sex Ratios in Rural India: Evidence from the 1991 and 2001 Economics Working Paper Series No. 175. November.
Village Census Data. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 167. July. Park, D. and Q. Xiao. Housing Prices and the Role of Speculation:
Felipe, J., J. S. L. McCombie, and K. Naqvi. Is Pakistan’s Growth Rate Balance- The Case of Seoul. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 146. January.
of-Payments Constrained? Policies and Implications for Development and Park, D., K. Shin, and J. Jongwanich. The Decline of Investment in East Asia
Growth. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 160. May. since the Asian Financial Crisis: An Overview and Empirical Examination.
Ha, J., Y. Kim, and J. Lee. The Optimal Structure of Technology Adoption and ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 187. December.
Creation: Basic Research vs. Development in the Presence of Distance to Raihan, S., B. Khondker, G. Sugiyarto, and S. Jha. Remittances and Household
Frontier. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 163. June. Welfare: A Case Study of Bangladesh. ADB Economics Working Paper
Hasan, R. and K. Jandoc. Quality of Jobs in the Philippines: Comparing Self- Series No. 189. December.
Employment with Wage Employment. ADB Economics Working Paper Sim, B., M. de Castro, and M. Pascua. An Analysis of Revisions to Annual GDP
Series No. 148. March. Estimates of Six ADB Regional Members. ADB Economics Working Paper
Hasan, R., R. Magsombol, and J. Cain. Poverty Impact of the Economic Series No. 184. December.
Slowdown in Developing Asia: Some Scenarios. ADB Economics Working Son, H. A Cross-Country Analysis of Achievements and Inequities in Economic
Paper Series No. 153. April. Growth and Standards of Living. ADB Economics Working Paper Series
Hong, K., J. Lee, and H. Tang. Crises in Asia: Historical Perspectives and No. 159. May.
Implications. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 152. April. Son, H. and E. San Andres. How Has Asia Fared in the Global Crisis?
Ito, H., J. Jongwanich, and A. Terada-Hagiwara. What Makes Developing Asia A Tale of Three Countries: Republic of Korea, Philippines, and Thailand.
Resilient in a Financially Globalized World? ADB Economics Working Paper ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 174. October.
Series No. 181. December. Son, H. Equity in Health and Health Care in the Philippines. ADB Economics
James, W. US International Trade and the Global Economic Crisis. Working Paper Series No. 171. October.
ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 179. November. Terada-Hagiwara, Akiko. Explaining Filipino Households’ Declining Saving
Jha, S., G. Sugiyarto, and C. Vargas-Silva. The Global Crisis and the Impact on Rate. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 178. November.
Remittances to Developing Asia. ADB Economics Working Paper Series Vargas-Silva, C., S. Jha, and G. Sugiyarto. Remittances in Asia: Implications
No. 185. December. for the Fight against Poverty and the Pursuit of Economic Growth. ADB
Jha, S., Jha, E. Prasad, and A. Terada-Hagiwara. Saving in Asia: Issues for Economics Working Paper Series No. 182. December.
Rebalancing Growth. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 162. June. Zhuang, J., H. Gunatilake, Y. Niimi, M. Khan, Y. Jiang, R. Hasan, N. Khor,
Jha, S., P. Quising, and S. Camingue. Macroeconomic Uncertainties, Oil A. Lagman-Martin, P. Bracey, and B. Huang. Financial Sector Development,
Subsidies, and Fiscal Sustainability in Asia. ADB Economics Working Paper Economic Growth, and Poverty Reduction: A Literature Review. ADB
Series No. 150. April. Economics Working Paper Series No. 173. October.
Jongwanich, J. and N. Magtibay-Ramos. Determinants of Structural Changes
of Food Exports from Developing Countries. ADB Economics Working Journals
Paper Series No. 166. July. Asian Development Review Vol. 26 No. 2. December.
Appendixes

Jongwanich, J. Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate, Misalignment, and Export Asian Development Review Vol. 26 No. 1. June.
Performance in Developing Asia. ADB Economics Working Paper Series
No. 151. March.
Special Studies
Jongwanich, J. Impact of Food Safety Standards on Processed Food Exports
Diagnosing the Philippine Economy. September.
from Developing Countries. ADB Economics Working Paper Series
Nepal: Critical Development Constraints. July.
No. 154. April.
The Economics of Climate Change in Southeast Asia: A Regional Review. April.
Jongwanich, J., W. James, P. Minor, and A. Greenbaum. Trade Structure and
the Transmission of Economic Distress in the High-Income OECD Countries
to Developing Asia. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 161. May. INDEPENDENT EVALUATION DEPARTMENT
Joshi, K., R. Hasan, and G. Amoranto. Surveys of Informal Sector Enterprises— Reports/Reports Series
Some Measurement Issues. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 183. Evaluation Information Brief: Lessons from Processing and Ongoing
December. Implementation of Loan 2273-VIE(SF): Emergency Rehabilitation of
Khor, N. and I. Sebastian. Exports and the Global Crisis: Still Alive, though Calamity Damage Project
Not Quite Kicking Yet. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 190. Evaluation Information Brief: Lessons from the Asian Development Bank’s
December. Responses to Financial Crises
Kim, S., D. Park, and J. Park. Productivity Growth in Different Firm Sizes in the Evaluation Knowledge Brief: Greenhouse Gas Implications of ADB’s Energy
Malaysian Manufacturing Sector: An Empirical Investigation. Sector Operations
ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 176. November. Impact Evaluation Study: Impact of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in
Kim, Y. Jin and J. Lee. Technological Change, Human Capital Structure, and Punjab, Pakistan
Annual Report 2009 115

Special Evaluation Study: ADB Assistance for Public–Private Partnerships in Kumar, Rajiv and Manjeeta Singh. India’s Role in South Asia Trade and
Infrastructure Development Investment Integration. ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic
Special Evaluation Study: Asian Development Bank’s Contribution to Inclusive Integration No. 32.
Development through Assistance for Rural Roads Lee, Chee Sung and Cyn-Young Park. Beyond the Crisis: Financial Regulatory
Special Evaluation Study: ADB Support for Public Sector Reforms in the Pacific: Reform in Emerging Asia. ADB Working Paper Series on Regional
Enhance Results Through Ownership, Capacity, and Continuity Economic Integration No. 34.
Special Evaluation Study: ADB Technical Assistance for Justice Reform in Lee, Jong-Wha and Ju Hyun Pyun. Does Trade Integration Contribute to
Developing Member Countries Peace? ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration
Special Evaluation Study: The Asian Development Bank’s Support to Gender No. 24.
and Development, Phase 1: Relevance, Responsiveness and Results to Date Madhur, Srinivasa, Ganeshan Wignaraja,and Peter Darjes. Roads for Asian
Integration: Measuring ADB’s Contribution to the Asian Highway Network.
OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration No. 37.
McKibbin, Warwick J. and Waranya Pim Chanthapun. Exchange Rate Regimes
Awareness-Raising and Multimedia Materials
in the Asia-Pacific Region and the Global Financial Crisis. ADB Working
iLink Digest Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration No. 36.
iLink Monthly Summaries for education, environment, finance, infrastructure, Menon, Jayant and Anna Melendez-Nakamura. Aging in Asia: Trends,
and regional cooperation Impacts, and Responses. ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic
Law Link (weekly summaries on publications on law) Integration No. 25.
Mobile abstraction of TA consultants reports on energy to serve the needs of Menon, Jayant. Managing Success in Viet Nam: Macroeconomic
the energy CoPs Consequences of Large Capital Inflows with Limited Policy Tools. ADB
New acquisitions list Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration No. 27.
Rao, M. Govinda. Promoting Trade and Investment in India’s Northeastern
Operational Reports Region. ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration
eStar 1-year milestone report citing accomplishments and financial savings No. 30.
derived Rigg, Robert and Lotte Schou-Zibell. The Financial Crisis and Money Markets
Process improvements actions in vital records management programs in Emerging Asia. ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic
Integration No. 38.
OFFICE OF REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION Warr, Peter, Jayant Menon, and Arief Anshory Yusuf. Regional Economic
Impacts of Cross-Border Infrastructure: A General Equilibrium Application
Books
to Thailand and Lao PDR. ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic
India 2039: An Affluent Society in One Generation (prepared by Centennial Integration No. 35.
Group)
National Strategies for Regional Integration: South and East Asian Case
PACIFIC DEPARTMENT
Studies
Pan-Asian Integration: Linking East and South Asia Awareness-Raising and Multimedia Materials
Profiles of Progress: Papua New Guinea
Awareness-Raising and Multimedia Materials
Institutions for Regionalism: Enhancing Economic Cooperation and Policy Briefs
Integration in Asia and the Pacific–A Booklet Taking the Helm: A Policy Brief on a Response to the Global Economic Crisis

Reports/Report Series Reports/Report Series


Asia Bond Monitor (February, June, September, and November) Capacity Development Series: A Tale of Two CDs—Capacity Development and
Asia Capital Markets Monitor (April) Community Development in the Waste, Water, and Sanitation Sector in
Asia Economic Monitor (July and December) Kiribati
Comparative Perspectives on Trans-Pacific Trade, Integration, and Development Capacity Development Series: Building Capacity Through Participation—Nauru
(with IADB) National Sustainable Development Strategy
Capacity Development Series: Making Things Simpler?— Harmonizing Aid
Delivery in the Cook Islands
Training and Instructive Materials
Capacity Development Series: Reconstructing A Fragile State—Institutional
Aid for Trade in Asia and the Pacific: An Update
Strengthening of the Ministry of Infrastructure Development
Trade Facilitation Handbook: Bridging the Gap Between Policy and Practice in
Capacity Development Series: The Community Justice Liaison Unit—Bridging
Asia and the Pacific (with UNESCAP)
the State-Society Gap

Capacity Development Series: Vanuatu Legal Sector Strengthening Program
Working Papers

Appendixes
Finding Balance: Making State-Owned Enterprises Work in Fiji, Samoa, and
Ando, Mitsuyo, Antoni Estevadeordal, and Christian Volpe Martincus.
Tonga
Complements or Substitutes? Preferential and Multilateral Trade
Kiribati Social and Economic Report 2008
Liberalization at the Sectoral Level. ADB Working Paper Series on Regional
Economic Integration No. 39. Kiribati’s Political Economy and Capacity Development
Capannelli, Giovanni and Carlo Filippini. East Asian and European Economic Pacific Economic Monitor (May, August, November issues)
Integration: A Comparative Analysis. ADB Working Paper Series on Private Sector Development Initiative Annual Report
Regional Economic Integration No. 29. Strengthening Pacific Fragile States–The Marshall Islands Example
Capannelli, Giovanni, Jong-Wha Lee, and Peter Petri. Developing Indicators Sustaining Growth: A Private Sector Assessment for Vanuatu
for Regional Economic Integration and Cooperation. ADB Working Paper What Works? Better Policies and Practices for a Better Pacific
Series on Regional Economic Integration No. 33.
Hamanaka, Shintaro. Re-considering Asian Financial Regionalism in the 1990s. REGIONAL AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration No. 26.
Awareness-Raising and Multimedia Materials
Hamanaka, Shintaro. The Building Block versus Stumbling Block Debate of
ADB/OECD Asia-Pacific Newsletter No. 12
Regionalism: From the Perspective of Service Trade Liberalization in Asia.
ADB Regional Climate Change Responses: Directions for Action, Invitations for
ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration No. 28.
Partnerships
Kim, Soyoung, Jong-Wha Lee, and Cyn-Young Park. Emerging Asia:
Annual Report on the Governance Cooperation Fund
Decoupling or Recoupling. ADB Working Paper Series on Regional
Economic Integration No. 31. Beyond: Stories and Sounds from ADB’s Region
116 Asian Development Bank

Changing Course: A New Paradigm on Sustainable Transport Operational Reports


Community e-Centers Brochure ADB Operational Plan for Sustainable Food Security
Community-Driven Development on Infrastructure Corruption (brochure) Operational Plan for Improving Health Access and Outcomes under Strategy
Community-Driven Development in Water Supply and Sanitation (brochure) 2020
CSO Web Review – 12 issues (e-newsletter)
GACAP II Progress Report Reports/Reports Series
Improving Results, Improving Lives: ADB’s Water Financing Partnership Facility 2009 Sustainability Report
Information Note 1 – Recommendations for Dealing with the Transition from ADB Cooperation with Civil Society—2008 Annual Report
Disaster Response to Recovery ADB: Reflections and Beyond
Information Note 2 – International Experiences and Suggestions on Post- A Review of Community-Based Urban Development Programs in India
Disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Avian Influenza Project Progress Report
Investing in Sustainable Infrastructure—Improving Lives in Asian and the Building Climate Resilience in the Agriculture Sector
Pacific Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific: Implications for Food, Fuel, and People
In the Pipeline: Water for the Poor—Investing in Small Piped Water Networks Community-Based Development in Water and Sanitation Projects
Knowledge Management and Learning in ADB Country Gender Assessment—Pakistan
Knowledge Showcases Country Gender Assessment—Sri Lanka
ADB’s Regional Cooperation and Integration Today Environment Program: Progress and Prospects
Addressing Energy Efficiency with Virtual Power Plants Improving Energy Security and Reducing Carbon Intensity in Asia and the
Better Air Quality Improves Quality of Life Pacific
Beyond Emergency Responses: Ensuring the Legacy of Market-Based Intersections: Gender, HIV, and Infrastructure Operations
Microfinance Expansion International Conference on Community-Driven Development and Rural
Bus Rapid Transit in the People’s Republic of China Poverty Alleviation: Summary of Proceedings
Complaints from Beneficiaries: A Valuable Resource for Project Institutionalizing Gender Equality: The Experience of the Bangladesh Resident
Implementation Mission
Improving Regional Cooperation in Energy Today Learning for Change in ADB
Institutionalizing Gender Equality at ADB: The Experience of the Legal Empowerment for Women and Disadvantaged Groups
Bangladesh Resident Mission Natural Catastrophe Risk Insurance Mechanisms for Asia and the Pacific
Mapping the Sea: Knowledge for Natural Resources Management Nature + Nurture: A vignette and a photo essay of the PEP subproject in
Partnering with Communities for Post-Disaster Reconstruction in Aceh PNG, Innovative Actions for Community-Based Water Management and
and Nias Island, North Sumatra, Indonesia Education
Rebuilding Low-Heritage Villages After Disasters Poverty and Human Development in Sri Lanka, with References to Conflict-
Rebuilding Traditional Houses After Disasters Affected Areas
Restoring Pedestrian Accessibility in Indian Cities Support to corporate-level MDG monitoring (under Development Effectiveness
Speeding Business Application Processes in the Philippines Review)
Tackling Extreme Poverty Using a Household-Based Approach Technical Note on Social Analysis in the Multitranche Financing Facility
Transforming Risk-Averse Banks into Microfinance Champions in a The Impact of Community-Driven Development on Infrastructure Project
Post-Disaster and Post-Conflict Environment Corruption, Cost, and Quality
Using Economic Instruments to Promote Environmentally Sustainable
Transportation in the People’s Republic of China Strategy, Policy, and Administrative Documents
When Size Matters—Improving Microfinance Outreach in Aceh 2009 Energy Policy
Through a Revitalized Provincial Rural Bank Network Safeguard Policy Statement (2009)
Making Sanitation Everybody’s Business
Management Brief: One Year of ADB Support to the Extractive Industries Training and Instructive Materials
Transparency Initiative Civil Society Concerns—Briefing Paper for the 42nd Annual Meeting
Meeting the Water and Climate Change Challenge Financial Due Diligence—A Methodology Note
Partnership Newsletter – 6 issues (e-newsletter) Good Practice in Cost Sharing and Financing in Higher Education
Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon Transport (brochure) Good Practice in ICT for Education
Promoting Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport in Asia (brochure) Good Practice in the Development of Technical–Vocational Skills
Powering the Poor: Projects to Increase Access to Clean Energy for All Interacting with Workers’ Organizations: A Primer for ADB Staff
Quality, Knowledge, and Innovation for Inclusive and Sustainable Knowledge Solutions
Development: Sector and Thematic Priorities Asking Effective Questions
Restoring Pedestrian Accessibility in Indian Cities
Appendixes

Assessing Effectiveness of Assistance in Capacity Development


Revitalizing Asia’s Irrigation: To Sustainably Meet Tomorrow’s Food Needs Building a Learning Organization
Social Analysis in Private Sector Projects (brochure) Building Institutional Capacity for Development
Supporting the Fight Against Corruption in Asia and the Pacific: Building Networks of Practice
ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative Annual Report 2008 Building Trust in the Workplace
Under the Weather and the Rising Tide: Adapting to a Changing Coaching and Mentoring
Climate in Asia and the Pacific Collaborating with Wikis
Video clips from the Forum on Community-Driven Development and Strategy Conducting Effective Meetings
2020, 3 December 2008, ADB Headquarters, Manila Conducting Effective Presentations
(4 video clips) Dimensions of the Learning Organization
Water for All #17: Water Rights and Water Allocation: Issues and Challenges Disseminating Knowledge Products
for Asia
Distributing Leadership
Water for All #18: India’s Sanitation for All: How to Make it Happen
Drawing Learning Charters
Drawing Mind Maps
Briefs
Enhancing Knowledge Management Strategies
Social Protection Project Briefs (21 briefs)
Exercising Servant Leadership
Annual Report 2009 117

Fast and Effective Change Management Radio Drama for HIV/AIDS Prevention Among Ethnic Groups Across the GMS
Five Whys Technique, The Southeast Asian Gender and Development (SEAGEN WAVES) Newsletter
From Strategy to Practice
Glossary of Knowledge Management Journal
Growing Managers, Not Bosses Journal of Greater Mekong Subregion Development Studies, Volume 4
Harnessing Creativity and Innovation in the Workplace
Improving Sector and Thematic Reporting Reports
Leading in the Workplace Background Note on the Justice Sector of the Philippines
Learning and Development for Management Building a Sustainable Energy Future: The Greater Mekong Subregion
Learning from Evaluation Migration In the Greater Mekong Subregion: A Background Paper for the
Learning in Strategic Alliances Fourth Greater Mekong Subregion Development Dialogue
Learning Lessons with Knowledge Audits Poverty in the Philippines: Causes, Constraints, and Opportunities
Managing by Walking Around Process Map on the Criminal Prosecution of Tax Evasion in the Philippines
Managing Virtual Teams Protecting the World’s Oceans: From Vision to Action
Monthly Progress Notes Water: Vital for Viet Nam’s Future
Most Significant Change Technique, The
Overcoming Roadblocks to Learning Strategy, Policy, and Administrative Documents
Primer on Organizational Culture, A Greater Mekong Subregion: Energy Road Map for Expanded Cooperation in
Primer on Organizational Learning, A the Energy Sector
Roots of an Emerging Discipline, The Greater Mekong Subregion: Transport Strategy for Railway
SCAMPER Technique, The Indonesia: Private–Public Partnership on Food Fortification
Social Network Analysis Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Country Strategy and Program Midterm
Staff Profile Pages Review 2007–2011
Understanding and Developing Emotional Intelligence Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Governance Risk Assessment
Understanding Complexity Viet Nam: Country Strategy and Program 2007–2010 Midterm Review
Value Cycles for Development Outcomes
Wearing Six Thinking Hats Training and Instructive Materials
Working in Teams Economics and Trade in Goods: An Introduction An ADB-ITD Training Module
Writing Weblogs for the Greater Mekong Subregion
Knowledge Solutions Compendium (Issues 1–38) Trade and Investment in Services: An ADB-ITD Training Module for the Greater
Mekong Subregion
Overview of NGOs/Civil Society—Afghanistan
World Trade Organization Trade Remedies: A Tool Kit
Overview of NGOs/Civil Society—India
Overview of NGOs/Civil Society—Pakistan
Working Papers
Sector Governance Guidance Note: Electricity Sector Risk Assessment
Frielink, Barend and Mylene Buerano. The Contribution of ADB to the ASEAN
Sector Governance Guidance Note: Urban Water Supply Sector Risk
Economic Community Blueprint. ADB Southeast Asia Working Paper Series
Assessment
No. 3. October.
Sourcebook to Assist the Preparation of Governance Risk Assessments
Roland-Holst, David and Barend Frielink. Trade and Growth Horizons for Nusa
Strategies for Business, Government, and Civil Society to Fight Corruption in
Tenggara Timur and Timor-Leste. ADB Southeast Asia Working Paper Series
Asia and the Pacific
No. 4. November.
Strengthening the Impact of Asia’s NGO Community: Maternal, Newborn,
Trace, Keith, Barend Frielink, and Denis Hew. Air Connectivity in Archipelagic
and Child Health (MNCH) Interventions—Immunization, Asia NGO
Southeast Asia: An Overview. ADB Southeast Asia Working Paper Series
Workshop Proceedings
No. 2. September.
Trace, Keith, Barend Frielink, and Denis Hew. Maritime Connectivity in
Working Paper Series Archipelagic Southeast Asia: An Overview. ADB Southeast Asia Working
Walker, George, Tun Lin, Yoshiaki Kobayashi. Is Flood Insurance Feasible? Paper Series No. 1. August.
Experiences from the People’s Republic of China. ADB Sustainable
Development Working Paper Series No. 5. April.
Wan, Guanghua and Ruth Francisco. How is the Global Recession Impacting
on Poverty and Social Spending: An Ex Ante Assessment Methodology
with Applications to Developing Asia, ADB Sustainable Development
Working Paper Series No. 8. August.

Appendixes
Wan, Guanghua and Ruth Francisco. Why is Access to Basic Services Not
Inclusive? A Synthesis with a Special Focus on Developing Asia. ADB
Sustainable Development Working Paper Series No. 6. April.
Wang, Zifa, Tun Lin, and George Walker. Earthquake Risk and Earthquake
Catastrophe Insurance for the People’s Republic of China. ADB Sustainable
Development Working Paper Series No. 7. June.

SOUTHEAST ASIA DEPARTMENT


Awareness-Raising and Multimedia Materials
Corridor Chronicles—Profiles of Cross Border Activities in the Greater Mekong
Subregion
Evaluating the Impact of Live Entertainment Performances: Results from the
2007 Hilltribe Concert
Knowledge Showcase: Rebuilding Low-Heritage Villages After Disasters
Plotting the Data and Connecting the Dots: The Role of GIS in HIV Prevention
Radio Drama as an Educational Tool for Ethnic Minority Groups: A 4-Country
Evaluation
118 Asian Development Bank

APPENDIX 15
Evaluation Results for Sovereign Operations

Table A15.1 Table A15.2


Evaluation Resultsa for Sovereign Operations by Evaluation Resultsa for Sovereign Operations by Sector,
­Country, Cumulative from Evaluation Year 1973–2009 Cumulative from Evaluation Year 1973–2009

Total Rated Total Rated


Projects and Proportion (%) Projects and Proportion (%)
Country Programs (no.) HS/GS/S PS US Sector Programs (no.) HS/GS/S PS US

Afghanistan 3 100.0 0.0 0.0 Agriculture and


Azerbaijan 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 Natural Resources 347 44.7 40.9 14.4
Bangladesh 106 58.5 33.0 8.5 Education 101 73.3 24.8 2.0
Bhutan 13 84.6 7.7 7.7 Energy 194 79.9 18.0 2.1
Cambodia 21 85.7 14.3 0.0 Finance 144 52.1 37.5 10.4
China, People’s Health and Social
Republic of 82 86.6 8.5 4.9 Protection 44 52.3 43.2 4.5
India 43 65.1 27.9 7.0 Industry and Trade 61 60.7 27.9 11.5
Indonesia 188 63.3 29.8 6.9 Multisector 61 75.4 18.0 6.6
Kazakhstan 8 62.5 37.5 0.0 Public Sector
Kyrgyz Republic 17 82.4 17.6 0.0 Management 35 51.4 42.9 5.7
Lao People’s Transport and ICT 231 82.7 11.7 5.6
Democratic Republic 42 69.0 26.2 4.8 Water and Other
Malaysia 57 64.9 29.8 5.3 Municipal
Maldives 10 80.0 10.0 10.0 Infrastructure
Mongolia 22 68.2 27.3 4.5 and Services 136 62.5 30.9 6.6
Myanmar 11 63.6 27.3 9.1 Total 1,354 63.4 28.6 8.0
Nepal 75 57.3 33.3 9.3
GS = generally successful, HS = highly successful, PS = partly successful,
Pacific DMCs 100 46.0 35.0 19.0 US = unsuccessful; ICT = information and communication technology.
Pakistan 143 53.8 37.1 9.1
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
Papua New Guinea 38 34.2 57.9 7.9
a Based on aggregate results of project/program completion reports (PCRs),
Philippines 119 47.1 36.1 16.8 PCR validation reports (PCRVRs) and project/program evaluation reports
Sri Lanka 74 56.8 36.5 6.8 (PPERs) using PCRVR or PPER ratings in all cases where both PCR and
PCRVR or PPER ratings are available.
Tajikistan 9 88.9 11.1 0.0
Thailand 64 89.1 10.9 0.0
Uzbekistan 8 50.0 37.5 12.5
Viet Nam 39 82.1 15.4 2.6
Graduate Economiesb 61 86.9 11.5 1.6
Total 1,354 63.4 28.6 8.0

DMC = developing member country, GS = generally successful, HS = highly


successful, PS = partly successful, US = unsuccessful.
Note: Totals may not add up because of rounding.
Appendixes

a Based on aggregate results of project/program completion reports (PCRs),


PCR validation reports (PCRVRs) and project/program evaluation reports
(PPERs) using PCRVR or PPER ratings in all cases where both PCR and
PCRVR or PPER ratings are available.
b Hong Kong, China; Republic of Korea; and Singapore.
Annual Report 2009 119

Table A15.3
Percentage of Sovereign Operations (Projects/Programs) Deemed Successful by Source of Funds

100

90

80
Success Rate (%)

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year of Approval
Total Asian Development Ordinary capital
Fund resources
Notes:
Based on completed projects/programs evaluated from 1973 to 2009.
Project/program implementation: 4–7 years.
Completion report: 1–2 years after completion.
Project/program evaluation: 3 years or more after completion.
Data from 2002 are not included due to small sample size (less than 30).
Figures for approval years 2000 to 2001 may change as additional projects/programs are completed and evaluated.

Appendixes
120 Asian Development Bank

ADB Contact Addresses


(as of 31 December 2009)

Afghanistan Resident Mission India Resident Mission Mongolia Resident Mission


House No. 126, Street 2 4 San Martin Marg, Chanakyapuri MCS Plaza Building, 2nd Floor
Haji Yaqub Roundabout, Shar-e-now New Delhi 110 021, India Seoul Street 4, Ulaanbaatar
Next to District 10 Police Department Tel +91 11 2410 7200 Mongolia
P.O. Box 3070 Fax +91 11 2687 0955 Tel +976 11 329836/313440/323507
Kabul, Afghanistan adbinrm@adb.org Fax +976 11 311795
Tel +93 0 20 210 3602 www.adb.org/inrm adbmnrm@adb.org
www.adb.org/afrm ADB local 5514 www.adb.org/mnrm
ADB local 5535 ADB local 5505
Indonesia Resident Mission
Armenia Resident Mission Gedung BRI II, 7th floor Nepal Resident Mission
Erebuni Plaza Business Centre Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav 44–46 Srikunj, Kamaldi, Ward No. 31
Yerevan 0010, Vazgen Sargsyan 26/1 Jakarta 10210, Indonesia P.O. Box 5017, Kathmandu, Nepal
Armenia P.O. Box 99 JKPSA Tel +977 1 422 7779
Tel +374 10 546371 to 73 Jakarta 10350A, Indonesia Fax +977 1 422 5063
Fax +374 10 546374 Tel +62 21 251 2721 adbnrm@adb.org
www.adb.org/armenia Fax +62 21 251 2749 www.adb.org/nrm
ADB local 5549 adbirm@adb.org ADB local 5515
www.adb.org/irm
Azerbaijan Resident Mission ADB local 5511 Pacific Liaison and Coordination Office
6 Bakikhanov street, Bridge Plaza Level 18, 1 Margaret Street
8th floor, AZ1022 Kazakhstan Resident Mission Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
Tel +994 12 437 3477 Astana Office Tel +612 8270 9444
Fax +994 12 437 3475 12 Samal Microdistrict Fax +612 8270 9445
adbazrm@adb.org Astana Tower Business Center, 10th floor adbplco@adb.org
www.adb.org/azrm 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan www.adb.org/plco
ADB local 5588 Tel +7 7172 325053/325054/221619 ADB local 5589
Fax +7 7172 328343
Bangladesh Resident Mission adbkarm@adb.org Pakistan Resident Mission
Plot E 31, Sher-e Bangla Nagar www.adb.org/karm Level 8, North Wing, Serena Office Complex
Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh ADB local 5506 Khayaban-e-Suhrawardy, G-5,
GPO Box 2100, Dhaka, Bangladesh Islamabad, Pakistan
Tel +880 2 815 6000 to 6008 Almaty Office Tel +92 51 260 0351 to 69
+880 2 815 6009 to 6016 154 A, Nauryzbai batyr str. Fax +92 51 260 0365 to 66
Fax +880 2 815 6018 to 6019 KABLAN Business Center, 3rd floor prm@adb.org
adbbrm@adb.org 050013 Almaty, Kazakhstan www.adb.org/prm
www.adb.org/brm Tel +7 727 3300 950 to 952 ADB local 5513
ADB local 5512 Fax +7 727 3300 954
adbkarm@adb.org Papua New Guinea Resident Mission
Cambodia Resident Mission www.adb.org/karm Level 13, Deloitte Tower
Asian Development Bank ADB local 5342 Douglas Street
29 Suramarit Blvd. St. 268 P.O. Box 1992
Phnom Penh, Cambodia Kyrgyz Resident Mission Port Moresby, NCD
Tel +855 23 215805 to 806 52 54 Orozbekov Street, 720040 Papua New Guinea
Fax +855 23 215807 Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Tel +675 321 0400/0408
adbcarm@adb.org Tel +996 312 624195/624192 Fax +675 321 0407
Appendixes

www.adb.org/carm +996 312 900445/900447 adbpnrm@adb.org


ADB local 5509 Fax +996 312 624196 www.adb.org/pnrm
adbkyrm@adb.org ADB local 5565
People’s Republic of China Resident www.adb.org/kyrm
Mission ADB local 5542 South Pacific Subregional Office
7th Floor, Block D, Beijing China Merchants Asian Development Bank
International Financial Center Lao People’s Democratic Republic Private Mail Bag or
156 Fuxingmennei Ave., Beijing 100031 Resident Mission 91 Gordon Street, Suva, Fiji Islands
People’s Republic of China Corner of Lanexang Avenue and Tel +679 331 8101
Tel +86 10 6642 6601 Samsenthai Road Fax +679 331 8074
Fax +86 10 6642 6606 Vientiane, Lao PDR adbspso@adb.org
adbprcm@adb.org P.O. Box 9724 www.adb.org/spso
www.adb.org/prcm Tel +856 21 250444 ADB local 5522
ADB local 5521 Fax +856 21 250333
adblrm@adb.org
www.adb.org/LaoPDR
ADB local 5544
Annual Report 2009 121

Sri Lanka Resident Mission Uzbekistan Resident Mission North American Representative Office
49/14 15 Galle Road 1 A. Khodjaev Street 815 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 325
Colombo 3, Sri Lanka Tashkent 100027, Uzbekistan Washington, DC 20006, USA
Tel +94 11 238 7055 Tel +998 71 140 1920/25 Tel +1 202 728 1500
Fax +94 11 238 6527 Fax +998 71 140 1976 Fax +1 202 728 1505
adbslrm@adb.org adburm@adb.org naro@adb.org
www.adb.org/slrm www.adb.org www.adb.org/naro
ADB local 5507/5533 ADB local 5508 ADB local 5516

Asian Development Bank Institute


Tajikistan Resident Mission Viet Nam Resident Mission Kasumigaseki Building 8F
107-5, Nozim Hikmat Street Units 701–706, Sun Red River Building 3 2–5 Kasumigaseki
Dushanbe 734001, Tajikistan 23 Phan Chu Trinh Street Chiyoda-ku
Tel +992 372 271895/271897/210558 Hoan Kiem District Tokyo 100-6008, Japan
Fax +992 372 244900 Ha Noi, Viet Nam Tel +81 3 3593 5500
adbtjrm@adb.org Tel +84 4 3933 1374 to 76 Fax +81 3 3593 5571
www.adb.org/tjrm Fax +84 4 3933 1373 Info@adbi.org
ADB local 5539 adbvrm@adb.org www.adbi.org
www.adb.org/vrm ADB local 5503
Thailand Resident Mission ADB local 5519
23rd Floor, The Offices at Central World
999/9 Rama 1 Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan European Representative Office
Bangkok 10330, Thailand Rahmhofstrasse 2
Tel +662 263 5300 60313 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Fax +662 263 5301 Tel +49 69 2193 6400
adbtrm@adb.org Fax +49 69 2193 6444
www.adb.org/trm adbero@adb.org
ADB local 5526 www.adb.org/ero
ADB local 5517
Special Office in Timor-Leste
ADB/World Bank/IFC Building
Avenida dos Direitos Humanos, Lecidere Japanese Representative Office
Dili, Timor-Leste Asian Development Bank
Tel +670 332 4801 Kasumigaseki Building 8F
Fax +670 332 4132 3-2-5 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku
lpochard@adb.org Tokyo 100-6008, Japan
www.adb.org Tel +81 3 3504 3160
ADB local 5220 Fax +81 3 3504 3165
adbjron@adb.org
www.adb.org/jro
adbjro@adb.org
ADB local 5518

Appendixes
122 Asian Development Bank

GLOSSARY ABBREVIATIONS

B-loan. A tranche of a direct loan nominally advanced by ADB – Asian Development Bank
ADB, subject to eligible financial institutions’ taking fund- ADF – Asian Development Fund
ed risk participations within such a tranche and without CoP – community of practice
recourse to ADB. It complements an A-loan funded by CTL – Controller’s Department
ADB. GMS – Greater Mekong Subregion
ICT – information and communication technology
Direct value-added cofinancing. Cofinancing with active IED – Independent Evaluation Department
coordination and formal agreements among financing OAI – Office of Anticorruption and Integrity
partners that bring about defined client benefits, includ- OAS – Office of Administrative Services
ing contractual commitments by ADB (such as for credit OCR – ordinary capital resources
enhancement, syndication, or financial administration) to OIST – Office of Information Systems and Technology
facilitate mobilization, administration, or participation in PSOD – Private Sector Operations Department
cofinancing.

Multitranche financing facility. A debt-financing facility


to target discrete, sequential components of large stand-
alone projects; slices (or tranches) of sector investment
programs over a longer time frame than the current norm;
financial intermediary credit lines; and guarantees.

Sovereign, nonsovereign. ADB lending is classified as


sovereign or nonsovereign. A sovereign loan is guaranteed
by the national government, while a nonsovereign loan is
not guaranteed by the national government.

Nonsovereign operations. Refer to an ADB-financed


transaction with a subsovereign, state-owned enterprise,
other public private entity, or private sector entity as obli-
gor or investee, normally without direct sovereign indem-
nity.
Appendixes

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