08aspek - Air - Bawah - Tanah - EG2K9

IAS-Sem.
II-2008/2009
GL 3021
GEOLOGI TEKNIK
Imam A. Sadisun, Dr. Eng.
IAS-Sem.II-2008/2009
.. keberadaan air bawah tanah
It is necessary to consider
the role of subsurface water
in engineering works.
Base flow
Water table
Piezometric level
Groundwater
Aquifer
Aquitard
Hydrogeological boundary
Hydrogeological basin
Typical profile of pore-water pressures distributed on deep for the most

encountered situations in nature (modified after Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993).
Scheme to define the hydraulic head in porous media
How importance of subsurface

water in engineering works?
Air bawah tanah akan berpengaruh pada semua

kegiatan rekayasa, terutama yang dilakukan di
bawah tanah atau bahkan di bawah muka airtanah.
Air bawah tanah baik berupa rembesan

atau bahkan aliran seringkali dijumpai
pada sebuah ekskavasi.
Water Pressure
In soil slopes or very large slopes in rock, where
rotational failure is possible water pressures
generated by groundwater reduce potential stability.
Water pressure forces acting in unsaturated and saturated media
Total Stress = Effective Stress + Pore Pressure
Unit weights are:

dry sand (d) = 16 kN/m
saturated sand (s) = 20 kN/m
Calculate vertical effective stress at the top of saturated
sand and at the top of the clay? (w = 9.81 kN/m)
(a) At the top of saturated sand (z = 2.0 m)

Vertical total stress (v) = 16.0 x 2.0 = 32.0 kPa
Pore pressure (u) = 0
Vertical effective stress (v = v u) = 32.0 kPa
(b) At the top of the clay (z = 5.0 m)
Vertical total stress (v) = 32.0 + 20.0 x 3.0 = 92.0 kPa
Pore pressure u = 9.81 x 3.0 = 29.4 kPa
Vertical effective stress (v = v u) = 92.0 - 29.4 = 62.6 kPa
The unit weight of the silty sand is 19.0 kN/m both above
and below the water table. Calculate vertical effective stress
at the top of the clay? (w = 9.81 kN/m)
Case 1
Case 3
Case 2
Case 4
Case 5
Unit weights are:

dry sand (d) = 16 kN/m,
saturated sand (s) = 20 kN/m
clay = 18 kN/m
Calculate initial and final stresses at the mid depth of the clay?
(a) initial stresses
4 x 16 + 3 x 20 + 1 x 18 = 142 kPa (1 kPa = 1kN/m)
(b) final stresses
200 + 2 x 16 + 3 x 20 + 1 x 18 = 310 kN/m
Stresses under foundations
The figure shows how an extensive layer of fill will be placed on a

certain site. Unit weights are:
saturated clay and sand (d) = 20 kN/m,
rolled fill (n) = 18 kN/m
Calculate the total and effective stress at the mid-depth of the sand and
the mid-depth of the clay for initially before construction, immediately
after construction, and many years after construction?
Stage
Initially before
construction
Immediately
after
construction
many years
after
construction
Position
Vertical total stress

(v) kPa
Pore pressure
(u) kPa
Vertical effective
stress (v ) kPa
At the middepth of clay
40.0
20.0
20.0
At the middepth of sand
100.0
50.0
50.0
112.0
92.0
Note
20.0
The clay is undrained and

the pore pressure increases
by 72.0 kPa.
The sand is drained (either
horizontally or into the rock
below) and so there is no
increase in pore pressure.
172.0
50.0
122.0
122.0
20.0
92.0
172.0
50.0
122.0
Short-term and long-term stresses
After many years, the excess

pore pressures in the clay
will have dissipated. The
pore pressures will now be
the same as they were
initially.
The rock block on a sloping surface: when dry, stability

depends on friction between surface and block and block
weight, but if the backing joint is filled with water, water
pressure thrusts the block down slope and, if water flows
under the block, uplift pressures result, which reduce the
normal load on the surface and hence the frictional
resistance the weight of the block can generate.
Examples of significance of water pressures on engineering structure
Studi Kasus :
Belajar dari
Keruntuhan Tanggul
Situ Gintung
Erosi buluh (piping erosion)
Metode Pengendalian Air Bawah Tanah
Drainase Bawah Permukaan (Subsurface Drainage)
"The ultimate waterproofing approach" for old homes looks after all
water problem areas in one. The bentonite injection protects the wall. A
sub-drain that runs to the sump pump pit under the floor by the footing
controls the hydrostatic pressure under the basement floor.
Designed to hold back

earth at vertical
discontinuities.
Crushed stone is placed
behind the wall to allow
water to escape, either
through weep holes in the
wall, or into drain pipes
behind the wall.
Wellpoint dewatering is a simple, efficient method of

temporarily lowering the groundwater table in a
localized area to accomplish the construction of a
foundation, pipeline or any other below-ground
structure.
The system consists of a series of small wells called
wellpoints installed around the excavation and
connected to a manifold or "header pipe" which is
connected to a wellpoint pump.
This wellpoint pump is designed to handle the water as
well as entrained gasses found in the water.
The entire system affects only the area of the
construction site and has minimal effect on water
quality.
Well Points
a) Uniform soil can be
dewatered with
wellpoints on one side.
b) A clay layer above
subgrade may require
sand drains on opposite
side to handle perched
water.
c) Clay at and below
subgrade may require
wellpoints on both sides
of trench.
A wellpoint system installed about 15' down inside an excavation to

lower the groundwater in a troublesome site where conventional
deep-well dewatering was unable to completely dry the footing, due
to low-permeability layering of the soils.

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IAS-Sem.

Imam A. Sadisun, Dr. Eng.

.. keberadaan air bawah tanah

Typical profile of pore-water pressures distributed on deep for the most

Scheme to define the hydraulic head in porous media

How importance of subsurface

Air bawah tanah akan berpengaruh pada semua

Air bawah tanah baik berupa rembesan

Water pressure forces acting in unsaturated and saturated media

Total Stress = Effective Stress + Pore Pressure

Unit weights are:

(a) At the top of saturated sand (z = 2.0 m)

Unit weights are:

Stresses under foundations

The figure shows how an extensive layer of fill will be placed on a

Vertical total stress

At the middepth of clay

At the middepth of sand

At the middepth of clay

The clay is undrained and

At the middepth of sand

At the middepth of clay

At the middepth of sand

Short-term and long-term stresses

After many years, the excess

The rock block on a sloping surface: when dry, stability

Examples of significance of water pressures on engineering structure

Erosi buluh (piping erosion)

Metode Pengendalian Air Bawah Tanah

Drainase Bawah Permukaan (Subsurface Drainage)

Designed to hold back

Wellpoint dewatering is a simple, efficient method of

A wellpoint system installed about 15' down inside an excavation to

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