SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

OE

PHILOSOPHY^,

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FORM

THE

IX

OF

LECTURES

"

v*

vBY

PROFESSOR

OF
IN

BOSTON

HOUGHTON,

Ph.D.

ROYCE,

JOSIAH
THE

HISTORY

OF

PHILOSOPHY

UNIVBK

HARVARD

NEW

AND

MIFFLIN

YORK

AND

COMPANY

(CfceRtoersiDe press, Camfcriboe

1897

lOif

"

Copyright,
By

JOSIAH

All

NINTH

The

Riverside

Electrotyped

Press,
and

1892,

Printed

ROYCE.

rights

reserved.

EDITION.

Cambridge,
by

H.

Mass.,
0.

Houghton

U.

S.

"

Go.

MY

TO

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OF

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THOUGHTFUL

THE

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AIDED

ION

PREFACE.

friend

The

me,

of

little

the

and

fashion.

of

portion
of
and

the

found

soon

friends

proved

be

to

had

and

response
lectures

general

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revision.

papers,
members

of

finished

asked

was

cordial

equally
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city.
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the

partly

my

poor

in

their

Harvard

the

and

following
and

the

yet

University,

as

of

again

under

the

public

and
before

again,

in

company
much

course,

offered

enlarged,

My

utmost.

stimulating

much

for

Thinkers

suggested,

the

ness
kindli-

erelong

form,

them

thorough-going

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year

lectures

foreseen

called

first

task,
pany
com-

exceeding

to

any
pass
com-

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my

had
and

wit

read

to

re-reading

rewritten

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the

prepare

hearers

my

Representative

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of

all

to

and

in

absorbing.

elaborate

intended

forth

undertook

than

more

taxed

title

still

was

numerous

way

once

whom

more

that

un-

righl

my

set

philosophy

unexpectedly

earnestness

Problems,"
another

for

any

modern

could

and

to

as

few

brief

to

power

my

lectures,

became

undertaking
I

of

it

of

what

tell

to

was

misgivings

to

as

short

account

some

comparatively

some

content

few

of

than

With

misgivings

many

asked

hook

spiritual possessions

in

possessions

these

for

ago,

years

thinkers.

modern

teclinical

two

significant

more

prominent
ahont

than

more

this

dedicated

I have

whom

to

my
to

evening

the
lee-

PREFACE.

VI

the

material

same

discussion

whole

of

series

the

contains, therefore, an

since

indeed

one,

suggested

to

of modern

outcome
to

try

the

this

idea

true

spiritof

being

the

thought.

called

arguments
therein

of

that

entitled

Idealism,

of
the

the

proof

other

not

of

general

of

my

ments,
frag-

ing
concern-

ignorance

right to call,in

already

had

of

my

sketch

the

Error"
a

thesis
of

of
its

human
sion
occa-

book

To

Philosophy."

main

the

embody

doctrine

containing

the

delight

mere

to

particularly to

first

possessionof

Possibilityof

Religious Insight" (the

discussion

of

and

suggestion.

positive chapters

work,

"The

is I have

ReligiousAspect

strongly

product

vast

our

still have

more

still elementary

progress

me

the

sure

have

single principal idea,

to

all

seen

are

"

this doctrine

the

efforts at

my

been

is the

seems

simple outlines, a

The

"

I have

philosophy,

suggest in the

to

that

one

destiny,we

What

What

studies

which, amidst

of

and

the

of

togetherby

modern

world
and

main

bound

are

hand

and

has

know

of my

hand, these

other

the

linkages,

expository.

creed

book

the

embodiment

the

but

nature

And

suggest.

delight,and
On

thought.

On

with

other

growing

"

what

by

me

the

as

this

and

shape

object.

much

so

On

well

philosophicalcreed,

own

my

the

philosophicalthought

century.
as

twofold

not

modern

constructive

is

in the

connections, the

the

of

seventeenth

the

purpose

to

with

as

general growth,

the

get

give

to

essay,

deals

essay

my

details

minuter

with

lectures,and

of

hand

one

resolved

then

to

me

final form.

volume

This

aid.

part of

or

caused

audiences

various

to

critical

considerable

all

opportunitiesto present

Still other

tures.

the

chapters

and

"The

metaphysical
of

Objective

certain

conse-

PREFACE.

desire

importance

which

limitations,will leave
their

have

lectures

refer

must

acquaintance with

fuller

thesis),I

this

of

quences

Vll

or

which
have
of

set

was

forth

decided

the

in the

these

philosophizingalways

But

incomplete.
intended

hope,

be

to

stood
under-

considerable

philosophicaldoctrine

the

former

meanwhile

book, and

which

advantage

mental
funda-

less

organizationof

in the

may-

of its

by themselves, represent,
advance

as

of

matters

some

unity,are

own

readers

present study,in view

the

more

such

historical

the

against the

as

possesses

fashion
tical
dialec-

fashion.
Our

dependence

common

for

all

Our

best

reflective

our

this

historyof thought
is

undertakings

if we
originality,

from

spring

the

upon

Doctrines

dependence.

very

revolutionarysignificanceare
history of speculation, and

all

the

yet

most

are

set

the

marvels

off upon

familiar.

thought
broken.

is

the

The

For
the

us

very

continuity

novelties

get their very

value

from
so

necessityof keeping

thought

is

few
of

times
the

the

fact

in mind

disastrous.
worthless.

delusion, and

Mere
But

those

eclecticism
to condemn

then

to

set

in
the

they

cally
histori-

distinctly

so.

are

of

the

philosophy,
to

is

we

as

understandi
mis-

peculiarly

philosophy is
past,

earlier

neglect (or

relations

forth what

they

historyof

relation

our

historical

and

only relative,and

centuries

many

the

as

the

evolution

that

peculiarlypressing,and
of

of

Of

insights,

far

so

in

elsewhere

are

to-day,after

in

large background

very

Only

such

the

so.

full

speculationare
only

are

be

to

inely
genuin

beautifullynovel

of

greater highways
of

of

of

indeed

rare

they ought

surprises,of marvels,

lesser

must
originality,

get any

ever

unquestionable.

full of

imagine

of

course

error

to be

and
our

viii

PREFACE.

fundamentally significantand

own

philosophy,is

in

ending.

one

growths to

procedure

We,

then, but

soil,seeing

new

considering only

and

the

wealth

ancient

the

and

it is

so

wholly

new,

out, and

feel

to

easy

because

been

all the

what

lead

Such

The

the

present
to

be

the

the

trines
doc-

light
leaves

other

of

unaware

hand,
be

to

it

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what

to

actual

our

yet this

unnecessary

it not

our

study
own

in

the

end

of

the

will flourish

of

to

get it.

to

relations.

creative

dom.
wis-

To

end,

that

situation
to

in

such

this

country

efforts.

Two

especiallyprospering to-day

are

study

History
two

together,and

them.

historical

beginning

want

minded

am

former.

part that these

spiritbetween

the

peculiarly favorable

Universities, the

the

part,

my
of my

philosophical

important constructive
of

we

zation
re-organi-

past, in the

atmosphere.

I, for

latter,and

philosophical branches

and

while

"

historyis

however, I cultivate

for my

that

eagerly thought

disappointments may

to

I love

and

critical

have

we

are,

transplanted

the

originality,

misadventures,

Faithfulness

in

garden

eclecticism, and

by remaining fully aware

seems

old

us

avoid

growths

philosophical thought

and

of

but

necessitylacking in

the

by

us

of

train

subjectivesensation
to

and

mere

philosophicalenvironment

cares,

the

soil is of

new

merely

have

of

newness

not

have

can

the

healthy originality.On

for

room

old

Synthesis and

present science, is

ample

general

how

not

furnished

truths

of the

methods

new

unwittingly transplant

depth,

little root.

take

of

But

planned.

have

the

in

that

wholly

work.

of

Empirical Psychology,

of

Philosophy.

pursuits ought
that
I

they will
see

no

I believe
to

lead

flourish
to

very

just opposition

PREFACE.

critic of
have

would

relations

no

utmost

gold

with

me

the

unless

and

his

he

has

devotion.

of

teaching.

have

whether

let the

in

had

philosophy, assuming

my

hearts

do

in

my

such

of

should

I do

in

the

"

criticism

I have

the

presence

of

of the

whose

public

in

deeds

of

intellectual

man,
contest

and

involves

with

him.

sincere
criticise

to

be

not

the

without

right

personal
of

as

be

to

merits

ing,
estimat-

and

personal

echo, just
the

man,

as

But

scholarship, offered
our

desire

of

Fool's

closing lecture.

of

even

words

"The

entitled

no

cerely
sin-

indeed,

instead

and

public service, is wholly independent

for

at

published work, I, for

verses

my

with

we,

and

first to

God

suffer.

student's

wholly

weakness

own

my

quoted

inner

their

be

departed friend,

Prayer

the

cases,

part, remembering

unworthiness,
now

and

can

aggrieved

could

Were

not.

or

bring

ing
respectedaccord-

tried

teaching be

the dross
feel

this

whom

pointed

work

my

occasion

living philosophicalopponents
we

of

labored

has

of

as

For

be

of

our

speech.

Let

judges

the

fact

man

never

well

meant

negative critics

the

of

historical

my

the

it,nor

well, and

meant

But

Let

of scholarship

easilybetween

distinguishvery

myself

said.
mercy,

of

portion

loss

philosophicalwriter

any

of

he would

errors

have

fierytrial.

most

that

to

tests, too, than

grave

to

some

regret the

never

as

necessity glad

severer

Where

definiteness

occasionallya

tests

same

others, and

apply.

to

of the

test

flames.

person

the

work, I desire

my

the

I shall
the

mar

with

bear

is of

profound misunderstandings

or

out

of

wit

have

work

own

work

the

to

his

to

also

is

philosophy, who

living fellow-students,

his

applied

apply
he

of

student

IX

the

in the

ness
personal fondfor

Therefore, such

other

than

criticism,

PREFACE.

its

whenever
well

merciless.

be

to

perhaps tedious, I

It is

quite needless, to
these.

Most

mind.

For

that

such

that

the

defects

forth

here

they are

severe

or

book

must

this

and

set

of

its

of

will,indeed, find here

does

he

things will
will he
be

sure,
ones

readers

be

which

partly
to

because

to

the

add

may

I have
the

context,

few

the

Descartes
not

physicaland

the

employed, because

for

all in

no

case

To

the

text

my

lier
ear-

many

tures
originallec-

my

hearers

my

patience as

traditional

thought with

and

they

came
be-

various

of

beginning of

the

on

Cartesian

period

The
of

seventeenth

himself

his

theory

best
of

known

in its usual

century
the
to

knowledge,

metaphysical system.

Of

the

ergo

universal

its literal
accuracy,

but
subjectivism,

was

cogito

it is almost

because, meanwhile,

produces, despite

whole

to

expected

reflective

The

misleadingimpression.
on

than

special observations

text-books, and
it

have

these

completeness.

added
at

in

the

at

of

But

elaborate

more

that

argument.

lectures.

not

confess

some

him.

technical

read

little in

that

hope

I have

not

story of modern

in

are

were

grow

the individual

sum

find

or

partlybecause

used
I

expect

later papers

the

expect.

things

many

pleasingsurpriseto

either

passages
;

not

and

raising false expectations.

avoid

The

reader

undertakes,

tried, accordingly,

have

my

to

it

have

course,

qualities.I

text,

as

already in

them

what

judged by

must,

truisms

critics,it is all the while

kindly our

essay

were

intended.

not

be

it

wish

obvious

such

throughout

outset

that

sure

am

readers, indeed, will have

However
true

is understood, does

wholly objectivemotive

very

was

not

very

verse.
re-

his contemporaries,
but

for

his

philosophical

PREFACE.

of

Absolutism
the

because
here
I

broad

the

towards

the time

but

this extreme
the

rest

glance

to

outlines

still

serious

of

error

the

defect

and

time

With

proved

Kant

on

indispensableservice

to

follow

Yet

it.

impression of
Professors

the

the

book.

whole

my

of

have
most

Yet
space

my

my

been

Windelband,

Benno

Caird,

have

scanty

have

felt

been

it needful

untechnical
a

as

hope, I

remarks

lectures

I have

of

of

case

to

on

to

of
show

my

by

and

104-105.

unable

to make

literaryobligations.
Schmidt,

to

plan

to

rather

more

between

Hegel's elaborate

fessor
Pro-

Professors

Erdmann,

exposition

that

To

obscured

Principal Caird.
my

able

student

not

pages

been

J. E.

by appendix C,

phraseology

have

Stirling,to

and

could.

every

all to Julian

Hutchinson

and

been

personal

own

my

numerous

permitted by
In

use.

well

as

Dr.

write

Erdmann

as

as

plainly as

as

Falckenberg,

Edward

very

to

to

playful

most

study

I have

far

so

tried

and

careful

more

here

acknowledgement

Haym,

is

I feel this to be
in

me,

which,

later historical

I feel such

there

to

leave

superficial

Kant-philology has

himself

debt

by

to

have

Kant

readers

sufficient

notes,

Vaihinger
owes

to

Kant

Spinoza

begins a

modern

The

of

In

attitude

spiritby

Spinoza, and

inevitable,in view

be

to

details,

of the

the

as

the

general

In

best,

limitations.

doctrine.

for my

from

omission

mere

the

sketch.

general

the lecture

of Kant

of

typicalcase

and
altogether,

Leibnitz

omitted

in

not

deepest problems

period

the

over

and

illustrate

to

the

brief

the

representative. Interested

have, therefore, chosen

of

of

century Spinoza is meanwhile

the

extremest

in

am

XI

to

Of
make
of

fessor
Pronotes
foot-

only

Hegel

frequent
my

very

processes

planned relation,which
pretty deliberately

the

Xli

PREFACE.

professionalstudent

himself

readily lends

other

hand,

these

lectures, and

very

footnotes

Both

Both

Monthly."
That

obvious

been

not

am

lution

deserves

in

genuine

and

continuous

of Mr.

wonderful
their

such

as

"Origin

of

were

Two
the

of my

rewritten, and

the
have

of

never

been

In

to

the

throughout

word

with

the

has

come

idealism

idealism

the

itself.

"

possess.

involves

In

theory

strophic
cata-

Darwin's

of

of

the

whole

II, the tenth and

been

I
"

have

entirely

lectures

as

given prominence

rather

than

to

what

"

epistemological meaning
technical
which
its
of

"

the

reader

word
"

epistemological
of

of

is familiar

this well-known

nature

in

Idealism,

lecture, on

book

The

things played

all

at

eleventh

meanings

numerous

to

read

"

of

single

any

lectures,have

my

evolu-

manifold.

strictly metaphysical

technicallycalled

the

the

of

an

specialcreation

motives

in Part

papers

series

of

These

historical

constructive

as

lish
Eng-

to

product

appearance

Species."

an

hitherto

theory

not

result

the

even

has

permanent

as

and

deep-lyingand

present form.
elsewhere

the

as

the

very

twelfth of

their

; but

great part

movement

growth,

Spencer, or

change

is the

itself understood

be

is

historyof thought

doubtless
as

and

outcome,

easilyaccessible

and

thought

Evolution,

movement,

of the

form

important

to

Atlantic

"

of

this observation

that

modern

Romantic

the

student

aware

So

acquisitionof

is

for

frequently made
readers.

and

of

one,

the

considerably enlarged.

is,historically
speaking,an

observation

yet I

and

the

philosophical doctrine

remote

very

and

Hegel

in

of

although

case,

the

appeared

here

are

modern

the

in its wholeness
not

have

papers

his

the

on

method

the

to

in

could

unwillingly, be wholly spared.

Schopenhauer

Schopenhauer,

verify.

can

our

sense

human

PREFACE.

called

this

by
the

namely,
of

is

world, however

we

in his

476, defines
idealism

belief

"

in the

namely

of

duht)

the

their allies

are

Vaihinger

has

Kant's

"

the

well

in

remarked,

Hegel.

have

in mind

basis

the

physicalworld
to

on

goes

say,

expression(Pro-

an

that

This

whenever

his

admirable
"

been

he

the

uses

it is the
of

the

will

student
without

word

on

in the literature

well-informed

every

As

essay

(p. 95),

customary

and

school."

epistemologicalmeaning

has

fact

idealistic

Idealismus

des
the

not

"

idealism

since

he

p.

metaphysical

the

as

"

real

world-spirit,Fichte, Schelling,Hegel,

Widerlegung

"

of

of

is

together named

Falck-

nature.

form

sense,

matter

the

of

principleat
spiritual

this

that

"

sense

metaphysicaland
term

In

the

Philosophic,"

neueren

reduction

the

illusion."

mere

of

metaphysical

"

that

our

himself

by

nature

know

der

in

its

the

prominent

very

world, without

of the
to

one

in

be

to

theory

called

to
to

come

may

pretends

was

as

"

subjectivity

"

Kant's

But

theory

the

are

feature,

common

upon

sense

time

Geschichte

"

the

as

this

and

one

of what

Idealism."

idealism

enberg,

of

they lay

In

space

Transcendental

sense,

view

portion

things.

of
subjectivity
"

that

smaller

of

knowledge

decidedly different theories

in

name

stress

larger or

various

and

knowledge

Xlll

express

definition.

The

problems
in

course

some

of

form

the
for

analyses suggested by
"

idealism

will

"

idealism
such

by
"

will

every

have

been

analyses.
as

serious

But

such

of

"

permanent

in

imagine

person

of

The

gical
epistemolovalue

for

Every "metaphysical

affected
to

philosopher.

forms

moreover,

exist

knowledge

knowledge.

our

idealist is

of

the various

have,

investigatorof

the

theory

whose

one

that

or

way
a

"

other
an-

physical
meta-

principlescon-

PREFACE.

XIV

involve
sistently

everythingand

with

will

object,and

its

world
he

by

the

None

place.

is, in

its

parts,

world

experience

of

question

is

sense,

the

as

the

in

that

for
as

truth

exists at

the
for

sense

"

the
of

outset

the

as

an

opponents, the metaphysicalidealists.

how

they

seriousness
what

of

the true

is that
a

to

only

successful

text, page
These

solve

this

problem

the

turn

may

out

that

for the

"

by
is, the
"

in

subjective

upon

well

to be.

as

My

is in

and

Whether

depends

metaphysical idealist

solution

world

meant

philosophical reflection,as
solution

basis

absolute

realists

their

are

the

at

philosophy, in

metaphysical

of

mate
ulti-

the

of

"

world

opposite

Hobbes

what

physical
meta-

constituent

The

instance

transcend

"

we

proper

the

real

epistemological problem,

how

same

the

maintains

who

one

How

problem.

"

"

knowledge,

its

spirit.

genuine

again,

or,

to

as

real

the

remains, in the

all of
of

or

course

of

wholly unspiritual realities

and

The

Body."

our

in

torical
his-

and

show

to

self,is
an

of

of

knowledge

nature

of this very

doctrine

mind

of

"Unknowable,"

of

will

of

the

at

tried

have

unspiritual realities

such

"

get

wholeness, and

existence
of

to

less, a

idealist,in this

an

finite

if it maintains
idealistic,

sense,

existence

own

relation

the

solution

this

do

may

of

try

of

means

the

idealist

metaphysical

problem

the

of

misunderstanding,unworthy

student.
deal

denial

or

excepting his

one

every

trivial

old and

an

doubt

the

own

cisely
prefor
and
their
upon
view

possession

of

problem (see
epistemological

382).
last remarks

reader, to whom,

meant

are

mainly

also, appendices B and

for the

are

technical

exclusively

addressed.

But

Lecture

XII,

on

"

The

World

of

Description and

PREFACE.

World

the

of

its

of

degree

own

problems

the

effort

one

worlds.
the

on

My

there

have

kindly

Professors

Palmer

aid,

the

that

wish
Dr.

to

to

make

Benjamin
at

my

of

for

the

Massachusetts,

aesthetic
will

be
the

what

region,

genuine

from
In

occasion
work

my

stimulation

previous
to

would

publications

have

is

their

acknowledge

is

colleagues

and

colleagues

my

as

ble.
impossi-

been

only

confess

to

enduring

is

as

return.

Assistant
is

of

responsible

the

Philosophical

for

the

careful

JOSIAH

Cambridge,

the

Despite

constant

received

elder

Harvard,

only

of

paper

wide

acknowledgment

Eand,

that

is

and

this

very

fact

theory

fellow-students

some

had

some

"

have

to

paper

reader.

James.

all

the

tain
cer-

suggestiveness.

and

once

the

moral

every

criticism

such

repeat
debt

for

due

which

without
To

my

than

more

the

through

momentary
are

that

argument
to

feel

despite

and

and

the

which

double-aspect

"

taken

may

thanks

have

oldest,

accessible

frequent

that

wholly

not

the

form

of

statement

novelty,

physical

hope

flight

present

and

the

whole

rapid

in

define

to

of

attempts

relative

of

are

more

relations

Appreciation,"

speculations

general

XV

Jan.

1,

1892.

partment
Deindex.

ROYCE.

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

LECTURE

INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL

In

following

the
in

fashion

the

about

of

portion
this
time
to

in

the

work

with

my

powers.

and
interest
of

of

history

plead

as

to

seem

take
underof

limitations

the

only

excuse

in

fellow-students

my

that

highly representative

of

sense

of

some

keen

gest,
sug-

something

philosophy.

modern

to

try

issues

the

and

limited, but

shall

general student,

the

to

lectures

problems,

interesting

most

me

suited
the

men,

of

course

desire

my

the

my

great

cerns
con-

philosophy.
I.

The
is

assumption

It
of

sense

the

value

the

in

of

what

you

doing

involves

by

give

philosophy.

what

We

but

the

all
have

in

the

in
first

these
our

explain

to

its

origin
of

serious

And

place, living.

The

courage.

faith

in

our

business

What

world.

things

and

criticallyupon

reflect

your

and

proper

account

more

you

the

superhuman

any

has

ning.
begin-

very

effort
of

based

are

the

reasonable

passions, faiths, doubts,

into

at

means

when

actually doing
in

forth

Philosophy,

towards

course,

lectures

cunning,

philosophize

is of

these

presumptuous

to

attitude

are

inquiry
is

that

world

the

attempt

an

You

life.

is not

extraordinary

or

set

assumption

term,

personal

own

are

is the

well

as

may

mysteries

insight

of

that

one

which

upon

and

mean

life

we

you
life
ical
critply
imwant

homelike
is

that

for which

of

criticism

in

feel this
world

our

life,made

will therefore

from

which
rather

of

one

of

evils

often

wise

into books.

does,

people

his

as

do

at

of

temperament

the

temperament

metaphysics

heard

intentions

discussed, and

them

skepticism,too, by
The

dom
sel-

who

men

professionalstudent

of

losophy
phiall

business, preciselywhat

constant

In

moments.

life

the

is

order, the

moral

conscience, the

I not

have

critical

and

looked

other

authority

do

us

the

The

kind.

certain

all of

we

no,

or

between

of

than

degree

have

start

philosophy and
nothing of so-called

life, the

God, how
a

it

difference

make

can

will

we

the

technical

loves

which

frequentlyengaged, and

not

you

business, in which

natural

occasionally,if

sympathy. Whether
philosophize. The

with

Such

and

human

very

all

are

of

ourselves

thorough-going,is a philosophy.
be well-founded, it follows
this assumption of mine
cism,
or
thorough-going self-critihealthy philosophizing,
is

you

feel

and

elaborate
If

the

criticism.

for

matter

of

sense

We

faith.

significance.Yet why we
realityand the worth of

of

and

law

of

world

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

this

estimate

to
reflectively
a

OF

SPIRIT

THE

of

physical
non-meta-

destiny and the deepest

of life occupies much
the same
truths
place as music
distracted
but
much
occupies in the lives of appreciative,
The
student
of philosophy is merely
amateurs.
constant
the professional
musician
of reflective thought. He daily
people,

plays
"

his

scales

in

chopping logic."

technical
often
But
taste

subtleties

his love

wear

for

somewhat

as

the

on

of

the

form

He

takes, in

of

his art

incomprehensible to

hoarding up
a

reflection

is

specialized. He
the

treasures

occasional

part of the heavier

devoted

is

ornaments

coinage

philosophers,
you

of

delight in

analysts of
their

sort

of reflection

the

of

which

of conversation.
your

life.

natural

own

miser, secretly
other

people

intercourse, or

confine

call

his enthusiasm

makes

merely

scoffers

the

short, a

which

less

speculation

what

If, as

use

as

professional
non-

reflections

to

the

moments,

nothing

or

meditation,

worlds

and

deep

and

its

universal, such

let them

you

them, and

than

that

fancy

even

of

systems

you

at

its

chance
with

reflection,would

attention

your

Such

communings

into

of

with

you,

heartSo

of

germs

hour

it were,

as

before

wayward

from

then

wonder,

universe

develop

pass

may

of

friend,

occasional

an

momentary

ungrown

circumstances

other

serious talk with

glance

searchings, such

heart

If

perhaps

dreamy

great

countless

is

noteworthy

more

whole

this

result

INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL

the

under

philosophy.
forget

soon

you

small

have

ness
fond-

the less,all intelligent

metaphysics. But, none
people, even
including the haters of metaphysics, are
despitethemselves
occasionallymetaphysicians.
for

II.

All

this,however, by way

What

wish

you

this

lecture, is,how
life leads

upon

and

numerous

it

this

long

far

be

to

seems

been

varietyof

that

true,

as

nothing but
opinion. I

past, and

of

doubtful

been

whether

the

so

or

no

of all

outcome

the

philosophershas so
speculation and hopeless

that

suppose

have

systems

hold, that

labor

systems of

elaborate

student

who

knows

philosophicstudy feels as
he approaches the topic for
when
greatest difficulty,
first time, the confusing variety of the doctrines
of

little
his
the

details

yet of the

as

the

philosophers, joined

and

the

obscuritythat

speculation. So
in

the

many

arduous

and

these

in

varied

so

mere

frame

to

men

it is

philosophy, why

opening suggestion.
tory
further, through this introducnatural
cally
tendency to reflect criti-

know

to

of

vain

pass

an

For

great truths

sadly,you
monstrous

that
will
on

the

to

be

the

elaborateness

characteristic

thinkers

amongst
are

so

labor, you

the

agreement

it is with

as

seem

much

if

of

say,

really

of

all thus

and
aimed

to

enlightenedpersons
at

the

basis

of human

say,

they

seemed

to

have

one

hand

their

toils !

technical
far

bring
about

to'

the

life,how

failed !

How

Hegel's eighteen

published

of

volumes
lecture

but

are

accused,

books

have

few

since, in

years

of

reminiscences,

of

volume
of

edited

posthumously

of

and

books

such
men
specimen of what
prominent English philosopher was

notes

produced.

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

that,

and

gay

sible
irresponwriter

the

been

having

said,

substance

in

scoffing author

the

as

pantly
flip-

The

libraries."
yards on the shelves of our
prominent philosopher indignantly responded, in a
"

fill several

addressed

to

As

recklesslyinaccurate."
works, set side by side on
"

was

feet !

two
to

How

shelf, cover

aside

set

school
as

these

wrote

forbid

any

come

tendency,

long, then,

wonder

sound

was

of

how

and

that

all

if you
detail

every

till

not

and

every

Does

clear."

Lange,

systems, six fat volumes

its

entiretyany one
least originaland

but

the

nitely
defi-

who

master

oughly
first thor-

system
wTill

individual

long,has

ever
whatsuch

some

this

the
one

are

only

Lange's,this definitive setting aside of the

warranted
metaphysicians,seem
by the facts
of these

of

tlien,you

not

hand,

must

we

of

than

upon

deductions

their

that

each

otlier

metaphysicians,of

the

and

little less

student

for

he,

collected

own

the

on

Albert
Once

"

possiblestrife,or
into possessionof

six fat volumes

with

words

claim

the

and

toil,then, and

history of philosophy,Friedrich
occasion,

his

fact

distinguishedGerman

end?

what

the

vast

critic," said

His

"

literary weekly.

letter

ognize
rec-

sion
conclu-

assertion

of

of

the

claim
?

What

one

satisfied in

ever

it,and

wrote

the

so
thoughtful of his pupils? What
pathetic,then, in this history of scholarlyproduction,as
this voluminous
and
systematic unpersuasivenessof the
in his own
philosophers? They aimed, each one
private

way,
,you

the

at

will

think, have

alone, his
first of
to

absolute, and

own

men,

it is that

so

failed

temple

to his

possessed

initiate the
many

so,

world

the

if

they failed, they must,

utterly.
own

god,

Each

raised, all

one

declared

long-sought truth,

into his

temples lie

own

in ruins

that

he, the

and

took
under-

mysteries.
and

so

many

Hence

images

false

of

gods

shattered

are

anxious

It

topic.

am

how

we

significantpreliminary difficultyof

our

be

may

case

because

philosophers,

that

true

life,and

that, too, after

tried

by

all of

vain

pretense ?

the

is not

How

much

the

start

philosophers

fashion

But

us.

from

comprehend

you

this

face

to

are

have

to

I put the

fragments.

to

the

strongly against

thus

INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL

known

their

and

deal

with

occasionally

dealing founded

better, you

upon
live

say, to

may

nobly than to inquirethus learnedly and ineffectuallyinto

Imitation
As
of Christ
the
the mysteries of life ?
so
skillfullystates the case
against philosophy, speaking
the point of view of simple faith, but
from
indeed
using
"

"

words

doubters, too,

that

profit thee to enter

Holy Trinity, if thou
the

to

make

me

with

concerning

but

somewhat,

now

the

quickly passeth
that

their

life and

then

would

they

Or
of

words
"

glory

Of

read

Like

all the
two

foolish

Saints and
worlds

what
philosophy,

so

prophets

scattered, and

Well, if such

this

is the
can

mouths

somewhat
we

first,that the irony of fate

say

are

Their

forth.

yet

stalls

are

"

for

be

to

Oh,

the

are

thought

one

away

how

Would

For
pose."
pur-

well-known

stanzas

"

discussed
thrust
words

to

stopt with

portentous

treats

and

were

them.

in

time

who

learnedly

their

of

Khayyam
Sages

And

agreed together!
inquired unto good

had

Omar

"

tion
contri-

they seemed

world

the

and

again, and

once

the

of

knowledge
have

have

speaks

one

Fitzgerald's

Why

Are

no

Their

never

lived

that

masters

they

learning ?

they

words

thereof."

those

the

ing
displeas-

feel

rather

all

perhaps

Whilst

them.

deep

well, when

in

by others, who

filled

now

is not

I had

are

knewest

flourished

be thus

definition

the

where

thou

and

you,

in

now

teachers, whom

verilyit

it

doth

concerning

humility, and

upright.

skillful

be
Tell

"

For

What

"

discussion

deep

lack

and

holy

man

than

again,

into

Trinity ?

understand,

can

Scorn
dust."

case

against

philosophy? I answer
all human
enterprisesin

SPIRIT

THE

preciselythis

if

way,

OF

MODERN

one

has

PHILOSOPHY.

regard

immediate

the

to

Philosophy is not
engaged in them.
But
true
alone in missing her directly
success
sought aim.
that were
lies often in serving ends
higher than the ones
founded
intended
to serve.
ever
we
Surely no statesman
of

intent

the

men

social

enduring

an

statesman

us

order

that

he

just the

song

that

and

hoped

found.

to

in

add

may

his best

poet

ever

gave
meant

attained

ever

no

precise

had

he

moments

life

human

No

that

the

temporarily

even

meant

No

sing.

to

one

nay,

produced

ever

social

order

fillment
ful-

the

of its youth. And

for
as
gloriousdreams
and having one's mouth
passing away, and being forgotten,
is not
stopped with dust, surelyone
obliged to be either a
But
saint or a sage to have
that fate awaiting one.
still
of

the

the

saints

and

was
forgotten. There
them.
They did not wholly
are

In

view

of

this,what

all

total

not

are

sages

enduring

an

need

we

to

whether

its leaders

failed

whether

its

worthy

has

not, but

gained

Rolands
in

one,

whether

have

ended

any

way

quest always leaves

are

their
office

why

day.

of

dark

their

of

good

traces

partial successes
examination

be

our

next

in

sense

any

contained

sures
trea-

For

it,and

show

been

worth

the

worthy
sures
trea-

more

of

us, in

unattainable

spirit
these

examination
to

tially
essen-

which

they visiblybring

serve

been

has

quest.

behind

careful

more

have

concerning

before

tower

their

than

in it has

success

learn
have

pilgrimage

worthy

philosophy may

final

about

enterprisehas been
the human
through which

the

heroes

by

won

own

one

element

they

die.

philosophy is,not
or

if

failures,even

home
the

in
true

fact, both

and

why

the

Let

such

an

cost.

business.

in.

The
here

task
on

of

earth

complex

humanity, to wit, the task

worthy social life,is in one
one.

There

are

our

of

organizing V

sense

lessly
hope-

endlesslynumerous

8
of

courage,

devotion

our

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

but

the

alliance

is not

always
inquiry

directlyby the spiritof curious

links
the
A
itself.
nature
most
singular craft of our
of inquiry by unexpected ties with men's
theoretical
sorts
One
plays with silk and glassand amber,
dailybusiness.
intended

one

kites

with

that

flies

one

beneath

thunder

clouds, with

The play is a mere

expression
frogs'legs and with acids.
centuries
that former
of a curiosity
might have called idle.
industrial
But
world.
the result of this play recreates
an
And
it is everywhere with our
so
deeper curiosity. There
it is all superfluous. Its immediate
is a sense
in which
results seem
but
vanity. One could surelylive without
life of manfor the spiritual
them
kind,
; yet for the future, and
these

Without
with

results

the

done

have

of

scrutinizes

our

characteristic

typical

"

consciousness

directlyalter
out,

to

the

very

actions."
to

as

the

greatest

bring
of

man

is

is

social,as

no

highest
curiosity

to

us

Our

self-

ments,
temperaWe

fatal.

sense

live,our

we

bring

most

cannot

philosophy does is to find

the light,
to
speak in words

to

And

philosophershas
meaning and the

life,temperaments,

in which

tries to

one

What

them.

of

form

temperaments.
in

them

world

It

our

them.

This

and

human

most

man

deepest instincts,our

the

to

responses

essence

the

lives,our

instincts,
are

our

itself.

the

civilized

curiositywhose

reflective

the

philosophy

reflex

of

curiosityone

own

of the

world

the

create

singularis

most

is

were,

to

all sorts

expression

them

import.

of our
cunning contrivance
busy brains,
tireless curiosity
their unpracticalwonderand
could
sound
instinct
and
the enduring
even

ings, what
Of

of vast

become

to

this

their

heart

destined

are

so

historical

the

always been
form

of

the

and

instincts

of

their

man

lives

reword,

to

it

as

significant

most

alone, as your

office of

own

age.

As

temperament

total of your
social
reflex actions," is
simply the sum
the great
justyour typicalbearing towards
your fellows,
his own
philosopher,in reflecting
on
deepest instincts and
"

faiths,inevitablydescribes, in the
attitude

characteristic

and

stance, Plato

faith

Greek
and

his

for

freedom

of

the
religion,

universe, in
it,are

far

so

speculationsof

these

interpretthis

Athens
in

the

tual
of intellec-

that

needs

into

bred

temperament,

own

in

somehow

express

may

already

you

his every

do

doomed

was

could
the

Greek

up

like

to

pass

future

saw

him
the

Greek

its artistic

and

fact, in your

own

to

ever

absolute

or

attained

estimates, and
criticises,

that
to

philosopher expresses

tations
limi-

and

all nobler

enter,

as

an

would
of

have

end

as

its

the

highest

If

phy
philoso-

estimate.

that
in

certain

were

to

rolled

be

to

life

that

final,has its part,

to-day,and
estimate
philosophical

we

Greek

ennobling
of its spirmoment
ituality
philosophy,doomed

reflection

part in the absolute

life if

production,as
be

Plato
final in

life

certain

was

haps
per-

as

then, into

therefore,too, Plato's
not

sense

the great

that

part of its civilized instincts,as

And

human

life

his

But

heat.

must

thing
necessityno-

doomed

of

elements

he

his

crystal heavens

indeed

were

And

now

instincts

The

eternal.

be

above

humanity,

passionin
one

not

into

was

human

Greek

more

his work

And

much

all of

not

the
sciously
con-

faith.

it

absolute

as

upon

away

in fervent

away

was

to pass

scroll,and

factor, as

in

life

Greek

his work.
life

looked

have

may

of

is of

absolute, nothing final, about

himself

also

fibre,that

there

why

see

in

They

doctrine.

his

could

form

is in some
they criticise it. Plato especially
a
fairlydestructive analyst of his nation's

yet it is just this faith, incorporatedas

towards

age

men.

they

"

of

forms

attitude

enduring

life,

highest

beautiful

the

to

of

representative
Hellenic

for us,

the

union

Greek

whole

articulate

made

of

love

bondage

the

as

of

essence

Greek

state, the

conventional

with

and
politics

embody

the

for in-

together,express

Greek

The

life.

system, the

people. So,

and

age

Aristotle,taken

and

reverence

the

of

of his

terms

philosophicalwritings,the

in their

INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL

rewords

his system

the

life,if
most

10

faiths

characteristic

of

limitation

the

and

the

philosophy;

it

reflectivelyembodied

with

and

kingdom,
of

soul

the

own

attitude

it needs

towards

of

the

better
its

knew.

destiny not

driven

finallyto

Plato's

so

of

regarded
have

lost

to

the

end

years

one

have

may

may

keeps here,

you

his

when
of

his

been

in which

does

follows
;

after ; he
he

Plato, in

has
a

famous

for
had

mind

ing,
keep-

suggest
common

would

have

philosopher's

system

to

seems

dust-filled

unattained

to

seems

have

mouth.

; but

sands
thou-

be

long enough to develop for

of his reflective thought.
significance
not

scrutiny

will

life has

invent

not

to

the

time

see,

its

of

ours

no

life,nor
looks
certain

on

of

the

does

he

lead

air

passage,

There

need

he

is

of

the

makes

into

the

truth,

immediately unpractical,

ultimatelysignificantcharacter.

sense

men

as

and

words

humanity the full

Insight,this curious
its

made

sense,

by death,

scorn

immediate
of

when, in

their

to

the

had

Christianize

its office

very

refuted

scattered

for

had

the

Caesar

to

over

humanity that his

No,
hopelesslybarbarian.

as

been

part

that

builded

empire
as

its

absolute

have

and

Christianityafterwards

the

is not

work

civilize

to

in great

pass

will

he

least,

at

which

his most

be

to

Germans,

the

philosophy

that

thoughts
treasure

exclude

to

the

tal
immor-

fashion

that

Csesar's Roman

As

and

something
be

not

statesman,

Ariovistus, but

out

them, and

His

he

than

manity
hu-

inherit

reflective
This

philosophy may
himself
imagined
the

future

something,

in

universe.

the

away.

pass

lost.

need

old

philosopherhad
possession. Like

will

humanity, includingin

new

spiritof the old, will

old philosophy to express

the

temperament

truly essential

itself the
of

be

not

This

life.

its old

life whose

indeed

limitation

the

sense

then

age,

healthilyprogresses,

embody

re

his

philosophy

it will

will,if civilization
old

the

the

but

away,

will be in

and

the

PHILOSOPHY.

passions of

age

of

It will pass

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

no

is indeed

philosopher.
in

its

prophet

playful

sport of the

race

He
he

to

inspire

about

him.

men

of the

GENERAL

world, who

of

infinite,but

the

neighbor is,and

; his

of artistic game
his

Thracian

that

maids

servant

the

contrary,

fixed

the

law

the

comprehends

laugh

him,

at

next

the

sort

world

The

world.
the

as

of

or

life is

passions of

the

his

courts,

His

hour.

cording
ac-

accordingly
who

know

not

of

not

are

reflection

is the

does

at any

gossip about

leisure, and

dreams

never

business

finishinghis

is evil

amusement

infinite

oppressed by

are

philosopher,on

Plato, has

to

thinks

only

The

neighbors.

their

by business, who

courts, whose

law

the

driven

are

11

INTRODUCTION.

in

one

the

he stares
at the heavens,
laughed at Thales, because
But
is he
falls into wells.
what
and
hence
occasionally
maids
the servant
?
in the sightof the gods, and what
are
When
some
they are
day asked to look into the heavens,
will not
and
to
answer
concerning the truth, what scorn

story

After

their lot ?

be

such

some

fashion

glorifythe contemplative separation from

shall give to the philosopherhis
life which
yet, as
of

even

Plato, does

This

his work.

like

suggest the

not

of

game

Plato, certain

learn

from

the

to

reflection

Thus

critic who,

far, then, my
faiths

upon

philosopher tries
What
It

but

rest

indeed

of

it all there

great thinker

shall

coming humanity

standing

outside

of

life,

meaning of it.
simply this.
thought has been
its spirituality
and its whole
zation,
civili-

and

passions that
in

instinctive, inarticulate, and

of

all the

from
of

And

playfulness,
of
justification

is like

case

The

occur.

Humanity depends, for

group

in

to

pettinessof

freedom.

real

because

seek

in his reflection the

embodied

point

the

freedom, this sublime

valuable
insight,indirectly
and
to life possible,
return

our

is

this

know,

we

Plato

does

he

does

will,on

the

of view
of
one

formulate

to

of

ideals,

as

will

and

Plato

great age

of

to

of

or

place

criticism

embodied

life,and

The

did

stincts.
in-

these

two-fold

singleage,

Aristotle

Greek

criticise

have

always

singleman,

first

part unconscious.

hand, be

one

in the

are

tation.
limi-

from
of

single

the
that

the

faith

from

12

private and

somewhat

it to be.

meant
a

Only
ultimate

and

is his

as

as

There

absolute

limitation, as

into

of

remains

who

his
to

are

second

as

shares

all

with

play of

one

activityon

age

becomes

Utopias, and

creates

gives them
future
his

fashion,

n't

his reflective
ion
fash-

same

the

ual
spirit-

have

we

attitude

seen,

of

the

does

not

prophesy ;

he

Yet

this

limitation

he

great

the

and

tion
limita-

illusory.

measure

self -consciousness

of

passion

the Christian

The

faith

reflective

another.

Plato

of

wards
Europe afterContemplation gives birth to

philosopher also becomes,

the

so

while

after.

higher plane.

the

absolute

beget

insight;

in

meaning.

conduct, and

own

all

such

were

seen,

critical

create.

with

the

defeat, does

will

self -consciousness, and

means

renewed

means

of

limitation, so

only partial and

is itself

Criticism

not

theory,

have

we

come

always seemingly unfruitful

philosopher. He speculates,but
does

losophy.
phi-

new

and

final

age

the

criticises,but

thought in just the

of

faith,

new

possess,

its temperament

and

had

philosophy is capable of
permanently significant

just as

future

those

have

he

humanity, only

kind

one

His

deeper passions

temper

will

far will need

so

of worth.

civilization

the

his

in

remaining

will enter

work

makes

final and

this

his work

becoming-

philosopher'swork

philosopher to

deprive

first

humanity

and

the

But

philosophy.
it dooms

This

perfectcivilization,would
possible on earth, the

and

civilization

the

Another

temperament,

new

of view.

absolute, less truthful, less final than

less

system

PHILOSOPHY.

personal point

of

limitation

necessary

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

in

world-builder.

IV.

But

to

venture

may
in

having

now,

so

far

comes

in which

as

say

it enters

after
his

said

yet

labor

more,

into

him, there

much

so

the

that

for
if

life of

is yet another

is not

in

vain.

philosopher,I

the

his work
the

humanity

and
For

is not

deeper

truth

is

once

lost

which
sense

for

all manifold, and

if
us

is
especially

universe

the

to

it is

be

so

that
in

may,

and

which

I know

how

deeper

later discussions

to

may

other

moment

fuller

divine
world
all

evil,may

own

sense

the

in fact

of

the

or

all

be, and
how
be

realityto

materialist, who

and

law

sees

be

absolute, may

different

All

sides.
What

hereafter.
about

the

this world

is

and

who

be

finite

our

calls it
in

his

idealist,who

constructive

clares
de-

expressionof divine ideals,and

in motion
in nature
only matter
truth from
but viewing the same

this, I say,

I here

in

how,
to

right,each

alike

are,

of

this world
finds

true.

illustration

optimist,who declares
who
and good, and the pessimist,
everywhere struggle and sorrow,

life

world

the

equally

for instance, the

to

of

about

be

to

reveal

it is to comprehend

difficult

out

tion
rela-

fleeting passion,

most

assertions

turn

sense,

man's

humane,

no

seemingly opposing

leave

must

The

only deep

fully express.

can

about

truth

the

manifold.

aspect of truth

some

13

INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL

to

want

will

upon

the

is that

suggest

manifold,

certainlyso

touched

be

truth

paradoxical,

so

capable of equally truthful and yet seemingly opposed

descriptions,as to forbid us to declare a philosopher
in his doctrine
merely because we find it easy to
wrong
make
to
plausiblea doctrine that at first sight appears
conflict with his own.
tation
Young thinkers
always find refuso

and

old

if the

soul

easy,

yet what

the
just because
actuallycomplete

them

that

the

the

if

failure

these, but yet other

I

speak

truth
and
thus

is

be

this, now

philosophy
philosophiesthus

false,but that

should

now

if all the

so

future
far

were

far

far to find

due
have

wealthy

as

the

to

been

expressions

to

tentativelyand

but
lowing
fol-

tain
con-

and

to

fact, not

essentially

need

to

true

aspect of

that

aspects should

thus

and

Our

What
our

transcend

seemingly oppose,
reflective insights,
in

absolute

all the

treasury?

find

to

doctrines

old

doctrines

What

the

hard

not

new

things prominent.
state

of

life, will

our

truth

doctrines

not

only

exhaust

vaguely.

its

14

THE

SPIRIT

illustrate

must

MODERN

OF

PHILOSOPHY.

little,
although

best

at

thus

can

far

only suggest.

people have

Some

just

moments

chance

be

to

fashion

of

they happen

as

poets, the
And

form

reflective

recordingtheir

to

come.

If

of

the

record

such

persons

is often

the

the

thoughtfullyricpoem usually
call
Aristotle
the
made
quality which
very
possesses
life
more
philosophical portrayal of human
poetry a
than
how
metaphysical
history. It is indeed marvelous
of passion almost
a
always is. The passion
great poem
thoughtfullyric.

"

"

of

the

makes

moment

its

like

universe, flashes back

own

of truth, but
jewel the light of the far-off sun
this reflected lightwith its own
mysterious glow.

colors

are,

shall

you

earth

and

be

mine," cries the

the

to

whole

contain

poem

may

entire

creation.

The

passion portrayed is

choir
sort

is sometimes
but

as

false

it is also often

has
passion is deep, and whoever
once
the moods
variouslyand yet how significantly

in

interpretboth

great poems

which

life forms

our

part, will

philosophical systems
like
there

is

has

reveal.

are

vain

be

not

merely
In

poets, differ.

the

life and

our

the

as

the

as

find

because

the

the

true

how

expressed
realityof

likely to

fact

the

of

seen

the

You

briefest

the

the

as

to

philosophic scheme

scheme
transient

heaven, and

of

of

strong emotion

"

reason

that

losopher
phiwhy

be very
philosophy may
closelyallied to the reason
why there is no final and
Life is throughout a complicatedthing ;
complete poem.
inexhaustible
the truth of the spiritremains
treasure
an
house
of experience; and
individual
hence
no
ence,
experiwhether
it be
the
insight of genius
momentary
recorded
in the lyric poem,
the patient accumulation
or
of years of professional
plodding through the problems of
philosophy,will ever
fullytell all the secrets which life
to

It
you

as

is for

yet

no

one

final

so
just this reason,
study philosophy,you have

I
to

now

be

suggest, that when

tolerant, receptive,

16

surely this life,which

which

and

in

life which

all

needs

world

our

cold, the

and

the frost

in

moves

ice and

things.

Then

the

lopes
ante-

both

vigor,that

its endless

tigersto embody

the

and

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

lives

Spiritwho

World

OF

SPIRIT

THE

snow,

do

bless

life
and

haust.
exexperience can
All
the philosophersare
needed, not merely to
ments
make
jarringassertions about it,but to give us embodiof that fragment of its wealth
of this, now
now
in saying this I don't counsel
and its eternity. And
you
in your study of philosophymerely to jumble togetherall

magnify, is

sorts

of

makers

love
I

sayings of

declare, as
What

not

to

mean

the non-essential
doctrine
of

will

of

say,
is

this

"

eclectic

contain

for

truth

about

permanent
indeed

contradict

the

each

then
of

to
tracts
ex-

true."

and
privatewhims
his
great philosopher,

the

critical

student

life,a truth
the view

of books

great and

is all somehow

of

that, and

and

essays

that, apart from

accidents

of

and

thinker

This

one

any

which

of his

an

element

in its isolation

equallyworthy
in vital connection
co-workers, but which, in union, in synthesis,
with
bitterest opposing doctrines, may
its very
turn
out
to be an
organicportionof the genuine treasure
of humanity. Nobody hates more
than I do mere
ticism,
eclecmere
piecing together of this fragment and that
love of producing fraudulent
of
for the bare
monuments
But
the fact is that, frauds
aside, the
philosophicart.
god-likeform of truth exists for us men, as it were, in
of the once
remnants
perfect
statuesque but scattered
marble.
Through the whole ruined world, made desolate
by the Turks of prejudiceand delusion, the philosophers
of these bits of the
wander, finding here and there one
eternal and genuine form
of the goddess. Though I hate
fraudulent
restorations
of a divine
still I know
antiquity,
that, notwithstanding all, these fragments do somehow
of the
belong together,and that the real truth is no one
love phiwho
bits,but is the whole
we
losophy
goddess. What
long for is no piece-work,but that matchless
may

whole

itself.

is not, I

pleading

now

am

philosophicalbreadth

of

kind

The

is

opinions. Nobody
and

real

as

I
of

ness

will

theories

the

manifold

in

leads

form

by

we

and

only

us

don't

the

I want

whole

matter

be

of exact

one

be

must

be

to

thought.

and

in
the

as

it is manifold.

is

of

in

our

actual

whole.

But

as

point

and

own

these

is that

life.

And

in

see,

facts of

and

the

fast

universe

progressing
needs

must

doing

to

science.

hard

if

in

nature,

this

wards
to-

first
shall

we

trines
conflictingmoods, theories, doc-

doctrines,in

doctrine, so

human
as

The

it shall be,

actual

of

be

its

express,

hereafter

the

of

of

universe

the

result, whatever
with

experience.

will

you

comprehended

imaginative.

seem

assumptions

the

sense.

experiences

his

life in

get it,must

we

all sorts

variety,will
final

to

The

yet,

nor

thing, a mind,

be

to

such

strict accord

comprehension

through
;

of

me,

the

just suggested,

common

live

thing, a spiritualreality,
we,

comprehend
pass

to

I have

wealthiest

or

of

postulates of science,

reason

own

vague

appears

truth, whenever

live

our

existence

reached

experience
The

of

you

universe, including the

whole

that very

in terms

assume

because

for

to

undecisive-

its methods,

heart

the

at

as

they give
or

which

the

to

the

facts

positive theory

one
also, is essentially

but

are,

ing
conflict-

philosophic reflection

great Spirit,infinitelywealthier

than

mere

really pleading for, as

of

that

am

philosophers are

mystical in

the

theory is that

one

the

deeper meaning

physical world

and

am

results, really opposed

the

This

all

at

of

which
as

sorts

than

theory, namely,

not

same

inexactness

for

definite

very

theory

to

the

for

expressionswhich

What

itself,the

universe

in its

to

all

aware

of

sequel,is

the

the

you,

more

pleading

not

am

thought.

see

that

or

false

are

truth.

assure

of view

merely lazy toleration, of

vagueness,

errors

17

INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL

in

that, as

the

midst

fragmentary
I

said, the

of

their

ways,
truth

conflict

aspects of
will be

the

18

Thus

I have

far

attention, also,

called

MODERN

little while

unpracticalattitude
In

this

connection

criticism

of

PHILOSOPHY.

spoken of the various opinionsand of

of the philosophers. I
significance

general human

the

OF

SPIRIT

THE

the

rently
appa-

that

life.

towards
they assume
already suggested that

have
often

life has

since, to

its destructive

side.

their

In

these

present days, when

philosophyis frequently so negative,

it is preciselythis destructive, this skeptically
critical
of many
of philosophy,
that to the minds
character
stitutes
conits best-known

its most

character, and

obvious

danger. It is not mine to defend recent philosophyfrom

the charge of being often
cruellycritical. To many of
it might, indeed, in pity be said :
us
Mayest thou never
I have myself more
know
thou art."
than once
felt
what
I have studied philosophy,of findingout
the pang,
to
as
"

what

sorrow

my

lamented

that

philosophyis

negativelycritical
loved and prized.
it is

of

not

is
critic who

my

indeed

finds

fears

one

so

in

our

hearts
of

the pangs

here

true

sternlyand

our

counsel

office to

point out

the wound

often

things that

destructive, the

times

have, therefore, many

many

If any

I must, indeed,

But

am.

that

fault

him
a

lies not

have

sciousness,
self-conto

when

get it.

wise
with

faith,but with

so

losophy
phithe

the faith

in unconsciousness.
wounds
secretlynursed its own
of that word, never
Philosophy,in the true sense
destroys an ideal that is worth preserving. Coming to
consciousness
of yourselfcan
only bring to lightweakness
If
in case
the weakness
already exists in you.
you fear,
I say, the
of such a discovery, and, as I can
assure
pang
is often keen,
then do not try philosophy.
you, the pang
For the rest, however, this relation
of philosophyto positive
that

has

"

"

faith
words

is

before

one

whereof

I leave

it.

philosophyis critical,but
to

be constructive.

I may
Let

me

in what

speak

in

point out
sense

yet

very

in what

also

it

can

few
sense

hope

Of

described, is

far

thus

philosophy,as

course

19

INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL

sure

to

begin at once, if it can, with inquiriesinto the largestand

instincts,the deepest faiths of humanity.
most
significant
cise.
it discovers
them, it will singleout and critiThese, when
Hence, indeed, the philosophersare
always talking
Hence
of such problems as
duty and God.
they inquire
how

we

world
as

all,and, if

at

dead

matter,

study our

ideas

time, of space,

of

to

faith

of

concerns

there

whether

this world

live mind.

Hence

so,

as

or

whether

know

to

come

can

of

is to be

they

law, of moral

natural

causation, of self.
as

if these

They
theirs by

were

external

is any

treated
curious

are

freedom, of
into

pry

divine

the

right.

side of their
They are not only prying,they are on one
activitymerciless, skeptical,paradoxical, inconsiderate.
dear your
how
faith is to
They don't ask, it would
seem,
the reflex action of a
you ; they analyze it,as they would
of a pigeon ; and
then
starfish,or the behavior
they try
faith objectively,
editor looks
to estimate
as
an
critically
which
at a love-sonnet
somebody has sent him (a sonnet
written
with
heart's
the author's
blood), and weighs it
able.
to find it availcoollyand cruellybefore he will consent
Even
the philosopherhas his standard
of the
so
of human
faiths.
have
You
to satisfythis
availability
with

your

sometimes
become
with

creed

before

he

will

cynical,justas
provoking. But then,
seems

all his

approve
the

as

you.

editor's

you

All

coolness

know,

the

this
may

editor,

of sympathy and
cruelty,is a man
of more
than negative aims.
He
has to consider what
he
calls availability,
his critical public to
he has
because
the philosopher
please. And
he, too, has to be critical

apparent

"

and

cruel, because

he

also

has

public to please
with his estimate ; and
his chosen
public ought to be no
less than
the absolute
judge, the world spirithimself, in
whose
find favor only if he be able
eyes the philosophercan
to sift the truth from
the error.
That is wrhy he is rigid.
Nothing but an absolute critical standard ought to satisfy
to

seem

20

he

him, because

fail

more

he

to

From

dwelt.

the
of

hand

to

disheartening

often

the

with

author

the

passionswhich

concrete
at each

know

return

the

out

from

The

sacred

less sacred

lover

after

until
it

why
not,

what

the

still

have

friends
amuse

like old

friend's
has

live

in

much

the

the

of

the

this world

Their
for

often

"

every

are

find

mystery,
The

that.

and

found

too,

read,
re-

know

to

curve

by

up

read

out,

or

have

we

confidently

life before

new

we

in it

letters,treasured

at

We

us.

joy.
cheerfullymay we enpair of literarylovers,

more

saw

certain

editorial

estimate.

used

gentle

somehow

of

trying to

dearer

death,

looked

They wrote
or
changing of course
this
wholly ignoring whom
mean,

been

meant.

the

even

returning,

shed

were

we

something of a
of mine, who, being a trifle reflective,were
prone
themselves
by affectingto treat each other's productions
once

with
critical

that

they

completen
in-

and

truth,

find

in

criticised,
so
I

to

reader

henceforth

we

do

must

world

the

He
has
justthis way.
the search
was
consoling. So,
the more
long past life ; and now

analyzed our
may

his dear

traced

was

"

physician,
meta-

serious, because

have

we

to

We

more

tears

because

critic

the

yet

absolute

ourselves

criticises.

he

long pried into, becomes

criticised passionsbecome
a

estimate,

difficulties

for

himself,

fair and

more

it better.

none

search

human

philosophy continually find

read

hand

ths

this

correct

to

the

reference

who

critical

of

and

us

seemingly too lifeless a

philosopher'scruel analysisof passion,by
I have
which
the thoughts upon
already

hasten

pictureof
a

talent

itself.

all of

said, we

other

or

truth

the

I have

as

career

one

of

can.

Yet

then,

some

his

with
what

in

less

or

short

nothing

wants

get it,but

will fail to

He

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

to

and

failed

pick

the

to

and

to

each

poems
the

might

work

disdain.

to
"

severityof

other, pressing
supand then each,

names,

poem

other's

pathetic

coldness

be

intended

pieces with

Here

the

an

to,

air

sentiment

justifyits object,being expressed un-

GENERAL

There

musically.
the lines
of

as

should

who

us

the

such

were

might

approve,

criticism.

at."

of

thing, but,

it,and

least

never

cisely
pre-

altogether
I could

as

better

not

their literary

out

far

so

the

were

could

over

make

to

(like either

people

at

but

one,

author)

These

able

not

was

liked

both

they

the

be

to

not

knowledge,

my

this sort

clever

was

observer
dispassionate

smile

quarreled,to
why they did

experiment

happen
even

21

INTRODUCTION.

lovers

cover,
dis-

for it.

have
resembled
the
conjecturethat their delightmust
kind of joy that philosophicalstudents
take in analyzing
Let
life.
admit
me
frankly: it is indeed the joy,if you
dearest
other
with your
like, of playing cat and mouse
self.
It is even
somewhat
like the joy,if so you choose
to
declare, which infants take in that primitiveform of hide

and

that

seek

is suited

life,my

truth, my

And
of his
babies

their

to

faith,my
if,some

on

"

further

volumes

his side in

! there

Oh

"

declaringthat

is my
the

says

on

it

Where

"

temperament

system, he says,

will be

months.

in

the

losopher.
phisition
expo-

is,"the healthy
such

reflections

But

why do I
thus apparentlydegrade speculation by again deliberately
in one.
Because, I answer,
comparing it with a game?
series of longings and
is a game,
all consciousness
a
sense,
are

of

wholly

not

reflections

of

wealth

it.

call

superfluous

if witnessed

of consciousness
justification
And
this magnificent play of the
infantile love of re winning its own

loss, through seek-}

deliberate

through

anew

to

value.

The

itself,this

ever

rational

it is easy

which

having

spiritwith

their

without.

from
is the

without

through joyous recognition,what is this,indeed,

into
We
the pastime of the divine life itself ?
enter
of the spirit
the tragedy of life
world
just when even

ing,and
but
the

for

becomes

tragedy,when

much

sightas

our

we

know

that

terrible,cruel, but

is also

humor

is at

of the

too, where

gods
serene

and

home

divine

the

world

world
;

childlike

is not

where

when

we

as

game

see

confidence

divine

only serious,
certain
grim
in it
is

world

a
justified,

22

SPIRIT

THE

where

world

sport

is in

courage

well

as

OF

infantile

at

place as

well

as

cheerfulness

critical

and

in

air,

all,the genius of

the

life and

sportivenessof mood,

even

or

and

reverence,

experienceof

vast

once

itself loose

lets
rightfully

PHILOSOPHY.

seriousness; where, above

as

reflection,expressing
certain

MODERN

freest

form,

now

ing
assum-

demurely analyzing,as
if there
were
prying into men's
nothing else to do, now
like a roguish boy playing with
hearts
precious jewels,
monstratin
now
serenely depretending that all faith is dead, now
unexpected truths, and, last of all,plunging
back
again into life with the shout of them that triumph.
stern

now

VI.

It
the

of

relation

begun
is

behooves

now

the

to

deal

can

be

little

make
field
which

in
of

course

attempt
these

during
only a

conclusion,
lectures

to

on

The

proper.

whether

only
to

the

be

the

of

works

of

while

the

the

any

at

the

the

of

arise

cult,
diffiof

our

have

full

demands

historyof thought in general,and

be

metaphysics
about

such

question as

general

Such

to

question

it is hard
say

time
and

to

fair

without
be.

own

standing
under-

knowledge,
of his

sideration
con-

minute

more

that

aware

I shall have
that

and

University would

from

topics
clearly

purpose

course,

am

in what

great thinker

make

can

philosophers.

outset

discuss

separate the

to

specificthan

technical

all,serious

can

is, of

decide.

can

more

you
of

herewith

one

more

literature

that

propose

accurate
historically

warn

in the

the

to

be

philosophicaltendencies

outcome

being much
must

here

it is worth
of

study of

give what

to

part

for

it to

only question

proceeding as
to

of

something

indeed,

your

once

understand

not

Introduction

an

the

I must,

kindliness

present discourse
called.

like

transgress into this

lectures.

rare

I do

say

of

comprehensible, for they are,

but

to

philosophicalstudy. There
in every
noteworthy metaphysical treatise
grasped only by special study. I shall

technicalities

great

which

me,

both

period

24

of

sense

mine

of

friend

has

could

truth

whose

To

desiring

study

is

logic,

in

the

first

dry
for

as,

truths

baffling
more

them

only
reflective

run,

the

by

their

will

you
inhuman

than

sciences

few

to

show

that

beyond

bearings

the

even

researches

are

upon

our

to

life.

that

their

hardest

more

be

justified,

and

coy
in

fact,
But

field,
and

sion
pas-

tary
elemen-

Calculus.

present

at

)f

student,

Differential

the

in

once

even

in

initiated,

the

then,

and

are

the

whose

to

subjects

life

philosophical

is

far

of

for

ethics,

find

far

am

topics

But

road.

full

many
in

indeed

and

easy,

are

and

royal

no

reflective

lie

to

and

sciences,

enticing

more

romantic,
matters

and

instance,

to

such

is

there

universe

this

metaphysics

and

the

there

seemed

of

theory

opened,

eyes

one

all

ing,
hear-

my

inefficacious

so

saying

technical

laborious

in

sure,

make

to

comprehension
your

be

in

living

made

as

in

feeling

same

myself

be

possibly

uninteresting."
from

find

to

ashamed,"

bitterly

"

the

expressed

ashamed

bitterly

"

PHILOSOPHY.

rebellion,

and

disgrace

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

mention,

least
in

if

the

lar
popu-

long-

PART

STUDIES

OF

THINKERS

I.

AND

PROBLEMS.

II.

LECTURE

PEEIODS

THE

OF

OF

Our

As

defined.

we

modern
our

method

and

of

academic

tendencies

We

what

will

that

be

give

fullest

in

What

wish

to

It is in
to

choose

in

vain
any

the

outline

direct

shall

that

your
that

second

will

part

certain

most

of

modern

of

upon
modern

and

upon

"

and

periods

cant
signifimethod

our

Later

shall

we

Kant

before

shall

thinkers

of

Leibnitz,

Always,
select

lead

where

those

become

not

course,

philosophical

of

ing.
undertak-

will

our

we

aspects

own

to

first
shall

we

even

our

of

certain

stress

permanent

concern

undertaking

until, in

suggested
I

this

spirit

Several

ignore.

thought,

period

Malebranche,

we

question

lay

course

select

to

thinker

account.

statement,

modern

the

earlier

between

regular

sketching.
no

wholly

or

in

thinker

manifest

Of

Descartes,

mention

In

briefest

the

extended
as

most

me

itself.

tive
representa-

Schopenhauer,

to

to

specific.

any

such

barely

the

of

more

rank,

Kant

seem

period

one

become

are

that

of

culminating

the

from

that

therefore

"

problems
in

we

in

happened

thought,
the

shall

of

wish
of

been

now

difference

or

We

has

certain

the

history

characteristic

especially

philosophy.

the
mind.

in

of

study

text-book,

on

borne

lectures

problems,

of

that

lectures

well

be

and

MEANS

BY

SPINOZISM.

these

the

to

pass

thinkers

OF

in

purpose

ILLUSTRATION

ASPECT

general

must

PERIOD

RELIGIOUS

THE

TICS
CHARACTERIS-

PHILOSOPHY;

FIRST

THE

OF

MODERN

creed

have

we

to

which

attention.
one

seeks,

in

the

history

perfectly satisfactory place

of

of

thought,

beginning

foi

28

SPIRIT

THE

of

the purpose
must

run

poiut where

the

that

like this

lectures

producing the

risk of

of

course

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

chances

he

to

illnsion

begin

somehow

significant
beginning. But
as

should

you

find this

point

precededit vastly important for

whole

of the
I must

as

methods

my
a

warn

indeed

will be

you,

will have

standing
under-

true

arbitrary just as

very

different from

be very

to

the

beginning, therefore

My

matter.

liarly
pecu-

deeper you would

arbitrary and what immediately

beginningvery

of

minds

your

look

to

come

is

one

always, of

hereafter

ever

Always

of

those

text-book.
I.

As

generalscope

the

to

Solution
in

an

What

which
periods,

for

periodwas

and

pure

in

world

where

strong,

heaven
nature.
;

which
a

thiough
^

may

we

re-

of

wholly

almost

philosophyof

this

things seemed

two

which

conform

second, that

ism
call naturalto

the

first

age

clear

fatallyto
lives best

man

benevolently despoticcivil government.

this

time

had

left off

first
exact

under
1 he

contemplatingthe

medieval

They
they loved
had

..

may

we

belongs

facts

irreversible law, and

of
philosophers

as

It

is full of

that nature

lived

purpose

our

of what

one

simple.
sewnteeitth
The
century.

and

tury.
cen-

is

three.
first

lived

very

seventeenth

has
philosophy

the

to

depicts.

it

Since

then, however,

complex

matters,

only

to

The

these

affair,dating back

several great
duce

life which

is the

as

philoso-

wealthy and

as

thought,in

call modern

we

recent

its way

modern

course,

our

follows, is

what

topic in

phy, our

of

disposed to deify
piety, and were
ods
methadored the rigidityof geometrical
the

begun

mechanism.

they delightedin

study
with

Human

of

the

Galileo.

new

physicalscience

Man

emotions,

conceived

*cy
even

the

loftiest,

mental
explainingby very simple and fundanatural
passions. There is often something .merciless
and cynicalabout
their analysis of many
things

PERIODS

THE

at

life.

in human

sacred
least

the

to

as

The

cold, formal, systematic,

are

their

deep piety of

they deify

certain

At

doctrines.

their

without

not

are

respecter of

no

of

shape

which

nature

dignity. It is
it does embody

They

29

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

outward

they

heart, however,
own.

OF

has

its

magnificent

sentimentalities

our

; but

justice. You would

pray
to it in vain ; but
interrogateit fearlessly,for it
you may
charmed
and
hides no
magical secrets in its breast which
an
unlucky word might render dangerous to the inquirer.
insult ; it blasts no
curious
It notices no
questioner for
a

his irreverence.
children
her

The

laws.

She

honors.

This

nature

is

who

labor

most

those

are

weak

she

knows

of

fact, knowledge of such

God

life.

is n't any

clerical ages,

more

natural

and

of

old

unveils

these

world

of

doubt

if you

such

of

days

the

they are

The

the

of the

of

place ;

century, and

doubt, that consists

the facts of

in the

use

of

experience; nothing

by

in the

serves.

resentative
rep-

ing
doubt-

escaping

and
else

even

whom

from

reflection

reason

the

longer public
one

of

In

may

you

Descartes,
the

self
him-

century he

no

learners.

the

medes.
Archi-

to

physics.

are

in

showed

Euclid,

of

period is often dated, begins his

everything. As for the method

our

from

seventeenth

incredulous

merely

thinker

the

out

himself
He

to

man's

seemed

man.

students

ruler, fear is

will.

hides

of

of

often

had

exhaustib
in-

knowing.

chief end

geometers,

mysteriesto

new

enemies

Greek

the

to

that

intellect

best

an

are

the

to

is the
he

laws

her

resources

laws

God

"

Her

nature.

; but

longer what

unassisted

In

of

miracles

house

wise

patientlyto comprehend
the thoughtful she
; but

crushes

no

treasure

In

awful

from

study

Kevela-

politicaland social
considerations
require; but for philosophy,in this age of
the seventeenth
ondary
century, the supernaturalhas only a secinterest,if it has any interest at all. Religious
tion

you

with

treat

conformity is

be, of

course,

matter
cause

such

of
of

respect

as

noisy atheist
scandal, and might even
policy;

would

bring

30

the

sense

some

of

It

much

unlearned

in God

is,however,

about

what

are

serious

every

believes

period

nature.

too

The

PHILOSOPHY.

Besides, almost

first

our

source

in.

believe

you

this

unlearned

tell the

to

MODERN

discredit.

philosophy into
philosopherof

OF

SPIRIT

THE

not

in

well

of God

sort

gross,

as

still dread

amulets, know

nothing of geometry ; best

of speech to them.
be cautious
no
Philosophy makes
propaganda, appeals to philosophers,lets faith alone.
counsels
of
Besides, loyalty to the state
some
measure
religiousconformity. Hobbes, the great Englishman,
himself
a
speculative materialist,and, as I fancy, the
well-knit
and
most
highly organized thinker in the whole
witches, carry

clear that whatever

historyof English philosophy,was
his duty to submit
man's
opinion might be, it was
of religiousconformity to the judgment of
matters

Church
for

by

England,
the

frankest

in

says

because

will of my
of

this confession

is the

he

submit,"

of

me

And

"

state.

effect

somewhere,

is the

that

church

sovereign,the king
Hobbes

to

all
the
the

ordained

England."

hypocrisy. It
His
in the world.
conformity
civil laws.
gion
Philosophy and reli-

confession

is

involves

of

"

no

openly a conformityto
of accident
for all separated. It is a matter
are
once
whether
the philosopherhas or has not a traditional
creed
left him
by his philosophy. His thought is no
had
of his faith, as
longer the handmaid
generallybeen
the

case

with

for his faith

decide

how

of
of

of

the

Middle

Ages.

But

as

considerations
must
political
of it
he shall give evidence
way
his
loyalty,his good citizenship,

itself,social and
and

to his fellows.

frank

thinkers

the

in what
His

very

benevolence, counsel

of

speech.
And
here appears
again another side of the philosophy
this first period. It is a loyalphilosophy,a philosophy
good citizenship
; it has a great respect for the highest

politicalinterests
international

indeed, upon

of

man

prudence

it studies

law, natural
reason,

makes

craft,
jurisprudence,stateits loyalty,
justice
; it founds
little of the divine right

32

loftypiety to proclaim
of

case

the

hard, clear outlines

certain

upon

of

the

passions of
how
to give to

of

have

shall

and

reason

stand

He

who

order

order

of

upon

reflects

upon

the

shall

find,

nature

Under

glamor.

side ;

reflects

of sound

eternal

in

out, after

deepest,though surely not

And
man.
Spinoza, as we
this

and

exemplify

to

try

also,has its divine

God.

of

genuine

mountains

the

romantic

almost

and

us,

nature,

heavens

hottest,
knew

to

love of clear

human

our

PHILOSOPHY.

they,too,

For

Spinoza.

the

all, against the

MODERN

That

world.

their

lines of

OF

SPIRIT

THE

the

tical
mys-

gently

glowing evening twilightof his peaceful reflection,these

mountain
figure,
peaks, if we may
yet again strain oui
no
longer
gleam with an almost ghostlydignity,and seem
Spinoza,like other mystical souls, knows
sharp or cruel.
neither
which
of sense
of a peace
the world
can
give nor
take away.
This
lie finds in an
plation
absorbing contempeace
of
is of

divine

the

of

nature

changeless. God

happy
with

fortune

the

But

and

he

won

inner

how
it

it

knowledge

comes

it

man's
most

of

his

he

is that
His

about, whence
it

implies,both

can

as

be

God

philosophy,rejecting
of

individual

the

the

to

study

of

the

To

soul.

is
deify nature
interesting
thing in nature,
can

he

or

he

until

be

heart.

wayward

most

no

himself.

concerns

nor

mechanism,

mechanism.

how
signifies,

what

of

yet deified

mechanism,

the

to

is the

part of nature's

knowing

modern

asks

man

it is to love

loves

curiouslyback

world

Man

is not
true

of

age

wise

fortune

God

wherewith

indifference

enough.

It

necessary.

to

The

everywhere.

being, turned

wondrous

be

and

says,

unalterable

second

the

human

his

love

he

reason,

is

same

this sublime

eternal

as

regard all things

this pasof eternity. So regarded,even
the form
sionate,
seems
an
strugglinglife of ours
apparitionof the

the

under

not

order

may

He

not

paradoxical

have

we

be

may

if he
still,

of

things, a
is,

knowledge itself,what

it

he

what

gets it,how

defended

to moral

truth

it grows,

against skepticism,
and

as

to

theoreti'

THE

cal truth,

Locke, and

in

see

can

in the

foremost

are

modern

33

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

problems

period of

second

of the
we

these

"

OF

PERIODS

thought, whose

whose

interests

beginnings

culmination

in

was

the

that expressed itself,towards

the
philosophic movement
close of the eighteenth century, in Kant's
Critique of
The
Reason."
Pure
early thinkers of this period, Locke,
the early English moralists, Leibnitz, belong in part to
"

the

first

is

period, as

first
of

from

more

of

soH

the

had

period

been

the

to

In

this

humanism

The

the

developed

is still the

fears
or

at

at

best

scrutinizes

has

English ethics, as
more

nation
examireason

its criticism

turns

soon

the

authority

the

evidences

of

consciouslyto defend,

irresistible

length, in

of

distinguishesprejudicesfrom

dogmatism,

apparently
comes

It

itself.

upon

suspects,

instrument, but it

the

works

of

trusted

one

of

Berkeley. Reflection is now

inner study, an
analysis of the mind, than an
Human
of the business of physicalscience.
idealism

the

as

is

second

first half

of

more

of' man.

the

the

representatives

in such

case

is turned

mind

of naturalism

one

humanism.

new

great classical

well
an

world

outer

eighteenthcentury
the

the

Gradually, attention

orderly evolutions.
and

be

always likely to

person

of

of the

oms,
axi-

faith,
the

even

conscience, and

so

ish
greatest of the Brit-

Hume, to a queseighteenth century thinkers, David

tioning
of its own
ing
even
truth, a doubtcapacityto know
which
attitude
brings philosophy into a sharp and
admitted

opposition

to

common

At

sense.

this

point,

begins in Europe. If the

Rousseau, with
was
already disposed to self -analysis,
pathologicallove of limitless
paradoxes and his even
however,

new

interest

scrutiny,introduced
tendency,

into
from

passion, of poetry,
shall

early

the

forms.

self-

mental
man-loving period a sentiof
revival
which, erelong,came
a

of

appearance
Not

his

this

enthusiasm, whose

Contemporaneous

outgrow.

never

was

and

age

much

of

the

later

with

modern
came

influence
this

the

"

ence
influin

romance

Storm

we

its
and

34
"

Stress
had

mechanical

afresh

to

French

restraints

the world's

PHILOSOPHY.

literature,and

the

its course,

all the

MODERN

German

period of

run

OF

SPIRIT

THE

outer

time

the

by

this

Revolution, overthrowing
of

civilization,demonstrated
the

sense

central

importance of

passion in the whole life of humanity.

The
tudes
philosophy of Kant, developing in the quiet soliof his professorialstudies
at
Konigsberg, in far
Prussia, reflected

eastern

the

interests

essential

of

the

Pure

is the

nearly, if

Reason,"

of this book
of

real creator

world,

such, that

as

is the

inner

Kant's

but

of

Kant's

rather

years

before

the

old

the

nature

external

about

nature

of

this

The

us.

est
inter-

paradoxical thought
the

fundamental

conception, for

beliefs, and

this

deeper spiritualfaith itself ;

genuity
cool, reflective,mercilesslycritical in-

as

the

he

which
the

tial
essen-

man's

It is n't

tique
Crimost

The

thought that

of
originality

invent

is

in

with

in

"

deepest truth for us at all ; it

the human
spiritwhich merely

presentation

lay not so much

philosophers never
idea

of

mation
transfor-

quite, the

written.

world.

itself in the visible

expresses
of

is the

all this

not

ever

is the

man's

structure

when

ingenuity

1781, he published his

treatise
important philosophical
doctrine

wonderful

most

time

In

preparing.

was

of

with

French

as

it out.

carries

Issued

Revolution, the book

several

seems

sort

of
of the proud consciousness
justification
man's
absolute
own
rights with which, in that mighty
straints,
against all external restruggle,the human
spiritrose
in America
had
and
declared, as we
already
world
for humanity
showed
how
the true
to do, that
men

of

deliberate

is the

world

which

uinely

natural

order

reason

decrees

that

And

herewith

its wholeness

the

makes, and

freeman

the

is

one

which

is

not

that

the

external

genuuntil

it shall exist.

begins what
third

I have

period

of

ventured

modern

to

call in

philosophy, a

The
ruled
period not yet ended.
great thoughts of Kant
the philosophicreflection of the next fifty
after the
years

PERIODS

THE

of

appearance
with

and

not, I repeat,

You

be

inner

when

is lord

reason

hard

as

fast

and

majesty, as

all

of

in

ure
meas-

this

which

trine
doc-

life,

modern

our

philosopher had invented

is the essentially
humane

the

over

it,but
view

of

seventeenth

the

ever

will prove

sense,

fact, of law, and

of

world

outer

all events, whether

At

in

sense

soul

shall

we

misuse
easilymake wild and romantic
rightlyinterpreted,Kant's world, where

can

But

it.

if the

as

extravagancies

what

result

is

very

for all this

once

reality.
the

is the

Kant's

because

of

There

hereafter.

of

Critique,"with

"

excellencies

what

see

of

the

35

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

it

or

nal
eter-

had

century
will

we

of

to

ceived.
con-

in

no,

this

philosophy we all still live.

of these
But
the
outcome
fiftyyears of post-Kantian
organizationof
speculationwas, after all, an unfinished
universe

Kant's

of

The

philosophicthought.
one
generation. After
a

period

modern

the

human

thought,

legacy
offered

and

in

the

of
a

to

midst

has

been

by

us

study of

to

ways

us

an

seventeenth
the

and

in

century.
sentimental
the

have

now

live.

wealth

of

natural

with

Man

their

the
we

rebel

of

To

lems
prob-

science

The

trine
doc-

opinion,has

whole

has

and

ceived
re-

makes

us

and

one

in

creative

Kantian
which

to

see

hero

the

many
of

the

be,

not

of Rousseau

organ

schools, but
the

sequence,
con-

gained

naturalism
more

can

In

field.
more

merely

mechanism

no

once

pure

once

not

the

until

grown

nature

romanticists,

world-forming reason
and
just as truly,the

philosophic

empirical formulation

overlook

afresh

in

novelty

no

imposing authority which

sympathize

merely

the

of

period

history of humanity.

sciences

remotely hope

of

we

advances

however, external
for

of which

unlooked-for

The

confirmation.
even

the

revival

added

recent

evolution, itself

wholly

see

in the

Kant

of

to

come

third

this, oar

concerns,

has

revival

a
activity,

attention

when

other

by

for
too
vast
undertaking was
period of speculativequiescence,
directed
from
was
phy
philosoaway

of

the

also,

seventeenth

36

SPIRIT

THE

him

century declared

things, that is, both

from

have

sprung

dead

matter,

absolute

natural
animal

How

yet he himself

and

this

which

dream

this
brain

laws

strange problem,

old

of

word

insist,is

with

what

what

of

nature

thing whose
him, the
How

?
after

prehend
com-

all, it is

of

nature

It

man.

mention

to

chanism,
me-

mere

made

such

absolutelyforced

modern

science, as
And

books.
of

with

this

every
I

problem,

what

of

prospect
what

illustration

manifold

by
it

with

us

on

speculationas

statement,

so
pertinacious,

real, so

so

of

of

order

answer,

even

word

beauty

absurd

sense,

things,

themselves

it not

in what

of

mortal

double

forefront

frame

Kant

as

of the

organ

he, this

this

were

the

significance,with

never

tion,
soluof

depth

facts,with

in

deed,
passionatelonging of inquiry,I should be glad, inif I could hope to express
in the subsequent lectures

what

of

the

devotional

in

now

before

was

the

he

can

part of the spirit

very

can

Well,

it not

were

day a matter,
by every new

afresh

How

of nature

paradox?
ancient
the
paradox of
would
be unpardonably

every

the

nerves,

this

be

once

of

of

these

How

the

this whole

out

creates

of the

source

at

thought, be also,

secretes

very

he

slave

creature

both

ancestry, yes, ultimately from

can

the

be

he

can

spiritual?

and

thinkingdreams

live

whose

How

yet be the embodiment,

reason

PHILOSOPHY.

be.

to

an

and

MODERN

OF

this

And

course.

is before
let

so,

for

the

us.

How

one

brief

illustration

certain

earlier and

I desire

much

rude

first,our

sketch

cance,
suggest its signifi-

to

suffice

to

show

ere

go

further.
There
which

the

poet
the

is

seems

drama

play

the

still

disposed

entitled
author

"

struggling to replace
of

this

sanctions

world, by
shall

be

an

to

the

of Ibsen's

drama
that

remarkable

neglect altogether.

the

apostate Emperor

kingdom

imperial

whose
power

mean

In

Galilean."

and

Emperor

introduces

in

interest

public

current

idealistic

Julian,

authority is
whose

earthly,naturalistic,human,

aims
and

this

not

and
whose

PERIODS

THE

shall not

ideals
the

converses,

the

heathen

is
end.

"

Will

shall

that
earth

withstand

to

the

kingdoms,

That

is fate.

answers

Maximos,

shall be

joined.

44

in whom

There

of

realm, neither

is,then, the

"

declares
be

word,

Caesar's,and

For

only

will the

earthly and

to

holds

Maximos,

the

will

indeed, in these
not

feel

final.

But

faint

notion

all this
than

to

reflective

point

out

and

powers,

fall.

shall

their
"

He,"

"

third

alone,
of

kingdom

"

the

This, Julian,"

"

Caesar

"

Galilean

realm, for in it alone

unto

the

can

things that

things that are God's.'

the thought of Maximos,

the
runs

wholly

supernatural,once

"

place ?

prophesies,the

flesh."

irreconcilable

yet bring this

in

unity,

claims.

thing to

pass,

"

Fate,
but

not,

of Julian.

times
these

merely suggestive.

some

God

conflictingand

cease

I do

third

realm,

the

Render

unto

in such

have

is the

"

take

yet of heaven

of

able

be

Both

the

this

answers

right ruler?
Emperor and

in

of

Maximos

alone,

nor

dom
king-

wondrous

he

realm

Maximos,

the

is to come,

earth

in the

fulfilled the

are

so

both

God-Caesar, Caesar-God, Caesar

Spirit,God

Is

unearthly,

what, then, shall

Who

"

this

the

earthlyand

But

prophesy.

order

succeed, he declares.

the

"

cries Julian.

of

he

to

destroy the kingdom

power

the

And

to

the natural

peror
em-

of

cries.

struggle?

legions and

can

both

he

portents,

spiritualinfluences

Neither

darkly.

"

viser,
ad-

The

this

unearthly

of

world

unseen

of

the

on

his confidential

in

above

will the

already

strife,fearful
?

conquer

says,

is from

the

reader

as

win, he

Or

of

Galilean

the

is

mystic, Maximos.

weary

Maximos,

upon

Who

time

sepulchre. When

with

scene,

and

seer

man's

apostate

one

37

PHILOSOPHY.

any

romantic
in

this

by

beyond

the

he

wane,

calls

look

of

power

MODERN

OF

I do

not

I cannot
of

of

words

pretend

do

the

Ibsen's

vast

the

mystically speaks, the

third
realm

process

subordinate

thing
anyhere

give

realm, of which
wdiere

than

more

find in them

historical
so

be

I try to

better, as

philosophy forms
that

to

to

whereof
a

part,
Ibsen

rigid order

of

38

THE

with

nature

shall

divine

truth, where

God

be

one

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

the

Caesar

PHILOSOPHY.

miraculouslysignificant

most

shall

become

earthly ruler, is preciselythe

an

and
spiritual,

which

realm

echo
philosophy,but our
age, whose
now
is,is even
seeking to comprehend,
propheticvoice to proclaim.
much

not

this

our

so

losophy
phi-

and

with

II.

Let
lectures

to

return

us

would

first

our

needed

be

to

period.

give you

full

any

significance.Let me dwell a moment

three things of importance concerning

course

of

account

of

long

its

once

its

more

upon

representative

thinkers.
As

the

to

first matter

philosophy,in those days

much
influenced by the
The
the

method

collection
in

method

modern

the

of

immediate

the

seventeenth

Galileo

studying
and

novelty

and

in

of

of

its first

is,

careful

great triumphs

of

one

age

and

Galilean

The

Galileo, as

}tou

derful
won-

troduced
in-

know,

experiments under
Such
simplifiedphysical conditions.
artificially
ments
experiin intelligible
showed
form how
natural thingsreally
behave.
for

Nature,

untrained

in
so

The

nature.

of

Thus

alone.

reason,

hides

stands

for
to

answers

things.

But

He

to

find

sort

our

Galileo

is too

gross,
her

secrets

all at
of
aids

experiment

its effort

at random.

in

particular groups

out

separates

our

She

her

exact

by revealing them

reason,

them

see

you

minds.

simple

our

as

making

science.

contemporaries

for that

was

fruitfulness.
of

from

nature

his

was

induction, that

is called

physical science.

nature

fashion

century,

example of physical
laws

that

already suggested

study of facts,won
of

the

of

of what

successors

of

method

have

finding the

and

work

ment
Experi-

once.

facts, and
the

our

ines
exam-

weakness

of
periment
Ex-

of
cross-questioning

of

questions show

thought out

from

reasonable.

nature

did

complex

not

make

well

what

us

the

ality
ration-

experiments
questionsto

such

40

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

physicalnature would
?
experimental justification

PHILOSOPHY.

be

fact of

"

So,

Such

If this

idea,

this

side to

was

side which

if these

so,

verification,
an

law, if you

But

least,the century declared.

at

case,

found

it,

mechanical, like Galileo's speciallaws ?

be

it not

would

of

the demands

there

the other

was

point.
suggests my second
which
laws,
so
swer
perfectlyan-

exact

of

things,then
that clear thinking,exact
about us
is nut this world
one
is especially
fittedto comprehend f Previous
definition,
found
the world
had
mysterious,and had appealed
ages
could
to faith,which
reason
only supplement. This new
our

true

are

reason,

9-;

is

age

sure

revealer

one

absolute

reason,

of

mysteries,and
But

truth.

further, namely,
needs

nature

of the

men

it

makes

of

to

my

time

new

it

reveres

the

as

capable of discovering
this once
more
brings me yet a step
third point. Clear thinking about
as

Galileo

model.

good

lord,

had

such

and
before

model

all the

other

them

in the

down
from
the Greeks.
geometricalscience that had come
of a sort long
The
were
hypotheses that Galileo made
in geometry, namely, mathematically exact
since known

for verification
such

which

from

statements,

to

But

that

nature,

the idea

of

mind,
down

nature
as

Euclid

as

model

the

drawn

to

apply

of crucial

means

demonstrable

student

of

the

common

periments.
ex-

the

presuppositionof

to

in

they

loved

terms

of

which

mathematical

could

you

as

that

become
Euclid's

Such

of the

rationality,
upon

and

you

nature,

speak,throughout all
once

got his axioms, then

mathematics.

property

science,that

to

the least would

to

the

of exact

how

showed

namely, by

being reasonable, geometrizes,so

if
of things,so
that
her world
in

be

of the

is indeed

geometry

laws

could

clearlythought hypothesis
Very well, then, Galileo's successes
suggested

old.

was

He

refutation.

or

hypotheses

conclusions

sharp

seventeenth

as

get her

clear,as

theorems

notion

facts

all the

tain,
cer-

to

are

it is which

century.

It

is
was

time, the cold but deep passion

which

the

philosophersreflected,

it was
they taught. Hence
methods
in philosophy.

that

PERIODS

THE

three

These
that

human

MODERN

is

nature's

is the

geometry

is

nature
to

competent

that, since

41

PHILOSOPHY.

ideas, then, that

reason

and

nature,

OF

grasp

truth

mechanism,

the

truth

of

matical,
matheessentially
science, whose
precision

model

is

these
imitate,
are
necessityphilosophy,too, must
first period. Descartes
with
shares them
the ideas of our
widest
The
Hobbes.
clude
divergence of opinion does not exof that
them
anywhere, in the representative men
of them.
also is interpretedin terms
nature
day. Human
and

"

But

how, you

whole

the

breadth

and

Man

is n't

humanity?
does

Euclidean

physics and
have
of

already

such

of

that

fact is the

I may

whom

as

now

; and
to

what

of these

say

who

man

yet

world

he

terms

Galilean

Well,

centurjr knew

in

was

whole

grasp

nor

have

seventeenth

our

that

this

deeper passions of

the

and
philosophicalreligion,

deepest speculator of

the
to

that

age

it in mathematical

geometry

observed

thing as

an

of

depth

merely long to describe

religiousinterests, too

n't
has

he

such

can

merely a computer,
estimates, he appreciates his

He

geometer.

ask,

may

many

tration
illus-

my

respects

namely, Spinoza,

age,

pass.

in.

Every one
lonelyJewish
of European

has

his

people by

heard

cultivation

In

his

died

those
age

who
he

was

himself

is the

know

him

Goethe,
like

and

by

Schelling;

of
or

from

the

and
world

his

must

own

less
fearan

have

mortal
imticed
no-

Spinoza that one

less superficially.

atheist,profane son,
perhis
works
afterwards, however,
were

now

as

admired

and

ardent

and

more

denounced

Long
re-discovered, greedilyread,
monster.

view

from

leaving

one

every

marvelous

peaceful and

to

without

And

him.

behind

and

race,

early, not

singularlyvaried

own

his

by

heresy,devoted

treatise

gets from

the

philosopher, who, separated

reflection,and

how

of

something

even

he

has

by great poets
romantic

become

like

philosophers
an

authority

42

of

all students

for

of

knowledge

with
clear

in

cut,

yet, how

in
crystalline
many-sided even

him, in

phrase that

intoxicated

man,"

the

existence

of

have

named

him

as

the

He

and

coldness

the

on

been

varied

of

the

statement,

often

took,
his

in

he

almost

doctrine
him

an

Godwas

Others

denied.
have

taken,
interest

sentimental

romantic.

poetical and

the

atheist,it

prophet ;

seer,

an

"

truth

called

repeated,

being

as

purely natural

contrary, have

too

mystic,a

prized in

still have

isolation, and

and

fast,eternal, but

that

nature
a

doctrine, compared

crystal,how

that, far from

found

; have

Others

has

Goethe

young

in him

so

no

sure,

produced on those who have seen

of the commentators
Judging by some
would
regard him as merely a lover

things. Others,

of

order

His

be

to

was,

the

modern

comprehend

himself

this

and

hard

in the

believer

would

its hardness

clearness

mathematical

part of

necessary

since, is comparativelysimple,

come

impressionsthat it has
it in different
lights!
of Spinoza,you
of

PHILOSOPHY.

philosophy.

have

that

those

who

one

great thinker

genius

universal

MODERN

philosophy, a

every

This

thought.

OF

SPIRIT

THE

gentlehumility of

life.

only the respect of certain great

in his own
time
him
men
(who knew
mainly from afar
also the love of the few
and by letter),but
homely and
he daily and
obscure
ciated
people with whom
personallyassothis has
led
of his
one
eulogizers,Ernst
; and
that
Renan, to remind
us
nothing is
enthusiastically
as

won,

learn,

we

not

"

worth

so

almost

much

always

What,
mathematical
call him
seer

others
these

was

thinker, the
the

romantic

fatalist

remorseless

that

some

and

poetic soul, the mystic,the

the saint of graciousand gentle life that
or, finally,
In fact, Spinoza had
find him ?
something of all
;

or

traits in his

expounding
fact.

the

then,

judgment of the little ones, for it is

judgment of God."
and
merciless
cold
Spinoza ? The

the

as

It

is

his

character

and

in his

system in full I should

already a

satisfaction

to

thought.
make

be

able

you
to

Were

feel this

say that

THE

the

least

PERIODS

wealthy

varied

divine

of

His

Nor

the

the

still it is
I

that

we

technical

can

details

in

researches, of which

in
its

of

time

It

system.

of

amining
ex-

deed
in-

was

aspects

its

and

topic

to

its

of

to

long.

very

much

growth,

the

been

us

some

the

attention

detain

his

and

Its sources,
times

recent

of

of

purpose

your

give

so

upon

presence

the

ask

hand,

highly problematic.
have

for

now

consider

to

are

life,reflected

not

cannot

other

we

in the

character

many-sided doctrine,

of

attitudes

Spinoza

43

PHILOSOPHY.

systems which

human

personal

yet, on

MODERN

experience

But

order.

him.

the

an

of

group

panegyric

of

wide

expressed so

OF

ing
mean-

elaborate

give you no fair notion here.

I shall dwell
but a singleaspect of the whole, and
upon
this is the religiousaspect; for Spinoza had
a
religion.
There
is,then, this one
thing in his teaching that I wish to
illustrate,and, if possible,to explain. This is the deep
piety which in Spinoza's mind is not only consistent with
in a rigid,mechanical
order
of nature,
but
the belief
which
is even
involved, according to him, in the very
expression of such a doctrine concerning nature.
Had
been

Spinoza

materialist,

thinker

merciless
have

been

profound character,

things,and

said,

while

it is in

value

of

are

give
It is
out

the

or

"

cynic, and, indeed,

misled

to

be.

Because

he

looked

of

take

by

have

cold

was

the

upon

the

one-sided

he

it is necessary,

While

whole

and

views,
of

man

order

it is

while

of

God,

to

this
a

order

peace

is that

which

the

of

rigid,

merciless, it is also divine, and

knowledge
love

himself, he would

many,

sense

one

our

led to

but

one

any

that
him

declared

can

the

thereby we
world

not
can-

away."

surelythe

office of

deeper problems

of

philosophicreflection
our

nature.

And

to

nowhere

bring
else

significant
problem than this,that he
who
looks
the world
solelywith the eye of reason
upon
finds himself, when
once
possessed of Spinoza'swisdom,
forced to adore.
Listen, then, in Spinoza's case, to the
can

one

find

more

44
tale of

the

used

Spanish
in

was,

quarter of

He

but

him

to

commentators

led

that

of

son

he
the

led

the Jews

interpretersand
wide

ity
curios-

circle
studies

intolerant

of

the

of

profane

ing
learn-

his

orthodoxy, and a series of

followed
of which
have
worthy
we
only extremely untrustfrom
accounts
of
his
two
early biographers.
happened we do not preciselyknow.
Report says
of Spinoza, having
companions and fellow-students
from
him
heretical views
concerning the interpretation
of the Scriptures,
revealed
the facts to the authorities

events

What
that
drawn

of

to

the

account,

by

suspicionsof

of

boy

learned

the

These

studious

the

language of
early acquaintance with

study of

his fellows.

in

born

was

without

also not

was

freedom

bers
family, mem-

poor

of Talmudic

reader

century,
the

literature

mediaeval

the

day,namely, Latin, and to an

thought that lay far beyond the
of

Spinoza

the

interests

cern
they conA
colony of
persecution,
as

of

enjoyment

earlydistinguishedas

was

enthusiastic

an

far

seventeenth

the

community,

learning in

was

in the

republic.

this Jewish

his

atheist.

as

very

Amsterdam,

1632.

year

great heretic, whom

Spinoza's life,so

of

second

Dutch

of

for

and

in

the

PHILOSOPHY.

brieflysummarized.
Portuguese Jews, refugeesfrom

the

resident
of

facts
be

must

us,

denounce

to

external

The

MODERN

OF

religiousexperience of

men

many

he

SPIRIT

THE

and

was

as

well

bribes

remain

silent.

extended

alone

and

have

meant

The

Spinoza, in
free.

that

urged in more
as
by threats,to

To

Spinoza
abandon

years
the

; it ended

year

most

other

destruction.

Even

1656.
men

namely,
heresyor to

seems

in the

have

to

cation
excommuni-

Thenceforth
this

to

one,

his

it was,

called

was

than

ways

affair,whatever

several

over

of

and

synagogue;

loneliness

he

was

would

tain
Spinoza it led to cerdefects of thought and expressionwhich
out
withnot
are
for his system as a whole.
significance
Spinoza had
thenceforth
to appeal in the least to the prejuno
reason
dices
and
learning of his former
co-religionists.He

for

PERIODS

THE

little

say

in

anxious

rather

seems

those

Descartes

system

has

with

those

and

thinkers

with

than

books, indeed, has

between

a.

closer
of

Jewish

an}'

doctrines.

"

both

is that

In

the

of

course

historical

elaborate

the

results

of

in all his other

thinker.

His

is
of

in

of

the

his

of

his

of

essence

the

the

expressionof
ence.
by legal interfer-

Old

enters

upon

Testament

an

ture,
litera-

But
study of the Bible.
writings Spinoza is simply the speculative
his

and

philosopher has
the

The

and

studies

of

critical

modern

life in

privilegeof

of

opinion,called

book, Spinoza
of

that

respects, curiously suggests analogies

simple

as

the

criticism

and, in many
to

of

entirelyunhindered

be

opinion should

formation

the

than

One

the

to

earlyyouth. It is a book on freedom

Tractate."
the
Theologico-Political
doctrine

with

At

prominent" European

special relation

his time

connection

other

time,

to

writers.

of

man

losophic
phi-

own

time

mediaeval

rathpr

his

which, from

by Jewish

however, hp_was

His

Jew.

relation

and

put in form

all events,

all his

actual

the

to

doctrines
been

45

PHILOSOPHY.

philosophicalwritingsto
of his relation
to Jewish
siderable
philosophy,and conof opinion exists among
difference
competent

inquirersas
had

MODERN

OF

exclusion

from

uneventful
been.

It

as

the

munity
com-

the

experience
fact, the peculiar

ever

is,in

Jewish

philosopherto live in a certain separation

from
him
free to criticise
human
which
leaves
responsibility,
him.
the life that no
It is at once
longer enchains
age
his privilegeand
from
the bondhis danger, for freedom
morbidness
of life may
or
disorganization
easilymean
of life.
not
Spinoza, however, was
only forced to live
health
able to win spiritual
apart from the world, but was
in his isolation ; and
the result of such
separation from
the passions of humanity shows
itself all the more
plainly
dispassionatecriticism
life of
limitation
philosophy. One
especially
noteworthy in Spinoza'scase.
a

power

renders

him

poor

critic

of

the

which

is the

remains,
His

very

however,

form

of

deeper social

lation
iso-

rela-

46

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

tionships. In fact, had Spinoza lived in an age

poeticalproduction,this dispassionate loneliness
he

the

reword

to

was

rendered

have

would

him

much

great

of

rience
expe-

less competent

of

meaning

of

his

than

But

time.

in

an

he was
enabled
be a model
to
critic,
investigation
of humanity then
interest
lay in comprehending

age

of

for

the

the

natural

order

experience of
meaning of an

of

things, and

social

life to

does

one

need

not

give expression to

undertaking like

rich

the

inner

this.

IV.

If

from

turns, however,

one

himself

thinker

the

for us
to
see
thought, it is next
necessary
Spinoza to his patientand life-longbusiness

meets

noza's

said

is,that

is the

the

eternal

beginning

well

as

thinking which led

brings us at once
who
The

knows

heart

moral

being

the

ence

that

of

lacks

fail,that
pause

in

and

the

our

is
moment

The

his

good

even

to

work.

Improvement

of

of

of

the

course

confession
to every

religiouspassion of humanity.

The

truth,
that

and

coming

is victorious
we

are

guide

the \
him

interest

even

is

of

pres4
perfect,)

though

these

we

I must

worthless.

illustrate

of

into the

realitythat

some

though

may

is the

other
in

origin in the

interest

is the

authority that

life.

define

its

has

One

disappointed soul
weakness,

yet

adoration

is familiar

that

ground

not

whole

This

his final faith.

findingsome
of

his

confession

of

interests.

external

some

to

upon

in two

conduct

baffled

sort

of

religious consciousness

higher

human

end

ou

essay

object of

an

"

an

him

well

the

as

I have

What

order.

for such

longing

Spinoza has left us, in

the Understanding," a

the

reflection

and

for God's

reverence,

in

drove

matical
apparently lifeless a thing as the matheAnd
and
here
nature.
rigid laws of external
the most
us
losopher.
phinoteworthy fact of all about our
I have
of Spi-.
already said that the outcome
reflection
is an
adoration, an
immovably peaceful/

dry

so

upon

one

what
of

his

to

two

inter-

48

word,

faithful

sword

is

vain

If he

comfort.

moral

viewed

need

his

in

is

the

is

in

place
of

love

could

my

world

all his

thus

majestic,

so

you,

be

friends, and

be

great is this

service, how

his

him

of

and

his

how

servants,

reward

perfectand

This

plain a

doctrine
"

The
to

and

plainer? Here, you see, is

and
sinewy religion of St. Christopher. The
his side.
He
the strongest, fight on
grants you

fine

Lord

love

Lord,

law

In

so.

says

life would

my

consolation.

the

What

Satan.

hate

me,

directlypresent

Love

inspiring!

so

need

not

is my

simple, so

so

did

help

to

me

"

fact

The

hand, the Lord

in

fight,and, best of all, he needs

needs
for he
me,
against the mighty,
constitutes
his
his saying so is justwhat

him

!"

servant

the

directs

beyond, the

life is

of

crown

PHILOSOPHY.

and

done, good

Well

"

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

Love-making,

how

No

heights

No

affrightinghereafter,

And

in

No

Love

"

will be

matter

life to ascend

love

true

simple

No

depths

dishearteningbefore,

now

will be

of
fulfilling

the

explore,

to

love

evermore."

the

law,

love

"

of the

good, warfare with ill. Here, then, says the active

the peace
soul, is peace at length,the only true peace,
of endless
the joy of
service,the rest of a gloriousactivity,
"

life

amongst

the

religionof duty
I

which

Were

enjoy

the

should

but

which

this

does
religion,

exist

to
a

some

the

practicalteacher,
this

you

two

all

interests
well

know

this interest.

express

of

sort

with

another

Yet

thereto.

first of

fashion, then,

I should

you
and

energetic devotion,
critical

the

leave

observation

that

religiousinterest in the
is not only
the foregoing,
very different from
is, in the first place and
naturally,opposed

quite

world, which

the

meets

thrill of
trouble

not

is

there

justnow

this

distinguishing. You

been

have

After

of God.

sons

religiousfaiths

what

to

the

of the

other
in

deepest

practical teacher,but

of

sort

interest, this

the

human

forms
as

of
an

second

heart, and

piety.
observer

am

of

of

source

gives
here,

life,and

birth

not

as

it is

PERIODS

THE

OF

call

duty, therefore, to

my
of

these

MODERN

attention

your

great interests,and

two

4C

PHILOSOPHY.

then

the

to

show

to

variety
that

you

Spinoza'sreligious interest,profound, saintly,

mysticalas
it was,

belongs

Life

hero

Satan,

but

And

sort.

well

as

occasionallysees
also

the

Or

who

who

hears

it is to

worthlessness.
divine

of

and

knows

army

that

no

voices

cast,
out-

an

will
him

call

accept
traitor.

experience that even

He
knows, namely,

an

heart, and

at

him

to

occurs

order, if haply it does

to

the
what

his

see

that

of
veins

mortal

own

himself

share.

it

his

Your

discomfiture

finds

sick

Then

the

again,he

all human

aspireto

faint

feel

only

not

then, indeed, he knows

weaklings may

its weapons.

as

blood

warm

oozing forth as well.

as
Spinoza was,
him, and

second

its wounds

has

moral

the

to

own

perhaps

the

possibly

reallyexist,may

need

little less than

he had
a
thought.
justhis right arm
The idea is so commonplace a suggestion,
after all. What
natural
? thinks
the
Here
X am, a
more
injured soul.
ein trilber Gast
mere
auf der dunkelen
writhing worm,
Erde, alone in infinite space, and I pretended to ask for
guidance as to my petty conduct ! I pretended that the
divine
order
needed
Why did I pretend this?
just me!
I called
this sort of
Because
of my
it not ?
pride,was
thing piety,and then kindly offered my services to God,
on

the

and

with

before

All

way

his

billows

worth

what

do

than

worse

that

the

rolls

accept them,

to

of

his

were,

army

accession, noteworthily incomplete. This, I

religion;

own

he could

observation

the
my

called

its

that

ground

was

and

what

now,

wounded,

am

are

over

gone

it in

his

down,

cast

moves

on

weak, worthless.

My

me.

sight?

Fate

happens

Shall

righteousness,
mortal

man

be

just before God ? After all,if there is a moral order, is

Did
wait all the eternities
itself ?
God
it not complete unto
until I was
triumph?
ripened before He should
he

Either
him

"

or

exists not
he

at

all,

exists,and

"

and

then

then, how
from

shall

I create

eternityto eternity

50
has

he
if

I cannot

Let

create.

it,worship it,enjoy it

see

may,

PHILOSOPHY.

holiness

His

triumphed.

haply

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

me,

wondering,

as

contemplative,adoring,helplessonlooker, consoled, if at
lost,
all, by the knowledge that though I fail and
am
he is from
everlastingto everlasting.
I do not fear to seem
unmindful
of the dignityof the
I thus
when
genuine religiousconsciousness
present to
tween
the curious
and, in fact, paradoxical oppositionbeyou
their interests.
The
its two
and
typical moods
affair is so vital and familiar
an
experience that nobody
failed to pass
have
or
can
through this change of mood
in it. For ourclose upon
the problem involved
to
come
selves,
critics of life,we
have
as
just now
only to look
while
this second
form
of the religiousconsciousness
on
in which
into the form
develops itself before our
eyes
it becomes
of
Spinoza. The
immediately characteristic
is, as a general philosophicalquestion,
problem involved
that

one

will

I shall

when

concern

ask

much

us

how

we

later

kinds

many

end

This
a

aid

to

us

second

the

active

defeated

moral

have

seen,

cynical despair,which
unheroic, not to say immoral.

the end.
as

The

to

It is

of

comfort
honors

offer you.

despiseeven
After

the

and

shall

simply
its

find

own

embodied

one

began just now

looked

with

first

sight
Well, relatively
unat

religiousconsciousness remains to
office to inspirethe warriors
much
so

downcast

consolations

It finds you
your

sive
submis-

the

the
its

not

all,the

at

is called

mood, you

this form

soul

is the

somewhat

rather

being I

time

form

and

course,

give
mystical religion. Forit a little. The
digressionwill
upon
comprehend Spinoza.

if I dwell

me

in the

of what

our

reallyto solve, if

are

paradoxicaloppositionbetween
forms
of piety. For
the
let the helplessmood
of the
form
of religious
faith.
This
in

in

on

and
of

about

to

you,

the

succor

noble

it teaches

rejoiceeven
and

wounded.

office it has

and
despairing,

despair,and

all,look

to

see

not

you

in your

what

you

to
to

ure.
failhave

PERIODS

THE

Is

learned.

of

strives

never

is the

but

mortals

must

idle

is their

trust

is

If

in

might,

if you

record

of

choose,

called
this

put into words

never

read

it,we

shall find him

this

ein Bischen
"

it be

can

and

when

great

little

strait.
a

wind."

value

Thou
any

thy sins, and

sins

thou

can

pride,

hope.

this

mood,

you

let it

burden

so

of the

calamities

resolve

it

that

little space,

almost

shalt

produces so
I will act

bravely,
I

lamentably
thou

to-morrow

confess."

continue

perchance,that

"

What

long
thou

"

by

fall away,

committest

the

ter
mat-

sun

sidering,
con-

little

if thou

thon

con-

again

thou

canst

under

not

am

To-day

in

am

whilst

and
I

many

is the

overcome

worldly thing."

things,

miseries

and

when

say

life of

bitter

sometimes

mit

tion
Imita-

the

can

many

to

could

Who

How

"

life when

"I

specialattention
same
thing,nur

defeat.

many

myself often

fest

belie vest,

"

safe for

upon

which

their

temptation cometh, immediately

"

didst

fail,so

to

is their

grievous temptation cometh,

I find

The

Wonderfully small

imagine myself

set

so

called

even

plagues ?

whence

puff of

Worten.

subjected to

only

not

Christ," and

the

it hath

it is

of

saying much

loved, seeing that

that

that

feeling. Spinoza,very probably,

story of human

of

in the

permanently charming
thoroughly orthodox

and

these ?

be

but

old

life than

man

deaths

up

mood,

of

book, but, I call your

old

things

How

that

that

see

deserve

they put

ures
fail-

order

once

sinful

so

Imitation

"

new

andem

is the

worse

take

all these

this

they

of

undertaking of
this lesson, if only

but

illustration

further

book

that

lesson

eternallyfresh

says

which

experience,the

devotional

the

divine

can

themselves,

everythingin
want

you

is

you

see,

fail,but

that

weak

that

If

youth of its perfection?

God
reigns,you will also

so

individual

strong and

is weary,

or

defeat

your

comforting than
enough to see that above

there

ours

of

every

51

PHILOSOPHY.

more

wise

become

you

of

vanity
what

And

man

MODERN

lesson

the

not

universal

the

OF

see

but
shalt be satisfied,

the

where
anyThou
thou

52

SPIRIT

THE

wilt

all

see

able

be

never

vision ?

vain

attain

to

things before
"

MODERN

OF

thee

Trust

PHILOSOPHY.

this.

unto

at

If

what

once,

would

thy feeling,for
will be quickly changed into somewhat
now
brief,then, to sum
pessimism
up this whole
of

author

"

the

and

it be but

which

that

not

Imitation," we,

"

shouldst

thou

is

else."
of

all finite

the

In

devout

things about

life a plague,
utterlyvain, and so, not only is our
but it ought to be a plague ; its miseries, its sins,its failures,
not
are
only inevitable, but they are somehow
fied
justiYet consider
how
by our fatal worthlessness.
justthis
pessimism about the finite is used, in the
Imitation," to
plation
produce and to sustain that exalted rapture in the contemare

us,

"

of

the

eternal

curiouslyconsolinga
between

God,
the

the

book.

utter

work

of

righteous with

your

nothingness

this

of

mountain

warlike

you

read.

be
He

he

well

harness
Life
be

committeth
who

comfort

with
himself

relief

turns

fairlyrots

is dust
to

to

! like
"

from

and

away

ashes.

less
hope-

your

in
all,glittering
before

him,

to

man

then

shall

altogether and

is all in all to

created

enjoy God

whatsoever

shadow

When
no

whom

tively
ac-

worthless

heroism

moral

your

be

to

this

you

the

you

You

grandeur.
unapproachable

perfectlybegin
contented

and

frost, rises

its eternal

upwards to that, and lo

misery has vanished.
your

God,

of

one

until

tried

yet, above

And

of God's

this,that he seeketh

will

of

whole
as

icy gloriesof

doth

reader, is

once

weak

sword

self-condemnation.

look

glory of

the

vanities

even

Death, yes, annihilation, would

sacred

so

this contrast

of

the

upon

"

Imitation

finite and

the

your

having

The

of yours.

rust, and

the

marvel

it condemns

fairlyashamed

into

"

nating
psychologicalpuzzlesabout this fasciof genius.
and, I may
even
add, dangerous work
lies the wiliness
of that melancholy and
spiring
yet inold

to

The

the

marvelous

Herein

nature

makes

corruptionof
singulareffect of it all

the

most

are

which

with

every

trace

cometh

to

being,then
also will

happen

to

full trust

he

him.
unto

nothing perisheth

PERIODS

THE

him

to

and

his

obey

word

nothing which thou doest

to thee great ; let nothing be grand, nothing of value
seem
thing
or
beauty, nothing worthy of honor, nothing lofty,nois eternal.
what
praiseworthy or desirable, save
truth
all things; let
Let
the eternal
please thee above
thine
own
displease thee
continually."
great vileness
delay."

without

Thus, then,

Let

53

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

things live

all

dieth, but

or

OF

"

therefore

all readers

as

of

the

from
author, turning steadfastly
a

life of

new

Lord

needs

the

of

has

one,

Lord

the

small

know, the
at last to

finite,comes

contemplative freedom,

positiveaction, service

"

Imitation

"

life where

with

that

sense

where

but

place,

indeed

once

the
more

This
inspires afresh the heart.
like,
love
of the
is no
Imitation
longer the naive, childwho
in
warmly vital love of the optimisticwarrior
this world
God, like a St. Christopher,
cheerfullyserves
called

something
"

"

love

"

"

God

because

is the

This

strongest.

mysticaladoration.

It

produces acts,

in

of

somnambulistic

the

dream-like
of

acts

sort

hypnotized,so
Strength this

one

heavenwards.

strength of gazing ;
unconscious
reckoneth

burden,
the

willingwork

incident

of

the

love
it

sort

of

not

labors."

of

love

they

is

long

has, but

has, but

it is

Love

"

This

it

servant

much

so

the

thetic,
anaes-

feeleth

anaesthesia

are

look

is

an

done

are

ecstasy; they

movement.

faithful

the

but

speak, by

to

movement

of

sort

new

no

is not
as

an

lost in God.
wandering of one
than
love, nothing stronger, nothing
Nothing is sweeter
loftier,nothing broader, nothing pleasanter,nothing fuller

rapturous

"

or

better

and

cannot

He

who

and

not

in

heaven
rest

in

save

for love

God,

above

loveth, flyeth,runneth,
hindered

hath

all

who

is

and

proceedeth.

himself

earth

or

things in
high above
to

the

all

things,because

all, from
He

Giver

looketh
above

all

whom

of God

born

all created

things.

is

is free

he

glad ;

giveth all things for

he

and

was

he

all

things,and

resteth

good
for gifts,but
not
good things.
every

in One
floweth
turneth

Love

is

54

sleeping still keeps watch;

though pressed it is not
weary,

is not

If

securely triumpheth.

and

is

soul

God,

Thou

Beloved

forth

God,

of

art

all

knoweth

it

and

of

the

saith,My
I

and

mine,

living
high,

on

affection

ardent

ears

forced,

the

loveth, he

man

the

in the

great clamor

my

For

crieth.

this voice

what

like

but

it breaketh

burning torch,

the

and

flame

terrified

it is not

alarmed

thouo-h

though

whilst

watchful, and

fatiguedit

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

all

am

thine."
V.

dwelt

have

interest
the

Imitation," because

"

order

attitude

the

make

to

insist, is of this latter

sort.

it

is,is

heroism, such

He

is not

always, let

when

and

as

is not,

he

remind

to

of

the

vanity of

is n't

heroism

the

as

of

the

mystics,in
I

as

appears

of

man

of

action

contemplation.

religiousmood ;
of
a
cynical observer
as
religiousthinker,

in

you,

mortal

his

There

is

the

of

world

every
seeks

sort

is not

good thing,

the

virtue

of

and

that

is the

Infinite

God

there

is

one

sort

love

of

the

saintlyonlooker, who in the

everywhere an all-pervading

to

know

the

submissive

solitude

of

the

active

gious
reli-

books
you

passions. But
he is no
cynic. Unswervingly he turns from
finite hopes and joys ; patientlyhe renounces
of worldly comfort
the virtue
that he
; even
the

of

Spinoza, the heretic, more

He

tell

me

he

orthodox

mood

of

this kind

Spinoza's religiousconcern,

easily comprehensible.
his

such

want

well-known

the

of
peculiarities

in

them

find

we

as

expressionsof

the

upon

man.

; there

reflection

sees

is

and

that

is

love, and

that

is

wisdom,

one

of

one

true

irresistible
and
all-conqueringtruth, a supreme
perfection. Sin is merely foolishness ; insightis the only
virtue ; evil is nothing positive,
but
tion
merely the deprivaof good ; there is nothing to lament
in human
affairs,

law,

an

except the
wise

man

foolishness
transcends

things,ceases

itself of

every

lamentation,

therefore

to

long

and

lamentation.
to

ceases

to

be

love

weary,

The
finite
ceases

56

THE

his whole

it is to have

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

world

PHILOSOPHY.

of finite ambitions

and

tions
affec-

and

through poisoned,will indeed not easily

comprehend the gentle disdain with which Spinoza,in this
aside
pleasure, wealth, fame, as
essay, lightly brushes
We
know, indeed, little of
equallyand utterlyworthless.
through

if

Spinoza's private life,but

words

should

we

has

and
he

vanity

that

exile

as

he

judge from
felt justthis

has

his
terness,
bit-

he talks of
conquered it,so that when
whereof
he speaks. People who
have
of spiritual
the gloomy outlying wastes

knows
in

walked

never

say

should

we

darkness

have

of divine

lightwhich

had

never

the

chance

find

to

just the

sort

there.
These
finallydiscovered
of
their
wealth
experience; don't
mystics, too, have
their sinceritybecause
doubt
they tell a strange tale.
Don't
it even
doubt
if,like Spinoza,they join with their

mysticism

wealth

and

whereof

know

alone.
if his
attain
once

traits of

cynicism,for

shrewd

"

other

he

wonderful

Jewish

character,

When

instance.

fame

and

all dust

sure
they call pleaashes, they possibly

and

selves
themthey speak, at least as far as concerns
fused,
Spinoza, at any rate, twice in his life,reto
biographers are right,the offered chance
He

competency.

for

the

declined
would

all,worldly means

these

chances

entanglement

an

prove

because,

He

ing
preferredhis handicraft, and earned his livas
we
Steadfastly,moreover,
by polishing lenses.
know, he refused opportunitiesto get a popular fame, and
The chief instance
to make
even
a worthily great name.
tine
Palawhich
the Elector
is his refusal of the professorship
in 1673
offered him
at Heidelberg,under
promise of
to him.

of teaching,and with the

complete freedom
of an
European reputation. So Spinoza
call

the

word, and

finite
he

it.

He

was

of mathematics

mystic.

as

names,

kept

mystic.
and

world

He

; but

was

do

many
no

did
he

merely

not

his

meant

sentimentalist, no

cool-headed,
still he

chance

obvious

was

lover
none

of

the

tional
emo-

formulas

less

true

PERIODS

THE

OF

it,and

then

it deceives

in the end

and

57

PHILOSOPHY.

finite vain, because

he finds the

Well,

MODERN

have

you

degrades

corrupts you,

you,

to pursue

fails you,

being but a fleetingshadow

I thus perceived,"
he says,
in a
that I was
after all.
and I compelled myself to seek with
state of great peril,
all my
uncertain
it might
strengthfor a remedy, however
be, as a sick man
strugglingwith a deadly disease, when
he sees
him unless a remedy
that death will surelybe upon
be found, is compelled to seek such a remedy with
all his
his whole
All
as
strength, inasmuch
hope lies therein.
the objectspursued by the multitude
not
only bring no
act
as
being, but even
remedy that tends to preserve our
of those who
hindrances, causing the death not seldom
are
them, and always of those who
possessedby
possess
you,

"

them."

All

"

from

arisen
has

"

happen

the

made

been

be

to

that

the

no

have

to

seem

perishes,no

hate

fear, no

no

such
perishes,

if it

pang

These

soul.

"

happiness or unhappiness
of the thing that we
creature
a
thing is not loved, no strife

When
is

continues,

our

mere

it away,

of

which

that

loving.

bears

tumult

no

fact

it ; there

arises about
another

evils,"he

these

yes, in

if

envy
a

word,

from
things all come
loving
I have
the objectsof which
thing eternal feasts the mind

as

spoken. But love towards a

hath sadness
with joy alone, nor
Hence
any part therein.
this is to be prized above
all,and to be sought for with
all our
might. I have used the words not at random,
"

'

If

only

that

I could
I

though

be

thorough

already

yet lay aside avarice

thing

found, that

back, whilst
I

was

not

yet
such

found

as

more

times

were

and
came

as

long

as

Yet

ambition.

not
one

was

great comfort, for I

beyond hope

times

such

mind, I could

in

pleasure and

for I found

revolving these
long those desires were
always behind my
I strenuouslysought the new
light; and

thoughts,so
herein

seeking ;

all this

saw

and

in my

'

rare,
more

of
and
the

saw

physic.

And

endured

but

my

although
for

disease
at

first

little space,

good lightedup
endured
longer."

true

quickerand

that

my

mind,

58

SPIRIT

THE

OF

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

VI.

gress.
beginning of Spinoza'sPilgrim'sProBut
for what
now
distinguisheshim from other
him
a
ex=
mystics,and makes
philosopher,not a mere
He has his religious
horter.
passion,he must reflect upon
it.
The
passion any one
might have who had passed
through the dark experienceof which we spoke a moment
since.
The
philosophermust justifyhis faith. And how
hard to justifysuch a faith it would
in this cold and
seem
the

This, then,

seventeenth

severe

when
from

the

alone

It

century.

an

was

ber,
remem-

you

age,

everythingheld to be at all occult was banished

clear thinking
thoughts of the wise, and when
believed

was

mechanism,

in, when

man,

too,

was

held

be

to

curiouslycomplicated natural machine, when

ers
thinkHobbes, greatest amongst the English speculative
of the age
writer
much
read
could
a
by Spinoza
declare
that the word
spirit was a meaningless sound,
How
and
that nothing exists but bodies and movements.
defend
a
mystical religiousfaith at such a moment?
Spinoza'sdefense is so ingenious,so profound, so simple,
a

"

"

"

"

give

to

as

systems
here

ever

us

of

one

the

Once

constructed.

expound only

noteworthy

most

more

and

assure

you
I

aspect of his thought.

one

dramatic
I

that

ignore his

ignore his technicalities ; I give you

but the kernel of his doctrine
concerning religioustruth.
founded
Technicalities aside, this doctrine is essentially
what
Spinoza regards as the axiom that everything
upon
in the world
be either explainedby its own
must
nature,
You
or
by some
higher nature.1
explain a thing when
be what
it is. Thus, for
comprehend why it must
you
peculiarmethods

instance, in geometry
any

one

circle must

this is so, because

1

See

Eth.

See

examples

rules

be
you

I. Axioms

for definition.

you

in the

know

that

all the

diameters

preciselyequal,and you
see
why it must be so.2

i. and

know
The

of
that

diam-

ii.

Tractat.

de

Emendat.

Int. under

the

head

of

PERIODS

THE

eters

all drawn

are

the

it,and

OF

MODERN

in the

circle has

eircle and

certain

59

PHILOSOPHY.

the

through

nature,

structure,

of

centre

make,

an
build, whereby, for instance, you distinguishit from
This build, this make
oval or a square.
of the circle,it is
a

that

the

forces

diameters
drawn

being equal, being

which

has

tion

The

around.
diameters
hems

of

what

"

rebellious

diameter

than

others,

the

n't

part of
it,and
For

which

not

use

forced

self-evident
in

explanation
Thus,

once

virtue

of

eha,
yon

have

as

are

explains

the

to

which

world

the

in

is the

by

brought
va\

view

the

the

you

thing,

and

either

what

Spinoza, you
have

produced

more,

of yours,

and

lie knows

thing,
Yet

forced

each

not

we

are,

it is

case

of

its

you

things.
are
by

nature,
to

you,

be
and

explanation

or

what
that
mean

ematical
only rigidlymath-

only

quiver

the

have

self-made
are

Cause

here.

in

must

nature

and

verse
uni-

have

to

larger

are

cle
cir-

physical

happens,

or

necessary

that

cessity.

thought

is

the

things actually

as

so,

self-evident

same

of

of

surely have

mountains

two

yourself

of

should

nature

higher

causes

the

in

mountains

two

diameters

length,we

same

and

you

the

height, as

whatever

own

your

illustration,if

own

even

some

more,

own

just these

that

suppose

its

my

But,

height.

stretch

to

be a
explanation must
of things which
does
some
larger nature
explain
which, accordingly,forces it to be just what it is.

preciselythe same
have
preciselythe
something
suppose

must

the

equality,

try

also

and

all

forces
to

should

direc=

curved

once

down

that
"

at

curve

one

evenly

them

anything

directly contain

instance, to

same

in

My
just why this result follows.
to
extremely dry and simple,but it will serve
thing
Spinoza is thinking of. He says now, as some-

had

to

is

circle,then,

pins

equal,

self-evident, that
does

which

of

centre

help

geometer

is

example
show

be

to

in any

reason

of the

nature

farther

out

another, but

than

more

the

bulge outwards

no

can't

equal. They

through

elongation,

no

be

to

you,

of your

but

every

eyelashes,

60

of

result

PHILOSOPHY.

feelingin

of

least shadow

each

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

the

mind,

your

be

must

justas

of

things as your existence

itself.
be
Nothing comes
by chance ; everything must
it is. Could
the world
what
at one
see
glance, under
you
of eternity,"you
would
the form
see
everything as a
result of the whole
of things. It would
nature
necessary
have
this quiver of
be as plain to you that you must
now
eyelash or this shade of feeling; it would be also as plain
much

nature

"

why
periences,as
to

you

is of

the

it is

of

nature

isn't

whereof

the

they

From

this

these

either

results

explicable,as
this

seemingly accidental ex=

plain to the geometer why the evenly
forbid its diameters
It
to be unequal.
to view
reason
things as necessary, as

circle must

curved

have

must

you

then

case,

form

of

of

their

the

nature,

own

higher

things

part.

axiom, Spinoza proceeds,by

thought that, if

the

of

nature

if

or,

short

very

this is so, there

but

thorny road,

to

be

of things,which
highest nature
explainsall
such
exists, he regards as
highest nature

some

one

reality. That

The

self-evident.
and

make

so

devices
be

be

The

of

one

and
self-explaining
and

can,

then

the
of

all the

are

itself
is

world.

it does
and

what
all of

uncreate,
1

Eth.

xxxiv.

I. prop.

of

(Hague

name

by

him

things

In

it

its

own

us

supreme,
v.

and

that

; prop.

edition).

shows

by

couldn't

there

of

natures

separate
so

all the

this

conceives

it

used

nature

supreme

and

Spinoza

are

the

we

nature

all

own

"

he
to

He

calls
"

Substance

it makes

determines

as

known

sense.

universal
;

well

as

well

elsewhere
in his

its

order, describes

all-producingcharacter,

gives

but
philosophers,

follow

explain,

things in it
self-evident,self-producingorder,

Spinoza

nature.

one

is one,

world

parts

here

explained

of course,

existence.

own

cannot

self

numerous

must

its

sure,

which

things.1

self -explainingmust,

must

what

us

it

we

explains

produces ; it
overruling,omnipresent, absolute,

it is n't

viii. sckol.

produced,

ii. ; props,

it

xi. and

xiv. ;

Epist.

THE

PERIODS

OF

MODERN

rational, irreversible,unchangeable, the

of

nature

natures

and

we

61

PHILOSOPHY.

with

we,

"

law

of

laws, the

all

thoughts, feelings,life,relations, experiences

result

of

are

results

it,the

of

the

choose, strive,as
into this

the

as

wavelet,

first

lower,

the

answer

it

way

fallen

that

what

as

snowflake

tide

this

could, if she

from

the

happens

the

Crawling

first

and

now

To

This

what

surely

illustrate

once

and

in my

more

forth

across

first this diameter

over

one

and

diameter, she would

But

spun,

it, would
mere

measurements,
the

the circle in actual

its nature

succession

-'

Eth.

'z

This

of

I. def. viii. and

illustration

will

be
spun

by

itself within

circle

true

marked

each

circle
out

then
I

"

space

thus

as

the

threads?2

what
what

as

toil of
of such
thread
the web

geometer knows

series

mere

now

ter,
diame-

spun

which

in

that.

say,

own

Afterwards

long."

lions
mil-

substance, equallypresent

"

was

is

happened

examining another
she would
It has
now
happened that
say,
have justmeasured
to be precisely
as
long
proves
I measured
time since, and no
some
longer." The
such a spider might last many
hours, and be full
of web.

drift
snow-

geometricallydisposed,measure

were

succession

successive

the

substance

substance.

one

for the

are,

results.

temporal

so

spoke,

rules

leaves, as
and

the

as

you

rules the

the

you

of

spider creeping back

find this

the wheel

versal
uni-

forces

things,rules

dead

the

this

are,

you

raindrop,as

sort

ago

necessary
:

of

because

God.

what

of years
and

the
rules

result

happen

means

Feel, hope, desire,

is, the
thing this substance
is,it is something eternal ; and that means,
lasts a good while, but that no
poral
possible temof it could
its nature.1
exhaust
All things

view
that

the

ask

you

that

not

rules

autumn

as

what

you

nature

Spinoza calls

If

makes

rules

rules
what

"

the

storm

circle.

the diameters

it,as

will,all is in you

you

in

place

higher truth

of

nature

substance

"

of

consequences

just

are

"

the

acts,

our

of

No, the

events,

circle

true

Explicatio.

easily1"' ropognizod

as

an

effort at

para-

62

SPIRIT

THE

would

MODERN

OF

timeless, a truth

be

PHILOSOPHY.

founded

in the

outlasting,preceding,determining all

the

space,

web-spinning
of this time-worn
spider. Even so we, spinning our
of experience in all its dreary complication in the
of the world-embracing subof the eternal
stance,
nature
lives somehow
contain
true
elty,
novimagine that our

web
midst

for the

discover
invent

forms

new

past, and
where
that

of

nature

have

what

eternal

long

we

of

winds

yet spun

as

ago

time, into

substance

what

it

web

no

has

spun

is

We

think

is

It is
and

that

nothing,and

vanished, broken

before

no

before,

past wholly

our

there

nothingness.

there

knew

never

being. We
fancy
wholly unmade.

of

future

our

we

substance

weary

not

the

by
For

so.

the

after ; all truth

is

In the
forgot to me is near," it says.
universe, all is
unvarying precision of its mathematical
truth.

Far

"

and

eternallywritten.
Not

"

What

Can

lure

Nor

all your

will be

began, is

in

lives,as

be

one

This

line,
of it."

word

has

been

the

dead

all

of

the

countless

limitless

I have

used

substance

that

; that

all the

whole
and

of

of

problem

the

II. prop.

illustration

eternal.

is

absolutely infinite
completely and once

it exists

events

of Eth.

it

of

above
the

world

follow

viii. coroll. and

used,
true

one

finds

relation

from

been

as

finite and

all

the

passage

presented, but

of

to

mined
self-deter-

for

schol., a

true

then, of the
and

it

Ir

illustra=

comparisons,and

terms,

I hope that I have

largelymy own.
spiritof Spinoza'sthought. Remember,

in the

wealth

bodily forms.

tions

phrase

tions,
genera-

substance, then, this eternal, is Spinoza'sGod.

describingit
the

time

since

completely present, as in
of many
joys and sorrows

the

enfolds
of

one

ages, what

contains

and

half
out

substance

space

figuredcurves

wash

written

wit

piety nor

cancel

to

tears

one

earth

one

as

it back

for endless

the

scroll may

one

all your

not

that

nature

where,
solved,

as

the

infinite,temporal

64

THE

belongs to,

orders

must

God

of

substance.

the

God's

expresses
the

as

just as

have

you

the

body has, indeed,

thoughtful as

as

metallic
the

the

of

thought

in

any

of

in the

less food
God's

the

two

ent
omnipres-

as

but

has

All

its

own

perfect |

more

is n't

crowbar

says

simplicityof

its

thought.1 But,

all

has

of

nature

sort

some

produced

affected

or

this

thing, but

expression,in cogitativeor

an

of

nature

is

thought

the

body, God,
that body.

creatures

corporeal
;

for

indeed

it,not

to

the

by

terms,

this

Well,

The

mind.

because

of

meanest

simply parallelthereto
sentient

is

perfectmind;

more

man,

attached

wise

be

must

there

your

it finds

hardness

same,

each

nature,

of

each

as

thought corresponding to
of thought. Nothing exists

is full

mind,

Hence,

Wherever

other.

Spinoza,has
nature

preciselyparallel. For neither

part of, or is explained by, the other.
be equally and
independently expressions

is

or

then,

Both,

PHILOSOPHY.

corporeal,are

and

mental

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

just

the

real

as

facts

present.

expression of

an

There

here

the

sity,
necesjust as much
connection, completeness, mutual
interdependence,
eternity,in mind as in body. Of God's thought
rationality,

divine

nature

embodied

ideas,
There

his

as

is,however,

of

far

things.

and

make

thoughts

own

also is your
says

prop.

but

mind

Spinoza,in

mind
1

to
The

be

the

same

far

as

produces

is my

scholium

own.

thereto.

friend, "I

The

and

thinking

your

namely,

order
nection
con-

world, extends

your

but

your

part of nature,

part of the infinite mind.

letter to

mind,

bodily life extends,

your

is

order

the

as

your

nerves.

your

of

mental

body

your

part of nature,

illustration

xiii. and

are

is the
so

part of the

body over
just parallel. The

nothing by
as

is

produces

influence

further, in the

no

You

thought.

Just

body

your

nature

two

ideas

is

thinking nature

real

no

The

reverse.

of
so

His

corporeal

connection

and

part, justas

substance.

the

or

is

thought

your

is matter.

as

"

because

thought

is

declare,"

the

declare

human

I hold
that

so

of

that

Eth.

II.

PERIODS

THE

of

far

so

power,

fashion

mind

be

to

not

so

far

as

but

as

nature,

follows

this

same

infinite

far

it

as

the

hold

(of divine

and

perceives

perceives alone
mind

human

our

that

power

it is

I hold

thus

and

ideallythe whole
that its thoughts proceed in the
herself, being, in fact, the ideal

Hence

simply

thinking,which

of

infinite,contains

wise

thereof.1

mirror

infinite power

nature

as

65

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN*

an

it is

as

in such

nature,

same

exists

there

in nature

OF

thought),
of

whole

the
human

the

body

nite
part of this infi-

be

to

human

intellect."
VII.

I have

thus

led you

path

of

their

connections

world

be

the

as

outcome

But

if

we

our

is

eternal

make

to

if you

content

bear

perceives the

everywhere and
point of view

rational, we

are

thorny

hope

no

reason

law

one

truth.

had

I shall be

being, whose
expressed. Only this
to

the

us

this

all clear

this

through

way

I have

Spinoza's thought.

mind

in

tedious

can

nally
eter-

shows
such

assume

point of view, can see God everywhere, and can

so
enter, not
merely with mystical longings,but with a
clear insightinto an
communion
immediate
with the Lord
this Lord, he is indeed
of all being. And
the author
of
The
matter.
earth, the sea, yes, the very geometrical
eternal

an

write

figures themselves
But

forms.

truth

his

meanwhile

in

herein

(and

mysticalreligion)this substance,
determines

of its nature
of

whose

We

are

wise

our

recognize

we

Him,

we

only the

not

lives

become

and

perfection

supreme
thus

also

hid

are

this

the

filled with

Nimirum
of Van

ejusideatum,
Vloten

and

the

Land.

See

peace

his

of

hope
infinite

far

so

in

as

Him,

our

our

and

mind,

fragments.

are

lose

our

corrected

God
are

indwelling,we

brings; we calm the thirst of

by entering consciouslyinto
1

minds

we

outward

deity,possesses

equally an
of

God,

in

lies the

this

our

sons

inanimate

we

of Him

finiteness

which

are

the

in

eternal

helplessfinite passion
eternal
self-possession
reading

Epist.xxxii.

of

the

p. 130.

Hague

tion
edi-

66

SPIRIT

THE

For

freedom.

and

and

thou

In

of the

wise

the

God's

that

of
wise

you

will,

but

will

ever

but

he

bad

trouble

him.
of

therein,not
because
no

power

then, is the wise

who

man,

is not

man

and
to

far
in

suffer,ceases
as

he

is

of

this

because
he

he has

him."

man,

and

is driven

"Thus
how

much

only by

only distracted
lives, as
and

of

also to be.

regarded

as

He

his lusts

how

the

in various

ways

by

Whereas

rant
igno-

rant
ignonal
exter-

acquiescence

true

unwitting of
as

trariwise,
con-

potent,
the

it were,

joices
re-

finite

lusts of the

he surpasses

to

is not

"

For

things,and,

and

ceased

itself.

appears

the

rightly,

his lusts.

gaining

ever

; and

controlled

soon

the

as

wise

nut-shell,

Spinoza,

virtue

of

life have

therein,the
rejoices

over

"

been

in

infinite space

his

life

ever

him

phantom

state

bodily death

of

has

bound

may

with

whatever

to

near

part, and

in

death, but

virtue, but

moreover

of God

is

thought
a
ment
frag-

.loves himself."

blessedness," says

without

causes,

mind, but

of

his

of

king

His

"

earth

on

You

himself
dreams

reward

have

he

part.

counts

for the

the

be

God

renounces

the

on

God

loves

wherewith

is not

life whereof

eternal

only mind,

alone

outcast, weak,

meditation

his

"

his wonderful

closes

fears,feeds

wanders

an

poor,

tion
descrip-

own

superior to fortune,

love

thus

man

"

is

is the
very

of God

love

all

escapes

that

The

"

love

mind
"

ments
nothing,la-

Spinoza's Ethics," his

man's

This

and

hopes

fortune, dreads

no

of

all mine."

art

exposition.
all

"

the fifth part of

of

time, thinks

of

bondage

natural

true

endlessness, its own

enjoys its own
and so cries,like
all things in all things,
all thine,
Imitation," "My Beloved, I am

completeness,has
lover

the

the

like

but

nothing ;
the

of

PHILOSOPHY.

mind,

true

after, has

and

before

no

the

nothing

order, knows

MODERN

OF

he
man,

of

self
him-

ceases

in

so

such, is scarcely at all disturbed

but being conscious

and
of himself
of God
and
spirit,
of things,by a certain
eternal
to
ceases
necessity,never
be, but always possesses
true
acquiescence of his spirit.

THE

If

the

result

PERIODS

to

it

our

should

excellent
With

have

exceedingly

seems

Needs

discovered.
found.

which

way

OF

hand,

and

be

by

are

as

these

it
could

almost
difficult
words

PHILOSOPHY.

pointed

out

it

hard,
it

must

would

How

MODERN

be

be

without
all

if

as

closes

the

it

are

book

is

salvation
labor

neglected

they

to

this

nevertheless,

since

great

men

leading

as

may,

hard

possible

67

But

seldom

ready

were

be
?

so

be

found,
all

that

things

rare."

of

Spinoza's

rience.
expe-

III.

LECTURE

REDISCOVERY

THE

OF

TO

In
the

at

outset,

inspiring
Spinoza

which

to

and

of

even

of

greatest

concerns

growth,

somehow

become

more

profound
that

while

knowing,

more

Our

mid-morning
not

light

of

beauty

the

part,

between

in

by

not

world

We

The
facts

only

hard,

this

but

is

that

brilliant,

more

much

little

divine.

out;

our

more

grow

the
find

we

of

stages

do
in

in
The

critical,

everything

fades

marked

decline,

more

find

longer

any

time
of

appearance
Pure

human

the

by

the

of

us

intelligence,

forgotten.

even

clearer

upon

universe

stage

great

We

shines

fact

forthwith,

are

such

seemingly

becomes

time,

light
deeper

and

blems
pro-

left.

are

Such

to

seem

in

are,

attention

world

less

last

lamentable

clever,

we

curious

our

sublime.

but

far

with

growing

hidden,

reverent.

more

or

engages

does

skeptical,

more

wary,

of

you

spiritual experience.

lives

our

for

of

the

at

attention

your

sight,

vitality

in

acquainted

stages

first

at

and

depth

apparent

well

assure

part

spiritual knowledge,

and,

inevitable,

an

most

which,

call

certain

growing

the

are

well

as

may

frankly

must

into

You

that

fact, namely,

the

for

those

us.

as

lies

than

regions

KANT.

to-day,

path

our

guided

life

of

of

lecture

the

SPINOZA

FROM

LIFE:

INNER

THE

philosophical
of

Kant's

Reason,"

is

experience

Spinoza's
chief
in

thinkers

who

in

death,

work,

1781.

the

is

flourish

1677,

philosophical
It

in

represented,

and
"

The

period

the

tique
Criwhich

REDISCOVERY

THE

eighteenth century,
the

spiritof

of

of

When

therefore

the

bare

thinkers

these

lying.

critical

profound

the

last lecture

was

in

mood,

His

world

of

undertake

describe

to

sort

in

but

had

of

man

his

drawing

But

point

of

then

view,

of

faith

his

of

piety almost disappears from

the earlyeighteenth century.
time
is more
want
light and

of
that

against
as

in

fact

the

of

the

on

In

middle

of

alone, the

the
men

and
human

even

world,

as

other

then

the
more

creature

revere

of

the

occult, and

they

acterized
char-

are

age
have

great

rigidmathematical
like Spinoza
men
the

of

men

trusted

to

the

reason

tatingly,
subsequent period began, first hesiand
to distrust
more
seriously,

Spinoza did,

permanently

This

thinkers,

century

new

century had

After

itself.

reason

Christ."

the

words, whereas

seventeenth
of

whole

which

and

ophy
popular philosthe people
What
fewer
sumptions.
unproved as-

this

that

even

itself upon

research

relied.

of

thinkers

in

the

abhorred

also

that

troubled
un-

justifiedus

of

seventeenth

increasingsuspicionof

method

mere

the

reason,

by

had

earlier

remember,

you

trusted

the

"Imitation

the

and

religiousconsciousness

sort

of

author

the

enough,

was

elevated

love, which

and

element

it,one

perfection of

an

the

and

world

limitations.

element

one

insure

to

parallelbetween

this

in

the

of

who,

which

time, I

marked

that

As

such

feature

sublime

one

substance.

repose

of

hard, mid-

spirita strong contrast to that curious

of piety which
we
were
describing in
the case
of Spinoza. Spinoza, indeed,

namely,
religioussignificance,

from

this

to

the

ring
refer-

be

likelyto

understanding,beneath
all their
our
period saw

respect of his piety a

divine

is

of

speaks

feel in its

but

of

tradition, with

one

he

eighteenth century,

morning light
most

when

69

LIFE.

INNER

historical

that

so

skepticaland

this

to

THE

associated, in
especially

has been
the

OF

out

divine

of

all, can
axioms

few

order

that

assumptions with

is

which

you
?

spin
Can

perhaps
your

you

the

system

70

must

peer

arise these

Whence
of what

"

Yes

"

account

are

us

to

of

time

the

said,to

Once

such

into

reason

come

must

flect,
re-

They must ask,

by our knowledge,

we

demonstrations, and
human

as

more,

nature,

the
have

we

opposed

as

permit

nature

this career,

upon

human

not

are

age

itself.

and

more

new

questions. They

limited

started

study of

the

mathematical
our

is driven

the

of

men

to

our

what, after all,does

sure

PHILOSOPHY.

axioms, how

of

be

MODERN

The

start?

happened to
ready to answer
they

OF

SPIRIT

THE

thought
already

to

the

clusive
ex-

The
whole
study of the physicaluniverse.
range
far
of human
the
as
passion,so
eighteenth century knew
but for a good while
about
in a cautious,
it,is criticised,
if it were
all someas
analytical,
thing
cruellyscrutinizing
way,
suspicious,
misleading,superstitious.The coldness
of the seventeenth
noza's
century is still in the air ; but Spiof sublimityis gone.
sense
Spinoza himself, you
had

remember,

altogetherrejected,as

earthquake

was

in the

Now

or

the

still small

Not

extra-natural.

miraculous, marvelous,
the

occult, everything

fire could
voice

for him

that

the

popular philosophy

and

more

of

contain

wise

the

the thunder

God
alone

man

or

God

heard.

the

eighteenth century
positionwhich unconsciously

approached a
It corof respects.
dially
agreed with Spinoza's in a number
recognized,for instance, that the earthquake, say
the great Lisbon
fearful thing,
a
earthquake of 1758, was
but that God
was
certainlynot in that earthquake.
very
It could readilymake
the same
out
thing concerning any
of thunder, fire,or
wind
that you might produce
amount
for inspection. But
it went
than
one
noza's
Spistep further
more

wise

and

man,

scrutiny,it
world

of

and

reason

That
considerable
indeed

not

at

Leibnitz, who

of

the

to

observe, that, after

yet been

as

least, as

outcome
was

had

experience

portion
the

forced

was

no

say,

able

still,small
was

thought

the

younger

contemporary

voice

soever.
whatof

outcome

of the

of all the thinking

in the

detect

to

time.

It

of this age.
of

siderable
con-

was

In

Spinoza,and

72

SPIRIT

THE

rivals

began,

at

cal
fanatibeing ruined by the multitudinous
of Christianity. Yet a third great age of doubt
the Renaissance, the historyof modern
literature,
soundest
the way
about
was
plain for whatever

and

made

the

Reformation.

under

fruitful

for

centuries

of

shall

this

see,

the

from

and

heart

had

this

in

good

faith

fourth

of

age

done

than

another

at

half

time.

of

human

soul, and

it is often

the

not

merely

it is

mean

of all the

conscience, then
cleared

meanwhile

piety.

truest

Doubt

is

to

repeat
the

never

good beginning.

life,our

dozen

For,

the

as

we

age,

contain, is

it.

And

we

wealth

quite our
property
win it only when
we

have

service
it not

I do

which

truth

until

until

speak with
thinking, but

our
religion,

not

can

of

taken

of

end

those

this

say

phrases.

proper

The

when

cant

civilization,our

our

may

And

human

for

way

have
triumphs of the spiritover
great evils which
of the French
Revolution
place from the moment
now.
Despise not doubting ; it is often the best
render
Condemn
to their age.
can
thinking men

reason.

one

present lecture, proved

humanity

to

doubt, the

eighteenth-centurydoubting drove thinkers

the study first of human
to
study of nature

then

reason,

And

consideration

our

more

PHILOSOPHY.

from

world

the

MODERN

OF

hearts

own

we

our

have

won

first doubted

the

forms
in which
the outset
it presents
at
superficial
itself to our
apprehension. Every true lover has in the
beginning of his love grave doubts of his beloved's affection
for

kirn.

And

cynical forms
hour
but

that
the

such

in his soul

fall to his

very

lot.

inspirerof

is yet to be
of his

doubts

won.

aspirationis

often

in the

take

various

on

bad

bitter

not

It

that

It

love.
means

that

means

the

even

quarters of

Doubt, however, is
his

and

the
the

an

foe,
loved
be-

simple warmth

is
enough, and that, if the beloved
worth
winning, she is worth
wooing through doubt and
Moreover, it is not the
uncertainty for a good while.
fashion
of the beloved, in the typicalcase, to be especially
forward
in quellingsuch doubts, by making clear her attin't

THE

tude

too

REDISCOVERY

If it were,

soon.

affair,but would
Doubt

is.

is the

only

be

that

truth

is

73

LIFE.

as

background

is,however,

in the

serious faiths of

more

if at

INNER

is needed

it

so

The

THE

love-making might be a simpler

an
significant
experience as it

so

Even

won,

divine

The

cloud

thought.

abstracter
can

be

not

rainbow.

love's

OF

all,by virtue

of

essentiallycoy.

much

You

for

world

of

humanity
doubting.
her, you

woo

toil for

her, you

search

through books, study nature, make

experiments,
take
brains, hold learned
counsel
of
disputations,

dissect

wise ; in

the

fine,you

before

lay it

reflect upon

her

prepare

by night and

ripestthought,and

own

your

heavenly mistress when

Will
she be pleased?
Will
your best.
with a glance of approval ? Will
she say,
tell ?
can
spoken concerning me ? Who
their

own

want

them

she
that
to

your

beautiful
to

be

fashion

turned

of

upon

looking

you

you

have

she

reward

Thou

you

hast

Her

far

done

well

eyes

have

off when

you

and, after all,perhaps

The
prefersother suitors for her favor.
knowledge
exalted
she is of sufficiently
dignityto be indifferent

you,

if she

chooses, is what

constitutes

philosophicalskepticism.

as

by day, you

hearted

thinkers, it is like the

You
true

the

see

lover's

mood

known

that, in
doubt

soundwhether

It is not,
regards him kindly or no.
then, a deadening and weakening mood ; it is the very soul
of philosophical
earnestness.
Meanwhile, in describing the skepticismof our
period
I am
far from
wishing to trouble you with its endlessly
his

mistress

unwon

varied

subtleties.

technical

selective, and

to

seize upon
to your

up

sacrifice

they

aspects of
a

view.

These

lectures

are

portant
imintrinsically

numberless

subjects,in order
features, and to
significant

our

few

various

cannot

warn

you

throughout

too

much

to

be able

hold
that

these
there

anywhere in the
completeness of treatment
brief work
of our
course
together. I spared you, in the
last lecture,whole
of problems which
are
consigned
cargoes
to every
specialstudent of Spinoza. I shall omit in this

is

no

chance

of

74

OF

SPIRIT

THE

of

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

features
in the
significant
philosophy of our present period. All this is a matter
I remind
immediate
of course.
an
you of it only to excuse

mention

every

somewhat

and

innumerable

dry

of

statement

few

the

which

eighteenth-centuryskepticism to
myself in what follows.

features

of

I intend

to

this
fine
con-

ii.

There

certain

are

sooner

sure,

later, to have

heard

for which

time

or

literature,and

which

philosophicproblems of
the

are

you

something in general
from
Spinoza to Kant

forth
to
set
a
partiallyresponsible. I want
I
little of the growth of these problems, never
forgetting,
rather than
hope, that they interest us here in their human
is at

least

in their

technical

aspects, and

in them
who

You

have

man's

all heard

it

otherwise,

or,

to

as

rasa,

which

experience writes

soul

blank

is endowed

possessions,
"

tablets

of

the

arguments

to

had

ever

many

of

it must

appear

question,an
rather

But
of the

dry
you

have
this

I do

now

of
know

it

birth

"

will,or

about

more

or

I do not

know

interest
that

sort

of

excellent

in

of

curious

the

al
rationthe

on

and

number
in

upon

whether

inborn

or

is

paper,

certain

with

met

the

apparently
bone

innocent

wisdom

topic.

know
as

at

imperishable form

than

more

whether

to

as

law, for instance,written

divine

mind

with

start

some

upon

us.

whatever

divine

may

the

piece of

the

heart,

You

structures.

lias

registeredin

space,

white

from

those

to

follows

as

controversy

whether

tabula

is

cerned
con-

is innate,
truth
significant
from
without, through his senses

more

him

to

comes

the

all

himself, and

selection

my

about

of

knowledge

whether

And

him.

above

are

we

Kant

leading to

as

after

came

that

our

very

less

rate
elabo-

whether

it

problem

ment
stylesof treathackneyed debating-club

many

one

of

its sort, but

contention, after all.

that

debating clubs, but

philosophicresearch is no
a
struggleof humanity to

affair
make

REDISCOVERY

THE

its
not

expect
I want

in

to

form, what

is this

ideas, and

which,

to

the

at

how

narrate

the forensic

origin of

the

show

what

you

have, and

to

of

versy
contro-

est
inter-

to indicate

that

the

study

century,
nally,
Fi-

itself.

movement

the

will

you

"

close

great Romantic

problems erelong

took

the

skepticaloutcome

side, seemed

discussion, upon
one
solution, what re-winning

what

great spiritualfaiths of humanity, it suggested on

the

the

life
the

I want

of

questionafter

question. Then, I want

controversy as bringing about

inner

fruit

bore

therefore

the

to

men

of the

man's

to do

innate

the

first led
value

this

75

LIFE.

articulate,and

with

I want

INNER

suggest summarily the

to

about

of

deal

to

me

What

fashion.

the

interests

deepest

own

THE

OF

In

other.

stupendous
associated
For

the

about

this way

the

innate

to

try

prepare

you

for that

which

philosophic thought

is

of Kant.

name

first,then,

the

of

revolution

with

I shall

origin of

the

to

as

I shall

ideas.

not

the

go

controversy
farther

back

in

history of thought than to Descartes, 1596-1650, a

whose
name
usually
predecessorof Spinoza, and the man
begins the lists of modern
philosophersproper, as they are
of the history of philosophy.
set forth in the text-books
have
I been
Had
engaged in technical teaching,it would
the highly
been my duty, in the last lecture, to describe
the

interestingrelation
that

of

Descartes
one

which
out

At

over.

become
he

predecessor.

two

or

early

his

had

system

features

As

present I
his

dissatisfied

with

for

at Jesuit

himself.

formal

philosophicaldoubt
conceivablybe doubted, and
whether

He
own

found

any

unassailable

such

existence

it

of

learned

as

is, I have

must

doctrine.
the

far

so

mention, in

to

passed

Descartes

scholastic

word,
had

philosophy

hands, and decided

to think

began his reasoning by a

about
everything that could
then
proceeded to examine
He

certainty was

absolutely unassailable

an

stands

Spinoza'sdoctrine

in which

thinking being, and

still left
assurance

him.
in his

accordinglybegan

76

THE

SPIRIT

"

ergo

sum,

from

this

"

beginning

know

and

Of

also

mind

he

could, and
Now

his

standard

principle,
say
as
plainto me,
indeed

then

existence

the
time

Others
as

fashion

Descartes

and
know

to be those

his

of

time.

well

he

as

elaborate

works.

existence

own

my

geometry, I perceive that

certain
of

truth

existence,

own

as

existence."

my

procedure,whenever
Is it

"

clear to

as

it is true.

Is

it

me

as

aside

was
own

my
and

it less clear ?

lay it

further, or

he

clear

as

it is

tinct
dis-

Then

doubtful."

as

of

had

that

he

also

them

know

them

squarely,whether
That

2 -f-2

we

each

clear

because

to

me

"

called

ideas

nature

of

we

come

them

saw

other, these

clear

"

"

to

are

that

me

as

my

reason

Well,

now.

brace

them

innate

whenever
ever

of

truths,"
We

truths.

or

to know

reason

to

in this

for

names,

eternal

our

4, that things equal to

equal to
They are as

are

them

fact

it is of the

because

We

He

his.

called

in

not

us

concerns

or

name,

principlesof

them.

not.

mortals

we

as

My

"

make

Descartes, but

did

these

and

proceeded throughout

somehow

it still

and

Descartes
procedure,which
regarded
typicallyrational one, he managed to collect after
of sure
and
clear principles.
a
very goodly stock
them
all as clear and
have n't always found
sure

this

By

can

examine

as

God,

thought. I know
surely,if, on examining some

way

Well, then,

in several

of

principle.

or

his

was

puzzled about

he found

constitution

this

in

be

of

of which

clear, as distinct,as is my

as

proceeded

substances, mind

Descartes

But

it must

This, I say,

must

which

axiom

an

He

existence

world

appeared

am.

"

exist.

the

the

assurance

least

at

"

elementary physics of

was
investigations

the

principle, Cogito,

of matter

studied

result

so

whole

the

principleon

the

that

the

of

famous

so-called

two

as

mathematics,

PHILOSOPHY.

prove

comprising the
anything. The laws

matter,

is

to

of

the

and

think,

existence

the

then

as

with

positivedoctrine

his

MODERN

OF

look

at

them

lightbefore
the

same

or

thing

examples of such truths.

myself exist. They are

makes

them

so,

and

that

is

REDISCOVERY

THE

the

of

sort

don't

see

eause

I do

my

of

bookfuls

you

remember,

makes

thought-stuffcould

in human

The

of

For

of this

it

moment

curiosity.

As

comes

such, however,

tauntinglysuggestedto
"

opponents.
said.

could

And

How

Descartes

can

so

Observe, children

"

n't

yet you

as

even

call

them

out
with-

soul

until it had

strongly
problem

front.

the

lies in

have

the

modern

fact

led to

been

thought.

be

innate

these

truths

ideas

many

don't know

not

all this

idle

Much

innate."

replied curtly,but

of

truth.

questionof mere
the
question was
himself
by certain

them.

grasp

self,
him-

man

becomes

philosophers

up

century,

how

fact

all

writ-

and

sake, this

to

come

many

eternal

problem, then,

it

so

sort.

soul

in

in

one

own

deepest undertakings

the

the

if

for its

this

out

problem

innate

course

ignored must

by reflectingupon

some

and

of

eternal.

how

in

guessing the

even

nature

interest

true

the

be

be

seventeenth

interested

Yet

of

interested

much

light of

ever

philosophy.
Descartes

which

that

soul's

The

somehow

are

singlingthem

them.

much

very

Descartes

in

to

little human

poor

me.

them, be-

also

finding out

one

not

was

was

poor

in

innate

is interested

he

interested

them

in

be

in

justknow

interested

down

studied

much

ing

the

I know

77

LIFE.

innate

are

Descartes,

as

Hence

They
bodilyeyes.

then, for

so

but

INNER

truths

could

at once,

THE

have.

them, and

know

is n't

truths

with

them

Innate
He

reason

OF

less

rather
of his
"

they

of yours,

could

infants.

Descartes, thus

unskillfully. They

lenged,
chal-

may

be

which
in
predispositions,
The
conscious
rank.
thing

innate, he said (in substance), as

infants
is

have

n't

yet grown

simple enough.

In

to

certain

Descartes

families, so

ther
fur-

but
explains (I do not quote his words
give their
Yet of
innate.
sense), good-breeding and the gout are
have
of such families
he implies,the children
as
course,
ing
in deportment, and the infants just learnto be instructed
to
so,

walk

geometry

seem

happily quite

is innate

in

us,

but

free

from

it does

n't

gout.
come

Even
to

our

78

OF

SPIRIT

THE

trouble.

much

without

consciousness

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

With

the

taunting;

questions put to Descartes, and his example about the

heredity of good-breeding and the gout, the question of
modern
later
the innate ideas enters
philosophy. It was
much
to grow
more
important.
in.

In

Locke's

famous

Essay

"

published in 1689-90,
have
as

been

Had

would

Locke's
find

we

died
have

never

In

thought.

he

scientific hero
with

busy

our

when
been

of

heard

another

for

was

lived

then

Anthony Ashley,
fortunes
political

short

long

great

intimate

Earl

followed.

the

year

of

His

of

history

detailed
us

of

tigation,
inves-

the

most

Englishman, the
Locke
was
early

in

abroad,

the

as

same

science, and

time

afterwards

he

in the

of in

Darwin.

day,

own

be said to

Spinoza died, the English

philosophy, natural

Later, he
and

of

born

was

patientdevotion to
quality that reminds

characteristic

marked

ing,"
Understand-

investigation
may

Locke

fairlyopened.

Spinoza.

thinker

the

Human

the

on

medicine.

diplomatic
friend

vice,
ser-

Lord

of

Shaftesbury,whose
life

whole

was

gling
min-

of

study,privateteaching,writing and practical

politics.
His
character
is thoroughly English. There
is
that typicalclearness
in seizingand
developing his own
chief
that manly, almost
ideas, and
classicallyfinished
stubbornness
as
againstall foreign,
mystical,and especially
Continental
ideas, which
usuallymark the elder English
Give

thinkers.

of

freedom
him

look

to

range
man,

world

him

profound problem

the

will, and

at

things from

imagine

cannot

leave

Locke

to

what

he

fancy you
he

fine, sensible, wholesome

who
of

in his

has

seen

study, and

the
who

philosophy.

world

be

can

shows

at

of business
in

style,to

within

work,
as

sure,

own

thorough

wrell

is

he
But

his

business-like
be

Ask

and

of.

dreaming
you

man

believes
His

helplessly.

point of view,

novel

himself, and

flounders

of the

like that

as

the

ods
meth-

endlessly

80
what

This

with.

PHILOSOPHY.

understandingswere,

objectsour

deal

to

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

proposed

or

the

to

fitted

not,

were

who

company,

all

; and

thereupon it was
agreed that this
should
be our
first inquiry. Some
hasty and undigested
before considered, which
thoughts on a subjectI had never
I set down
next
trance
meeting, gave the first enagainst our
into this discourse
thus
begun
; which, having been
continued
by entreaty ; written by incoher=
by chance, was
ent parcels
long intervals of neglect,resumed
; and, after
occasions
or
permitted,and at last,
again,as my humor
readily assented

in

retirement, where

leisure,it
In

this

historical

brought

was

modest
value

importance

of

to

historical

way

attendance

an

on

thou

into that order

Locke

health

my

introduces

gave

it."

seest

now

book

whose

preciselyin this insistence upon

knowing our own
understandings,as a
lies

sort

every

value

of

the

And

of research.
book

Locke

how

and

me

the
liminary
pre-

great this

his

five

or

six

fall to

friends

in club fashion, certain unnamed

discussing,
in a quandary.
Locke
problems. They find themselves
that they go back
their own
track a little and
on
proposes
study the structure and powers of the understanding itself.
He himself
the entreaty of his friends
beginsthe analysis,
leads

him

to

continue

the

research.

The

book, sensible,many-sided, influential.

controversy, and

herefrom

is transformed.

Meanwhile,

It

result

is

arouses

big

great

springs,first the philosophic

from
Locke
movement
through Leibnitz,through the wonderful
Berkeley, through the ingenious, fearless, and
doubting Hume, to Kant himself, and European thought
other

inquiriesinto

moralists

of the

the

mind

from
of

set

more,

The

forth

the

general public

mode
of all

mysteriesof
is aroused.

moral

arrow

great English

statelyrow,

Smith,
the

root

same

The

man.

eighteenthcentury,

Hutcheson, Butler, Adam

the

and

Hume

bury,
Shaftesonce

consciousness.

subjective,a humane
of inquiry becomes
everywhere prominent. Much
this is cold and skeptical
In France
in tone.
it gives

REDISCOVERY

THK

movement

Locke

I think

its rise.

takes

novel

largelyto

stood.

Yonder

the

nations

it, the

plunged into
spirit. For

the

outer

midst

very

brought by
have

what
the

inner

inhuman

and

blunders

in all

this,behead

despot merely

because

the

Russia

of

snows

but

that

all

inner

life.

idea

to

seem

of the

moderate

are

once

its

more

negative
afresh.

glows

itself ;

and
sion,
Pas-

the

only

mission

of the

passions of
which

analyzes,pries into
repellent, how

But, after all,he

is

they

had

human
the

ture
na-

sake

rediscovered

that

the

I do

the

mere

not.

the

he makes

of

that

to

man

He

possess.

and

unpractical,how
prying into the

men

the

My
very
n't
His
sions
pas-

doubts,

say, How

dry,

from

life.

remote
secret

does

ideals.

new

no

attention

they already

this and

said, he

times

several

of

world.

significanceof
you

whole

modern

our

amid

philosopher is, I insist,a

men

is to direct

create

assure

I have

As

ideals

for

much

new

sin atrociously,

of

Europe
they glorifythe

the

exaggerate

in short

whim,

so

up

die
traditional,

cleanse

they

because

his work

one.

set

queen,

is n't

suffer

and

mission

create

how

know

they

its

bare

they

this, I say,

and

and

for

endure

possess

And

thinker

his rule

meanwhile

can

to

longer

no

before

innocent

an

of irrationalisms

world

Do

is

which

They die for the freedom of the subject;

rightsof humanity ; for the destruction of
They make, indeed, vast
despoticrestraints.

sacred

coming

analysisfor

life.

for the

dead

ing
attribut-

hiding-places,
grows
found
something to die for ; and
in the revolutionaryperiod is

die for

to

of

of every

great problems of the

world

out

more

once

learn

they

all this

same

novel,

in

wrong

inquiry loses

the

the

modern

nature

of the

skepticalair altogether. The

; men

not

am

But

the heart

interest in

that
mere

length

at

81

LIFE.

and

erelong,lo ! almost
of Europe
themselves

And

everything.

hot

INNER

great analyst of the mind

too, that
man,

THE

such
Diderot.
as
encyclopedists,
Rousseau.
The
also gives us

the

us

OF

places of

the

S'2

which
This
a

thou,

ideal

PHILOSOPHY.

thoughts and

world.
this

"

banner

He

passionsupon

of the

sense

his

to

says

slaytyrants ;
bequeathed thee by
"

of old

time

rightsof

to

soldiers

the

cherish, as

to

the

fashioned
spirit,

of the

liberty,an

past

these

move

this hast

and

sword

of

reflects

he

; for

Jove

lightning of

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

cherished

man,

this love
sacred

the

ard
stand-

which

beneath

Such
they conquered the world.
technical
things he says always, to be sure, in his own
reads
way, and for a time nobody finds it out at all or even
his books.
But at length discussion
begins to spread, the
of wisdom

word

flies from

book

one

They look
people hear.
No philosophermade

the

service
of

his

of

callingattention

critical

to

research, he

They

found

have

wondered
this

how

The

the

critic

the

that

suggest

you

were

even

active

to

view

our

that

powers

you

thousand

dered
won-

phers
philoso-

the solution.
But

indeed

that,

}tou

have

that

you

were

effective,but

passion a

covery,
redis-

that

nothing, he only points out.

show

course

the

also

I show

critics of life.

sole

Revolution, and
may

with

manity's
hu-

philosophershad

the

You

was.

consistent

was

creates

there, and

the

this

mere

pointing may
seen,

had

But

them.

ner.
ban-

simply

them, because, in the

much

how

finally

the

at

are

philosopher

frequently heard it said that

to do with making the French

are

and

I suppose
!
great its significance

how
have

sword

these.

The

treasures.

own

the

at

another, and

to

always
afresh

once

devices

his

whereby

is revolutionized.

world

By an inquiryof the sort which he

has described
to us, he had sought to comprehend the nature
and the limits of our
understanding. He had, as we saw,
ledge.
decided
that innate
ideas
do anything for knowcannot
We

return

And

to

Locke.

the

force

that, according to him, it is useless

of

our

hidden

human
away

of Locke's

reason,

in the
hatred

of Locke's

of this notion
to

assume,

reallywas
the basis

as

anything occult,mysterious,opaque,
recesses

of innate

of the
ideas

mind.

The

is his horror

real
of

cause

anything

REDISCOVERY

THE

If

mystical.

thought

appeal,

of

his

of

quote the whole

passage

your

paper,
it to

is this

"

which

furnished

the

it with

it

almost

an

founded, and

from

about

or

and

the

internal

reflected

by ourselves,

on

with

understandings
two

the

are

ideas
he

fountains

have

we

continues,

those
ideas

"

our

which

when

what
of

source

upon

conversant

senses,

all those
say

that

that

mean,

mind

knowledge
naturallyhave

it all

this I answer,

all

our

knowledge
Our

itself.
sensible

is

servation,
ob-

objects,

minds, perceived

which

materials

of

has

To

our

is that

painted

of

supplies our
thinking. These

from

whence

do

all the

spring." First,"
about
sible
particularsen"

objects,do convey into the mind several distinct perceptions

of things,accordingto those various ways
wherein
objectsdo affect them ; and thus we come
by those
have
of yellow,white, heat, cold, soft,hard, bitter,
we

sweet, and

can

or

all the

has

store

external

operations of

comes

vast

Whence

that it ultimately
derives

either about

; how

man

endless

employed

say, white

we

that

by

fancy of

variety?
the materials
of reason
and knowledge
in one
word, From
Experience ; in that
on

as

ideas

any

comes

boundless

and

busy

Whence

be,

to

us,

be

to

origin? Locke
beginning of the second
it in a general way.

what

answers
:

do

impression of the
Their
ideas.
origin

the mind
then, suppose
void of all characters, without

Let

"

and

Essay,

won't

must

certain

puts the questionplainly,at the

book

It

from.

And

value.

their

will decide

to

knowledge, you

any

comes

distinctness

and

clearness

did,

Descartes

as

it

shall be clear ?

clear,what

have

88

LIFE.

INNER

THE

to be

to

tell where

prepared to

be

is not

pretend

if you

Hence,

OF

our

which
the

they from
produces there

most
senses,

of

the

and

we

senses

external
those

ideas

derived

we

by

call

sensible

convey

into

qualities;
the

mind,

objectsconvey into the

perceptions. This great
have, depending wholly
them

to

the

ing,
understand-

I call Sensation.
"

Secondly, the

other

fountain, from

which

experience

84

THE

furnisheth

SPIRIT

OF

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

the

of the

understanding with ideas, is

operationsof our mind within us, as

about

the

ideas

reflect

to

comes

it has

with

got
and

on

another

which

it

perception
is employed

when
operations,

consider, do

set of

the

furnish

ideas, which

could

the

soul

the

standing
under-

not

be had

things without ; and such are perception,thinking,

doubting, believing,reasoning,knowing, willing,and all
the different
minds.
This source
actingsof our own
of ideas
has wholly in himself
man
though it
every
; and
be not sense,
yet it is very like it,and might properly
I call the other
But as
enough be called internal sense.
from

sensation,

so

call

this

Reflection, the

being such only as the mind

operationswithin itself.
material
external
things,as
.

ideas

it affords
its

on
gets by reflecting

two, I

These
.

own

namely,

say,

objects of sensation, and

minds
the operationsof our
own
within, as the objects of
whence
all
the only originalsfrom
to me
reflection,
are
ideas take their beginnings."
our
notion
of how
So much, then, for Locke's
we
come
by
knowledge. I quote him at this length, because his view
in all
of such
followed
critical importance in what
was
European thought.
You

will

Locke

at

that

are

we

and
mind

we

least

We

real

of bare

touch, smell,

see,

world

did

tions
sensa-

taste

this

of ourselves
observe
reflectively
ing,
doubting,willing,
hoping,loving,hating,think-

thus

then

we

get all

is Locke's
a

Not

we

That

have.

Is the result

knowledge.

our

is the human
view.

materialism

But

Locke

so.

was

his

and

he

His

world, therefore,is the

reflected

of his

upon

day.

He

is all the

That

Such

understanding.
does

what
and

pure

heard, smelt, tasted, what

thinker

of

sort

of this material

out

reflections?

world, and

our

What

once,

make

to

manage
and

at

ask

the

it all

simple,or

come

is it

Englishman ; he
fellow-countrymenalso
an

all this

after

world

believes

of
in

much

their

the

liberal

matter

and

to?

ticism?
skepsaw,

did

fashion.

English
its laws.

REDISCOVERY

THE

in God

also, and

rightsof
to

show

freeman, and

reflection

what

upon

revolutionary about
that

there

these

in

substances

is

gold
is

because

God

as

Englishmen,
require

it to

them

can't

we

God

sees,

wills

find

we

flows

water

what

banker.

Moreover,

fair

will convince

"reiths of the Christian

weYou

Jihuman

to

reason.

of Descartes,

remove

every

Because

innate

Experience
blank

it is that

tablet of the mind.

But

English
house

to

comprehend

in

one

essay.

us

made

been

of the
is

Locke

has

writes
thus

lation
reve-

essential

exciting one.

has

done

for

us.

the nature

them

thrown

board.
over-

everything on

the

viewing things,Locke

experience,mere
bare

reflection

God, religion,
reality,our

cannot

ideas, the eternal truths

Then

it.

our

enough.

an

he

as

by
of

evidence

surelywhat a marvelous
experienceitself ! Surely ages will

world
is this

give

and

mystery from

Can
only given us a new
mystery.
smelling,tasting,seeing,togetherwith
"

causes;

that

has

all this for us,

things

because,

Locke

he
mysterious,

were

all these

person

it is that

after all,what

tried hard

has

of

so,

are,

the

and
religion,

find this world

will not

lrait remember,
Re

study of

are

being reflective

that

have

reasonable

any

how
properties,

they

mteads, too, being realities,must

"

learn

we

things

adequate

have

things always

senses

our

we

solid,space-occupying,

These

be.

them

touch

Sugar is
effects
drugs have specific
stance
sub; iron is rigid; every

help observing

create

to

world, great

Meanwhile,

so.

through

us

discover.

cannot

various

tries

of his

curious

many

we

yellow ;

curing diseases

die

have

he

There

us,

all

By

human

coupled with
is nothing

about

movable.

to

prepared. By

he

substances

are

brought about,

why

sweet

that

the

Essay

rest,

view

own

in

known

the

85

LIFE.

the

doing.

are

Locke's

numerous,

that

we

revolution

the

was

learn

or

be

seeing, hearing, tasting,and

bare

as

in

just such things can

how

INNER

revelation, in duty and

in

British

the

1HE

OF

have

do

whole

treasure-

be

needed

finished it off thus

86

SPIRIT

OF

indeed he Las

not

THE

And

beginningboth

the

about

discussions

done

PHILOSOPHY.

His

so.

is the

book

mere

of

psychology of experience,and

the

of

MODERN

limit of consciousness.

and

nature

Locke's
problems
over
truly important argument
was
opened by Leibnitz,the great Continental thinker,
I must
whose
views
entirely
pass over, vastlyimportant as
because
just now
they are, and that the less unwillingly
not
about
to Locke, written
as
lished
pub1700, was
answer
Ihe

until many
ask

after his

years

the
reflection,
philosophical

by

taken

one

in

step forward

the next

to examine

you

I must, however,

death.

own

the

English

admirabk

Berkeley.
fascinating

and

IV.

The
too

that Locke

world
and

poor

too

descendant of
face

face;

to

fear

without
driven

to

thingas

of

without

dark

and
of

matter

gently,simply, and
that

your

eyes

Meanwhile
skillful

in

cious, but

know

are

they are
the
never

they

they

not

always

as

childlike

open

lines of

wh,

"

surple
ow*.

in dialectic,

research
philosophical

eagerly, minutely,fruitfully;
concerning
the
make
but
most
they can
nothing
superficial
b00ks

work,

being

of

and

young,
T^ Pr?duce
Tfn
They have
facility.
full-fledged
system
tame

so

pul.sue

others

ous

b*

debate,a little loqua^

the physicalworld they
what
they love
they know

parry
Of
wearisome.

few

do

frank^,

their

as

keen
philosophers,

true

the
it

to

him, they

see

beautiful

thrust and

very

born

are

loftyspeech. They take

course.
They tell you of
with

once

far

very

mystical trembling,without

but
comparativelylittle,

very much.

never

Berkeley's
type
when

and

at

Berkeley'svounof Plato,a lineal

child

origin is

whose

race

Men

divine

is

Cxod

born

is

senses

for

encumbered

Berkeleyis

enthusiasm.

and

much

with his

found

Ti

they are
as

twenty-five. They will

it were, over
night. They are,

write

with

marvel-

ready by the
an

immortal

for the rest,through

88

SPIRIT

THE

Do

I refuse
not

the

All

This

is

leave

not

And

so

of it remains

to all the

as

idea

no

PHILOSOPHY.

taste

exist for

these

Have

of them.

MODERN

it,the

fact.

fruit.

me.

bite

to

OF

of

in

me

Berkeley'sfundamental

it in such

absolute

ideas
for

not

thought,but he does
simplicityas this.

crude

and

I have

as

it exists

thing,then

possibility,
propertiesof

other
far

so

bare

His

deeper significancelies in the fact that he carries

in a new
field an
out
analysisof our inner life,namely, of
ple
a
portion of the process of knowledge. His grandly simidea, here applied,leads to very engaging results ; but
results
which
other
be
no
philosopher would
they are
further
at once
likely to accept without
carrying them
did Berkeley. The
student
of TrinityCollege
than
young
fascinated
with the problem of the theory of
early became
vision.
We
to see
seem
objects about us in a space of
three dimensions.
These
about,
objects look solid,move
stand
how

in space
can

from
and

body,

eyes

my

distance

not

surface

eyes

all,

directly

runs

at the

; my

after

now,

Distance

are

eyes

; my

object is

distant

But

another.

to one

possiblysee

we

outward

relations

of my
affected

are

they are, and, for the rest, not the distance of the
oppositewall as such affects me, but the wall in so far as
Locke's
All this even
from
it.
of light come
man
rays
self
has
of plain sense
to admit.
How, then, if distance itwhere

is not
itself color
that
color

see

and

or

color

or

light,how
all

light of

the

vision.
distance.
of

shape

I still

can

not

His

answer

What
the

distant

feelingsthat accompany
something which is to me
is n't as big as a near
orange
then, namely, the
I

see

This

object.

when

was

is

see

sign of

size
I

for
look

of my

me

at

better
act

distance.

That

one.

For

something about
the

me

is n't
all

object,but only the

is Berkeley's problem
early this : I don't

object,or
in

distance

see

the

even

the

of color which

sensations, if distance

visual

my

is after

about

really see

of

one

the

the

still about
of

sight,
"

distant

tance
sign of disidea of a patch
Again,
orange.

is

one

REDISCOVERY

THE

INNER

to

distance

It

all.

at

is

is exhibited

In

of

the

be

to

short, to

is n't any

reading

known

are

blue.

me

89

LIFE.

mountains,

as

look

THE

apparent seeing of distance

my

of

they

because

distant
up,

objects,such

distant

very

OF

sum

direct

seeing
language of

by the colors and

certain
look
of things, a
of things. A
certain
forms
I have
of signs,which
learned, by long experience,
group
far off these things about
how
tells me
to interpret,
me
is n't known
Distance
are.
directly. It is read as we
read
a
language, read by interpretingthe signs of the
with distance, so with solidity. I
of sight. And
as
sense
don't
reallysee things as solid. The solid things don't
in through my
But
soul.
wander
there are
to my
eyes
the look
of the things,signsthat
about
signs of solidity
this

sight,as

learn

you

to copy

eyes

learn

you

relief

my

to

draw

in

perspective,

of

objects; these signs are the

of sight. You
learn, when
language of the sense
you
this language, that if a thing looks
to comprehend
come
and

in

to

imitate

when

to

certain

the

way,

has

of

perspectivearrangement
it will feel
don't

solid

know

if you

all this

relief of

certain

go

until

its

up

to

outlines, that
it and

they have

touch
learned

language of vision. Hence they don't

for a good while, don't
judge distances
no

eye

for

of three

space

colors,a

see

certain

then, I say,
it.
to

Infants
read

the

things as solid
accurately,have

dimensions.

reading, is interpretinga world-Ianis anticipatinghow

things will feel to your touch
guage,
by virtue of the signsgiven by the color, light,relief,perspective,
is Berkeley'sview, and
of things. Such
far
as
it goes, it is obviouslytrue.
But
he is not
to
content
as
leave
his thought here.
further.
What
is all
He
goes
life of experience,
ing
seeing,feeling,touching, movmy
my
first to
about, examining my world ? Is n't it from
last a learningto read the language of things?
Is n't it a
learning to anticipateone
thing by virtue of the signs,
that are
Yes, all expert
given of its presence by another?
Seeing, then,

is

90

It

is it ?

the ideas

PHILOSOPHY.

learningto read. And this reading,what

is merely rightlyand rationally
putting together
world
These
ideas come
in
which
gives me.
my

orders, follow

certain
and
of

I read

thus

It

fire.

I go

case

then, is

suggests

learning how
learningthat upon

Is it

from

my

ideas

have

apart from

of

before

his

life

that

talkingwith

God

obvious

truths
the

to

wit, that

all

earth, in

frame

mighty
mind
that

Such

other

all,or
This
Locke's

me,

created

their

or

do

apart

me

world

for

whom

reading in this
that experience

God's

not

in

Is it

ideas?

Is

nature?

all my

not

of

only open
important one

this
heaven

bodies

world, have

not

his
to

furniture

and

which
any

and

near

so

need

man

take

eyes

be,
of

to

the

compose

the

subsistence

out
with-

being is, to be perceivedor known

;
long as they are not actuallyperceived
not

exist in my

spirit,
they

else subsist
is

thinker

of

and

any

are," says Berkeley, "

all those

consequently so
by

they

can

these

are

for

my

of the

that

world

existence

I read

choir

the

word,

my

under
of

of ideas

world

the

ideas

mind, that

them.

see

there

go

then, is this world

has

Are

me?

language

Some

"

Whose

laws,

experience,
together; it

will follow

thought of some
language,then, am

to

another

What

it?

All

warm.

the

me

impresses upon
not

existence

these

idea, say the glow

idea, namely, that in

ought

anything but

Whose

it exists?

idea

one

What,

What

their laws

ideas

learn

one

another

me

my

circumstances.

experience ?

world

to

fire I shall feel

the

near

I have

world.

my

laws.

certain

certain

to

MODERN

is after all

ence

is

OF

SPIRIT

THE

in the

must

either

mind

of

some

mind,
have

of

or

that

no

existence

eternal

Berkeley's interpretationand
thought. I don't ask you to accept

any
at

spirit."
extension

of

rejectit,
I only ask you to see
it holds together. Let
how
once
more
review
it.
us
My experience is a learningto read my
world.
What
total of
is my
world
?
Merely the sum
ideas,of my thoughts,feelings,
sights,sounds, colors,
my
or

to

REDISCOVERY

THE

tastes.

these

unfelt

existence

me

of these

only

mind

of

of earth

are

the

mean

mind

in

since

find

them
is

the

between

to

knows

and

view

Pie himself

laws

hath

to

in

the

me

"

mind, I do
Now

to

mind,

my

independent

of

ing
they exist, durperceivingthem,
would

after

do

is true

same

with

lows,
folit necessarily
spirits,
eternal

things, and
and

manner,

the

as

me

mind,

exhibits

according to

ordained, and

are

by

us

which
them

such

to

rules,

termed

the

of nature."

Here

is the

famous

philosophicalidealism
there

all

be

of my

omnipresent

an

comprehends
in such

And

to

all minds.

birth, and

my

finite created

all other
is

time

speak

of the

wherein

mind

other

of

sources

Berkeley,

says

to

furniture

The

exterior

experience

they did before

supposed annihilation.
there

as

author

in their

the

talks

out

existence

an

likewise

regard

and

particular,but

by

some

intervals

the

existence

things an

plain they have

our

their

the

which

me

who

When,"

"

sense.

it is

my

and

not

am

heaven

God,

voice, and

the

my

There

of

choir

the

natural

language of
deny sensible

as

Berkeley responds readily.

who
two
:
fellow-beings,
my

ideas

it.

how

surelyI am not the

The
things about

then

but

approach
me

ideas

My

experiences before

those

totalityconstitute

not

ideas

warn

yet

This

ideas.

scroll

with

it.

No, indeed.

my

if I

me

shadows

touch

of the

me

"

Who

my

in

sign to

language of experience,those signs

which
I decipher
I did not produce them.
senses,
forces on
Who
writes, then, this language?
my
Who
the succession
of my
ideas ?
spreads out

of the

the

is.

there

indeed

are

arouse

reality. But

laws, this is all my

becomes
tells

glow

91

LIFE.

them

and

if I

feel

will

thing

solid

of forms

ideas

the

of

of

fire will

INNER

THE

one

idea

the

that

warmth

it, when

only

when

another, when

of

me

read

OF

and

better

idealism

namely,
plausible,

Berkeley.

simply

more

introduction

of

to

the

Nowhere

stated.

doctrine
idealistic

at

Never

once

scheme

was

is

cal
paradoxiof

things,

92

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

They

Berkeley's early essays.

than

in

these

essays

of

"

all young

students

of

favorites^

are

philosophy.

As

wild
a
unprepared, you first say, How
!
sense
absurdly opposed to common
paradox ! How
further
and say, How
ley
Then
plausiblethis Berkeyou read
How
clear he makes
is !
charming his style! How
his paradoxes ! Perhaps, after all,they are n't paradoxes,
He
all mean.
knows
but mere
we
re wordings of what
a
of the truths
real world
of facts, too.
Nobody is surer

them,

read

you

of an
experience,nobody is firmer in his convictions
than
outer
Berkeley. Only this outer
reality,
reality

of

"

God

is it but

what

of earth
He

is in

self

his

voice

ideas

these

us

upon

directlytalkingto

"

In

of

the

"

in

sense,

choir

it is his manifested

directlyimpressing

of

heaven

and

niture
fur-

God.

have

experience,we

Matter, in fact,is

matter.

us,

part of his

will,his plan for

own

education,

our

guiding,
speaking to us, warning, instructing,
amusing, disciplining,
blessingus, with a series of orderly
and
significantexperiences. Well, I say, as you read
further, the beauty of Berkeley'sstatement
impressesyou,
you

half

are

this ; and
for

only

that

persuaded

lo !

suddenly,

as

hour, and

an

whole

thing comes

novel

about

read,

you

then, in

look

might

you

you

to

come

do

believe

curious

believe

it,if

fashion, the

almost

commonplace. It is so
that we
obvious, you say, this notion
our
own
only know
that it was
ideas, so obvious
hardly worth while to write
it down.
After
all,everybody believes that ! As for the
notion
of God
talking to us, through all our senses, that
is very
pretty and poetical,but is there anything very
the

to

notion

It is the

old

design argument

again.

over

So

say, your

value

of his

place

in

which

we

alters

doctrine, for

this
are

mood

our

as

you

read

present

I have

justnow

lies in its

purposes,

historyof the rediscoveryof

Of
following in this lecture.

Berkeley'sdoctrine

The

Berkeley.

the

nothing to

life

inner

the

truth

say.

of
am

REDISCOVERY

THE

THE

OF

INNER

93

LIFE.

simply narratingto you Berkeley'sexperienceof spiritual

his experiencewas
this : that our
ness
consciousthings. And
of outer
subtle
and
realityis a more
complex thing
than

the

previous age

must

be

very

different
world

mathematical

life of

inner

our

had

from

of the

assumed

seventeenth

and

sense

the

of

makes, you

for the

see,

whether

matter

the

"

are

are

you

needs
in

in

sentimental

an

The

order, and

this

this inner

life.

and

new

whole

write

philosopher,and

that

so

period
It is

friend

spiritis

; you

on

dissatisfied

feels friendless

among

you
write

part of the

are

with

the

no

essays

Knowledge," or whether
eighteenth-centurynovel, and

letters to

movement.

of

yet

and

Human

Principlesof
heroine

study

substantial

century, and

reason

deeper analysis. Everything

the real world

that

suspected,so

same

cal
mathemati-

the eternities of

the

seventeenth-century thought. The

home

with

inner

processes.

itself,well-friended
It loves

outpourings,keen
towards

in

And

life.

its

to be

to

in
be

to be
spiritwants
the comprehension of

confidential

part of this

new

its

in its heart

in

humane
analysis,

at

its attitude
is Berkeley's

process

significance.
v.

But
bear

if

now,

also its burdens

yourself,you
this

British

third

to

of

in

order

you

in

than

teacher
the

of

To

life,you
become

must
sure

of

the
next

great Scotchman, David

to

Hobbes,

the

greatest

of

Kant's
of

rank.

cannot

undertake

the
to

this

his

certain

inspirerof
merely

its doubts.

is,I think,

Hume,

analysis of

is

inner

speculative thinkers, Berkeley occupying

place

describe

the

this doubt,
yourself. And
self-analysis
always involves, who

it better

Hume

enjoy

first doubt

must

express

Hume

the

and

skepticism,which

could

of

to

are

you

place the real historical significance

subtlety,his fearlessness, his fine
the deepest problems, his place as
physical
thought,his whole value as meta-

his time.

merciless

What

you

skeptic,and,

in

will
this

see

in

him

superficial

94
of

the

don't

ask

you

belief

that

sketch

Our

to

see

is

ideas

he

You

having

other

no

those

of

even

discover

This

is

owing
impressionson

all the

also, even
faded

and

of

some

of
peculiarity

subtleties

of

You

and

reason,

truth

these

have

ideas,namely

your

about
and

For

these

mathematical

can

them.

ideas

founded.

are

remember

is all.

can

you

these

you

That

necessary

they

of

by
ences.
experi;

of

the

ideas,

science,are

And, as it
impressions of sense.
chances, on
reason.
just these faded impressionsyou can
But
in thinking that you
can
Berkeley was
by
wrong
searching find out God, or anything else super sensual.
of fact,as the senses
Science concerns
matters
give them,

and

and

taste

number,

which

ideas.

impressionsand
experiences of sense

smelt.

or

and

the

to

experience.

consequences.

copies

Upon

novel

of

remotest

remembered

knowledge.
quantity and

accepted Locke's

says, of
the

felt,tasted

consciousness,I

recorder

its

feel, smell,

see,

seen,

the

to

means

the

means

Hume

he

consist, as

inner

the

more.

view

By impressions he

PHILOSOPHY.

of

merely

this

out

minds

MODERN

rediscovery

reason

carries

He

OF

SPIRIT

THE

of

human

of

the

general view

of

are,"

those

look

them

up

he

if

have
that

the

apply

to

How

forces
such

"power"
of

that

these

connection."
ideas.

they
is

Let

to

and

bring
must

to

work

pass
as

called

law

tions
condi-

results,

do.
"

much

tion
connec-

certain

far-reachingideas,

clear

the

necessary

they

Let
us

How

seem.

something

there

obscure

more

effects,that given natural

nature

sublime

necessary

about

and

causes

ideas

useful

science
says

conceptions
of nothing,not
even
of physical science.
universal
principles.

not

no

closelyat

can.

causation, which

"

in

examine,

us

familiar

most

basis

force,or

more

in exact

between

the

Hume,

of power,

we

the

is afraid

at

let

mind,

respects, but

says

little

hear

we

fact

in

of

Hume

reason.

There

than

of

this

presumptions

Matters

us

these.

fashion, certain

Hume's

"

with

ends
With

blurred

Well,

justsuch

)Q
We

then, get

must,

that

If

do.

we

of fact

matters

if there

and

in

efficacy,
my
from

way

billiard

never

learn

"

the

than

power,

not, perchance,

necessary

Hume.

of

union

them

If

also

soul

with

amine
ex-

merely

are

about

my

obviouslynecessary.

principlein

any

causal

own

in

deeds

own

my

my

result

answers

make

to

nature

all, is there

After

that

things,

nothing causallyefficacious

fact,with

of

conscious

own

find

such

causation, do

acts

No,

purposes

my

have

other

and

true

own

my

nection,
con-

thought
only impressed by

am

balls

will, making

own

of

of necessary

fact,many

nature

outer

about

carefullyI
matters

of power,

so, in

Aud

directlyfeel

PHILOSOPHY.

idea

our

within.

from

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

nature

body

rious
myste-

more
"

Were

"

we

to remove
mountains, or control
empowered," adds Hume,
the planets in their
orbit, this extensive authority
be more
would
not
extraordinary,or more
beyond our
of fact that we
comprehension," than is the bare matter
control
bodies
now
can
our
by our will. In inner experience,
then, just as in outer, we get no direct impression
"

of

how

do
"

produce effects. We only see that things

In experience,then,
happen in regular ways.
seem
entirelyloose and separate. One event

causes

often

all events

follows

another
them.

But

as

we

can

to

connection

Hume

true

or

at

be, that

to

seems

all,and

meaning."

makes, indeed,

says,

is

an

of
believe

these

From

this

his
of

one

mind

event,

that

is
to

it will

have

result

exist."

sion,
conclu-

is,in

first reached.

of

so

its usual
"The

tion,
causa-

repetitionof

carried, by habit,
expect

of

lutely
abso-

are

that

one

and

"after

peared
apthe

idea

no

seeming
as

power,

never

words

but

escape,

connected.

sentiment,

we

that

simply this,that

instances,the

appearance
to

any

sense

inward

tie between

any

conjoined,but never
idea
of anything which

skepticalthan
idea
originalof our

he

and

no

observe

never

less

not

similar

have

power

without

The

seem

can

outward

our

or

we

They

conclusion

necessary

fact,

but

upon

the

attendant,
first time

REDISCOVERY

THE

of the

the shock
the

that

communication

the

saw

man

conjoined,with
of

this

this

idea

new

feelsthese

onlyfeel

it

of

fashion

principlesthat

built

had

in

God,

nature

all this

the

whom

the

and
on

Spinoza's divine

order

hands

the

own

Is

really,after all, but

impressionsof
this criticism of
of

the

the

Grail

dust.

Hume

is

the

arts

"

of

mind,

our

matters

had

"

of

mass

sense

that

reposed

which

of
All

the

extreme

all the

fine

and

of fact, relations

trusted

But

he

the

nected
discontouch

of

the aggregate
if

find

we

crumble
He

consequences

its

by

the

at

result.

joy of

nation,
imagi-

had

but

fade

dialectic.

"

reason

fallen

we

crumbles

such

of laws.

our

sense-impressions.Nay,
some

secure

flying and

the

will

rock

God's

of
of

philosophy
in

spiring.
in-

so

becomes, then, of

All becomes

of

just the

found

nature

What

Has

of

you

reason," Spinoza had

habit, a product

the

beautiful

rejoicesin it,with
delusions

of

fact-world

calls this

eternal

aware

playfullyveils
his

We

world.

the

things,just because
the law
of necessity,

itself,
it,too,

and

of

Hume's.

disconnected

Holy

he

now

imagination."
originof the idea

century had

of fact at all.

matter

no

to

often-repeatedexperience

wisdom

all

were

feeling,founded

mere

that

necessary." Upon

as

His

Hume,

comes

now

give rise

to

habit

our

our

nature

highestform

the

was

be

to

in his

an

seventeenth

his faith.

in

several

skepticism lies,as

from

regard things

to

he

And

of

It is of

"

was

successions.

in its removal

see,

"

is

that

it

them

but

necessityin

no

mentally regarding

importance

course

said,

see

there, because

of similar

The

Nothing

habit of mind, is the

We

causation.

that

observed

happened

connected

to be

events

pronounce

pronounces

has

not

only

has

he

then

connection

Custom, then, mere

of

he

alteration

of

two

After

nature,

What

connected.

by impulse,as by

motion

balls,he could

other.

97

LIFE.

connected, but

was

the

INNER

THE

of

billiard

two

event

one

instances

OF

into

skillfully

at times

the

none

merciless

by
less

foe of

of ideas,

"

these

98

"

we

says,

havoc

must

of

volume

any

instance, let

leaves

If

school

divinityor

ask, Does

us

make

we

it contain

he

When,"

"

us.

of

through libraries,persuaded

run

what
hand

doctrine

his

that

all

are

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

these
take

we

once

ciples,
prinin

our

metaphysics,for
abstract

any

ing
reason-

f
Does
No.
it
concerning quantity or number
experimental reasoning concerning matter
any
and

fact

for it

existence
contain

can

No.

it then

Commit

the

to

nothing but sophistryand

tain
con-

of

flames,

illusion."

VI.

Hume

represents thus, indeed, the

in

philosophical skepticism
Others,

be

to

further

went

scoffers in their
But

outside

sure,

Hume's

content

it is

anxious

to

in

know

its

does

n't

mean

self-consciousness.
this

longing took,

positive forms.
far

so

its

as

as

The

very

analysis of

mere

And

turns
mere

hands.
out

its

be

poorest.

sophistryand

it is rather

but

Locke's

teach

account

what
us.

the
The

expected
It is

illusion.

beginning
spiritis more

of
other
age

the

inner

half

is,Kant

of

sense,

than

life is

poetry and

and
of

new

wealthiest, it

feeling,

mere

end

the
and

mere

No,

higher
experience.

only half
his

by

under

nothing

to

it

in this

did, and

is this
of

and

Study

all.

it to be

mere

But

the

philosophy. The
And

you

century

appeared

has

sure,

shrivel

to

seem

the

learn, new

Hume

experiences, as
will

of

time

life,to be

noza's
Spi-

longing for

last third
next

live

we

even

means

capriciousthing,after

Where
to

the

shall

we

inner

capriciousnessit

your

It

its

yet this doubt

And

doubt?

in

Can

his.

become

all,can

ideas?

waywardness.

mere

or

in

as

has

see,

After

innate

from

us

fruitful

as

spirit,
you

nature.

the

rebels

were

aggressivethan

more

its result

The

own

by merely assuming
save

in

and

ways,

fashion, far

own

purely

eighteenth century.
of the philosoranks
phers,

of the

many

thought is
negative.

wisdom

the

of

extreme

the

truth.
shall

successors

history
"

of

new

science, also, yes,

natural

shall take

up

afresh

of
significance

spirit the

Science, entering upon

of

idea
but

shall be
in his

conceived

as

to

shall

prove

earthly past.

own

formulate

Locke's

with

the

things,something

Hume's

human

for

of the

in

Kant

keen

nature, and
absolute

an

freedom,
and

fittingphilosophy

more

all of
of

love

of

meanwhile,

find, a

shall

we

Spinoza'sreverence

all of

erate
regen-

No

; and

men

formulate

all of

with

in

by

successors,

will arise

with

and

endeavor, of strife,of growth, and

moral

of

possible.
im-

longer Spinoza's world,

glowingly passionate and tragicworld,

changing, a

his

"

first rediscover

realms, shall

new

evolution.

cosmical

shall

research, reviving,shall

Historical

Europe.

rejectedas

Faust,"

"

century

own

Hume

that

Goethe's

passion,shall produce
the

our

revolutionary period

The

to

task

the

this

even

99

LIFE.

INNER

THE

OF

REDISCOVERY

THE

significanceof

lectic,
diastill

rationality
modern

our

life.
that
however, finally,

Eemember,

skepticism of

if the

eighteenthcentury is to be gotten rid of, this will only

be by transcending it,livingthrough and
beyond it,not
losophical
Phiby neglecting or by simply refutingit,from without.
is never
to be refuted.
insight,however
partial,
transcend
make
You
it part of a larger
it,you can
can
such a part.
The
life,but it always remains
as
genuine
and earnest
in the doubting
true
spiritincludes all that was
spirit. The
only way to get rid of a philosophic
doubt, in its discouraging aspect, is to see that, such as it
The
is, it already implies a larger truth.
great spirit
the

says

to

us,

like Emerson's
"

They
When
I

And

am

reckon
me

the

this, namely, the

Brahma,"

"

ill who

they fly,I
doubter

and

leave
am

the

inevitableness

"

me

the

out

wings

doubt."

and

the

true

of

genuine doubting,is the great lesson that

eighteenth century, in its transition to Kant, teaches
It is

lesson

well

to

be

remembered

in

our

own

ituality
spirthe
us.

day,

100

THE

research,
of

doubt,
and

to

but

live

of

we

old

world

loss.

former

"

in

as

Thou

hast

The

it

ruin

By

the

The

and

idols,

still

the

the
rise

all

new

again
stroys
de-

spirit
laments

sings

"

world,
fist

powerful

In

quer
con-

destroyed,

beautiful

With

to

The

chorus

the

but

only

its

to

illusion

our

vanish

shatters

world

certainties,

existence.

Faust,"

"

its

dies, but

in

recent

learn

may

see

thought

creations,

But,

to

higher

we

and

come

of

of

that

live

too,

we,

doubts

night

The

which

its

of

accomplishments

only

it, all

immortality
its

in

there

the

PHILOSOPHY.

vast

sense

doubt

comes.

the

their

is

In

phantoms
light

there

possess

truth.

its

the

notwithstanding

when,

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

't is hurled,
blow

of

shattered

demigod

scattered
into

Fragments

the

Void

we

carry,

Deploring
The

beyond

perished

beauty

restoring.

Mightier
For

of

children

the

men,

Brightlier
Build
In
Bid

it

thine

again,

the

build

bosom

own

it

anew

career

new

Commence,
With
And
Be

Such
the

human

building

clearer
the
sung

new

of
was

of

songs

thereto

anew

spirit, it

sense,

the
the

cheer

"

lost
mission

in

universe
of

Kant

the

bosom

to

begin.

of

IV.

LECTURE

KANT.

We

in

saw

eighteenth

last

the

tendency

stated

the

of

simplicity
which

come

copies

of

These

form

to

through

us

the

to

All

fact, that

with

such

then

rational

than
is

what

this

The
as

inner
it

sacred

the

fact

mind

of

of
does

earlier

;
a

but

thinkers

series

The

?
the

but

of
do

moral

sympathetic

his

contain
had

found

no

there.

to

make
than

more

ideas,

and

and

record

is it

more

experience
such

rience,
expe-

illusion?

shrivels

supreme

What

seen

than
Hume

of

and
a

is

all, the
the

up,

The

experiences.

is, after

Bare

our

can

analysis,

subject?

mercilessness
man.

of

sophistry

chance

law,

concerns

impressions

they

reason.

demonstrative

pretend

merciless

humanity,

reflective

indeed

this

mere

of

of

merciless

sort

into

faiths

matters

in

life, under

were,

of

pretense

"

can

we

as

the

are

science

observations

knowledge

brutal

which
we

only

other

life

Hume

said, impressions,

impressions

inner

the

same

almost

an

ideas
our

our

is, recorded

Does

more

of

the

philosophical

ideas,

some

subject-matter

of

them.

and

sense,

which

example.

he

know,

About

mathematics.

matters

this,

We

covery
redis-

with

with

theory

formulation.

impressions.

science,

upon

Locke's

of

essence

chief

our

the

tionary
revolu-

great

that

produce

to

was

the

found

of

the

literature,

also

we

Hume

whereof

skepticism

in

bound

was

towards

towards

and

But

closed.

century

Lockean

life

in

movement,
the

finally

and

passion,

self-analysis

the

tended

inevitably

century

of

how

lecture

felt

feeling
indeed

clear

Lockean

rationality
Hume

sight
in-

showed

as

102

permitted it

view

knowledge
the

in

more

Locke's

experience than

contain, the hope of any

transcendent

for

gone.

is indeed

humanity

is his

this

PHILOSOPHY.

That

great merit, for hereby he led

Kant.

to

way

to

faith

or

showed

Hume

is

there

unless

that

was

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

i.

mention

When

the

of

name

Kant,

specialtopicto-day,I introduce to
more
suggestionsin the
arouses
student

cluster

than

about

despairs of tellingyou

One
Kant

has

meant

to

all

in the

one

mind

or

of

our

thought
philosophical

modern

thinker.

great part of what

any
of

course

forms

whose

one

you

other

any

who

number

of years

still try to suggest a

metaphysical study ; but let me
little of Kant's
One
hears
place in such a line of work.
of Kant
earlyin one's life as a student of philosophy. He
is said to be hard, perhaps a little dangerous (a thing
of course
which
attracts
one
hugely !). He is said to be
also certainly
and
speculation,
typicalof German
always
at all.
to philosophize
worthy of one's efforts if one means
Perhaps one, therefore, first tries him in translation,with
of

already be

must

of

Pure

Reason,"

will be

one

after

reading

of

five

There

an

old

by

is

certain

the

be
one
so

good
can

or

persuasive,
who,

six

translation

of

Meiklejohn.

One

to

of the

the

of
on

to

certain

Kant's
their

the

at

the

minds,

method

of

name

reason

begins

How

with
the

of

chief

is the

The

first effect

the

feeling

skill and

What

Kant.

first

wise

that.

of power,

sense

the

Critique

"

through the
of close
printI
Bonn's
Library,

; but

treatment,

not

"

first

The

Kant, in

of this

book

him.

shocking

say

of

thing
yet free, some-

pages

splendid

is not

pure

hundred

fairlygrasp

even

appearance

attractive

fearlessness

deal

win

to

the
criticising

exhaustiveness

subtletyand

done

how

English is heavy, not

of the reading is soon
of

German

if one's

that, even

sense

to

seems

part, indeed

reading.

general

work, that there

In

"

fact,

external
are

dents
stu-

superficialacquaintance with

104

German,

hauer, whose
Richter's, is

has

even

whence

is time

the

still

man

return

to

"

studious

but

it

mountain

clear

of

zest, and

and

afresh, from

returns

so

shorter

that, as

Germany,
Kant,

where

"

tique

has

liberal

there

the

during

has

been

past twenty
take

to

come

do

nothing

fascinating. The
I

When

stop.

of

Kant

devotee

fifteen
the

years

ago,

learned

reading

it

longer

the

is

was

"

i"

Cri'
the

who, in all

dangerously

knows
as

01

In

of

one

men

never

Germany

spell,

interest

of

habit

in

studied

graduate, some

The

else.

read

bafflingtask.

learned

are

and

speak, as

to

and

for

for

revival

so

aside

can

years,

begin

year,

years,

rank,

professions. There

appearance,

to

goes

life,one

three
to

it
the

reading

distracted

year

Now

falls upon

hereupon

fascinatingbut

the

to

season,

ing
understand-

his wits.

with

busy
length read the book through in about
feel that thereafter
he might do well
again. After doing so, one
lays it
a

One

destruction, but

to

near

and

rather

student's

finds

lies beneath

of Fichte's

streams

One

Kant.

that

Paul

frosty sky.

tumultuous

frail bark

new

lake

and

Jean

of

comparison

usually escapes

to

with

can

as

PHILOSOPHY.

rather
occasionally

Critique

at

use

gloomy cliffs,under
plunged down the

is indeed

in

MODERN

to

limpid

as

eloquence, where

"

OF

SPIRIT

THE

when

college

young
my

to

fortune

to

and

many-sided of the new

philosophicaldoctors of the day, who was
just then preparing
for a docentship. He
who
was
man
a
promised,
as
one
might say, almost everything; who wrote and published

meet

one

of

essays
was

Some

remarkable

breadth

especiallynoticeable

Reason."

his

for

commentary
He

volumes

planned
octavo.

long afterwards, the

wherein
large pages,
chapter.

Since

on

the

Of

wide

then

range
to

him

who

of

work.

to

begin

Critique of Pure
for completion in
commentary
these
four
he
published, not
Kant's

first,a
he

skill,and

and

later,it unhappily occurred

years

printing a
four

most

volume

deals
my

"

former

"

of
with

several
Kant's

hundred
tory
introduc-

acquaintanceis

lost

105

KANT.

of

volumes

final

The

than

more

ten

has

he

although

complete

and

terminator

himself, can

Death
of Kant

is,so

world.

Worse

get him

out.

of

course

to

come

lights
de-

Arabian

the

they close, to wit,

as

The

student

thorough
shut

in

all the

his

outer

Pilgrims'choruses
for

he

As

him, in vain.
of

Kant,

that

those

strict sense,

you

ceive,
per-

all.

at

since, in part by writing

the

upon

I, as

for me,

in the

degree,years

lectures

see

really be

is,for you can

never
beths
chant, and waiting Eliza-

doctor's

won

Tannhauser

reader

no

am

mention

to

them

destroyer of

"

speak, a Tannhauser, close

for him
hunt
in
fruitlesssly

to

than

mourn

will

whom
felicities,"

determine.

ever

You

Venusberg.

love

peared,
ap-

upon

volumes

many

never

work

at

task, only the

of

Nights'tales always

been

now

the

have

commentary

How

years.

to

needed

the

"

lectures

Critique."

since

have

founded

were

upon

ous,
seri-

might say an entire, misinterpretationof Kant's

serve,
meaning. Since then I have repented, as you also obof this misinterpretation,
and, as I might add, of
several

Kant.

on

him.
the

Lord

You

and

it takes

of

is

the

wholly

and
of

their

that

towards

subtle

so

be

the

want

to describe

to

as

my

the

research

shall

find

such

therefore,

attempt,

opinions

something

Kant

you

to

of
justification

exhaustive

you

time

at

making clear, within

lecture,a doctrine
then

possibly I

that

will understand

intention

no

think

still to lecture

to

my

college classes

know

little about

then, after all, Kant, you see, is Kant

; and
sides
bemade
works
other wondrous
him, and many

But

I love

others.

of
for

undertaking
to

character

him.

him

as

in

to

can

single
But

lectures

skill and
forth

to

they embody0

humanity.

only

set

story, an

have

philosophers

the

which

of
such

in these

but

are,

can

this.

as

of technical

they

spiritual concerns
know

describe

temperament
a

limits of

involved

and

that

once,

the

monuments

which

the
us

not,

things out.

attitude
As

I attempt

such
here

106

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

II.

The
It

Kant

man

is hard

to

say

born

in

province of
beyond

East

He

was

father

old

an

Prussia, and

that

never

in his life traveled

once

His

province.

Scotch

of

was

subjectfor literaryportraiture.
about
him.
anything in the least new
1724, in the cityof Konigsberg, in the
is

family

descent, and

was

was

poor

his

saddler, and

in

Kant's
religiona pietist. Both
parents lived a narrow
and glowing religious
life,cheerful, harmonious, and, in a
attracted
worldly sense, dispassionate. At school Kant
attention
that a universitycourse
of study followed,
such
in

Konigsberg,
At

career.

mixture

of

His
and

in

was

this led him

outset

of his

literarywork

the

the

pedant,

earliest

than

senses

more

published, however,

was

essay

one

History and Theory of

anticipatedthe essential features
which
Laplace afterwards
time

he
as

had

been

private

privat-docent at
professor in

as

thereabouts

the
of

the

under
The

influence

Herder,

poet

highly of
his

young

at

the

age

taken

much

who

his power

in

prime
of

of

he

was

this

he

tured
lec-

ment
appointwas

sees,

first

looked
over-

sought

to

of

man

in

days

have

forty-four. More
Both

insignificant-appearing
man.

never

to

still
philosophy was
reigning dogmatic school.
him
as
docent, speaks very

heard

later in life.

sis
hypothe-

his

at

he

he

wherein

one

as

perhaps

was

the

we

ous
curi-

General

Thenceforth

Promotion,

in those

developed. Up

literaryskill, but

the

1755,

nebular

he
by higher officials,whom
please. During these earlier years
considerable

the

Heavens,"

tutor.

Kant

is

In

universityuntil

the

1770.

slow, and

Kant

on

paper

Natural

academic

an

failure.

remarkable

to

many-sided student, the

gator.
the independent investiin philosophicalphysics,

literaryskill,and

of

man

young

the

and

of course,

as

lecturer.

Of

Kant

portrait,showing him
is the portrait
common

show
He

was

us

of

the

spare,

frail

small,

health, but

107

KANT.

seldom

feet;

he

as

and

mind

he

and

he

meanwhile,

grew,

than

and

more

more

1770

he

Eeason," gladly free, as

once

ners
man-

peoples,

bachelor
As

he

grew

For

more.

life

more

1781, he

to

solelyhis

meditated

little,and

and

more

books

of

and

His

all
small

of the

methodical.

him

decade, namely, from

very

to

an

man,

of

say,

lands

lecture.

loved

absorbed

older, thought

lover

to

distant

and

of various

which

of

shadow

five

more

of friends, a great reader

circle

customs

topicsupon

and

more

travel,a passionatestudent, strange

of

published
Critique of Pure

"

from

says,

the

obligation

phy.
hastilywritten essays in philosoHis
indeed
he became
an
originalthinker.
almost
of thought grew
oppressive. To his
trine
docapparently said only a little of the new

defending early and

of

Now

loneliness
friends

he

that

less

forming

was

in his

Henceforth,
soul

genial

shows

Critique,"in
Yet

passages.

burdened,

works

as

itself

on

the

it were,
sentences

beneath

the

lectures

"

involved, problematic.

style gravely suffers.

again

whole
with
groan

became

deeper, stiller,

ever

and

again

figures,in brilliant

chance

His

world.

his

moreover,

His

mind.

eloquent; his inner life grew

melancholy, but hidden
away,

not

"

became

cheerful

very

barely beyond

was

body, genial,gossiping,a

no

clever

very

height

older

grew

fleshless but

almost

but

His

ill.

never

or

in

the

but

too

The

great
brief

Kant's
the

writing is henceforth
new
weight of his whole
their

beneath

earth, in the mines

of

He

treasures.

humanity's gold.1

Great

tion,
thoughts glitterin the rich quartz of his meditabut
only with toil and sufferingis this gold to be
extracted.
From
the first issue of the
Critique men
"

"

In

Kant's
"

remarkable

note, published in Benno

Reflexionen (vol.ii. p. 6), Kant

Es scheint

sik, aber
dunkeln
Werkstatt

zwar

nichts

die Zierrate

an

der

Griiften,wenigstens
des

himself

geschmackswidriger

die

Kunstlers."

sah

Schonheit
man

Erdmann's

sie

says,
zu

edition

of his

sein als die

lagen
gliiuzen,
zuerst

durch

own

of

style,

Metaphyerstlich

die

in

finstere

108

complained

of

to

able

his

Herder

youth,

mented
la-

the

man

comprehend, but of whom

almost
make
doctrine
he could
nothing, and whose
now
first impression that the great
he sternlyopposed. The
of wonder
and
of a sort
of
Critique produced was
has destroyed all
Some
said, This man
puzzled dread.
He
doubts
faith.
everything. It is a dangerous book ;
is Berkeley's idealism
Others
it is terrible."
said, "This
it is, it is
over
again." Many said, Whatever
But
home
erelong the thought came
quiteunreadable."
used

he

whom

be

later

years

instructor

lost

bitterlythe

PHILOSOPHY.

obscurity;

Kant's

of

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

to

"

"

"

"

people

to

that

all this

The

universities
read

men
great literary

respects almost
works

that
for

ripe

took

it.

Young

of

age

became

men

himself

by it,and

The

within

but

the

up

Schiller

it.

revolutionized

followed

it.

only novel,

not

was

lightening.
vastlyen-

book.

The

was

in many

the

Kantian

by

revolution

the

fascinated

was

by it, and

"

a
Critique had converted
twenty-fiveyears the
people decidedlyunproductive in philosophyinto the typically
metaphysical nation of Europe, so that, as Jean

Paul
and

"

God

said, while

had

the

to

English the
empire of the

the

given
he

sea,

had

granted

meal

one

daily,walked

afternoon, lectured
and

book

wrote

1790.

body
grew

Old
could
less

age
not

"

The

life of
; he

well

and

indeed

Quoted, also, by Professor

Immanuel

Kant,

2d

mans
Ger-

body, ate
regular path every

some

his

classes,

later

years

more

methodical.

frail
Kant

There

this

wherein

than

is

dailylife

of

"

Immanuel

had

the

approaching fast. This

endure
the coming enemy.

by Heine,1

passage

is sketched

describe
1

very

land

in

away

to
intricately

until

book
now

productive

well-known

Kant

was

his

over

geniallybut

after

to

the

air.

Meanwhile, Kant, graduallywasting

his

French

the

to

Kant,"

says

Heine,

neither

life

nor

Edward

ed. vol. i.
p. 63.

Caird,

in

"

is hard

historyin
his

to

the

Philosophy oj

109

KANT.

of

sense

proper

existence, in

old-bachelor
of

Konigsberg, an

of

Germany.

clock

the

cityat

passionateand

regular

more

abstract,

an

chanical,
me-

street
quiet,remote
northeastern
boundary
a

great cathedral-

the

that

believe

not

its

cityaccomplished

that

of

old

I do

lived

He

words.

the

day's
than

way

work

its

in

less

countryman,

ing,
writRising from bed, coffee-drinking,
lecturing,eating,walking, everything had its fixed
Kant.

Immanuel

time

and

the

half past four

coat, with
and

his

that
neighbors knew
when
Professor
they saw
in his

cane

towards

move

he

walked

when

and

year,

walk

that

weather

of the

season

the

or

is

times

Eight

at every

bad,

was

exactly

which

avenue,

clouds

gray

rain, his servant, old

Lampe, was
large umbrella

threatened

iously
anx-

seen

under
his
following him with a
like an
image of Providence.
life of the man
the outer
between
Strange contrast
zens
his world-destroying
thought. Of a truth, if the citihad any inklingof the meaning
of Konigsberg had

arm,
"

and

of

the

out

Philosopher'sWalk.

down

and

up

be

Kant, in his gray

of his house-door,

little lime-tree

the

named, after him, the

hand, step

it must

that

thought, they

before

would

shuddered

have

But

executioner.

before

him

the

thing
nogood people saw
in him
he
but a professor of philosophy,and when
him
passed at the appointed hour, they gave
friendly
greetings and set their watches."
as

an

"

in.

To

this

almost

characterization

classic,it is hard

every

reader

of

enters

into

details

Still,we

must

gentle little man

of
of

all

the

Heine's, which

of
to

add

has

besides

anything

literarygossip also knows,

go
was,

that

yet

would
a

as

here

us

This

little farther.
you

keen-witted

things human.

detain

Give

already see,
analyst and
him

an

the
old

become

what

unless
too

odd

one

long.
and

bination
singular com-

humane

problem,

lover
or

110

conception,such

abstract

well-known

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

idea

the

as

of wisdom

his
quickly show
justice,and he would
you
analyticskill by mentioning a long series of distinctions,
of denning or
of statingthe
of aspects, of possibleways
or

of

thing,

so

"

at

long

series,and

often

dry, that

so

would

you

likely to suspect him of genuine pedantry.

what
lover
is of
he
a
yet this seeming pedant
of descriptionsof live men,
and
of conof travel,
crete
be

first

And

"

books

He

indeed

has

traveled

beyond his
simple and quiet little province ; but yet, as we justsaw,
with a wide
he loves to lecture, and
knowledge, too, upon
geography and upon anthropology. Physical science also,
In
of his day, he knows
after the fashions
very fairly.
that
early essay he has anticipated Laplace's nebular
affairs !

he

hypothesis. Moreover,
of

sentiments

the

never

has

published a long

sublime

the

When

beautiful.

and

paper

on

he

himself
he shows
as
many-sided as he is keen.
speculates,
His
When, in his old age, he
systematicplans are vast.
has published half a dozen
important and varied treatises
different

upon

still laments

he
still

his life.

all

his

it had

good

near

friends, and

before

he

form

in

of

can

you

been
man,

do

can

noble

his

be

his

much
of

powers
been

charming

even

two

piety,you

of

three

even

faith

when, in

;
a

distinct

then

sort

of

for his reflective

periods,

an

"

revolutionaryand
secret

what

know

must

people, including,for instance,

in Kant's
imagined that there were,

or

ple
in its sim-

but

none

his few

to

deeply pious.

very

Some
have

then

mind, and

beautiful

as

this,old

upon

Kant
rigid in its routine.
honorable, unalterably
strictly

fashion

prepared

complete

to

tasks, pleasant and

to

the

system by

life itself had

loyal

for

his

This

above

was

chance

Before

as

phy,
philoso-

work, and

first his

humanity

of

his

away

takes

age

departments

fragmentarinessof

the

himself

promises
great book.

one

fundamental

and

the

that

doctrines.

Heine

As
was

"

himself,

religiouslife,

earlyperiod,say,
destructive
period,
less Titanic

rebel

112
and

to

wise

as

you,

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

God's

man,

infinite

perfectionwill

religiousconsolation, and you will be

Kant
Of such
at peace.
mystical comfort
and
nothing. He hates mysticism with a shrewd
present

of

analyticalkeenness
attitude

of the

case,

love,

than

or

vain

similar

simple and

nothing

and

economical

than

more

fallingin

wasting his hoarded

energies upon
any
and
expensive sentimentalities.
Mysticism
would

he

what

and

deliberate

very

dreads

knows

sternly
ill-will,suggestive,in his

critical

of the

bachelor, who

old

ably
unalter-

as

be

call

lovers'

Narrheit

mind, closelyassociated

honest

and

Kant's

in

are,

mercilessly

They are both called by him by his favorite

of
term
jSchwarmerei, vain and
reproach. They are
enthusiasm, mere
Kant,
fancy, by gazing fed.
vague
this genial and bloodless
of contemplation,wastold hero
ing
scorned.

in

away

his cheerful
and

knows, duty
God

The

majestic,cares
and
as

weak

and

not

he

the

to

have

as

body
everyfor

time

no

indeed

his

theoretic

of your

and

stern

demonstrate

you

moments,

He

reveals

istence,
ex-

reason

importunitiesof

loverlike

mance.
ro-

your

himself,

conscience.

your
for

worships is

cleverness

rejectsthe

Conscience,
shows

to

even

has

stars, but

he

sentimental

indeed, but
/

the

whom

eludes

as
loftily

asceticism, reverences,

the

first,shows

moral

the

you

law,

"

something overwhelmingly rational, absolute,

universal,indifferent to your privatewishes, independent
of

it

as

but

directlyknown

as

will and

your

absolute

Do

forever
divine
live

world

as

law
as

of

of you

that
if God
sense.

were

moves

were

He

the

as

is the

heavens

very

of

existence

shows

Conscience

are,

you

this

sternly, unwaveringly, uncompromisingly,

thy duty."

if you

as

you

reason.

says

this, it demands

you

to

of your

law, and
"

to

happiness, sublime

present

your

And

because

that

you

in all

things.

present
is not

to

seen

and

minister, of

It orders

all about

here
be

henceforth

labor

instrument,

an

shows

conscience

you,
you

then,
in this

here, indeed, with

113

KANT.

of

the eye

to

prove

God

were

law, which

at this

friend

ought

to

thus

God

whom

familiar

as

to you

town-clock,

the

as

or

because

in God

in

that

in

the

universe

it

as

the

visible

his

win

can

mere

is for

active

your
you

propose

in

his

n't,

believe

in

the

helm,

the
God

"

of

the

whole

notion

of

God's

speculation,
,

just

in

if it

as

did

that

theoretic

your

to behave

because

You

win, and

This

consciousness

faith

if you

all-powerfulwell-wisher

hypothesisto

calls

"

is at

world-order.

as

only, because a
right ought to win,

the

if God

to you

in him

atheism.

n't

were

sentimental

blank

reason

it does

rest, Kant,

the

of

if the

Kant

what

believe

that

sure

do

be

one

visible

as

isn't

don't

for

only

and

existence, a

For

is

invisible

and

It

charge

and

duty

is to

life would

sense-world

absolute

taintyas

this

You

the

sense

of

sure

daily walk,

your

you

contain

cannot

if

as

thus

live,to wit, as

to

as

only direct
as
by your

that

know

to

heavens

existence.

fear

one

man

the

because

you

And

ought

him

by

ear

your

you

in God.

have

long to, or

you

in

act

you

his

as

to

lation
specu-

companion,

regard

the

try

and

less must

visible

must

to know

"

postulatingGod's
that you

and

moment.

act, that

unsearchable

the

none

you

spoken

revelation,were
next

But

of

reason

Sense

is here.

he

constant

your

moral

the

that

fail you.

alike

if

wits

poor

our

theoretic

weak

even

Kant

critical

the

vain, for

1780, does

after

days

In

sense.

later

such

sense

were

one.

has

cer/

"

'
""

hope of
even
illustratinganything about God's
providence by
do, to our
appealing,as so many
experience of justicein
this world, or
Kant
means.
by any other theoretical
is no
optimist,just as he is no sentimentalist, about the
world

of

show

about
our

him

itself here

condemns,

present life

willinglylead
choice

The

experience.

and

were

happy

his

own

not

divine

below.
in

one

bound

Kant

that

by

some

n't very
much

sees

the

people

not

one

of

he

had

again, if

over

no

justicedoes

passage,

declares

life

years,

sort

of

viously
ob-

evil all
who

find
would

us

the free

duty

to

do

114

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

cynicallyof

short, speaks almost

those

earthlyjoys
and
his open-heartedness,
whereof, with all his cheeriness
The
few good things of life are
such
he tasted so little.
successful
toils, the
things as healthy friendships and
so

in

And

business, of conversation, and

of

routine

sober

yet

these

even

all of

are

them

of

ing.
think-

only relatively

good. The only absolutelygood thing in our world is a

good will, in a being who does his duty. Thus, then, our
and
resolute,
sense-world, if coldlycheerful for the brave
is still

place of

no

itself

manifest

namely,
to

absolute

the
of

of God.

in

Kant's

he

them

or

people at

reached

declares, in
of

for

hoping
do

in

his

is the

fault

its

main
one

of

he

says,

will

whole

see

tent
con-

own

way.

assurance.

that

passage,

subtle

stood.
misunder-

much

in

his

fancying it
old

He

age.

whether

The

need.

not

been

late
presses
ex-

consciousness

moral

Kant

Early, then,
Very late in his
this

get

ever

we

had
he

career

is

assurance

no

matter

of metaphyThe
philosophy at all.
sics
progress
in theologyis,"he observ3s,
fore
the easiest
[and therethe least] of all
her achievements, and,
although
"

"

"

"

"

concerned

with

the

recondite, but is
so

to

of us,

wants

thoughts as early as 1766,

theoretical
proofs of God's

same

proofs,

we

God

reveals

right,this
It has

piety.

Such
no,

he

mystery,

this, and

wants

life,a product

is still

existence.

he

the

the
substantially
when

is what

But

faith.

Especiallyare
thing

This

of

Kant's

was

consciousness.

moral

that

success

moral

our

Such

And

duty.

our

the

benevolence

conscience, despite all the

our

the mind

know

God's

does

nor

to

except

there, indeed, in
we

rewards

find their

they be

much
way

clear

by

here, if

insight,and

above

remote

so,

lost in the

Notice
Kant's

as

"

in

the

mazes

you
at

to

common

sense

fact, that
very

will,
the

at

same

as

the thinkers

light of

of the

is not

sense,

itself at all
to

the

have
sense,

common

losopher
phihere
lest

recondite."
once

time

the
the

novel

aspect of

simplicityand

115

KANT.

familiarityof
of

relations
far

so

the

it is

as

had

century

God

The

first of

as

demonstrable

the

novel, namely, justin

"

philosophicalinsight.

regarded

the

theory, as

of reason,

religionand

insight into

is his

Novel

thing.

all

object of
principleof the

and

source

seventeenth
an

being whose existence we had to

because
of the
submissively,helplessly,
accept, as it were,
To
this dogmatic faith in reason,
dogmas of reason.
skepticismhad later opposed its cruel objections. And
now
comes
Kant, whom
a
long experience of problems
visible

world, and

makes

dogmas
dogma,

and

but

as

as

doubts

hater

in

an

to live in the
are

uncommon

and

that

spiritualworld,
the

as

this

appeal, not
of

warrant

our

fashions

appeal

civilization

very

of Kant's

faith, is it

Consider

the

about

indeed

not

that

to

sentiment, but

to

civilization

all instinctive

of

which

philosophic
his

be

is his

For, I insist,this notion

is founded.

soul

old

loyalty upon

his

will

sense

of the

presence

of

some

theorizingin philosophy ;

courage

signed
cautious, critical, re-

men,

of

New

eternal.

new

all

determination

and

unseen

mystical faith, a destroyer of

faith, not as a
our
yet he gives us back
active postulate,as a free spiritualconstruction,
an

doubts,

as

above

skeptical
to

of

so

to

science
con-

the very
this

same

of

looking not only at the problems about God, but

the attitude
the affairs of worldlyexperience. Consider
soldier going into battle againsta foe whom
he knows
a

to

be

fashion
at

if he

of

nearly
is

win.

his match

brave

man,

in

has

n't

and
of

sort

some

like Kant's

Well, it is much

is this confidence

force

founded

In

He

arms.

confidence

possesses,

that

in God.

faith

experience?

than

of

won

win

by

any

yet been

well

as

about

victory,perhaps

battles.

Does

rational

intuition

he
?

know,
Is

it

even

more

then, that
an

will

In what

tle
No, this bat-

fought,so that experience is

guide as to this fight,and, as to the past, any old
is likely to know
from
experience a good deal
defeat, as

he

innate

not

his

soldier
about
of

lost

he

will

idea

in

116

SPIRIT

THE

that

him

he

is

of

him

is

sword

this

with

pointed,that

this

bullet

determination

of

victory.

thingsequal,the
force

is the
faith

fashioned

fullytakes
what

hold

of

very

idea

You

all

in.

know,

lives,in

and

world

certain

tolerable

does
as

n't show

for intuitive trust

noble

sentiments
Is

me.

of

answer
seems

the
stern

so

that

me

it to
that

fade

it is

out

it all tolerable

active
us

cowardice, so inspiringto

dignityand
yes, is
it

so.

Its

courage,
even

is
spirituality

to

our

Prove

life is

us

in

of

your

moments

our
"

answer

that

Your

only if,you
own

perience
Ex-

for

faith,

lost.

My

of

life forsakes

me."

to

presses
opcry

good.

love

the

moments

glorious,if,and

nothing. Awake,
evil,cleave

is the

We

us.

natural

temperament,
in

pain

us,

as
good. And
good, this I have

my

cares

ments,
disappoint-

be

to

their

whether

their

in

say

besets

such

from

example

calamity overwhelms
to

life

true.

come

choice

and

Evil

most

active

is to

own

them,

routine

not.

or

or

"

out

of

aspects

victory

by creatingthe

an

largely our

where

case

is in
is

take

to

win

activelycreates

faith

your

the

side which

there
It

been

to

unseen

which

faith.

that

that, other

is

the

he

win, that

to

minded

for the

and

wherein

it is

chagrin
bitterly, Prove

here

and

furthermore,

us,

that

Well, then,

their
responsibilities,
are

most

unseen,

vindicatingyour

of the

is thus

object,that

own

resolve

knows

army

his

that

bayonet has
winged, with

be

soon

Each

be

is this

belief

set

are

this

conquer,

of that

everyday life,how
our

will

preciselyby

it believes

this way

to

its

create

can

will be

destined

His

teeth

that

which

force

faith

active,manly

his

would

so

say

experience assures

nor

sense.

his

sharpened,

to

sentimental

is it of

win, that

to

No

merely

is identical

win

win

to

PHILOSOPHY.

intuition

datum

no

is minded

he

No

victory.

assurance

will

going
Neither

trifling.

mere

MODERN

OF

The
which

answer

weakness
of

and

spiritual
is tolerable,

world

activelymake

creation,

or

else

is

arise,be willing,endure, struggle,defy

good, strive,be strenuous, be devoted, throw

KANT.

of evil and

into the face

and
will

with

glow

with
the

eternal

world

My

illustrations
notion

the difference

inadequate to

the

postulate,but

of the

our

describingthus
despair,I am, as

an

attitude

with

You

final

truth
spiritual

far

as

it.

life

there

only

for the

the soul has

us

only

he

because

the

because

we

overcometh

the

faith,but

not

You
core

am

notion

notion

He

know

It

see

for his

more

of Kant's

of modern

choose

to

in

manly soul
something that is

His
far

that, so

our

our

fullyhow

doctrine.

practicalmen

This
of

is with

him

mind

if

exists

victory that
tal
sentimen-

our

faith.

highly common-sense
is,if you

as

lies,it shall

us

creative

high

found

kingdom

intuition,not

moral,

because

has

of

is the

This

conquer.
not

then

in

as

seizes

of the

ideal

our

truth,
innate

blessing. God

serve

as

because

us

hero, finds God

the

God,

here,

it is that

ours

life

senses.

our

live,our

thus

attitude

from
to

am

tion
rela-

our

conceives

blessing,and

wrestlingis

cerned
con-

of faith

comes

of

the

world,

of

it,is neither

the

here

piety,Kant's

notion.

activityof

to

and

controversy.

Kant's

to

into

sign we

our

of

is because

part of his philosophy,that

resolved

are

In this

come.

that

expression

the

introduces

we

present

were

this

of

determination

wrestled

after all that

full

truths

us.

experience.

our

good,

yourself."

deepest

Kant's

; and

can

This

the

God, then, justas the courage

upon

makes

mortals
from

make

hold

you

theoretical

we

ideas, nor
we

to

rights

this heroic

essence

later in the
so

the

religious
problems, Kant's

towards
is in

see

viewing

only trying to introduce

to

for

with

to
spiritual
courage
more
statinga mood,
all along the
contrast

once

see,

you

of

the

relations

no

of

answer

Spinoza suggested

which

way

the

life.

this way

mune
com-

objectstreated.

In

between

of destiny

will

you

make

you

here

of

of

as

of hatred

cry

universe

Then

have

you

such

brave

this dark

light.

For

save
are

then

divine

eternal.

the

of Kant's

depression your

resistance,and

of

117

is

dom
will, the wis-

everywhere.

118
"

don't

world,"

SPIRIT

know

much

such

says

looking

now

PHILOSOPHY.

God

about

himself,

but

"

one,

I propose

and

to

might

call the

simple, so

stern,

about

or

know

can

tho
of

something
if God

behave

as

took

this

Well, Kant

me."

at

MODERN

OF

an

nature,

own

my

THE

were

doctrine

of

and, as we
higher common
sense,
in his theoretical
shall also see
philosophy,he applied
to
it to everything from
theology. So applied
geometry
the thing becomes
vastlyinvolved, prodigiouslytechnical,
But
the hearty and
life-time.
work
of
the
humane
a
Kant
stirred his age
in his quiet
so
profoundly because
he
of
carried, deep in his pious soul, a doctrine
way
what

life

one

so

it.

sensible, that all modern

and

manly

This

is,indeed, the
midst

in the

reared

heroic, and

so

wonder

yet

men

of

universally

so

touched

were

Kant, that,

by

born

and

of

of books, a
man
pedantry, a mere
system-maker, a metaphysician,he should still express the
of the world.
I am
very heart of the high-minded man
of things,"
far Kant
and
so
very ignorant of the nature
"

"

the

of

man

duty,and
this

the

world

determined

am

doctoine, and,

as

is with

Kant.

in

reflective
in

means

God's

the

of
into
of

one

It

world.

foundations

the

eye,"
of

of

means,

in

more

my

Kant's
man

course,

it

than

sense

leads

"

him

of human

philosophicalexperience,of

to

an

reason,

ing
wander-

tion
hypothesisto hypothesis,of criticism,of resignathe

research.
Kant's

thinker, far

research

from
to

know

high-minded

doctrine, however,

man

decades

means

under

the

more

once

see,

you

This

the

exhaustive
it

as

I do

other, the practically

positiveside

is the

the

live

to

but

"

together;

are

And
case

so

fearless

with

truth, combined

that, again, is why

elaborate

it

constructive

finallytakes

in

form.

gious
reliproceed. If Kant's
little change with years, his
consciousness
underwent
theoretical
1755, when
opinions were
subjected between
To

he

this

entered

1781,

when

form

itself

upon

he

his

we

now

docentship

published

his

"

at

the

Critiqueof

university, and
Pure

Reason,"

120

magic,
they

shown

longings
of

truth

distinct

and

of opaque
that

pure

our

It is

Hamlet.

to

all the

how, amidst

presence

PHILOSOPHY.

only superstitionshows

not

were

and

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

of

And

clear

continuallyin the
ultimate
of prinfacts, yes, even
ciples
could n't have
reason
predicted
nature,

we

are

"

the
and

Kant

nature.

of

littleness

the

examines

thus

proves

for the

reason

law

of

often

gravitation.
how

meditates

logic,after all,give you

Can

things.

that

"

inner

wayward

is his

things,as

justscience

our

principles,for instance, as
how
for man,
mysterious
as

such

such

you

our

these

upon

world

he

powers,

illogical
Kant

As

it

as

grows,

enjoyment of his logic. He is n't

He
that you
can
so
spin the world out of reason.
sure
of things can
be made
the
whether
secret
doubts
ever
the highestfinite intelligence.Perhaps the
to even
open
all
lesson of philosophy will prove to be resignation. At

So

far Kant
life

They

of

lover

few
a

of

of
are

; he

often

seemed

mistress

my

those

fashions

he

of

work.

He

to

indeed,

be

to

has

days, and

dead

leaves

moulder

fertilize it for the

it

was

the

autumn

into

self
him-

and

new

pointed.
disap"

me

later,Kant

as

jotted down

the

of

fallen

the

dark

for

such

soil,if

coming springtime;
of

be

to

shown

chaotic-seemingdead leaves
lay,as it were, forgottenamidst
secret
thought. He cared little

let the

so,

poor.

imagined

notes,

his

Since

he

were

discoveringa great

; but

In

far."
odd

forest

now,

Often

him.

his work

his university

fortune," he says, in 1766,

the

have

that

say

of

results

of

reflection

may

years

As

had

of

is

thought

thinking.

so

numberless

notes

reflective

first ten

of

Metaphysics

favors

student

The

verge

very

"

the

discouraged

the

method

in

went

docent.

as

almost
on

of

failure

every

caution.

be

to

sure

the

of

lesson

the

events

in

ascetic

an

were,

we

and

his silent meditations.

busilyhunted for such

the autumn
leaves as did not moulder, and to-day there
Kant
elsearchives
in the Konigsberg library,and
his

death, Kant's

lovers

have

121

KANT.

where, where
of

bits

such

to

they

paper

thriftyKant

wasted

dinner,

house.

Kant

only on

its

text, such

has

ity can

refolded

of

as

such

only
adds

that

The

say, is

So

letter,and

Mr.

diameter

quoted Latin

then

tion
invita-

old

So's

countrywritten, not

has
and

Charisius

that

in

lary
capil-

thereto
there

the

construction

of

idea

the

He

title of

the

paragraph of metaphysics.
given to us through sensation, but

be

has

high.

so

verses,

its

through

Stockheim

rises

water

and

poor

an

and

this term, and

course

some

two, and

then

notes

Herr

the

prized. Singular

back, but perchance all about

adds, perhaps,
or

visit at

fees for the

tube

and

nothing. Here,

to

or

kept

these

are,

memoranda

paid his

book

things are

Kealception
per-

of quantity;

of
just three functions
apperception; but the mind itself givesus the only idea of
what
synthesismeans.
Thereupon, perhaps Kant
jots
down
a
a
triangleor two, makes
computation, and lets his
marks.
What
one
note-making degenerate into illegible
wonders

are,

is the

at

moreover,

numbers

vast

of

such

Kant

scraps.

thought go by. The margins and interleavof his lecture text-books, were
ings of his books, especially
also full of such things. So unwearied
Kant.
The
was
so
one
fly on and he notes and notes
fruitlessly,
years
would
think !
He is so faithful to his thoughts,and yet
let

never

"

merciless,

so

for
fair

or

have

he

takes

shape

them
grows,

forest.

Yet

from

and

pain to give them

organization. Later

to
so

The

bearing

is indeed

illustrations

several

places

of

meaning,
and

in Reicke's

notes

Lose

above

Blatter

them

to

of his

not

; he

flection
re-

flies

tion
his life of medita-

justlike

more

be
of

the

1768, Kant

brought

Kant's

the

outcome

thoughts ?

About
are

aus

form

jottingsseem

will

in it all.

less,
merci-

permanent

casting down

method
Kant's

what

; so

children

The

ones.

spared. He loves
new
thoughts. On and on
once
slowly,so patiently,
is the

What

there

earlier

never

of this endless

no

forgotten the
are

from

faithful,for they all go down

so

"

together

Nachlass.

122

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

fashion
of thinking. The
wholly new
world
at
undergoes a change for him, whose significance,
He
observes, in a
can
first,he himself
hardly estimate.
shows

of

traces

fashion, and

fresh

with

physicalworld

the

and

time
in

space
the

put the

conform

the

The

laws

must

be

in, and

laws

she

no

with

be

to

space

have

to

perforceobey
her things,and
first in order.

later,and
logically
But

laws.

space

in

were

matter

come

it were,

the

of

for

room

as

have

must

of space

laws

physics come,

congruent

other

get

The

laws

Nature

of space.

time.

of

the

ing
concern-

there

case

about

thoughts about

matter

in any
so

truth

of his

some

would

all truth

the

upon

Whatever

way.

; else could

with

so

the

I reword

matter

to

geometry
even

own

accent, how

dependent

world, there

outer

to

is

space.

my

novel

on

space,

of
to the laws
obliged to conform
is done
can't be
Just as
matter.
the principlethat what
the principlethat a straightline is the
undone, even
so
shortest
between
distance
two
points,or that you can't
the right hand, illustrates formal
put the left glove on
laws
of the world, prior in nature
laws of matter.
to the
with
Moving bodies may fly as fcheywill in accordance
laws

of

hand, is

physics. They

flyin accordance
to move
so
as
through the shortest
fly in straightlines. The matter

possible law
and

have

may

could
a

not

yet

hands

permit

change

the

in the

left

know

world's

The

i. p.

point

on,

what

importance

in agreement

nature

go

on

of

of

space
the

the

go
and

truths

distances
of
;

your

nothing

righthand

make

together to
time
that

but

Geometrical

geometry.

time,

what
about

to

it will

any

are,

and

condition

you
the

existence.1

very

Well, then,

vol.

laws

something

or

laws

necessary

possible. Know

nature

laws

glove to

the

with

cannot

what

laws, then, like

will

not

so

262).
I follow

are

here

given

far with
See

RiehPs

also

partly

and

space

view

Caird,

the

views

the

to

op.

time ?

About

well-known

essay

1769,
of

1768

it

is

(Der PhilosophischeKriticismus,
cit. vol.

of Benno

i. p.

Erdmann.

164.

From

this

123

KANT.

to Kant

occurred

observe

to

both

that

time

and

space

are,

regarded as real things,thoroughly and hopelessly

in their nature.
Kant
was
self-contradictory
paradoxical,
another
fond in those
days 1 of settingover
against one
truths, and giving
opposing assertions about fundamental
when

fair chance

old

this

sides

both

to

in

of

method

the

research

orated
elab-

He

controversy.

in

carefullyand

very

he called it by
originalfashion, and in consequence
of his own
choosing. He used it to bring
specialnames
the paradoxicalcharacter
that after all lies so deeply
out
imbedded
in the very heart of all human
plying
thinking. Apof analysis to space
this fashion
and
time, Kant
found
as
realities,as facts
that, if you once
regard them
an

outside

existent

assertions

opposed
of
is

pair

of such

puzzling;

say

that

small

be

as

look

but

at it

to be
an

The

true.

instant.

Of

result

space

that is,that
divisible,
infinitely

you

like, the
that

again,so
cutting. This

you
is

namely, space
apart from

space

could

real
of

is

real, and

it up

cut

is made

so

as
can

of your

it too,

prove

thing that stays there

it. Equally certain

can

you

the end

can

you

far

so

size,and

reach

never

say, and

can

ideas

your

case

parts will still have

you

both

yet prove

it is

cut

in

assertions

cally
diametri-

make

mind, you can

about
them, and

own

your

be

to

if,

cut,

ever,
is, how-

it

of parts, that

up

like a heap
then, if you let it in conception crumble
away
of sand, to find what
in the last analysisit is made
of,

there

be

must

which

atoms,

found
you

and which
analysis,
a
heap of manifold
conceive

it to

Therefore,

if

Kant,

it is

See

that
the

could

could

this

units

there

introduction

to

fienno

Kritischen Philosophic,vol. ii. p.

xxxv.

Erdinann's

if there

sand, and

of

sake

reality,you
divisible and
infinitely

space

For

ideal

of

process

of

heap

bits for the

many

is

by

n't divide.

parts, like

are

parts, real space-

ultimate

reach

you

fall into
there

surelywhere

somewhere

that

you

then
analysis,

must

can

is

be

prove,

units.
thinks

it isn't

ReflexionenKanVs

infizut

124

That

nitelydivisible.
result

absurd

an

objects. This

The

to

It

all.

unreal

be

of this

whole
is

Kaut

just an

idea

of

of

the

outside

the first half of Kant's

and

of

critical

in

of outer

Space
be

can

What

is

all

thus

follows

outer

no

That

us.

and

priorof

time

nature

versal
uni-

yours,

him.

minds.

our

such

holds, that

conditions

space

seeming outer
phenomenon

mere

now

does

consciousness

your

revolutionaryfor

And

what

so

already said, are

physical nature.
proved

is

result

had

time, he

condition

inner

but

but

It proves,

all,but

at

PHILOSOPHY.

absurd,

seems

prove?

real

is n't

space

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

fact at

doctrine

is

philosophy.

rv.

In

time

and

that

he

wrote

now

he

as

space,

his

on

Konigsberg.
proof of his new
Kant

stated

he

1770,

In

says,

facts,know

they existed

well

as

he
and

too

much

as

more

could

we

than

we

can't

about
a

could

have

be

real,

them, know
mathematical

with

possess

ourselves.

really beyond

time

and

time

with

n't

dissertation

professor'schair at
gives yet another

Space

know

of
subjectivity

regard to

found

out

if

stance,
know, for in-

We

they are for our minds, that

infinite wholes, priorto any of their own
parts as
to the things that exist in them.
Furthermore, as

of

they are

of

dissertation

we

the

notion, in

his

observation, but

not

outer

called

doctrine.
for

of

theory

assumption

this

by bare
completeness such

them,

this

space

as

to be
to us
easilysee, space and time don't seem
propertiesof things,as color and taste are ; nor yet are
Bather
are
ditions
they separate things of nature.
they justconof our
sense-knowledgeof things. So, then, they
can

you

can't

be

Kant
or

at

therefore

sense-forms.

because

us,

real

it is

our

all,except
calls space

facts

as

and

Our

world

seems

own

nature

to

time
to

view

of

consciousness.

our

of

forms
be
it

to
us
Space and time appear
merely because they are conditions

perception,

in space
as

spatialand
belong

to

in

and

us

of

our

time
poral.
tem-

outside

seeing

125

KANT.

feeling things, forms

and

colored

with

as

goggles,all
space

sense,

would

and

time, which

It

of

fashions

own

our

largelyin

was

state

Kant

proof,that

outside

to

later
us,

which

of

ceiving
per-

fact

they

They

are

perceive.

we

doctrine, which

this

rather

arouse

of

forms

all.

at

declare

to

came

Even

In

us.

us

of

consequence

green

him.

forms

receivingthe thingsthat

outside of

themselves

seem

all,in its outcome,

after

now,

real

them

wore

these

under

just our

are

of truth

to

green

always perceive

n't revelations

always

one

we

things,cannot
are

If

seem

but

It is with

sense.

onr

spectacles.

his world

because

so,

of

in its full

than

the

that

things

sensations,the

our

thingsas they are in themselves, since they can't be spatial,

body
Nonor
temporal,are in fact utterly unknowable.
the real world
what
can
prove the least thing about
We
is.
know
first of all only our
sense
own
impressions,
which

whatever

are

that

there

things beyond

are

But

sense-forms.

our
we

find out

ever

of

It has

what

We

We

sense.

in time.

they happen

know

law

and

science finds there.

as

which

us

off from

cut

seeming

our

order

in

Astronomy

is true

world, although in the absolute

world

and

the

although
But

It

can

what

the stars

thus, you

see,

and

have

we

critical doctrine

at

least, was

works

reached.

device

of

In

the

sions
illuand
order

seeming
space,

no

is unknowable.

are

limit to science.

thingsin themselves.
to be one
ultimatelycame

limits of all theoretical

the

and

is

there

should

in space

for the

atoms

found

by

law

know

never

That,

them

it,such

through

how

are,

world

also

know

view

we

things

those

are

We

be.

to

And

so

Kant's

of the

sary
neces-

thought.
idea

1770, he

that

Kant

in

his

later

still

hoped to find by some

selves
knowledge of things in them-

logica way to a
of space
sense-forms
beyond our private and human
and
time.
But from
this hopeful
dogmatic slumber
calls it) Hume's
him
(as he once
awoke
skepticismfinally
in the
years immediately following1772.1

"

"

Of

several

hypotheses current

in

the

literature

of

the

topic I

126

MODEKN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

V.

it

Hume

his

by
facts

In

Kant.

of

limits

of

seeming

examines, could

forms,

does

n't

whether

or

and

this

years.
"

great

only

world
shown

knows
he

order

so

to

The

of

Critique."

and

because

the

Erdmann.
to

the

called
date.

years
in

the

as

to their

choose

no

see

his

And

world

nature,

that

is

after

probable.

The

awakening

question

1762
this

in

new

stars

to

to

as

influence
1766.

view, and

nature,

genuine
fixity,

wanted

make

to

for

some

expressed in

was

in

is forced

of Hume

to

as

able
conform-

obey

try,
geome-

show-nature,

us

ing:"
follow-

sense-forms

our

to

appear

before

like the

formerly

Professor

Paulsen

suggested

1769

of
as

referred

Berlin
more

our

Benno

largelyfollow
was

the
and

result,the second

us

in

are

able
discover-

in silence

all,is just

Here

The
sense-

they

as

itself,has

over

upon

are

of is that

Kant

by

seen

soon

in it.

time

something

Nature, then,

most

from

or

reflection

time, it is bound
laws.

and

sure

thought it

the

narrow

looks

order

have

be

Well,

the

science

the

not
to

it.

He

of space

are

seeming space-and-

space

or

wants

thing,too.

far

there

with

it,uniformity,causal

in

result

the

which

greater half of his doctrine,was

In

but

why they
deeply affected

content

whether

care

reasonableness, about
out

know

we

can't

you

real, in show-space

or

law

be

he

What

themselves.

seeming

ideas

facts, but

was

; if

sense-forms

our

astronomer

pressions
Im-

connected.

of Hume's

altogether. He

up

time-world, the
and

of experience

already almost given up findingout

thingsby logic. He was
ready very

outer"

give it

to

world

flection
re-

experienced necessity?

are

criticism

This

the

never

or

things happen

Kant's

to

had

Kant

nature

there

touch
in

and

causation,
sense

see

happen.

must

that

Hume,

says

saw

of

You

links.

assertion

know,

world

the

final

only conjoined,and

yet

ever

the

gave

stern

are

we

who

who

was

first

likely

128
A

sane

of ideas,
the

from

or

this moment

past and

say

(although he

is filled with

does

use

von

flightyseemings. The
ordinarilyexpress
himself, as we

of

"

thereby

of his

essence

his

Kant

show-world.

have

just

latter

word

rational

named
;

think

sanityto

has

calls

Kant

would

world

outer

it is of

does

in

yonder

not

I
the

use

of

condition

and

process

the

for what

name

himself

"

cause
just be-

there

technical

that,

to

thought,

just because

He

this

this

central

connections
a

sanity.

he

it, binds

seeming

himself,

collect

does

with

moment

as

of

out

own

Kant's

is

his

in

links

sees

he

this

and

thereby,

and

this,that

it were,

as

soul,

this, my

flight

illustration),
Erscheinungen, with a mass
sane
man
continuallycollects

not

Gewilhl

in

most

links this

other's

the

maniacal

looks,

larger self,and

future, while

the

with

man

moment,

every

his

to

PHILOSOPHY.

patientin delirium,

at

man,

sane

from

differs

man

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

all

Transceyidental

Unity of appercep*
involves
self-recognition
; but
is indeed
at it carefully,
seen

consciousness
It

and
depends upon
if you
look
self-recognition,
the binding of fact to fact in your
to include
experience.
of
If I be I, as I think I be, says the little old woman
the song,
The
then
will my
little dog know
me.
poor
is
the
woman
remember, to recover
striving,
unity of
you
tion.

her

apperception, of

link fact

Kant

She

her.

deprived

to

know

sense

of

thought-forms,or
in her

way,

grasped

of

the

categories. For

B.

The

"

sanity

remote

as

idea

Critique,"the

illustration

of the

his

own

in

The

once

"

Unity

of

many

wording.

be, then

of

my

puzzling part

of

deduction
to

am

Apperception
of

the

then, had,

transcendental
if I

so,

will

authority

most

aspects

even

deeper just

little woman,

more,

has

By striving to

certain

of that

so-called

is, I think, justified,

by
it is from

how

is, recognize the

the

"

incident

recent

I think

I, as

categories.

Kant's

"

it, and

sense-world
that

and

sleepyexperience. Well,

if I be

my

me,

sad

seeks

fact in her

holds, that

phenomena

which

"

Kant's

by

be
the

at

this

idea

of

phraseology

129

KANT.

moment

then

sane,

than

this

momentary

were,

with

my

in

give

They

mind

my

yet another
of

and

space

which

in

In

as

far

so

This

desk,

time, is the

simply

together

this

makes

am

other

ideas

of

unity

before

sanity,

and

see

I say

person

form

sense

feelings,holds

of

what

take

to

natural

of my

mass

mind, I

me,

fact in my

product

sensible

here

in my

facts

desk
as

coherent
sort

some

it

understanding.
communicable,
a
typical,a

in itself.

example,

the

as

the tools of my

are

objects a
By connecting

my

more

now

n't

are

and

doing this,causation,

character.

universal
connect

to

much

as

communicate,

must

future, which

my

in nature,

of connection

self.

past and

And

at all.

regard myself

must

touch.

myself,

to

"

All

just at this point of space must

I make
somehow
an
belong together. Hereby only can
objectout of them, having a permanent type that I can
cohere
also somehow
recognizeagain. This object must
feelings of

these

with

I have

what

mine

before, because

seen

am

self,and

one

somehow
hold
experience must
together. Therefore
that it persistsin
I say that the objecthas substantiality,
it came
into being somethiug protime, that whenever
duced
it as its cause,
and so on."
Thus, you see, I bring
the table into my
coherent experience
world, into the one
my

which

constitutes

whole

my

I look
is

up

actual
; to

moment

my

my
and

this I
so

far

larger self. To my larger self,to

possiblecoherent experience,always
make
active appeal. The
moment
my
only

it conforms

as

universal

the

to

and

orderlytypes of my whole self-consciousness.

In large part, however, this process
of constructively
side
world
its theoretical
coherent, is, on
making my
indeed
mind

are

blind
but

unconscious, just as
often

of

forms

my

necessarilyself-conscious

Kant

calls

forms

of

this

inventions

busy

thought to

and

the

of

artistic

me

reasonable

sanity.
applicationof the
whereby we make

defense

sense,

an

is in

thought,

half-blind

facts

of

There

unconsciously made.

application of
not

the

of

my

130

THE

of

and

of tables
and

PHILOSOPHY.

the

houses

of nature,

laws

get

we

and
he

"

and

suns

of

say
as

time

God,

it has

yet of the moral

nor

great genius makes

involuntary,hidden
this

givesus

from
As

what

sense,

this

unreal

coherent
do

know

not

the

things in

And
those

world

that

the truths

that

doctrine
and

and

never

have

we

unmistakable
of

could
have

us

no

forms

much

the

; it is

of

our

is all about
have

could

do

but
us

nothing
support

nothing.

flightof ideas,

mere

the

understanding,
meaning

no

dering
imagination to renThat
is justwhy we
of thought apply to

any

power

reality,the show-world,

the

up.

poem

when

more,

we

to

come

the

law, which

moral

quires
re-

order,
eternallysignificant
We
us
beyond sense.
possibility
carry
to

nal

only the

not

and

of

prison of

is

world

constructively
voluntary
the rest, we
have
a right to trust
be proved." For by this theoretical
can
shown
that nothing but the clear
pure

demands

theoretical

builds

sense.

our

thought ;

rest, have

these

the

nation

the

to

continual

of

notions

of

submission

by

ever

so

objects of

faith,namely, God
"

nothing

themselves.

it is thus
other

of

that

constructive

our

all that

be

of

servant

knowledge, we

would

these

so

our

at

the forms

rienced
expe-

forms

it builds

Without
gives us.
poeticalfacultyof ours

appliedby

as

mind, the

and
causation, substantiality,

except

law

it

insane,

and

the

in the
of

oui

power

solid world

sensations, unformed,

of

how, he knows

of theoretical

than

constructive

"

poem,

minister

bright and

and, in the way

better

away

the

understanding,
it

theoretical

as

star-systems

calls,I say, this busy

world-buildingpower of our minds the

imagination." It builds solelyon the basis
sensations
; it produces purely in
and

sublimest

great world

our

inner

space

the

to
firelight

science, whereby

people and

and

atoms

MODERN

picturesin

everything,from
constructions

OF

SPIRIT

inner

an

whereby

life,or

from

which

our

can

the

purely phenome.

the

inner

escape

constructive

Theoreticallyspeaking,our
which

from

we

life makes.

imagi

show-world
Hence

only

131

KANT.

homage

our

if

in

were

we

beyond
have

the

close

most

these

The

but

sense,

the

are

our

same

all work
of

powers
in the

one

this world

is

give us

of

order

causation

our

of

the
Thus

it is in all its

of

of

of
thus

tion,
organizaof

world

our

stars, too,

with

sense

creation.

of

other
we

just

our

nature

an

The

constructive

These

order
outer

world,

of

first perceive

we

that

imagination,which

is

our

creatures,
the

we

laws

of

forms

are

world, is still for

world

"

this demands

realized

in

of

fact,

personality demands

our

to

case

world, which, while

inner

an

conform

are

coherent

get

all

us

the

"

causality,necessity,and

understanding

For

things

according to
categories which

unity
experience;
should

it were,

as

unknown

sense
"

similar

state

time, because

all alike

sanityand

life.

To

The

and

space

apparently

us

unity of

of the

ideas

experiences.

world

our

thought.

world

whole

The

science.

formula:

sense

forms

and

of

the

sanity,of

perceiving. Then, being

this

world

of

inner

an

general

the

in

and

without

not

understanding. We all have part,

ideal self of humanity's experience.

themselves

the

laws

facts of sense,

to the

still creates

similar

upon

the

stars,

our

finally,in

each

we

is the

sum,

creates

them, indeed,

reference

work

be
experienced by us, must
understanding is orderly. That you and I
world
the fact that
depends merely upon

they

orderly,as

of

unknown

Hence

Such, then, in

coherence, the unity,the

because

way

the

as

free

our

things,this

understanding

constant

business, of society,and

alike

of

view

it.

creates

nature,
and

of

facts
the

we

with

act

we

them, in truth, merely by activelyuniting together

creates

see

relations

beyond

world.

phenomenal

of

that

us

life,is morally insufficient.

inner

of my

content

into

us

practical

our

only this,and

"

theoretical

postulate God

to

world,

put

The

sense.

of the

of art

eternal

an

obey, can

choice to

of

demands
categorically

which

reason,

imperative of

absolute

the

to

the

that
laws

all the
in

the

our

of

other
world

working

show-

thought

categories
through

in

the

ser-

132
of

vice

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

understanding activelyputs

the

them

into

the

once

stroys
de-

world.
VI.

marvelously

this

By

and

builds

The

nothing

as

freeman

the

outward
of

hates

destructive

that

would

that

absolute

adoration

the

To

doctrine.

in

of

the

of

the

moral

rience
expe-

innate

ideas

order,
He

place.

no
"

Critique

to

votes
de-

elaborate

an

speculativedogmatism.
hates

invented

submission

to

for

the

an

pretensions

limited

our

all this

the

by

As

powers.

Sake

mere

of

One

him
to
certaintyremains
enough. It is that certaintyof

Kant's

system

eternal

order

law

takes
took

the

place

Spinoza's

in

its consequences,

and

Kant

important of his later works.

You
know
only that rigidorder of the world
theoretically
of show
which
is indeed
enough for empiricalscience, but
which
about
to talk
things as they
gives you no warrant
in themselves.
But
do know
are
one
tainty
practicalceryou
You
know
which
that
sends
far beyond sense.
you
thing
ought to do right,and doing rightfor Kant is someyou
devoted

three

of

in his
sense.

To

do

could
to

act,

right,thinks

Kant,

is to

whole

act

after

fashion

law

on

method

is

its

of

the

duty

that

life.

There

absolute.

and

wish

It

the

between

case

Inclination

universal

dwell

most

simple, rigid,and

very

of

the

has

Kant

so

bare

Spinoza's eternal

transcend

assert

law, which

moral

the

"

order

skepticism.

is indeed

which

the

tyrants,

yet he does n't

And

Cartesian

theory

form

absolute

and

thought

of

of every

undermining

of

for

fact, Kant's
sections

long

of

the

at

Locke's

world

Even

more.

any

outward

an

world

Kant

thought

The

up.

vanishes.
is

subtle

world

moral

law

are

and

at

any

The

moral

reasonableness

in

to

be

law

made

time

admits

action.

for

promise
com-

desires
Kant.
as

you

agents should

full of moral

worthy

no

the

friends

no

act

is

public and

of

Kant

no

tions.
exceploves

to

simple and awful sublimity. Universality of

Abso"
or
principleof your conduct is its aim.

133

KANT.

lute truthfulness,absolute
of
the

of honor,
simplicity,

lay he

in him

in

rare

in the life of the world

ignorance,you
sublimely,and

is

moved

is

right, thus

the

there

there

who

God

to

so

acted
will

in

trust

honorable

one

sees,

is not

sane

and

active

unification

and

then

This
whole

hasty

world

reasonably

and

doing, a

of

that
are

wise
as

yours,

but
insight,

world

whose

first of

dom
highestwis-

conceives.

reason

put before

now

and

triumph,

personal experience,

Kant's

not

yon,

I know

not

to

even

you,

in my

wonders

and

most

who

do not
that

work, and

spend

lives

their
it may,

all what
you

anything

philosophy

of

temples

of

the

of

rest

aspect, an
of Kant,

of

these

lectures

exposition of
so

that

we

to

the

shall know

be

to

appear

consequences
it better

Well,

has

and

gested
sug-

created
for

as

remember

of

those

if I have

which

you,

suit
pur-

of its dimmest

is done

doctrine

when

long

wanderings.

in such

will

him

such

how

faith, may

to

to

seem

present century

present obscurity of the whole

tlety
sub-

utterlyfragmentary

recesses

duty

my

this

professionalstudent

now

into the

life,even

sacred

to

its

tude
manly attiskepticism,he

wearisome

how

his

began

his

subtletyand

forgetshow
of the inner

the

thus

your

quality. The
these things used

suggestion of

the

now

and

absolute
of

all his

been

itself has

be

And

doctrine, but something of the fine and

always maintained.

he

of

has

which, amidst

often

ideal.

this world

of the ideal that

sketch

infrequent

even

triumphs. You
that is simply the

And

do.

to

honorable

is the service

as

and

stern

it

that

because

and

of

far

so

limitation

out, will

see

God,

thing

of
justice,

of your

behave

to

to

associated
with your
havior
benecessarily
and
to trust
faithfully
absolutely

determination

that

bound

are

It is

it is Kant's

but

of

ideal,and

philosophy,and

dom
free-

devotion

utter

it.

to

true

In this show-world

says

is Kant's

such

"

always

was

rigidideal,very
he further

fellow-men,

your

high-mindedness,of honesty,

of

cause

of

one

every

respect for the rightsand

that

necessity,in
of

this

hereafter.

the
all
one

theory

134

then, is

our

oppositepole

of

What,
the

an

have

how

seen

this

from

the

of

fair

two

He

of

of

that

stand, I think, for

even

have
of

the

of

sure

the

men

far

the

how

as

self,
himWe
away

cism
skeptiin

Kant,

built

Strongly contrasted
Spinoza and that of

as

the

more

once

are

these
both

Kant,

elements, in the

for

eye

eternal.

life drew

skepticism,

moments,

Spinoza's

with

too

as

seen

almost

lute
dogmatic, abso-

sure,

inner

reason,

wilderness

systems,

substance

was

the

we

world.
spiritual

which

that

being thus
contemplating

Now

this

reached

and

in

confidence

have

the

saw

study of

the

Hume.

of
midst

himself

lost

We

from

reflection

undoubting reason.
in his pretensions;
he

PHILOSOPHY.

outcome

Spinoza

system occupied.
of

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

higher

synthesis of the
thought of humanity. Whether
any
Both
for us,
have
is possible,we
two
are
yet to see.
thus
far, experiences of humanity, stages of fortune
man's
spiritpasses ; and as for Kant's
through which
stage, he
and

sense

world

of

minded

shows,
of

do

aspect, the
to

our

which

"

livingwill

its

because

its natural

in the

Flow

thro'

That

we

has

made

voice

cry

With

Until
And

above

the

with

all

shock,

of dust

that

hears,

works,

comes

of

never

we

close

with

we

flow

from,

them

out

conquer'd
us

that

make

and

him

unto

as

truths

suffer

shall

lift from

faith that

The

endure

seems

deeds

our

that

one

shalt

spiritualrock,

may

To

that

it

years

and

trust,

self-control,
can

all

pure,

we

soul

be

proved

loved,
in soul."

is

coherence

thought, then, is,in

Tennyson

all that

Rise

"

still builds

"

When

"

reason

of

Kant's

of

the

truth, builds
virtue

by

courage.

thought

time

ideal

builds

so,

its moral

and

of

and

ruins

amidst

how,

see,

you

doubt, the triumphant

law

to

as

so

one

familiar

136
in

so,

forsake

through which
I had

learned

he tells us,

naive
him.

joyous trust in life

When," says Spinoza,

"

surroundingsof life are vain

pilgrimagebegan. A longtraining,

his

needed

was

solitudes where

he

he

ere

became

found
ultimately

seek that he

in those

It was,

God.

to learn

came

home

at

for all the

through a contempt
multitude

have, accordingto

you
and

that all the

so

"

the

PHILOSOPHY.

God,

first see

you

futile,"

and

MODERN

relations with

your

Spinoza,to
"

OF

SPIRIT

THE

he

clares,
de-

thingswhich

the true

the

good,beyond

all that

they seek, namely,the peace which the world can

neither give nor
take away.
Encouraging to us about
in a wisdom
Spinozawas, then,that his tale ended joyously,
exalted
beyond all the phantom
whereby he was
"

world

of

; but

and stern
about
his
him
was
grave
"
is so toilsome ;
for
[ teachingthat the way to this wisdom
all thingsexcellent,"he says, " are
difficult as they are
as
sense

rare."
This
res

lesson,that

minds

It

was

century thinkers

guidance of
and

joy of

spiritis

the

that

forbade

had

them

intuitive

the

even

his fellows

to

final the

as

which

Spinoza
implicitly.It was a
to

reason

all trusted

accept

so

in reflection that drove these

necessary
progress
their scrutiny
whose
of the inner life,a scrutiny
we

found

exemplifiedby

spoken, but weighty

illusion."
Whoever

But
has

never

of that way,

opened

not

wandered

discussion.

be

able

We

which

It has
have

to

that
of
knock
Kant

opened

at

sophistryand
to

seems

Via

both

"

first of all

entered,and what

now

do

of
find,not what, in the childlike simplicity

we
our

at
men

of the

and

the door

us

sure

me

Dolorosa
reason

before

to

men

tragedy
cheerfully

lightlyand

this,at all events, still

the door

to him.

Hume's

gloomy words,

and

eighteenthcentury's doubt
alike,will

indeed

thing,is stillfurther deepened in our

tury.
struggleof thought in the eighteenthcennot the mere
waywardness of the eighteenth-

the

by

true

stern

severa,

the

sense

the end
found

in the

last

find ?

We

first love

137

FICHTE.

of truth
sense,

or

reason

enter

the

should

have

desired,

divine

order

manifest

we
a

something

but

door,

new

by

guidance by

the

God

unseen

in the

first

Kant,

to

voice

faith

henceforth

are

"Work

solution.

Build

"

shattered

All

reason.

what

not

has

sought
to

work

from

out

brought

all absolute

is,you
here

is at

least

better

our

Our

obey.

not

us

ture,
na-

is the

Kant's

of

but

peace,
and

presence,

mission

in

Kant

has

sent

us

remote

this doctrine

as

Life

part of the truth.

losopher
phiWe

far

its wisdom.

and

the

sword.

yet, stern

tical
prac-

doctrine.

and

wilderness

And

its courage

inner

will

hard

insight.

feel

must

all

command

is the

God's

divine

the

unquestionablya
sought. We sought peace,

joy of

the

this, as

is

this

we

Serve

"

divine," says the new

phy.
philosolost spiritual
world, which skepticism

such

The

you." That is
only,according

this

that, with
to

word,

the

For

our

the

the
"

this and

call

we

guide.

present with

minded

out

anew

unknowable

build.

must

read, when

letter,left for

law, and

Upon

to

intuitive

our

We

hands,

were

direct

mysterious writing,prepared

even

is the

tells us,

we

It is

all.

to

even

moral

if he

as

place

our

now

and

remote

only the

letter contains

were

unknown

and

unseen

it

revealed

different.

very

as

God

After

is not

an

all,
easy

of
of all lives ; and
life is the hardest
spiritual
all spiritualgifts,
next
perhaps to charityitself,insight is
difficult to win.
As long as these things
surelythe most

thing ;

are

so,

the

Kant's

doctrine

will retain

religioussignificance.But,
last
for my
in

word,

"

part I do

philosophy,if

meet

and
climb

der
not

you

you

Weisheit
think
will

go

dangers, and must

wandering. But for my
that

I hold

cleave

that

there

the heavens

of Kant.
dwelling-place

will

If

you

dom's
ask, is this,then, wis-

warn

attempt

new

part I love
far

"

Well,

indeed

you

beyond Kant,

are

and

ethical

profound

letzter Schluss

so.

new

long, and

its

you

and
to

that
must

some
venture-

wander, far

indeed
above

heightsyet to
and beyond this

will go with

me,

we

will

try

138
also these
out

to

adventures

new
ere

you,

we

there

thinker, how

and

us

Kant

bade

are

more

of

hero

true

feet carry

all modern

that

limitations

forever
somewhat

century of

faith

of the

by

to

his wisdom

which
will go

world

Kant

; and

If

in

that

one

is the
it is

sense

of

by forgettingsome
the
triumph, he is none
even

of

many
is

conflict

modern

the

and

are

in

one

less

is,if you like, the homely

guide. Kant
Brown
of John
of
a sort
incongruous figure,
and
Derided
as
a rebel
speculativewarfare.

our

enemy

than

thought.

we

greatest modern

our

us,

point

to

world
all,the spiritual

modern

is the

only by transcending him

his

to

senses

After

I want

meanwhile

farewell

us.

build

us

but

our

direct

PHILOSOPHY.

bid

henceforth, wherever
with

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

his

and
our

an

fore
time, he dies be-

own

but

fairlybegun,

his soul

goes

marching on through the whole of it. Or to take another

more
suggestive,but similarlyinadequate comparison,he
the hero of the Heroic
resembles
Symphony, who is dead
buried

and

in

the

second

less

and
spiritually
outburst
fairy-like
apotheosisof
fourth

movement,
I

grant

insist,in

some

the

"

him

see

longer hold,
I must

Kant's
not

crowns

sense

Kant

who

to

the

is

romantic

will henceforth

then

the

while

we

panion,
com-

our

longer

no

precisesystem we no
who
still is the creator
of our
thought.
of
have
failed entirelyin my
summary

you

views, in the

how

full Kant's

motives

that

how,

for the

first,he

search

search

ous
joy-

whose

man

is of

The

and

the

be

will lead

last

lecture, if I did

cautious
us

declared

for

for

accessible

one's

own

skeptical

and

beyond
the

thingsin themselves to be wholly inaccessible

for our
intellect
just because the world
world.

the

none

scherzo, and

inspiresus

head, the

theoretical

suggest

in

who

that, in the
triumphant warriors
the symphony.
Both
these figures,
somewhat
imperfect; but still,I

the

leader

life in the

new

such

but

own

ember

of

are

indeed

doctrine

obviouslypresent

you,

the

at

but

movement,

of

world
to

is

truth, thinks

rn
Ke-

him.

our
our

the

lect,
intelown

Kant,

personal largerself.

is
Be-

139

FICHTE.

cause

am

I have

because

sane,

apperceptionin

it is that

therefore

I need

because

me,

world

the

visible

outwardly
understanding,working upon
has

an

if there

because

were

I should

have

calls

unity of

ness,
orderly conscious-

an

of

and

sense

order

good

of

about

rience
expe-

it.

My

gives laws to nature,

laws
standing
given by my underinner
experience at all.

sense,

such

no

Kant

what

true

no

tive
experienceis the poem of our construcimagination,the product,then, of our deepest nature,
Moreover,
even
Kant, with all
our
largestselves.
caution, has to speak of that true self,to which
you

The

of
his

and

of

world

show

appeal, whenever

alike

things of

and

space

time,

in, a certain

all shared
we

all,with

at

truth, our

our

The

Kant,

not

world,

to find

how

the

seeing

onlooker

alike,as
I

Well,

in

try
in

other

words,

to find

out

is the

essence

time

and

space

the

is,according to

truth

at

and

of

we

human

trying

are

seem

rational

and

trying,all
of

mind

of

would

are

we

in

trust

common

things,but

get

efforts

weak

our

know

we

outer
to

the

something that we
self,whose
offspringare

perfectlysane

; in

say, that

that

dead

we

think,

we

of

world

experience of

the

world

when

and

thoughts;

universal

about

were

of sense,
flyingmoments
study of experience,our

understanding.
the

if it

as

discourse

we

the

Kant's

ideal

to

farof

us

man.

stated
thought, re-

word.

one

II.

And

for

now

very

suggest this extension

then

as

the

that

one

natural
here

merely as a possibleview,
find historydeveloping. You

first

shall

we

will think

it at first fantastic,but

defend

to attack

or

Grant,
Kant
moral

if you

describes,

inner

will,the
a

with

an

am

so

I shall not

far

existence
of numerous,

try

as

yet

to

only chronicler.
of

such

universe

as

free, but

ignorant
naturally engaged in imaginatively
unconscious
but
thoughtful art, an

universe

agents, each

building up,

it.

of this view.

extension

personal world,

in

the

sense-forms

of

space

and

140

through

time, and
to

Each

of

one

and

law, and

moral

from

were

which

Let
blind
to

absolute

be

each

of

appear?

Does

which
for

true

universe

of

the

creatures

but

all

life,labored

literally,
"

life ;

whose

and

order

which

does
at

creators

solelyof

with

another,

one

once

off

cut

from

state

of

things

plan

of

reality

Might

this whole

not

sense
passed
-encomapparently separate and
be an
organized spiritual
community ?

in the

the

part of the cell-

own

honey-laden comb,

the

isolation

very

and

of each

darkness

realization,

yes,

"

expressing

very

it

mean

constituting of

and

life,I repeat, of infinite complexity,

were

be

his

"

manifold

so

needed

to

such

that

embody

endless

an

them

and

courage

whose

number
ideals

and
fidelity

votion
de-

finite

have
noble

beings, in this ignorance and isolation,

the stern
opportunity to develop,could serve
of
ends
the divine
decrees.
Suppose, in a

itself the
I

such

agents,

world-creators,

somehow

itself?

word, that the infinite whole

were

moral

properly destined

them, but

suggest

lofty that only

so

all
order

unseen

How

divine

these

facts.

stand
yet demonstrably,but justpossibly,

the

might

as

would

for

it

as

the

by

but
rationality,

togetherfor

purposes

of agents
were

and

working each in
combining to build

creatures,

supports

ble,
indemonstra-

as

excluded

not

like bees

where,

God's

an

common

it not

not

that

Kant, viewed

romantic

as

all of

and

divine

the

these

of

themselves.

might

wax,

seem

truth, but each

their

by virtue
things in

of

eternal

an
irresistibly
interpretation

worlds, communing

inner

their

this

order

"

willingservants

meanwhile,

divine

as

and

unseen

dispassionately,

them

at

an

all events

is at

which

to

universe

sightmay

first

look

us

in

without, suggests

at

but

serve

believe

to

Such

this law.

agents is bound, by his manhood

rationality,to

his

by

of

thought, applied
constructive
imaginations.

various

moral

these

PHILOSOPHY.

forms

numerous

their

experienceby

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

now

divine

life.

made
From

suggest only by way

up

of

such
of

these

finite lives

point of view,
hypothesis,
pure

141

FICHTE.

could

not

after

this Kantian

fashion,

that

fixity,is
the
cannot

sense

and
no

Kant

live

time,

has

be

indeed

ventured

to

be

to

suggest

world

of

be

thus

the

natural

my

doctrine

the

you

an

In

transformed.

infinite

thing, an

such

by

sure,

universe, despiteits seemingly stubborn

the

Kant,

would

and,
interpreted,

both

justified? To

even

it
interpretation
opening lecture I

be

universe

physical

spirit. According

order, in

to

in

and

space

alive, simply because, apart from

our

constructive

imagination,this natural order

existence.
Spinoza'ssubstance, then, would be for
verse
mere
mirage ; but now, as you see, the true uniour

for Kant

consists

perceiving moral

of

agents, and

of

shadowy things in themselves, and of what

the practical
reason
postulates; and that is all. If this
for those shadowy things
much
be so, however, do we
care
in themselves?
Perhaps they are n't worth
knowing.
do not
exist at all.
Our
inner world
Perhaps they even
the dim

and

does

contain

n't

science.
less

You
them.

see

them.

They
can't weigh them
Perhaps they

are

object of

no

them, much

measure

or

as

are,

natural

Hume

would

say,

us?
to
What, then,
"sophistry
this : the world
of the natural
Why, precisely
order, which,
mirage though it be, is the very mirror of our sanity,and
is therefore
useful
enough ; this, and the world of our
fellow-men, the world of practicaland therefore of spiritual
the world
of live beings,ignorant,but
relationships,
and

rational
seek
their

illusion."

like ourselves.

realize

to

But

With

through

rights,we

love

remains

them

these
the moral

them,

we

treat

live,we

we

order
them

dealingwith
the divine order itself. Perhaps, to use
phrase, God
simply differentiates himself
of

see

all these

numerous,

the stars

depths of

live
and

and

as

the

their

perhaps,

various
atoms

finite

may

in their
of

more

into

be, for all

degrees

we

of

physics. Perhaps

ignorance he

does n't

respect

we

them,
a

; we

God's

as

in

beings, who

act

dren.
chil-

touch

we

modern
the

forms

know,

as

loftiness,as
in the

quite lose

very

him-

142
self

equal,his

his

Schiller

that, as

so

consists

while

"

says,

endlessness

own

foams

infinite world

of the

this beaker

wisdom

in harmonizing
establishing,

in

knowing,

PHILOSOPHY.

transcendent

his

perhaps

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

their

no

ships,
relation-

him

to

is

of them

one

up

simply in

from

out

of

spirits."Then, indeed,
tion
triumph ; their seeming isola-

is his
lonelyheroism
he realizes,through
is simply the manner
in which
life ; their diversity
and
them, the organizationof his own
ignorance are merely his way of expressingthe unity in
variety, the completeness in differentiation,of his own
their

manifold

If so, then

nature.

there, outside

the

that

world,*so

dead

the

amongst

and

God

feel

we

things in

dismal

far off

is n't somewhere
vain

in

for

him

God

themselves.

hearty and
in your
human
humane;
relationships,
just so far as they
devoted, loyal,organic; in your very ignorance,in so
are
just in

is in you,

far
in
a

it enables

as

far

so

as

to

be

rejoiceonly in

just quoted,

he would

lack."

the

"

into

be

in

his

universe

of space

in

take

The

possess
so

We

did.

never

him.

time,

and

Spinoza
We

him

sought

we

fact

him,
far

him

so

much

justso
as

we

his

flesh of
have

much
are

his

as

to

we

are.

enter

morally worthy

to

we

be.

as

said

only postulate
with

already
him, just

loyalty,wealth,

understanding.
And

mirage

nature

spirituallife,we
one

of

then,

Kant

as

say,

self,we

flesh,are

of

to

wrong

of outer

vitalit}7,
courage,

will and

suffer

"

off, in the

laws

real
our

would
I have

have

were

afar

wrong

even

is that, in

we

We

in the

of

he

form
spiritual

conscious

were

even

hold

strength,sanity,of
of

or

were

are

as

it

would

finite

of

which

from

of

infinitymerely through

creatures.
as

world

infinity;

poem

his

the
unity, the organization,

when

such

reality,he

preserve

active

finiteness,

very

accomplishment

his empty

the

of

in your

"friendless," he would

be

God

form, and

finite

of

said, in the

also

for your

outside

God,

Schiller

To

heroic

and

alive

are

you

condition

task.

agents, would
as

far

you

it is

as

definite

be,

so

are

of

We
him

know

just

144

SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

OF

PHILOSOPHY.

sonality. This is,so to speak, the

of our
much
own
us, to wit, just as
holiness, if
if

more

have

we

filled

are

we

service,is,in its
is

life

his

any
with

this

just

sacrifice

Where

"

No,

never

Nor

ever

Nor

ever

lowest

Nor

sound

world

of

triumphs

world

of

limited, but
He

himself.

moves

star

wind,

of

snow

rolls,

in

triumphing
passion,as

of

and

infinityby

mounts."

sorrow

of

God,

for

world,

nor

white

wins

the

midst

tragic poet
sufferingsof his

losinghimself in the
life is simply all life,and
God's
revealed

by

our

it is

God

lives.

own

of

the

while

even

concealed, but

not

his

of thunder

moan

peace

agony

creations.

own

least

of human

is the

As

of

he

the

cloud

creeps

falls the

his peace

our

apart from

not

peace,

reasonable

quality,divine.

eternal

much

us,

with

in
Our

holy.

about

and

entering into the rational lives of a

moral
beings. For in this sacrifice
enjoys his

is

as

holiness

heroism

inner

own

nature

of

rag

of God

real presence

lives

kindly friendship,in every noble deed, in every

united
well-ordered
people, in every
society,in every
has no
life beyond
wise thought. He
sound
law, in every
such
munion,
rationality.His personalityis just this,the comthe intercourse, the organizationof all finite persons.
in every

Here,
of
of

is in

personality. A person
what
we
morality,was
declares

finite world

our

of

transient
in
are

say,

Thus

so

had

in nature

namely,
in

as

one

as

sense,

one

even

trine
doc-

new

one

life of

very

make
with

these

we

for
him.

God's

life

unity and
New

but

for

is the

speculation in
idealists

are

modern
never

of all

whatever

and

limited, and

are

of

and

ours

beings, wherever

reflective
as

world,
The

for.

notion

new

pervades the whole

by
simply lives by constituting,

indeed

we

whole

our

hoped

infinite

embodiments

far

indeed

sense

and
spirits,
by enjoying,this

be.

may

one

beyond

brethren, the rational

they
even

the

that

unifying,and

But

see,

you

may
we

be
selves,
our-

ness,
righteousdoctrine, I

thought.
weary

of

145

FICHTE.

it is

pointing out,

fourth
the

are

ye

flesh

Logos

branches

of

"

me

church

which

world

they
of

Kant's

of

agents

they

are,

and

Once
he

of
rational

as

reflects.
blind

and

observed,

but

you.

So

proof. Perhaps
At

all

far

it will

events,

philosophy, namely,
in

As

need
here

the

very

historical

the

upon

what

doctrine

rests

the

new

Kant's

into

the

world

These

better

where

he

moral
as

revelation

spiritscan

has

invents

cast

mune
com-

me,

so

am

as

further

essence

-speculative
theory.

as

man
GerI

just

present

alteration
us

new

of

be

defending it,

now

hypothesis.

an

is for

their

anew

far,

mas
dog-

doctrine, too, may

expositor
it

the

least, these

at

not

am

nothing

down

builds

he

This
I

find

we

much
Inas-

it unto

transform

what

reflection

for

it.

only expounding

"

philosopher

imperfect speculation.

before

And

chronicler.

mere

of

the

the

As

the

beings

significance. So,

hold.

in

isolated, for, ignorant

world

in

revealed

presence?

reflection

faith

eternal

idealists

an

In

the

these, ye did

to

not

see,

of

which

upon

and

together

you

doctrine

actually feeding

as

isolated

are

than

work

can

more,

only

and

together.

order

divine

work

vine,

"

mysticism

undertakes

world

the

principle,

living thereby,

realization

own

of

faithful

now

of faithful

God's

of

least

teaching

very

the

upon

deep

and

the

but

philosophy
dark

the

the

essence

very
this

was

it unto

when

am

Ye

primitive Christian

more

dependent

represented

God's

and

"

say,

God

"

in God

"

synoptic Gospel, represents

first

finally,the

when,

the

of

idea

core

very

faithful,

the

to

whole

the

simpler

as

did

ye

when

the

judgment
as

"

upon

even

the

it is the

Christ

makes

tradition, that
final

said

Gospel

when

Paul

with

your

rested

church

When

life is hid

dead, and

the

doctrine

old

very

faith.

of Christian
are

and

it

now

It needs

ment.
adjust-

experience

in

bodied
Christianity em-

146

THE

OF

SPIRIT

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

III.

thought
of

form

the

Meanwhile,

is

dependent

one

and

charming

very

German

classical
this

which

of

the

upon

takes

in German

specialconditions

wayward

very

romantic

and

doctrine

this

the

age,

Whether

literature.

speculationin

of

age

or

itself

satisfactory,
in watching with
be interested
will at all events
me,
you
during the rest of this lecture and during the next, some
and immediately human
obvious
of the more
aspects of a
of
full of fire,of imagination,of productiveness,
time
so
faults,of wanderings, and of glory. But let us proceed
no

you

at

find

to the

once

doctrine

in

sort

who

man

series

the

Gottlieb
Kant.

of

the spontaneity,
writingswherein
the
confidence, the complexity, and

Schiller,thirteen
younger

life is

of

success,

was

years

eight years
one

Fichte

He

wife

and
had

well

very

three

the

years

great

than

Kant

himself.

and

The

For

the

close

of

care

justpassed the

in

the

death

his

encouragement

of the wounded.

thirty-

Fichte,

literary
in

during
devoted

of the
as

his

you

riors
war-

see,

fifty. His wife, while nursing

wounded
She
stricken
with
soldiers, was
typhus fever.
recovered, but the contagion had already passed to Fichte,
whom
it proved fatal, in January, 1814.
nobler
to
A
heroic
death, in a more
time, was
scarcelypossible to a
professor of philosophy and a patriot. Fichte was
spared
the pain of seeing the darker
stagnation
years of national
and of illiberalism
in Germany, that followed
the triumph
in one
for the
over
Napoleon. And
was
rest, his work
age

of

and

than

story of his

his career,

liberation,in 1813, he

themselves

in the

at

untimely

sors
succes-

younger

Goethe,

younger

an

the

Fichte.

first of

man

conflicts,and

of

war

busied

reflect

ardor, poverty, high aims, brilliant

bitter

great

is the

than

country'sservice.
the

idealistic

new

of

eloquence,the
fragmentariness of the work done
character
of this period. I refer to
Johann

this

first embodied

147

FICHTE.

He had influenced
alreadydone.
younger
him.
by that time had already transcended
This
Fichte

had
The

had

work

warm

at

temperament

hindrances

outer

The

arduous.

son

boy, the

adopted him,

showed

him

to

make

of

his

then, suddenly dying, left him

to

of

and

self
joined it-

earlyyears

chanced

intellect

and

weaver,

poor

little of

tic.
enthusias-

nature, had

attention

kindly

subtle

and

large family of children,Fichte

yet

exacting*

logicaland

once

keen
a
strugglebetween
and imaginative emotional

with
and

and

been, however, manifold

who

men

sense

ful
event-

of

one

attract, while
who

nobleman,

the

great world, and

pennilessyouth, only

the

such
circumstances, of his
keenly ashamed, under
the
At
university he supported himself by
poverty.
than
to despairin
more
once
near
privateteaching,was
more

his

neediness, and
in

Hofmeister
his

met

length,after graduation,became
Zurich family. While
here, in 1788,

future

at

the poet

Klopstock. They

too

to

poor

Fichte's

mind

who

somewhat

as

flightyand
accusing himself
and

unsteadiness

star

but

meaning

pedantic
"

even

of

little

were

of ideas

love, and

with

him.

to his betrothed

He

despondent.

and

wonders

are

them

faults,laments

many

her

betrothal, he

of

through (I have
the natural
product of a
impulsive,and so far at

read

have

conscientious, learned, but

once

niece

betrothed, but

soon

publishedlove-letters

described,by those
not),

were

he

until 1793.

marry
since

Rahn,

Johanna

certain

wife, a

his

plans, knows
what

is fond

of

restlessness
no

Providence

guiding
be

can

Meanwhile, during this period of his

position often and traveled

much, looking for a permanent
occupation, a projectIn philosophy he
maker
and an
unpromising wanderer.
far a sort of amateur
was
so
Spinozist,and occupied a
changed

his

"

positionto
and

It

of
was

the

which

he later looked

gall of

1790,

and

bitterness.
he

was

now

back

as

one

of

darkness

Suddenly a change
twenty-eight years

came.

old.

148

THE

While

in

to

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

undertook

he

Leipzig

give a

to

vate
pri-

man

young

in

lessons

the

OF

SPIRIT

philosophy,and to that end took up for

first time
the study of Kant.
he wrote
Very soon
Fraulein
Rahn
in an
vein.
It is a wonderful
entirelynew
It tames
philosophy,this of Kant, he asserts.
a

man's

wild

elevation
from

above

all

within
have

much

so

material

some

Its

which,
and

the

like

about
out

and

necessityof
that

now

but

he

worthiness

the

to

used

of my

to

to

all man's

blessed

phy
philosobe

to

ception
con-

made

head-splitting
bearing on human
the

to

time

Tell

in

to

very

if he

world.
err

all

of

mass

his

perplexing

vastlyimportant
of

that

peace

it deserves
a

busied

It is above

life.

morally corrupt
well

concern

am

this

is

are

deserve

devote

immediate

no

luminous

that
the

is

ours,

consequences
father

have

don't

most

to

sure,

consequences

would

one

be

obtained

enjoying the

mean

my

have

me

midst

doctrine,and

basis,to

speculationsthat
life,but

to

the

been

of

years

difficult

easier.

have

things;

come

In

experience.

least

at

has

indescribable

an

"

outward

known.

situation,I

of my

days

"

one

ideal.

nobler

Thence

before

never

"

with

now

myself.

gives

earthly affairs."

it," he continues,

myself

it

imagination;

an

age

source

made

these

your

dear

investigations

our

I have

acts.

found

...

man's

will is free, and

is the

end

of

our

that

being.

not

And

happiness,
I ask

your

pardon, too, that I used to teach you false doctrine about

these things. Henceforth
believe
own
even
feeling,
your
if you can't refute a sophist."
One
this confession to Johanna
whether
might wonder
of days passed out of
Rahn, of the superlativeblessedness
son,"
her company,
and alone with the
Critique of Pure Reaher a trifle jealous of Kant
;
might not have made
cretion,
but in fact,as she was
of both
maturity and disa person
"

being
wrote

his

him

four

years

the

senior

of

Fichte

himself, she

that, since after all he appeared unable

and
living,

since her father's

means

were

now

to

earn

apparently

149

FICHTE.

he might
sufficient,
himself

devote

then

return

disciple. He

new

Rahn
for

creature, and

rest

an

to drive

afresh.

world

whole

the

independent
had just
something new

seemed

life,which

him

would

Marriage

novel

He

way.

he

was

write

never

herself, Fichte's

Johanna

To

felt restless

altogetherand

flee

to

clip a

letters

often

even

needy

do

must

tutor's

young

marry,

again.
expressed of course

world

and

yet, he

Kantian

the

to

he

earnestness

revolution

and

must

his

save

of

in

elevated

cynic,all
a

one

bit of

writes

his

to

love

one," he writes
Men

have

always

have? the
The

to

her

merely

must

also

convert

like

the

in this

countrymen
he

the

whole

time

something

see,

of

work,

wander,

must

of

and

crude
story-books,

to

the

sketch

is

Fichte, too,
I met

heart

all

me

about
a

"

the

Give

my

dependent largely upon

same
am

I have
You

of circumstances.

fixityto

Dear

creature

fixityof character, but

creature

once

just let

it."

about

What

he

empty.

at
sincerity,

faults.

ally
occasion-

was

Johanna,"

was

much

care

in

stronger soul.
present

him

made

For

my

all my

attributed

been

insight,

new

had

When

"

did n't

with

me

the

here, you

of

brother, "

me.

time, "take

has

time.

same

cynic.

He

lover, world-stormer,sentimentalist, and

"

the

at

in this

way.

that

corruption;
German

typicalerudite

mention

and
doctrine, in all its spirituality

incessantly. One

think

Johanna

"

sea

under

then

was

everything, teach
this wavering
cease

of the

wave

soul

posed
dis-

her

to

nothing of these rebellious sentiments, and I

which
them
only to suggest a little of the ferment

quer
con-

imprison him yonder in Switzerland,

in this wondrous
his philosophizing
perhaps hinder

would

her

to

out

wings, would

man's

the

that

world, but

wanderer,

the

Fraulein

that

in the

ous
curi-

of Kant's

conduct

brother

soul

was

for

that

into his

and

himself

and

his

to

noblest

the

he

thing

one

come

wrote

indeed

was

mind

in the

her, and

marry

his leisure.

philosophyat

to

followed

wavering

and

Zurich

to

waverings."1
that

of

Julian

150
In

this

failed

accept

to

there

Fichte
tutor's

PHILOSOPHY

journeyed,in

position

and

poor,

his way

on

as

during

will

that

time

He

he

The

nunciation
pro-

called

upon

aged, prudent,

highly economical
philosopher
regarded this reverent, fiery,but obviously impecunious
and
received
his
disciplewith a certain suspicion,
young
confidences
the
Fichte
coolly. The rebuff only heated
He
tarried
in Konigsberg two
months, in order
more.
and,

you

of

way

his French

back

Konigsberg, in July, 1791.

at

the

Warsaw.

at

because
give satisfaction,

to
was

Kant

MODERN

mind

of

state

business,

OF

SPIRIT

THE

Kant's

thoroughly in

so

the

next

the

year

of the

correct
now

it were,

stroke, as
the

Kant's

admirers

career

the

Zurich.

He

than

the

she

aforementioned

nothing

further

to

had

Thus
He
of

ear

he

year

In

one.

Jena, which

1794
then

was

and

came

at

been

the

at

had

at

had
the

to

and
one
won

public

returned
his

to

beloved

comfortable

time

when

she

highly practicalletter, there

hinder
his marriage,which
took

October, 1793,

in

happy

another

duction
pro-

named,

so

at

was

circumstances

place

the

new

himself

length famous, and, as

more
by chance, even
obviously in

now,

wrote

Within

time.

same

made.

was

great philosopher'sapproval and

was

as

own

Fichte's

be

to

in the

genius. Kant
this misapprehension,and in doing
with
warm
praise,the real author.
master's

work

spring of
published anonymously, it was

was

by

finished,proved

once

spiritthat, when

book

generallyhailed

very

was

write, for presentationto Kant,

to

religiousphilosophy,which,

on

at

remember,

the

remained
the

call

centre

to
to

of

the

very

Universityof

the
the

end

mental

life of

Germany.
IV.

Fichte's
a

sketch

has

career

of

its first

union
interesting

Schmidt,

as

given

thus

important

of the
in

the

been

suggestedto
crisis.

great, the

fifth edition

of

Literatur seit Lessing'sTod, vol. i.

p. 347

There

ardent, the
his
sqq.

Geschichte

you

through

is the

same

thoughtful,
d.

deutschen

152
the

dread

himself
this

world

external

dead

Kant,

he

as

went

Kant

from

subjectbuilds
is naught.

its
What

Fichte

ceived
con-

therefore

was

world,

own

Fichte

somewhat

however

was

on,

What

world.

outer

learned

have

to

rational

The

of the

bondage

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

and

the

added

to

elaborate,

Kantian
elements,
strictly
is almost
his own
universallybut rather
system, which
Subjectiveidealism."
inaptlynamed
Let me
state
it,too, first in rough outline,then a little
more
cepted
acsystematically.As everybody knows, Fichte

constitutes,along with

and

the

"

Kant's
time

know

Fichte

in

any

things in

in

Kant

as

said

that

themselves
denied

beyond

that

there

that

exist any

can

The

So Fichte'
has

its

source

living and
and
The

(2)

only in

making

law

for
sinnlichte

however,

us

is

words,

"

you

or

the

there

as

self makes.

Material
the

organized world ;
of this,reallyprior

conditions

all that

retically
theo-

we

(3)

simply,in
the

for

The

But

manifest

the

Fichte

law

the

apparently

Fichte's

stuff,the

bold

material
to

our

and

of action,

basis

of

fatal

all

outer

stirringly

(the opportunity),
senses

('das

ver*

Pflicht')." Beyond all this,

he
later,when
place,Fichte went

unserer

fourth

see,

in that.

becomes

duty, made

in

whole

consequence

and

as

knowing

our

that

last

knowing a world is for

world, consciouslyrecognizingthe truth,

law, thus

about

fantastic

For

their

up

is,in

in this
way

theoretical
world

build

to

knowledge,

moral

recognizeit

we

may

principlesare these : (1) All philosophy

in
one
primal truth, namely, the truth that
selves,
voluntary selves freely choose to assert them-

know.

the

as

and

chief

moral

acting then

far

so

world, then, is the world

so

to all other

Fichte

The

themselves

there
analysis,
us.

we

Only

us.

at all.
beyond consciousness
hard
world
that we
spiritualbeings know, however
fast it may
however
helplesslywe ourselves
seem,
in the
individuallybe subjected to its facts,is still,

for

and

space

consciousness, and

our

He

further.

went

far

so

only for
things

facts

are

can't

result

153

FICHTE.

obviously latent and

that
his earlier works, namely, the doctrine
world
the
of
universe
the
self-assertingand
creating
in dailylife simply
him
about
sees
selves,each of whom
developed
implied in

doctrine

clearlya

more

stuff and

the very
his

to

as

senses

the

uses
personality,

part of its

as

even

the

with

identifies

manifest

moral

work,

of

teaching

lives and

"

fourth

the

our

wills

himself, in

Blessed

to the

Way

level of

the

Fichte

doctrine

(" The

of his later works

one

his

conscious

our

This

life.

own

made

far above

and

will,which, itself supreme

finite

law

moral

the life and

selves,I say, constitutes
infinite Reason, God's
and
true
one

of

of

embodiment

his

opportunity for

an

that this universe

of

fibre

Life

"),
cording
Ac-

Gospel.

view, you see, God, in so far as he reveals

the vine, and we, in so far as we
himself, is indeed
truly
this

to

real

sap-laden and

the

live,are

world

is the

world

fruitful

of

that

is needed

it were,

put Fichte's

thinks, I

Fichte

our

social
to

we

succeed,

in common,
how
of
various

we

to work
our

sense

be delirious.
am

can

the

see

the

in

in common,

immoral
;

with

another
he

case

our

of

us

and

If
should

I have

we

all

that
If

forms.

sense

common.

streets, the

Seeing
did

express

the

ness
vague-

separateness of

in other

words,

we

am

am

awake

not
; and

should
at

work.

thus
find

not

in the

when

yet

devotion,

flagswaving.
we

bility,
sta-

spirit,

and

common

same

in

isolation

I dream

strenuouslyactive

world

external

houses

same

stuff

give form,

to

work.

in

in the

same

work

worlds

the

in

"

show

mere

duty, requires

our

ideals

people moving,

of

Hence

our

all

we

moral

our

only work

can

existence,

express,

of

so

business, of

serious

is the

company

common.

embody

try

out

In

enthusiasm,

we

same

in

world

sense

to

that

to

theory

fashion, thus

another
so

embody,

to

outline, as
I may

for matter,

as

only

and
activity,

conscious

of society,
of
spiritualrelationships,
of love, of law, of national
friendship,

word, of work

The

branches.

dream

When

therefore,in

so

our

or

I
far

154
I

as

fellow-workers

of

divine

the

noble

and

base

for any

world

than

for

moment,
the

the

the

doctrine

The

thaD

man

for

is

world

saner

for

the

absorbed

man

wise

conforms, thinks

of

to

and

bad

The
his

and

more

we

create

men,

reallydo not
seeming outer

men,

with

as

rationality

thus

good

moral

tions.
percep-

orderly for
for the
good
savage,
in the pleasure of the

for the

than

man

far

so

the

power

world.

sense

actuallyvaries

sense

cultivated

man

And

weak

my

it for himself.
in

agreement,

purpose.

same

condition

mere

creates

us

strong and

men,

man

The
the

in

common

preciselythe

see

of

stuff that

same

the

to
us
a
plan secures
together. Meanwhile,

work

to

the

see

one

together and

toil for

to

and

PHILOSOPHY.

is thus

Each

tasks.

create

want

Matter

see.

common

We

MODERN

effectively
righteous,I

am

our

OF

SPIRIT

THE

fool.

Fichte, to

the

And

thus
facts.

actual

philosopher, with which the

belief in the realityof phenomena
forces
itself upon
us
is a moral
the only one
that is possiblefor a
necessity,
moral
thus
being ; herein our duty reveals itself." And
we
have, in the barest
outline, the famous
subjective
"

the

necessity,"
says

"

"

"

idealism

Fichte.

in

its extremest

idealism"
for my

first

of this sort
A

of

rough

things in

Fichte.

Kant,

to

Yet

be

sure,

universe, and
died, that he had

freely.

"

Save

in
sincerely,

lay
to

do

at

once

of

supremacy

into

extravagant

"

ethical

much,
shall

then,
we

say

have

doctrine
gone

will

you

out

say.

this world

of

scarcelymiss them.
tic
fantasfelt quite out of place in Fichte's
publiclyexpressed his repentance, ere he
ever
encouraged this young discipleso
somehow

we

from

at

of

Kant's

first

Kant,

friends," cried

my

explanation.

in Fichte's

course

Kant

So

what

now

it

call

printednote

the

And

themselves

me

with

away

an

might better
expression.

summary.

of idealism

bold, yes,

Kant's

One

of

not

things in themselves,
of

very

heart

the

moral

had

only postulated.

If

mation
transfor-

The

determination

very

merely

but

to

see

order, whose
you

now

ask

155

FICHTE.

whether,

however,

me,

Fichte's

statement

respond

of

at

course

that

idealism

the

as

has,

that I do

idealism

of

truth

final

once

as

idealist,I myself accept

modern

as

This

not.

ought

doctrine, I

the

have,

to

the

is n't

deep and
experience.
a

genuine respect for the natural order and for

external
and
natural
Fichte's easy disposalof the whole
order
is, indeed, not only bold, but quite unwarranted.
of nervous
student
modern
The
physiology,of the facts
of evolution, and of the interdependenceof the physical
"

generally,is

worlds

moral

and

"

idealism

ethical

anywhere

newer

all

in

not

some,

mind,

as

will

you

main

stream

from

this

Fichte

which

movement,

later

also will

circuit

thought

to

its

have

istic
ideal-

part in the

to

we

shall

learn,

This

rience
expehe

; and

outcome

my

of the

side

one

in

and

enriched.

returns

upon

German

thought. Only, as

of modern
circuit

is based

word.

began, represents

see,

hereafter

later

respects, the whole

last

the

to

near

philosophicalsurprisesawait us
insightsthe thought of to-day

More

find Fichte's

likelyto

not

who

Fichte's
universe
will see
less
fairlyviewed
than he ought to see
in the universe of to-day.
As an
of the many
experience,then, as one more
ways
of looking at truth, I want
this
consider
doctrine.
you to
has

not

once

of

Think

Fichte, when

embodiment

only

sentiment, which

is this

"Buch
the

of

down

whole

Schumann's

for

that

in

fierydespair in

of

this

Bismarck

almost

universe

dead

of

romantic

the

two

and

thought
in

other

the

song,

in

It

arts.

Faust," and
given us
forms
instantaneouslytranssong

worlds

and

of Schubert's
casts

them

trilogy. In presence
of
the
indeed,
Germany

Wagnerian

waywardness, not,
and

one

as

profoundly wise

to-day

in any

us

him,

"

that

builds
a

in

as

has

Lieder;"

der

well

so

that

of

German

of

well

as

waywardness

same

Heine's

drama,

hear

or

beautiful, that

all know

we

in the

story, and

of

that

instructive, waywardness

and

or

of

read

you

Williams,

Germany,

whose

but

of

the

empire, as

now

Jean

156

said,was

of

the world

is

Paul

of divine

eternal

much

so

world

anything

this

capriciousworld

too,

once

flows

and

and

aspects of just this

various

romantic

also, if

fade, and
shall

we

find

we

crumble

which

form

which

some

fashion

is

our

where

all is

faith.

the

and

of

in

as

the

But, if

wayward,
that

Hume's

thought

the

universe
are,

has

its

after

of

patiently,

forms, the

the

thread

The

truth

moral

romantic

is to

is the

in

manifest

made

which

true

will

school,

all,fragments of the

is the

labyrinth.

fantastic

of

thing
no-

skeptical

watch

duty

our

thing
no-

theory

fear

to

we

wealth

only

truth

itself," it,too, will

Grail

Holy

is

the

world,

eternal

the

begin

this very

sentiment,

That

through

real

through all the changes

to
ultimatelycome
light. Fichte's

senses,

that

not

view, romantic

we

dust."

matter

find

of sentimentality,

present

universe,where
to

world

follows

the

into

will

think
The

ideal

changes throughout its

long ago said ; and preserves,

here, even

that, from

see

the

View

that

this

ging.
logos justby chanof the wayward to note
the
this
change, this plasticity,

theory, until

is true, and
world

In

us.

fast.

seems

chases

to

not

are

of romance,

truth.

seemingly hopelessvariety,under
presents itself

that

see,

Yet

world

permanent

office

it is the

ness,
wayward-

makes

fact.

hard

Heraclitus

as

too, its sacred

Well,

ideas

shall

we

universe

but

as

utterlylacks

for all flows

existence,

of

ideas,but

selves

this

plastic,
changeable ;

Others,

of the

of

of

capricious. Fichte

one.

this universe

whole

for all

as

moral

"

once

PHILOSOPHY.

in presence

air,

the

diabolical

of

or

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

true

guide

us

Even

whole.

part therein.
v.

But

let

Fichte's
at

the

us

look

view.

outset

The
of

second

time

and

only perfectlyclear

philosophy,is

self will of

course

do, but

namely, of

course,

his

own.

some

that

there

self

Now

one

closelyat
thing, he says,

more

is
must

self.

Any

start

with,

self asserts,

"

I am."

.157

FICHTE.

equally asserts,

It also
is

there

If

not-self."

forthwith

Well, here

of

can

is it

nor

myself,it

would

what

my

fact forced

to

see

is at

from

me

upon

it is

each

to

Now
how

chose

can

How
than
at it ;

ion.
fash-

recognize the

ence
exist-

To

be sure,

capacity,seem
this

outer

I,
not

existence.

deeper self, whose

my

shown

without, in any
fact.

own,

my

moment

I thus

unless

but

is

see.1

me.

is not

helplesslyto find

Really, however,
choice

beside
seem,

private,empirical,momentary

choose, but

to

this

I exist

that

assert

exists

something

that

me

try it and

to

My true self freelychooses

of something beside myself as
in

believe

you

puzzle.

beside

myself?
of something other
at the existence
solution
is simple. I don't guess

Fichte's

am

that

myself

I to guess

come

invites

is

know

course

get outside

I assert

then

and

don't

you

always asserted, Fichte

exists

Something

"

to

serve,
But, then, ob-

me.

recognize something beyond

to

thing
nothing to do, I should have noin short, to act
to resist,to fight,
to win, to love,
in any
The
deepest truth, then, is a practical
way.
upon,
I need something not
truth.
myself,in order to be
is
active, that is, in order to exist.
My very existence

myself,I

should

have

"

practical;it
hurling
I limit

choice

is

of

fact

the

self-assertion.
my

existence

at

oppositionwithin
my
foreignworld as the theatre
to conquer
Cf. the

Werke,
the

vol.

and

win

i. p. 253
kann

"

passage
Dass

jeder nur

win

which

own

my

very

life is

my
nature.

exist- /\

basedj^J

I have

activity; I exist only

apparentlyforeign world to my-

that

noteworthy

Mcht-lcK]

thun."

another

deepest

an

speak, by
than
myself.

to

so

ternal,
myself thus, by a foreign somewhat, opaque, exlimitation
is the free
own
opposite; but my
my
self.
of my
true
By thus limitingmyself I give

myself something to do, and thus

this opposition,
Yet
ence.
upon
is

exist,

es

of

in

my

the

Grundlage

ein solches

durch

seine

of

1794, Fichte's

gebe [namely, of
eigene Erfahrung sich darSetzen

158

THE

self

must

In

mine.
then

and

but

the

PHILOSOPHY.

it ; I must

possess
of

that

prove

it is

thus

assertinga foreignworld,
nal,
activelyidentifyingit as not foreign and exterprocess

our

as

life itself consists.

our

own,

This

is what

by work, by love,by duty.

is meant
But

me

of

more

endless
Fichte, is essentially
an

thinks

this process,

The

one.

to

come

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

self I am,

the

need, to develop and

needs, and therefore

of

more

to

world

express

side
out-

energies.

my

full of
a world
posits,
busy man
Without
this asserted world
the objectsof his business.
would
of objects,
to exist ; he
he, as busy man,
cease
business ; he and his busy
would, so to speak,retire from
world
would
stagnate together. This, then, is Fichte's
is just
central
outer
world, your not-self,
thought : Your
it. Fichte
makes
as
largeas your own
spiritualactivity
A

tries to show
of

space,

in detail

such
reality,
and
the
time, causality,

doctrine

time

no

consists

in
and

practicalreason,
world

beyond,

in

merely expresses,
own
wealthy and
things and with
his

He

he

built it at

all,but

by

this

past
and

act, but
And

acts.

before

our

eyes ;

unconscious

fate,and
In

not

moment,

this

talk

not-self;
upon.

are

we
no

So, at

him

but

the

determination

builds
his

merely
only the

it in

world

to

whole

our

world

wrong.

it.
that

hence

an

tails
dehis

of

be
of

Each
we

have

we

with

builds

us

not

of

are

of

to
us

have

sees,

at

making

now

made

life is thus

is the world

Thus

busy

part unconsciously
; and

to find

that

our

such

essence

ordinarythought

the world

deeds.
of

Into

rest, arise.

theoretical
and
identifyingKant's
in saying that all our
assertion of
of things and
world
of people,
a
assertion
of our
practicalform, our

to

seems

ognition
rec-

our

imagination,
perception,

as

people. Thus, then, each

therefore

any

follow

varied

world.

own

of

to

of

forms

the various

outer

I have

how

by

all

our

consolidated
our

conscious

often

regard it as our
external
substance, as Spinoza did.
No activity,
world ; no
self,no
no
we

facts
self-assertion,
no
least,Fichte teaches.

to

assert

ourselves

160

SPIRIT

THE

than

any
here

even

unity,which

social
of

its

in

organizationof life,

constitutes

will

is thus

all

divine

assert

realized.

worlds

won,

the

divine

will

so

The

self-realization.

whose

of

in order

in

life

the

as

work

is

moral

done, who

sue.

cles,
obstapursue

through
complete

Fichte

as

pulse of its moral

self-creator,
spiritual

the

as

lives,the eternal

never

self
my-

attainment

is, therefore,

universe

our

of

God

true

to

is restless

pulsesfrom self to self,from

attainment, in an
everlastingsearch for

order,

one.

As
fullyrealized.
myself all my life long,but never
task, am
always struggling with
I have

the

endless

an

will be

all that

life,

But

worlds, and

holds, existent

duct,
con-

better

our

is
complete realization
the infinity
of countless

the

to

divine

the

triumphs, even

all its
to

now

fullyin my
casting aside

new

this

earth, in this kindliness, this honorable

struggle,can
ceed

In

see."

on

of

seek

PHILOSOPHY.

us

something
Nowhere,

MODERN

of

this

problem

OF

rests

and

never,

who

is

no

being anywhere, but who is the live and

organic unity of all beings. Even herein, however, thinks
Fichte, he finds his highest peace, that in endless toil he
individual

one

shall

himself, and

reassert

shall

win

world

the

which

is

his embodiment.
VI.

completest popular statement

words
in
system is given in his own
of

Man."

This

work

his book

first

was

Fichte's

possibleof

The

the

on

"

cation
Vo-

published in 1800,

doubt
to
meant
no
shortlyafter Fichte left Jena, and was
justifyhim, in the eyes of the general public,againstthe
The
argument of the work falls into
charge of atheism.
three

"Faith."

and

period. Under
produced
the

order

third
and

and

views

the

In

respectively,Doubt,"
"

parts, denominated

of

the

Under

the

problems
second

head

of
he

first head
his
sets

own

"

ledge,"
Know-

Fichte

scribes
de-

pre-Kantian

forth the

tion
revolu-

thought by the influence of Kant.

part he explainsthe conceptionsof the moral
The
the infinite will.
styleis eloquent, tirein

his

161

FICHl'E.

Fichte's

of

word

living will," he

and

I lift up

may

to this infinite

whom

"

soul, for

be

the

and

submissive

fitted

Best

world.

and

true,

and

in

all

thee.

myself

comprehend

know

to

parted.

thought

are

thee

to

in thee

again

Supreme

not

are

yet

passage

"

names,

work

hear

itself.

and

mine

the

fine

name

not, yet in thee

thee

comprehend

no

thou

and

in me,

thoughts, if only they

my

book, in

this

says,

my

sounds

voice

Thy

from

own

appeals direct

he

where

is

whole

as

explanationand of illustrations
profound and inspiring. Let us

full of

less,too

is childlike

thee

I know

simplicity.

what

not

thou

art

...

after thousand
lives lived through,
and
thyself,
spiritwill comprehend thee as little as now, in this
my
I have
house of clay. For what
to my
once
won
hension
comprebecomes
even
Nay, I wish
thereby finite.
of thee what
thou
not
to know
art in thyself. 1 know
for

thy bearings on
the knowledge
think

and

shall be
will

will

of

thou

to

all

knowest

choosest

Thou

that

I shall

thou
.

doest, for

art, for

wholly

thou

thy
dost

insight;
through all

to

present

ever

never

what

free obedience

my

livest and

art

me

eternity;

do, and
art

Thou
.

producest in

is itself Deed.

what

duty.

my
.

effective

know, will,and
but

thou
.

Thou

life.

my

my

know

the eternities."

This, you
with

all the

different
of

world

vocation

And,
a

Kant's

sense.

The

measureless
an

vocation,

and

the

fact

the

for

strength

of

something very
God
beyond the

deeper

time

in

infinite business

will

which
to

meet,

office that
endlesslysignificant
Plainly,then, I, the true self,am

there

with

out

its

I choose
the

is

which

me,

work

not

what

consideration.

about
to

own

But

vocation, I find that

restless

is,

two,

consciousness.

of

matter

my

of it

essence

that, for Fichte, my

is

fact

consider

infinityof
an

The

postulatingof

central

is, is

duly

demands

theism.

analogies between

is the

if I

is Fichte's

from

vocation

my

see,

my

tude,
magnifor myself.

mere

self

162
world

of the

MODERN

SPIRIT

OF

of sense,

the

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

self who

and

eats

talks, and

has

might be truer to say that I, the real, the

deeper, the relativelyimpersonal, or, rather, if you like,
the genuinely and
essentiallypersonal self,need, and so

this

It

name.

selves

human

thus

are

together.
just in so
this largerself

even

No,
it I

as

of

my

social

organic self
do

we

in

me

true, in my

personality.
before

from
of

my

of

divinest

the

spiritsin

the

thinks

Fichte, must

and

will is the
deed

and
hearts

our

Well,
restless
of
"

love ; his

the
Who

Kant

; his

He

act

of

thrills

in

of

all the

is the very

heart's

must

us

is the

it not,

then,

We

dead,

only

lives

are

His

self.

in

our

in every

triumph

every

truth, lo !

in presence

communion

trembles

restlessness

joy

sonality.
per-

limitations,
vanishes

I stand

self-assertion

will ; his

only

true

in God.

life is hid

our

you

free

this be

not

tion
voca-

of the

this

and

spiritualbeing. Nay,

of

our

With

self whose

blood

not

By
through

essence

very

upon

its darkness

mysteries,the

one

the

I reflect

eyes.

perience
ex-

deeper

postulate,but

mere

divine

earthlyexistence, in

us

of

every

of

throb
our

age.
cour-

thought, thus eloquentlysuggested by the

and unsatisfyingFichte,
the beginnings
have
you
The
idealism.
question,
post-Kantian German
in this

is the

self ?

true

"

thus

central in

becomes

thought.

had

all reasonable
reallymade it so, when he made
to
experience a continual
appeal of my momentary
my
self.
Fichte
the
larger
problem,
merely universalizes
The

world

Who,

is the

poem

thus

then, is the dreamer

romantic
this

period of
as

the

German

central

dreamed
?

That

out

is the

by the inner
question of

speculation.

problem

in

all that

If

you

as

is endless, is eternal.

to
deeper self-consciousness,

my

all of

we

we

far

so

together. But
fullyexpress the

all my

When

All

toil

my

vocation

through

business.

organic self,in

societycan

true

linked, not

am

this

far

constitutes

which

of
true

one

And

work

we

world

myself in, the

express

life.
the

ber
remem-

is to follow

in

163

FICHTE.

the

will

guide

speculation.

Do

that

thread

the

of

study
of

will

idealists

of

mission

the

of

but

teach,
stubborn

these

the

to

where

meanwhile

To

spiritual.

order,

science,

modern

region

world

taught
just
of

who

so

this

outer

often

back

again

again
the

to

the

facts

lesson,
fact,

the

was

despised

are

as

needs

must

to

dom
king-

problems,
us,

the
enter.

we

where

man
Ger-

before

you,

us

the

of

which

deepest

have

idealists,

back

the

indeed,

beg

lead

soon

hand

labyrinth

into

region

will

natural

the

stubborn,

indeed

the

in

have

this

tremble,

not

held,

firmly

thread,

will

you

through

us

of

seeming

mysterious
The

lectures,

succeeding

two

the
be

ality
spirituthe

facts.

true

LECTURE

ROMANTIC

THE

Fichte,
Kant's
is

as

the

in

things

we

But

know
for

now,

used

sport

which

form,

but

The

which

the

experienced,

were

further

reflection

usually

attributed

household

For

slay.
them.

"

All

Da

die

die

the

house

The

tilings

late
in

and

the
"

Dinge
of

"

Kurzem

vor

sich

an

An

Fichte

metaphysic

useless

to

that

very

undertaken

had

unbeerbt
sub

is

to

know

to

what

dead,

abging

thus

t."

verkauf

hasta

emptied

once

himself

found

had

shall

dead
under

of

form

able

"

is

philosophy

our

to

epigram,

them

doctrine

morgen

"

never

seem

pretended

furniture

translated

themselves

to

had

pretentious

abandoned

situation.

distant

Critique

metaphysic

the

the

themselves

of

sport,
German

but

pride

selves
them-

philosophy,

chimeras.

but

once

furniture,
is, freely

by

Schiller, compared

Metaphysik

Werden

That

the

dim

old

the

cumbersome

Notice

too

Kant's

that
of

use

But

experience,

in

and

theoretical

our

to

this

Now

Kant's

anything

which

warranted

well
of

heavy

less
Un-

nought.

as

little

no

they

things

of

rather

good

Kant's

dead

that
exist

to

he,

the

as

declare

as

us

objects

course,

furniture,

metaphysic

be

very

all

to

are

aside

setting
all, thinks

said

are

Fichte,

to

themselves

of

sources

is the

of

after

only

they

they

time

was

in

if

by

mysteries

you

besides

that

took,

things

What

others

at

such

whereof

them,

begun

What,

mentioning

can

had

seen,

themselves,

PHILOSOPHY.

IN

themselves.

even

unknowable

are

"

have

in

of

use

SCHOOL

we

things

VI.

without
the

heirs,
hammer

and
be

to-morrow

sold."

of
to

fillit in his
real

The

Ego,

of

knows

us

this

endless

in his

of

wise

man,

of

nature, is

to

We

and

And

this

world

self

ready

the

to

As

He

he.

man

I stand

for

the

external
world

is

thinketh,

man

in

all he

so

as
sees.

outset

of

sees

life each

My

act.

But

once

toil

without

only work

can
a

me,

Therefore

conquer.

"

ness.
conscious-

no

if I have

not-self to influence

it

is, thinks

he

exist unless

can

one

self says,

existence, is in work.

also, I

more,

personal

no

life,my

task, something foreign to

finallyto

himself

sees

toil for self -consciousness,

and

But

true

character.

exist,I will exist."

must

the

of
activity
the depths of its
knowledge of God

in all his
crystallized
and of philosophy,is simply his
of society,
conduct, his busy world-building
ment.
tempera-

of

At

sound

each

the

Spinoza already demanded

Kant
sought in vain in the
exist together. Our
world

that

of sense,
fashion

own

watch

This

equal truth, according to Fichte,

thinks

is, so

man

To

to

come

our

with

is he ; but

of truth.

treasures

self-consciousness.

being,to

our

our

expressionof

the rarest

person.

which

and

world.
the

own

things which

and

is

subjectof

the

165

PHILOSOPHY.

IN

itself,according to Fichte, is the active

in

source

great

with

fashion

own

thing

I, the

SCHOOL

ROMANTIC

THE

and

Fichte, that

beginning in the presence of a world

which
external.
seems
My deeper self unconsciouslyproduces
this foreignworld, and then bids me
win
my place
material
therein.
The
things yonder are therefore just
the products of my
unconscious
activity.Their office it
is to give me
ment
something to do ; they are the outer embodimoral
law made
of my duty ; they are
manifest
my
I see the same
world
about us merely
to sense.
You and
because we, as moral
beings,need and choose common
tasks.
And, in a deeper sense, the reason
why you and
I see the same
world
is that we
are
actuallyfragmentary
from

the

manifestations
we

can

never

through a

of

infinite

fathom, but

world

order, whereof

one

of
we

are

common

self,whose

whose

world

tasks,

"

all instruments.

ultimate
is
world

nature

through and
of

moral

166

SPIRIT

THE

OF

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

I.

In

the

present lecture

story of German

idealism

experiencesof
better

name,

the

German

our

undertaking

possible
Where,

Eomantic

in

as

the

writers

tried
and

translate

to

time

to

our

that

inseparablefrom
philosophy,but
In

task.
field

the

for the

will have

general

most

more

ary
liter-

directly
of

be

but

cannot

lack

discussion

fact, my

of this

their

indeed

life.

school, a

lives

own

I shall

spend
technicality

therefore

that will still have

the

of

account

its

bearing on

will

for the

Kant's

our

eral
gen-

time

leave

altogether,and
I shall speak of thoughts that
lecture
only in
metaphysical bearings shown

technical

of

rest

the

even

their

as

and

philosophy in

And

will

much

as

romantic

phenomenon

purpose.

matter

upon

attend

us

German

the

of

lack

philosophy

embody

to

philosophy,such

great service

between

of

case

and

views

the

togetheras constituting
of
The peculiarcharacter
bids

course

relations

movement,
into

this

further

the

for

who,

persons

School.

in

the

to

of

group

of

usually classed

are

follow

to

exemplifiedin

as

number

have

we

philosophy

almost

later lectures.
I

is

in the

mentioned

example

an

everywhere

of

of the

characteristic

is, after
vast

instance,any
senses,

moial
material

in vain

seek

precisededuction

of

You

in it.

gaps

down
law.

to

its very

We,

in

facts, whose

physical nature,

whose

inventions, whose

dependent

for his

to

age,

science

whose
has

industrial
whole

an

view

His

of

Fichte, for

world

the

embodiment
is

world

is
man

health, his fortune, and

so

so

has

system

get from

delved
art

Fichte, he

itself in

how

details,is

this

philosophy

is
waywardness which
Germany of the classical
cerning
conrest, to particularize

periods. For the

it shows
this waywardness as
all, a very arbitrarythinker.

romantic

and

its

beautiful

that

Fichte's

how

last lecture

so

of

our

of

the

full

deeply

into

multiform
makes

his very

of

him
reason,

in
so

168

story of the

Well, the
the

OF

SPIRIT

THE

the

first

PHILOSOPHY.

romantic

of Fichte's

enlargement
in

MODERN

school

onesidedness

place, of

is the

story

of

through the appearance,

less arbitrary
not

other

doctrines, which
of

terms

sought to interpretthe whole world in

interests,but which expressed other
spiritual

our

interests

than

rest, this

story is also the tale of the gradual fixingof all

such

those

into

waywardness

fruitful

in

the

that

he

made

directions

the

decades

recent

central.

of

And,

that

have

modern

for the

proved

so

We

research.

frequentlydisposed to fancy that the philosophy

and Hegel is something
of the period of Fichte, Schelling,
from
the philosophy of our
remote
own
day. That
very
too

are

above
all justwayward, fantastic,
philosophy,we say, was
regardlessof the limits of human
knowledge, indifferent
have
to
science, unwisely imaginative. Nowadays
we
romantic
changed all that, have abandoned
wanderings,
have

to

come

respect the

facts

But

mysteries alone.
of the

age

wherein
to

romantic

it is not

Deeper

you.

is,as

ours

Our

two.

period.
wandering,

growth, and
of
relation

than

the

soon

we

the

view

contrast

love

such

I want

to

make

that

between

shall

waywardness

of that

the
and

plain

age

and
the
what

ary
revolution-

Their

youthful enthusiasms, at first vague,

form
at
length through
conflicting,took
trine
docproduced, in their maturity,our modern
natural

time

warm-hearted
of

to

between
relationship
learn, contains
merely

efforts

modern
and

the

of

the

usually scorn

dry seed-pods and

ages

of

to

and

and

of

romantic

period,
apparentlyprosaic

bleak

harvest

which

time

and

chillynight airs.

ripening and

modern

Our

of flowers.

ripened seeds, a
as

into close

bring

whole
our
spiritual,
experience. The

will,is,in its matter-of-fact

realism, the

relations

our

the

many-sidedness of interest and

period was the time of bloom
if you

of

let the

to

preciselyhistorical

is not

see,

very

evolution, our
the

science,and

preciselyhistorical

as

age,

implicitin

was

school

shall

we

such

of

autumnal
But
for

the

they

the
riod
pe-

wise
know

ROMANTIC

THE

that

growth is erelong
seeming seed -kernels of

I want

apart, what

unity of

Properly viewed,
of

To

of

is the

understand

period from

the

indeed, like trying

to

but successful

without

man,

of his

dreams

the romantic

still in

the

from

of the

We

task

and

And,

And

of

now,

after

the

splendid

older, and

if

glad

we

ter
bet-

were

are.

we

lectures is thus

how

romantic

the

sibly
pos-

earlier ideals live

those
be

with

coming

all,not

of its
to

the

how

show
so

this idealistic

some

as

to

want

spiritof

maturing

the

prosaic,

fold.
two-

school, far

waywardness of Fichte, supplemented his

of things by other, equally idealistic
interpretation
much
of reality.
more
fantastic,interpretations

expresses,

the true

but

to

grown

sometimes

in

and

wholly broken

only

mature

never

have

hension
compre-

the

secondly, we

age

have

first to show

want

one-sided

We

fact than

immediate

outdoing

the

Hegel,

reference

some

saddened

more

tions
specula-

is therefore,

to

appreciate

We

essential

fantastic

most

Kant

breasts, only I should

our

aware

Our

period.

little

youth.

phors
meta-

all its transformations.

thought, say concerning evolution, apart

of

such

son
metaphysic is preciselythe lesto-day is trying to express and
the meaning of contemporary

of

thought

the

utilize.

lesson

later German

the

which

the

But

truth.

philosophy amidst

recent

all these

spring from

to

insist upon

to

169

PHILOSOPHY.

IN

richer

barren

to

SCHOOL

own

our

much

an

period,as

tic
realis-

more

abandonment
fixation

of
and

deepest interests.

romantic

school

itself,
what, first of

all,is the meaning of the word?

II.

German

literature,in its great modern

as

you

the

middle

the

death

1856.

But

gan,
outgrowth, be-

know, with

Lessing's early works, justafter

of the eighteenth century, and
ended
with
of its last prominent representative,
Heine, in
the

principal productions

literary
activitybelong

to

very

much

of

this

century of

briefer

period.

170

Lessing

was

Long

was

as

of

credit

thirty-five

these

of

larger half

the

literaryand

the

mental

of German

Not

life.

of
of

fact

the

Weimar

and

1775

between

were,

in German

Goethe

1805, far

and

Schiller

and

miles
and

for

were

rate, in view

literarycapital,

distant
away

time

court
at

the

philosophy.

and

literature

tive
produc-

circles,the

few

university a

the

any

natural

Two

decidedlynoteworthy.

are

much

tions
geographical limita-

the

no

the

great century

this most

only was

had

Germany

that

those
to

reckoned

whole

literaryinterest,at

intenser

the

And

age.

tion
decidedlylarge frac-

the

period decidedly brief, but

are

years

be

of

philosophicalwork

of the

best

may

years

classical

the

in 1805.

death

Schiller's

and

of

forerunner

literarylife,his

Goethe's

1770

between

of

sort

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

at

Jena,

chief
At

fluences
in-

mar,
Wei-

together.

In

taught for some

years, while Fichte,
Hegel all began their academic
activity

Jena, Schiller himself

Schelling,and
there.

1800, indeed,

After

Berlin

became

centre

ond
sec-

importance only to Weimar, while the university

But
tellectua
inuntil still later was
Jena
not
sadly declined.
many
Gerall over
activityof high rank observable
Berlin
Munich
from
from
to the
to Heidelberg, and
in

at

Rhine.

However,

there

but
which

substituted

was

quiet industry of
all

we

The

years

of

owe

their

the

intense

the

great

more

and

of that

ful
fruit-

minute

life of
more

German

to
scholarship,

much.

so

1770

from

lost

spread they

streams

erelong,for

swiftness, and
years,

the

as

Jena, and, in

to

1805,

and

mar,
circles of Wei-

the

fore
degree,of Berlin, are therecentral
in importance in the
history of German
be pointed out, even
here
must
thought. But now,
as
there are
critical sigto be specially
mentioned, as of most
nifican
of these
out
ten
thirty-five.They were
years
the

flower

of the

last

ten

with

Goethe

years
was

flower
of

less

for German

Schiller's

most

career,

intimate,and

life.
when
when

These
his

were

the

friendship

also,in addition

ROMANTIC

THE

great classical poets, a

to the

began

men

young

to

forty-one

old

years

have

hearts

whose

The

Schiller.

set

age

to

find

themselves

So

in Weimar.

and

It

rounded
sur-

the

of
do

to

even

Goethe

with

was

have

youth,

example

minded

are

it

envious

and

swarmed

generation already

young

Schiller

themselves

the

by

must

who

men

often

fire

on

You

scene.

an

and

betters.

in Jena

them

about

such

eager

ambitious

and
fifty-one

was

certain

who

their

than

of

the

upon

at

are

been

geniuses,and

better

and

early famous
by circles

become

generationof

new

appear

171

PHILOSOPHY.

IN

that, in 1800, Goethe

remember

elder

SCHOOL

was

all

of

matter

day and region,that if you were

young,
and were
a
genius. The only
anybody at all, you were
of a genius,in your
what
sort
lordly spiritual
questionwas
in

course,

that

freedom,

chosen

had

you

all four

especially
popular,and

geniuseswere
as
plenty as
genius, who

blackberries.

There

Four

be.

to

was

the

of

sorts
sorts

were

of

romancer

Wilhelm
Meister.
plotting to outdo
the dramatist
of genius,who
There
was
was
disposed to
he himself
banish Schiller's plays into oblivion, so soon
as
had
learned
his trade.
There
the critic of genius,
was
who
had grasped the meaning and lesson of the literature
of the ages, and
of contrasting
fond
who
was
especially
the Greek
tragedy with Shakespeare, and of laying down
And
poeticallaws for all future time.
finallythere was
the philosopherof genius,whose
business
it was
first of all
to transcend
Kant, and secondly to transcend
everybody
else.

was

Best

indeed

exemplify in
as, for

inimitable.

alive,but
We

may

hopes,but
brief

to

In
be

smile
we

can

all four

brief,

young
a

inner

was

little at
never

chose

you

of

genius at
Schlegel for a

was

all this

period accomplished for

too
us.

while

that

dawn

ply
simto

heaven."

very

be

it in

to

once,

then

experienceswere
Bliss

"

case

sorts

Friedrich

young

Your

do.

in

lot

your

person

your

instance,the

delightedto
be

was

of

ferment

grateful for
It gave

us

ambitious
what

that

philosophi-

172

THE

ideas

cal
be

OF

SPIRIT

PHILOSOPHY.

that, fragmentary though they

forgotten,and

it

produced

in addition

romance,

and

of

the

younger

small

no

merit

Schiller

and

Now

at that.

itself

Romantic

the

efforts sprang

from

wider
It

which

sense,

the

life

it

as

be

must

these

credited

and

the

love

whole

wealth

after

The

this

have

But

in

whom

narrower

and
and

born

the

sense,

prominent

school, and
interest.

the

also

were

is

Schelling was
with

all his
tastes

either

dramas

of

its

modern

the

little company

1765

the

of

men

died

of young

1775,

and

Tieck,

considerable
very

of

Schlegels,
Augustus

two

all the

upon

School

Romantic

name

young,

romancer

Friedrich
the

logian
theo-

critics of

cal
metaphysitouches, in

characteristic

ests
inter-

ical;
critpoetical,
philosophical,
everywhere and always the born dreamer.
in a personal sense
intimately associated

romanticists
he

had

brief,without

the

were

Novalis, who

fragmentary remains,
but

and

of Goethe

was
(whose real name
philosopher Schelling,and
The
the
Schlegelswere

Schleiermacher.

of the

tales

music

Novalis

Hardenberg),

his

movement

movement

Friedrich, Ludwig

brother

dramatist,

the

has

German

greatest works

between

somewhere

most

his

that

emotion
thought and German
meaning as they have for us to-day.

such

no

the

all

men,

century.

sense

In

German

originallyapplied only to

was

in

own

German

of

crude

movement
our

inspiringthe
to Wagner.

Beethoven

from

movement,

would

in

esting
inter-

delighted to

romantic

general

same

in

of modern

the

the

circles of

out

wider

outcome

To

part in nourishing and

Germany

into

on

and

wrote,

its often

romantic

1848.

best

Schiller.

of

From

in the

movement

before

we

far

characteristic

most
was

that

songs

the

lasted

is this romantic

proved

School.

movement,

never

enduring poetry

some

Goethe

to what

will

were,

geniuses,one
especiallystands
prominence. It is the circle which

call

v.

MODERN

fellow

is

romanticists.

kept
or

; he

him

romances,

If

his

intense

physical
meta-

attempting very seriously

his early speculationsbear

from

KOMANTIC

THE

work

of

with

mark

the

everywhere

of

sort

of

fieryheart

to

school

under

this

survey

to

it is the

as

than

name

the

often
to

of

creature

and

systematic
Fichte, a man

moment.

ones

and

romantic

romantic

title

my

ferred
pre-

or

my

whenever

heart often.

Kant

Fichte

showed

world.

Let

us

what

make

is after

off from

it is the

genius

world

is the

essence

school
world

and
of

as

The

the
Fichte.

art.

your
your

world

of

us

shall

makes
is
be

tially
essen-

of

men

then

Fichte

moral

had

the

be

great difference

is the

the

themselves

self -consciousness

of self-consciousness

of

cists.
romanti-

world

Let

lished,
pub-

the

things in

We

he

change
change

all the

it.

make

and

that

I, the self,that

choose.

we

life and

practical creed

us

what

romantic

were

yet, like

nor

heart

changes,

gods, knowing good and evil.

Herein, as you see, lies at once
the

of

accept this lesson.

of

losopher
phi-

as

moments

essay

noble

your

see,

you

new

scheme

heart

that

men

genius, and

follow

cut

us

each

is the

world,

inner life.

His

the

masters

possessed by

whole

your

Such

The

with

their

genius ;

your

who

presses
ex-

singleidea.
directlythe wavering passion of
His
kaleidoscopic philosophy,

thenceforth

form

like

that

movement
man

the

adventures, is completely-

many

friends.

changed

but the

have

the

and

was

The

long plotting thinker;

No, Schelling possesses

doctrine

brilliant

might need each a whole

Schellingis not, like Kant,

But

who, after

whelmed

Trust

sion
confes-

himself, always, even

itself.

express

the

the

great

very

which

of

confine

the

not

man,

Schelling was

movement.

his

the

outcome

to

it is here

because

itself in

volume

much

philosopher of
Schelling,the representative

little group,

over

subtleties,as

philosophy is,

rather

indeed

whose

the

are

the universe

loved

wonderfully skillful wit.

the philosophy of
discuss

and

imagination

soul, who

passion,and

technical

in its most

even

friendships; they

artistic

tender

173

PHILOSOPHY.

IN

his

of

and

restless

SCHOOL

as

tween
besaid

builds

it

will,the

174
will

world

is

therefore

the

romantic

spiritsays

duty
from

self

that

; hence

artists know

solidified

to

the

start:

very

self-consciousness

as

is the

self

true

world

the

indeed

PHILOSOPHY.

dutifully,steadfastly, nobly, divinely;

act

to

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

of

men

the

of the

our

The

senses.

The

builds

is

world

it

but

genius,poets,

real world

and

the

tive
construc-

is such

isfy
sat-

to

as

of

genius,the artist. Emo=

of the soul,
tion, heart-experience,
longings, divinations
for the philosopher. Dream
the best instruments
out
are
demands

the

It is after

world.

your

this vast

universe

the

to

man

man

all but

about

The

us.

it the

understand

then,

were

to

they

poets, they

of young

nevertheless

rather

in the

than

us

his

Fichte, but

of bold

For

law.

in their

the rest, external

Of

Fichte.
mind

they

full account

of

who
world

the

of

art,

gives to
out

pours
of

sense.

form

his

experiences.

the

Of

wealth

of

this

God,

we

moral

them,

even

interested
them
from

mirage

an

beautiful
too

are

too

out.
withlaw
of

morality

as

great Genius
is

timent
sen-

the

outer

God

his

of

moral

is therefore
the

for

stern

Fichte's

this

Nature
which

of

of

seen

suggestive

as

influence

is for

ideas

with

tance
imporis,

it had

world
of

true

suggest

in terms

than

mass

essence

speculative thinker.

unconscious
world

whilst

start, that

interested

external

in

than

too

in terms

more

dissatisfied

are

rather

nature

Art, they hold, is

senses.

the

the

course,

the

grew

than

moods,

solidified,
only

But
a

idealistic

most

soon

world

divination

the

under

were

idealism

They interpretedthe
and

only

ethical

At

systems.

1795, they

about

years

them.

their

are

men

romancers

philosophers. They therefore

soberlyconstructive
rather
than
complete. Their lesson is of more
to

be

they proposed

literarymovement
; and
speculativemetaphysicians than

were

life,

will

new

rather

were

inner

dreamer

of this group

far, these

so

up,

create

to

common

sum

noblest

the

best.

distinguishingfeatures

The

of

dream

as
our

for

work

of

of

the

artist,a poet,
life in all the

embodiments;

176

THE

OF

SPIRIT

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

III.

Such

Let

forms.
of

work

young

truth

who

of

one
realityis therefore
Schlegel himself

endeavored

found

to

Socrates

questions,upon
know

to

somewhat

so,

romantic

the

used

This," he

"

that

but

still with

present divination

the

equally
known

the

"

that

truth

of

as

that

thing
for

exists

essence

"

of

me

to

Schlegelgave

up

Catholic

this

will

Schlegel,
is

as

his

long,
again ereother
theory, equally
equally true, but also

false.

"

away

The

world

for

the

And

the

heart

is

will

change

to-morrow

view.

moral
become

Well,

truth

deepest

will
For

self,for the
strong and

so

frequently.
I propose

to

The

"

make

Schlegel'searly interpretationof

Fichte's

its mutilation

was

dom,
only wis-

my

marvelous

is the

and
is

is

he

truth
erelong my
present
Schlegel,is true wisdom.

it
;

such

the

the

see,

you

idealism, with

to

that

such, thinks

world

new

is

that

things,it is,after all, a

possessor,

therefore

life,for the heart.

lively a
world

and

me

world,

inner

the

fickle
to

change

its clever

to

asked

always

"

trine.
doc-

tional
conversa-

confession

quick divination, so to speak, which

and will give place to some
creditable

as

difference, thinks

confesses

of

but

and

utterlyignorant man."

an

am

genius

life

affirm,

to

is his rather

method

his whole

ironical

of

sort

ness.
fickle-

irony,and

This

Socratic

most

life and

courageous

romantic

preached

truth,

the

towards

it.

upon

the

never

it the

called

founded

had

of

the

Schlegel,best

experienced

sort

revive

teacher, who

wise.

Friedrich

merable
innu-

from

they comprehend

have

system

to

grotesque attempt

not

in detail

more

do

the

capable of

truly philosophicalattitude

The

moods.

Best

in substance

they comprehend

of course,

illustrate

us

particularmen

declares
do

this was,

philosophy as

But

law
a

left out, is too

coherent

fickleness

church, and

in

devoted

ethical

alas, Fichte's

grotesque

Friedrich

doctrine.
later years,
himself

in

went

otherwise

over

to

SCHOOL

ROMANTIC

THE

Oriental studies, wherein

therefore

those

less

locked

possessed it, and

days, as

Novalis,

close

secret

he

that

us

flower, much

to

came

never

well

fate forbade

aware,

in
no

the

his

doubt

he

inner

assures

knew,

for

in

thing.
every-

interesting

more

noble

to

remained

life knew

orable
hon-

somehow

He

bosom.

profound and
reach
maturity. To

was

him

and

fruit,and

to

is
illustration,

second

His

character.

are

you

our

earned

high
stupendous poeticalgenius

His

rank.

he

177

PHILOSOPHY.

IN

nature,

his beautiful

but
and

and
ever
bafflingfragments the sensitive reader returns
lighted.
anon
afresh, perplexed,disappointed,and yet always deNovalis
lived
finish anything.
His
to
never
after all,however, the
best
philosophicalfragments are
brief compend you could find of the essence
of the romantic
philosophy,in all its spiritualdepth and in all its
cal
waywardness. For Friedrich Schlegel,in his metaphysi-

capacity,as
serious
But

respect.

Novalis
love.

have

you

He
one

every

His

was

just seen, I
wayward and

who

childlike

knows

him

cannot

he

was

feel
not

trulymust

his
straightforwardness,

any

deep.
oughly
thor-

ble
amia-

fickleness
of character,
not to say innocent
plasticity,
his real strength of ideals
to
withal, his sensitiveness
his very
truth, even
incapacity(so characteristic of his
than turn
chance
school) to do more
jewels of truth over
and hold them
and over
all these things
up to the light
fascinate us.
is not
He
exactlya great thinker, but of
his kind
he is so
von
charming. Novalis, or Friedrich
Hardenberg,was born in 1772, the second child of a large
and very affectionate family. His
childhood
was
sickly,
and until he was
nine
the object
old, while he was
years
"

of

the

kindest
Then

care,

his mind

seemed

in

no

wise

dinary.
extraor-

affection, his
acute
suddenly, after an
health bettered, and
he
appeared to wake, "as if from
He
sleep,"as his biographer says.
was
now
a
witted,
quickstudious and
imaginative boy, a great inventor

178
and
a

of fantastic

narrator

of

lover

OF

SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

fairytales,tender-hearted,genial,

From

mystery.

PHILOSOPHY.

1790

1793

to

he

attended

eral
sev-

then

nearly attracted into a soldier's

of the
life by the excitement
revolutionaryperiod, but
was
erelong led into the hardly less excitinghopes and
and philosophical
literary
strugglesof the new
movement,
Schlegel and
acquaintance with Friedrich
through an
universities,was

Fichte

with

earlier

himself, who

Novalis

in

the

Heinrich
of

romantic

that

Readers

were

Blume,

which

married

never

afterwards

very

suggested to

in

his

romance,

made

the

bol
sym-

itself,the mysterious wonder

and

three

of

seeks.

School

Romantic

the

on

thenceforth

and

Sophie
Hardenberg was

v.

Thurin-

loved

eyes

Flower.

Friedrich

when

and

met

Her

book

Blue

in

his

practicalprofession,

more

in dream

sees

Heine's
this

remember

They

ideal

his hero

of

of

height

Arnstadt,

Kiihn.

Ofterdingen," he

v.

the

magic

von

blaue

famous

learn

to

service, he

government

girl,Sophie

young

"

went

the

at

In

professionalsuccesses.

gia,where

him

then

was

teen
yet four-

not

was

will

betrothed

later she

years

her.

to

died,

the end by her

to
long illness,constantlywatched
devoted
lover, to whom
by this time the worship of his
the turninglove had become
a
religion. Her death was
His
mourning for her took a
point of his brief career.
after

form

worthy

sacred

of

from

era

in accordance

the

the
with

diary,which
to

is

meditations
life

bring it
said

Well,

to

force

Fichtean
will

our

sure,

this

is

kept

of will

so

the

diary

The

meeting, he

decides

and

express

in

her

meet

to

to

conform

principles. Fichte, namely,

the

of

master

other

world

purify himself

but
as

may
to

universe.

the

suicide, in the ordinary sense,

to

new

brief, is devoted

him

shall

chronology.

somewhat

which

dated

death, and

prepare
for

as

way

in

faith

philosopher's
way
sheer

her

established

to

And

in

that

of

unfortunately
intended

about

be

day

He

philosopher.

his thus

beyond.

his ardent
has

romantic

is not
not

become

one

the

by

spirit-

ROMANTIC

THE

SCHOOL

IN

179

PHILOSOPHY.

deed
higher life,and thereupon,not inEnt~
fading away, but by one
by any mere
supreme
for and
resolution,made
schluss, one
by his deeper self,
to
simply transfer himself,in a singlegloriousmoment,
of free spirits? Friedrich
the realm
persuades himself
and decides
to give himself
that this is possible,
just one

ually fit

to

year

his

prepare

will not
illness

live in the

to

ecstasy of

he

will

You

may

be

reminded

one

here

the little

He

nor

the

lover

in

called

song

and

which

pelling.
tear-com"

Rosamunde

"

Lied, in

vom

familiar

so

romanza

indeed, that das JEnde

save,

of

rendered

has

mean

the

in

over

pass

music

Schubert's

In

of faith.

act

through the door of

full glow of health, in the
himself
make
ready,and
instant
to Sophie's side.

love, he will

pure

then

the final

weakness,

violence.

of

or

in

her

to

go

for

soul

of

case

Novalis,

During this time of mourning he

Hymns to the Night, very brief
planned his wonderful
and
mysticalrhapsodies in Ossianic prose, interspersed
His diary,however, soon
with verse.
complains that it is
to be quitehealthyand
still to remain
a little hard
wholly
is somewhat

different.

One

unworldly.

temptations to forgetfulof lofty ideals.

One
is, after all, but twenty-six;
loves discussion,friends,philosophy
plainlyhas
; one
a
good appetite; and alas ! this world is so fair,

ness

one
even

this age

in which

so

many

lives is

one

inspiring!

so

yet quite worthy of the world

not

Sophie.

So

the

preparation for
but

Sophie

world

of

has

essence,

the

but

order,and

great Entschluss

is

in the

"

even

by

this

time

into

the realm

Novalis

for his noble

itself with
now

the

of

one

Fichtean

sense-facts

Julie

Novalis is by this time betrothed

visible world.

not

Nay, one
nor
spirits,

the year

done,

of
the

Novalis,

not

merely

of

is

into the

of

tonic
the pure Plastill worships her glorified

perceives its duty

person

free

when

passed

as

of

and

go

themselves.

surround

eyes

days

but
spirits,

Ideas

to

has

made

self,it continues
of

the

terrestrial

manifest

Charpentier;

to

for to

after the fashion

its
her

of the

180
I
and

assure

famous

rather

even

for the

or
scoffing-,

I do

that

you

inner

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

not

PHILOSOPHY.

story here
of

sake

either

the

suggest

the

mantic

idealism, in all its beauty and

by

such

much

tale

sense

this

as

of

tenderness, the

and

also

you

arbitrariness,of

You

doctrine.

perfectlyhonest

the

see

essential

idealism

an

its

waywardness,

see

not

by

romantic

the

terpretat
in-

spirituality,

sentiment

has

ro-

than

of

fickleness,the

that
In

trulyobjectivestandards.

this whole

is the

see,

you

far better

can

Xovalis

of

spiritof

of

essence

love

Here,

longer homily.
of Fichte's

the

the

well-known

in an}'

digression. I

and

this very

repeat

it all ;

inevitable

yet found

any

valis
gentle soul than Xowould
this arbitrariness
become
cynical. Such noble
sentiments
have, you see, their even
ghastly dangers. Is
of the
it feelingthat
guides you in your interpretation
ideas
world ?
Are
simply plastic? Do you make
your
world
Alas ! as
mind ?
own
solelythrough your
your
soil of the
said, feeling is the mere
Hegel afterwards
forest
the

of

life

and

hatefulest

from

the

less

soil the

same

noblest

tree

or

spring. Suppose the resolution

of Xovalis
had
been
not
by chance
only less fickle,but
also less noble ; might not
have
his subjectiveidealism
justifiedequally well a fierce rebellion against all that
ence
indifferhumanity justlyholds dearest, instead of a mere
weed

to what

historyof

common

the

idealism
of

its

Edgar
let you

may

romantic
did

calls

sense

the

movement

indeed

work

obvious

if you

Amadeus

tales of

Poe's

Hoffmann's

gloom,

will

of

its

fickleness

itself out

painful dialectics,and

tell you

In

want

the

to
to

of

or

the

will

leave

one

you

undecided

whether

to

laugh

or

ward
way-

extreme

the
our

sults,
re-

own

story

endings. The Xihilism and

of more
Pessimism
recent
days will give you another
of that
knowrs
which
no
arbitrary idealism
And
the lightning of Heine's
will show
scorn
you
further
lurid world
in a fashion
glimpses of the same
see

later

of

know

horror,

enough

the

to

to

the
come
out-

law.

yet
that
weep.

ROMANTIC

TPIE

And

yet, all this

does

not

SCHOOL

discourage true idealism, and

I mean
I have
is justwhat
What

must

discourage

not

it.

already repeatedlypointed

out

That

to

order

an

fixed and

as

as

as

supreme

arbitrariness

as

of things is the curse

interpretation
idealism
will certainlyfind
mature

our

181

PHILOSOPHY.

IN

of immature
out

how

in

ism,
ideal-

to

return

stance.
Spinoza'ssub-

was

IV.

the prince
Schelling,finally,
example of a growth
interesting
thinker

indeed

was

to

the

believers

in

Only
which

led

end, while
a

impresses itself

which

an

of

substantial

order
from

reason

our

upon

all forced

romanticists, is

spiritwhereby a great
back
from
Fichte
to
Spinoza.
the firmest
of
Schelling became

and

supreme

of the

of

things,

above, and

obey and to accept, his method

remains
wayward, imaginative,and, with all his genius,
His Spinozism is such as Spinoza could never
immature.
have pretended to comprehend ; his idealism
earlybecame
and
lent
such
excite first the suspicion,
to
as
finallythe viowe

are

condemnation

only

as

Even

into

and

made

possible.

She

herself

Her

maiden

second

by

her

aged
the

could

have
the

begun,
chaos

is such

work
and

only

wherein, after

well

name

was

whose

woman

great part of his

doubt

the

was

remarkable

whether

of the

Michaelis

must

counsel

productive
as
losopher
phiSchelling,even
most

Caroline.

apart from

understood
idol

romantic

whole
:

she

was

twelve

circle.
years

Schellingfirst met her,

then early in his twenties, she was
alreadymarried
time, and to Augustus Schlegel. Her daughter

senior

himself

be

can

the

the

account

affection

years

his whole

and

left in

have

could

long life,he finallyleft it.

brief
our
glance at Schelling'scharacter

very

take

Fichte

genius

great

romanticist
a

of

to

of

first

seventeen.

Schelling.

When

marriage, Auguste Bohmer, died in 1800,

As Schlegel,during the closing years of

century, lived

in

Berlin, and

Caroline

in

Jena,

their

182

THE

OF

SPIRIT

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

marriage, although friendly,was

preciselythe first
of either member
of the wedded
interest
mantic
pair. The robelieved
in
school, with philosophicalconsistency,
applying their principleof waywardness to marriage also,
and approved of elective affinities ; and accordingly,
absolutely
unkind
without
word, the marriage of the Schlean
of a decree
of the
gels was ultimatelydissolved by means
and
line
Caroat Weimar,
Schelling married
obliging Duke
of friendshipand
in 1803, after several
spondence.
correyears
on
Schelling and Caroline remained
Augustus Schlegel until Caroline's

with

terms

not

the best
death

in

1809.

Caroline's

letters to

certainlymuch

are

charm

of

this

sensation

She

is

between
Schelling,

herrliche
as

Frau

read

you

is
her

once

for all

intimate

1803,

wonderful

interesting.The

than

more

and

1799

ble
irresisti-

an

self-confessions.

the roguish,
compound of the pathetic,
the
wise, the gay, the deeply sad, and the singularly
thoughtful. She has seen, felt,suffered,struggled; and
she has conquered. She
loves power
is a very
intensely,
good hater, and yet, she has also a childlike and playful
When
she is deep in
gentlenessthat fairlydisarms
you.
far
trouble, a light or perhaps a bitter laugh is never
wherewith
she wins
She is,
again her composure.
away,
in her romantic
lutely
fashion,as high-minded as she is absoof Penthesilea, only vastlymore
sort
fearless,
a
marvelous

"

tender, and
as

with

the

with

the
of

temper

heart
a

Schlegel,in Berlin, she

and lengthilyas
more

to

thought
into

about

say
of

often, and

subtleties

which

Schelling more
with

admiration

than

trained
writes

bereaved
warrior.
meanwhile

mother,
To
as

her

as

well

husband

wardly
straightfor-

please; only to him she has

Philosophy she
literarymatters.
with
just the easy swift insighfe
have
must
enlightened the young
garded
once.
Only system-making she re-

indifference.
that

of

you

Hence

Schelling must

it was,
have

in

part, for her

thought

out

his

184

his limits ;

has

fails of

he

if it

as

but

the

I have

divine

instinct

because

I suppose

through

not

was

have
the

PHILOSOPHY.

thought,the

his

that

you

are

you

I feel

philosopher,

while

if

and

circle,then

poetry in you,

word

is that

reason

possess

charmed

because

much

so

you
I

MODERN

only, as

broken

have

you

OF

SPIRIT

THE

he

has

none.

'

philosopher wrongly. If I do,

But it is poeticalinspirationthat has led
laugh at me.
you to production,as it is simply sharpness of seeingthat
has led him
He
has the bright light,
to consciousness.
but
have
the glowing fire ; his gift can
illuminate,
you
only yours can produce. There, have n't I put that right
neatly? As if one should see an immeasurable
landscape
through a keyhole."
will now
You
learn
indeed be anxious
to
something of
how
cle.
cirSchellinghad broken
through Fichte's charmed
technical
Well, his most
thought will be mentioned
I compare
him
with
next
time, when
Hegel, in whose
for a brief, but
he
worked
important period.
company
deed
of Schelling'
For this most
s
can
significant
only be
in his relations with Hegel. Of Schelling,
the
understood
use

poeticalfriend
of
a

word

Caroline, and

of

to-day.

brilliant

the

Naturpliilosophie,I

so-called

the

'

The

most

fruitful

the

problem

tor
crea-

young

have

to

yet

Fichte's

of

problem

say

system
conscious
the

to

had

external

unconscious

Well, then,
of

the

this

and

not

the

sense

he

all that

the

the

am

Schelling

to

of

could
and

conscious

humanly
this

act,

expression of

God's

is not
has

spirit. And
spiritextends

and

the

true

existence

no

there
far

is but

beyond

unconscious

this

divine

tion
rela-

Ego.

this ?

except
one

my

to

as

own

is

me,

activityitself.

eternal

idealism

my

private thought

my

divine

made

of

world, says Fichte, is the product of my

act;

ultimatelyan
of

relation

the

thought, whereof
expression. Now, it early occurred

Fichte

world

of

deeper self,of

my

universal

between

My

course,

self to

transient
that

of

was,

The

outer

manifestation

after
spirit,
little self.

all

He

but

is the

SCHOOL

ROMANTIC

THE

You

spiritof nature.
look only within.
in

In

IN

only

is indeed

he
in

if

him

comprehend

cannot

you

185

PHILOSOPHY.

the

you

that

same

he

his will is writ

large,
in magnetism,
in dead and in livingforces, in gravitation,
in vitality.Study these
in electricity,
things,not as if
ever
utterlydead things in themselves, but as
they were
life that is
being other expressionsof preciselythe same
consciousness.
writ fine in your
Thus, by reversing,as
the human
ject
subthe Fichtean
it were,
see
telescope,
you
is

yonder

indeed

he

it

as

because

were

it has

strivingin
viewed,

being

appears

less

now

the life of

therein

of

is indeed

Schellingindeed

and

consciousness

theory.

"

Jena,"

autumn,

statements,
from

nature

way,

upon

itself in

to

simply
holds

an

that
as

ever,
how-

nature,

see

you

"full

of
be

Fichte

had

Thus

work.

own

now

from

nature

theory of

the

evolution

complement
in

the
as

is

and

evolution

1798, I entered

spiritmust

which

world, only

nature,

of its

Schelling himself,

says

human

towards

conscious

is needed

In

the

imposing. Turning,

glass

expressed

become

to

man

the

of

lized,
symbolized,crystalhumanity typified,
for spiritcomes
to itself in man
only

first

us

nature

central

right end

the

at

the

as

in himself

of

nature,

one

of

thought

my

lectures

his

graphical
autobio-

that

the

the

possible as

entered."

Fichte's

to

upon

Here,

way

reverse

then, is

Schelling's
epoch-making idea, and you will see hereafter
that it is the idea which
modern
philosophicthought will
henceforth
To complete the underbe seeking to define.
taking
of idealism, you
need
a
theory of the facts of
nature, so interpretedas to be in harmony with the view
that only ideas
the realities,
and
are
yet so adapted to
free your

experience as

to

of

life

the

prove

inner
that

the

expresses

weaving

the

and

of

very
is

web

mere

idealism
finite

spiritwhose

already present
of

the

external

from
selves.
life

our

outside

the

arbitrariness

Can
own

and

we,

then,

ness
conscious-

beyond

us,

stance,
world, giving it sub-

yet preserving its idealityand

its

harmony

186

THE

with

SPIRIT

OF

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

life ?

If

we

then, our

inner

our

become

is

what

can,

doctrine

will

technicallycalled

objective idealism.
The
world
outer
to
is, then, God's thought shown
our
inner
world
is God's
conscious
thought become
eyes ; the
This
of itself.
doctrine
the
of Schelling's
centre
was
to
Naturphilo sophie. Unfortunately he was
no
man
such
could
a
theory. He
only suggest, develop
prove
and in later essays
treat with
a
imaginatively,
marvelous,
but
skill.
As
fragmentary technical
poet, he indeed
broke
circle ; but
as
through Fichte's charmed
poet, he
stated

never

clearlyor
written
her

the

under

the

Of

approval.

of

eyes

than

his

Naturphilosophie

he

boldly than

more

more

of

essence

did

in

Caroline, and

production he
brief portion; in

this
a

more

poetic fragment

largelyfor
never
lished
pub-

meant

himself
later

I refer to
printed from his papers.
so-called
Epikuriseh Glaubensbekenntniss
Epicurean Confession of Faith
porstens,
been

whimsically
Wider-

Heinz
of

"

it has

years

his

Hans

Bris-

tleback."
In

this

assumes

himself

grotesque
greater

The
in

free

in whose

of

express

boldest

"

he

Faust," of
German

the

most

the
old

to

heart

the

and
from

is borrowed

early

character

the

Schelling

character, in order

and
to

in verse,

of

give
his

pantheistic

well-known

vival,
re-

JKnittelvers, or

Schelling'shero,
supposed to be tryingto

poetry.

speaks, is

the
materialist, whom
priests have
irreligious
Nature
been
driving to despair, and who at last rebels.
is his religion,
He
loves
he says.
good cheer and fair
faces, and he hates superstition.Is n't this world of the
Heinz
after all the genuine thing?
senses
fairly
grows
and
rollickingin his materialistic
epicurean speeches.
another
tone,
Suddenly, without
warning, he assumes
From
beneath
the mask
of the epicurean,the voice of the
romantic
mystic sounds.
Why, then, is this world of

play

the

in

meter

Goethe's

rhyme

name

freedom

Naturphilo sophie
terms.

sketch

thoroughly wayward

ROMANTIC

THE

the

follows

Then

of

Schellingiansketch

of

The

us.

of

nature

all

me

of

some

the

unequal

the

original.

worth

of

only a

sort

the

in

him

the

In

lution
evo-

struggle
The

end

him, blind

the

lines,with
and

metre

The

I must

but

of

characteristic

the

even

is

never

of

this

of

sort

of

the gay Heinz

superstition,
in character
:
thus, speaking of course

All

superstitiousties

No

church

in my

Daily

pantheism,

is

faith

one

ticism,
ascepriestcraft,

with

teach.

that

masters

delight

doth

my

still,

thrill,

Eternally showing
New

form

This

faith

This

light so

This

poem

Must
So

Save
Nor
Save

; till
so

can

what

aught
what

knowing,

clear,
near,

undying,

witness

that

to

preach,

parsons

inspiresme

and

verse,

heart

my

the

its truth

beyond denying

nothing

it counsels

hold
me

certain

or

it reveals

to

as

nor

to

conceive

believe

right maintain,
my

eyes

so

so

thought.

"

them

age
man-

little of

break,

all that

with

there

yet

will I visit to hear

done

Glows

to

religionI forsake,

Therefore

And

you

is made

and

I have

easy

to

suggest

introductory denunciation

his

unequal

very

great tendency in German

one

effort to

certain

ITnittelvers,at its noblest, is

intoxication

romantic

"

of

man.

doggerel,and
glorified

of

translation

After

full

is

process

Schelling'scurious

preserve

in

voice

of

process

higher life.

own

spirit.

to himself.
spiritcomes
is one
the universe
templation
glorious life,in whose conthe mystic soul rejoices.
give you, as a close, my own
hasty rendering of

gets

Let

this whole

of

crown

And

his

it

animals, culminates

is thus

nature

great spiritto win

the

and

of

world

Because

divine

and

which, proceeding through the

in

man

eternal

one

187

PHILOSOPHY.

IN

truly wise

for the

embodiment

the

is but

world

the

senses

SCHOOL

plain.

will,

run

on

188

Thus, then, in
Sound
And

of

Instead

and

I,

'T is

tame

When

has

Yields

it

to the

Crouches

But

it

his

his iron

Yet

often

Travails

in dead

Labors
In

all nature's
no

to

Organs

and

members

The

form

Against

and

And

at

of

Stands

earth

"

""

on

Steckt

buds
and

more,

once

night,
for

crannies

light,

its way

win

makes

life

last, in

as

of

higher.

anew,
or

many

in its search

few,
till it find

its mind.

of

intent,

one

nach

dwarfish

space,
race,

erect,

giant'select,
Riesengeist darinnen,

versteinert
und

narrow

stature

the
ein

scwar

In todten

Thut

the

ore,

environment,

form,

1st aber
2

sleep,

wings.2

his

it fashions

itself in

to

That, fair
on

in his

with

is worthiest

cruel

comes

day.

veins

aud

writhes

thus

triumphs

and

shortens,

thai

Struggling

free

to

conquer

or

wrestles

away,

in its fierce desire

and

And

livingthings

spring

live

It

in

nooks

pang

Lengthens

for

in darkness

unceasing

Fears
To

in the

renews

cannot

wings

fills the

that

power,

stream

dungeon-keep,

and

his will and

know

And

he

escape

stirs in his

dream,

lava

he flutters his

Mightily

His

chains

awe.

house

narrow

Nor

To

in

frozen

head

law,
all-ruling

feet

is

dread,

forgot ?

giant spiritdoth

his soul

From

of

yoke

at my

Within

is it not

suffer

foot to the

the

its bonds

ever

me.

world

from

creature,

see

eyes

I in the

world

the

air,

exist for

that

should

why

prayer,

in the

way

fear,

from

here,

earth, in her blue

know

who

stand

of posture and

deepest depths

Nay,

I freed

am

soul

losing my

the

on

The

and

instead

may,

Here

heart

my

body

in

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

mit

seinen

Sinnen."

lebendigen Dingen

Bewusstseyn machtig ringen."

ROMANTIC

THE

called

Is

in

SCHOOL

speech

our

and

Outcome

marvels

Now

Looks
Measures

in

In

nature's

But

nay,

No
In

his

freedom

in

nature's
dark

He

wanders

his

Yes,

he

That

the

And

like

Know

Peoples

could

Yet

void

the
he

with

am

the

God

who

am

the

life

that

From

the

Until

of

When

life

flowers

Yes,

now,

there

force

And

And

the

thousand

in the

night and

Show

Onwards,

to

Nature's

deep
stirs

There

AH

power
1

"

Ich
Der

day

might,

der

Geist

der

one

assumed,

power

lay entombed,"

that

dawn

begins,
wins,

"

the

from

der

sich

in

truth

truth,

pulse-beat

sie

sky,

mystery,"

itself in

"and

aye,

Gott

hour,

thought's eternal

self rewords

retaining,
bin

body

heavenly

the
in

where,

one

primal

that,

eyes

thrills.1

blood

chaos

from

"

mystic power,

light, as

world

fear,

his
:

night

fills,

showed

beauty

wherever

of

bosom

that

and

dark

peer

her

came

scorn,

Sprite

heart's

of

him,

ghosts

her

form

new

created

new

in

with

world's

the

nature's

quiver

first

born

Giant's

the

say,

dim,

is the

the

own,

alone.

godlike

in

in

his

wroth

be

may

toiled

longingly

That

visions

his

himself

he

that

not

lie ;

he

path

scarcely

children

aye,

is all

narrow

old,

of

Saturn

rid.

may

that

giant himself

his

Devour

world

in

hid

for

won

peace

life's

gaze,

sentience

is

fears,

even

be.

may

be

to

of

free,

set

amaze,

more

once

vast

the

he

dim

in

slumber,

more

dreaming

wondering

with

terror

man,

spirit'splan.

the

from

limbs

his

of

son

spirit who

the

himself

on

Longs

of

crown

slumber,

iron

From

the

189

PHILOSOPHY.

IN

all

"

sufficing,

sacrificing.
im

allem

Busen

tragt,

bewegt."

LECTUKE

VII.

HEGEL.

Concerning

lecture,

it

general

impressions

is

undertake
of

what

its

this

and

thus

led,

however,

skeptical

the

dogmatic

said

re-win

world

its

and

is
is

only

is

is not

the

self-conscious

show

as

and

we

the

they diverged.

world

the

of

mirage

universe

of

natural

order

was

romanticists.

For

is

at

inner

to

verse
uni-

outer

only practical.

Our

all, but

life.

appear

The

life.

inner

spirit.

Truth,

the

The

reality

the

the

less,
neverthe-

deepest
to

the

real
tion
rela-

one

true

life.

own

found,

of

peared,
ap-

scrutiny,

form.

new

self,
it-

thinkers
such

self.

Its

world.

to

reason

it would

as

inner

century,

of

affair

an

fully

God's

self, namely,

Such,

essentially

the

endeavored,
a

find

universe,

of

earlier

in

briefly

to

human

light

assurances

is

the

to

the

truth

essentially

universe

Fichte

of

of

mathematical

even

the

Thought

great

is

of

complete

It

uncertain.

and

of

sion
impres-

is

outer

eighteenth

systems
in

real

and

powers

examined

Idealism,

The

the

any-

outcome

importance

the

magnificent

when

to

of

The

endeavor

the

the

during

scrutiny

and

of

give

strong

lectures

these

clear

to

or

very

an

about

rediscovery

with

this

seriously misleading.

with

in

in

get

difficulty.

began

doctrine

to

be

not

its

doctrine

this

The

will

discussed

thought

state

form.

difficult

and

far

rational

to

life

importance

have

and

true

that

in

special topic

our

task, therefore,

Modern

forms

extraordinarily

my

we

who

Hegel,

Fichte,

the

reached

position
But

the

in

their

centre

of

alike

further
the

by

thought

universe,

as

192
to

be

first statement,

The

world

outer

outer,

as

doctrine

whole

choice

of

When

doer

the

the

of

doer
of

results

nature, I

for

its

its

of

is

one

past

I look

As

acts.

eternal

had

said, my

self has

absolute
this
there

been

own

had

of

to

Nature

deeds.

out

all

truth.
I

as

the

on

once

of

the

world

of

expression of

of

the

declared

contemplator

is not

then

an

self is at

already been

onlooker

to

Schellingalso

and
eternity,

the

be

is because

what

doing. The
exemplifies

present consciousness
from

to

self,the free

view

the

me

was

thought of

conscious
the

festation
mani-

relation

source

This

sees,

self

absolute

the

philosophy.

all the

Fichte

the

present act, and

embodiment

concrete

this

before
crystallized

see

has

me

after

as

this truth.
as

activitythat

same

of

recognizea truth, that

now,

and

true

my

declared, of the

fundamental

that

Ego,

true

But

accepts.

The

self-assertion

first made

have

author

shown

in substance

knower

as

be

order.
was

it is the

that

their

so

to

was

natural

PHILOSOPHY.

inner world
of the
spirit
; the
inevitablyexpressing itself in

of

exhibited

MODERN

seemingly opposed aspects

great and

two

OF

SPIRIT

THE

is the

nature

the

of his

results

merely, as

Fichte

manifest
to my
senses
duty made
; it is also
life, not of course
timelesslypast spiritual
my
my finite
individual
and
or
private past life, but the life of my
and
absolute
divine
spirit. This
deeper self,of the one
manifest
to
our
autobiography of spirit,
eyes, is then the
"

natural
is

On

order.
of

the

other

hand, the inner

life

as

such

it
philosophicaltreatment
; for this is,as
the record
of the spirit's
not
were,
past, but the fullness
of the spirit's
conscious
fold
actuality. We have thus a twophilosophy to be wrought out, and Schelling in 1799
and
1800
as
though in topic,
publishes his two sketches
if not
in execution, they completely covered
the ground.
But in 1801 appeared a new
treatise,called by Schelling
simply "Exposition of my
System of Philosophy," and

capable

here
could

the

doctrine

only with

seems

to

take

new

form, which

reconcile
great difficulty

with

readers
what

had

193

HEGEL.

As

before.

gone

system in lectures, before

this

ling expounded

treatise,hearers

the

had

he

that

Scheliing,in

says

system that

is the

have

called
both

than

Scheliing

calls

far, because

so

time

the

and

various

it

says,

the

trary,
con-

this

book,
have

merely
deep a

too

was

The

came.

its author

by

nature

by

On

doctrine.

preface to the new

held all along, and

keeping to myself
thing to expound before
Deeper

his

his

been

questionwas

publishing

Scheliing himself

asserted, as

wholly changed

Schel-

of 1800-1801

winter

the

during

system in

Identit'dts- System.

the

spiritis

something

now

mysterious

the

names,

that

lute,"
Abso-

"

of Subject and
Indifference
Identity,"the
ous
Unity of Nature and Spirit." It is a curiObject," the
bles
metaphysical product, this new
principle. It resemSpinoza's Substance ; it pretends to be loftier than
the

"

"

"

Fichte's

than

vaguer

years
this

"

was

to

It is

Self.

told

in

us

Absolute," in whose

indescribable

somehow

think

Yet

this

Its

of

when

nature

of

absolute

the

truth, deeper than

deeper

than
not

am

of

the

anything
minded

of

ever

to

night

the

was

kind

nothing

was

to be

in
the

self,deeper than
before

trouble

Schelling'sIdentit'dts- System,

of

thing
particular.
deepest of
nature,

philosophy.

with

here

in which

outer

in

known
you

all truth

nature

infinite

nature

think

you

"

the

"

hidden,

black."

are

you

Hegel, a few
Schellingian Identity,"

this

be

iing'
Schel-

whom

lecture.

later, rudely called

cows

all

last

the

and

dimmer

something even
Spirit of Nature, of

Giant

the

verses

all

Divine

whose

fuller

count
ac-

exposition,

deep and suggestive,with

The
all its vagueness.
after all
thought that there must
of synthesis possible of Kant
and
be
sort
some
noza,
Spiindeed
an
was
important thought. And
historically
the Identit'dts- System has a very
significantrelation to
this new
treatise
Hegel's thinking. For Scheliingwrote

as

it

under
who

chances, is really very

the
had

direct
then

influence

appeared

of
at

his

Jena,

intercourse
where

Hegel,
Scheliing was
with

19-4

THE

teaching.

What

that

of the

relations

of

individual

and

conceptions of the
philosophy needed

the
What

of

proof
and

the

of

the world
linked

are

the

in

the

the

individual

the

and

infinite

of

the

self,

universal,

Philosophy

come
be-

must

naught. This thought

Schellingfound present in Hegel's mind, and so Schelling
forced
his poeticalspeculationsto assume
for the moment
a
Spinozisticgarb. Largely ineffective,however, Schelsystem,

or

efforts

ling'sbest

well, therefore, to
of the

tematizer

else

general.

consciousness

the

world

in

about

analysisand

exact

spiritualties.

close

self,and

infinite

more

the

and

moment

earlyimpressed
be put, if possible,
dreaming about the

absolute

finite self

order, the

outer

all this

was

that

and

must

finite and

assertion

the

end

an

vagueness

romantic

the

to

PHILOSOPHY.

Hegel maintained,

Schelling, was

upon

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

remain

remained
turn

at

to the

once

idealistic

We

thenceforth.

shall

successful

more

do
sys-

scheme, namely, Hegel.

ii.

With

idealists

the

of

romantic

the

school

but he
things in common,
They
profoundly in temperament.
self by various
absolute
mystical or

differed

indeed, many
them
their
facile

which

methods,
hated

need

we

Hegel had,
reached

had

otherwise

further

not

from

too

expound.

in

philosophy,and abhorred
ticism.
mysHe
therefore, at first,in his private studies, had
of dealing with the
clung closelyto Kant's originalmode
Hegel

problems

of

the

fashion

own

was

Yet,
I must

as

philosophy until

new

of reflection.
must

we

roads

easy

now

turn

to
to

come

point out
is,indeed, personally,
one
at

and
1

The

of Dr.

once

life.1

Kant

expert reader
Hutchinson

was

will

To
the

of

of

his

this fashion

Hegel's temperament,

all first-class thinkers

of the

least
whose

man

easily detect

estimates
Stirling's

found

himself.

speak

had
what

understand

man

that

he

of

the

imposing

in character

intellectual
influence

of

he

might

Haym

Hegel's personality in

and
what

195

HEGEL.

of

weakness

elevation

moral

heroic

and

in

contrast

the

to

after

which,

presence,

sublime

the

of

something

bodily

his

stood

all, had

it.

about

Spinoza's lonely,
intellect joins with his

princely,haughtiness of
religiousmysticism to give his form grace, and his very
isolation nobility. But
Hegel is in no wise either graceful
heroic in bearing. His dignityis solelythe dignityof
or
his work.
Apart from his achievement, and his temperament
as
making it possible,there is extremely little of
The
wonder
of him
lies in his profesin the man.
mark
sional,
almost

his

in

not

Suabian,

human

born

He

aspect.

scholar,

successful

decidedlycrafty,merciless
German

with

rather

he

had

From

to

his

keen-witted

teacher, self-possessed,

his

to

rather

and

enemies, quarrelsome

crude

methodical

fashion

of

the

in the

rest

of

his

when
sharp disciplinarian

he

had

to

with

people or

young

when

in

the

scholar, sedate

official life ;
deal

after

occasion

on

was

with

deal

subordinates
official

with

or

biographer,Rosenkranz,

trifle

social
learn

we

vile
ser-

riors.
supeof him

privatecapacities; he interests us in hardly any

of them.
romantic
He
like Fichte ; no
was
no
patriot,
of splendid metaphysical
dreamer, like Novalis; no
poetic seer
is absolutely
visions,like Schelling. His career
many

devoid

of

letters.
His

We

romance.

They

inner

his

turning

upon

longer serve
was

indeed

follows.

The

such, and

from

discussion

of

and

had

one

or

dreary beyond
crises,or

no

of his love-

two

measure.

concealed

them

his

dealings with his friends, as, for

Schelling,he was
wily and masterful, using

instance,with
for

either

In

obstinately.

men

awkward

are

life

have

even

advantage
them
his

reader

without

ends.

blameless.
who

long as he needed them,

scruple when
they could

so

His

He

no

life,in its official character,

was

desires

high authority
Hegel in the volume
Classics.
Philosophical
a

and

faithful

eulogistic account

more

too, in
on

servant

Professor

that

thinker

Edward
in

of

his

will

find

Caird's

Blackwood's

196

his

he

therefore
he

showed

His

reward.

worldly

he reaped
unquestionably

students

well; but

them

treated

scant

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

masters, and

successive

various

OF

SPIRIT

THE

To

courtesy.

the

flattered

him,

towards

opponents

he

end

remains

and

self-

laborious, critical,unaffectionate
office and
to his household,loyal to

seeking, determined,
faithful

man,

his

to

his

employers,cruel

not

persons

is not

books

is

otherwise

philosophy. If

of

genial,they

and

in

are

the

and

everything to
All

student.
He

choice.
is the

is

miracle
of

one

is not

this

this

"

the

in

is not

our

of

We

as

of

the

tory
his-

whole

easy-flowing
whole, hardly

his

reader,

painful to

the

it is deliberate

And

and

velous
mar-

yet

"

unheroic

here
person

chosen

ments
instru-

times, the spirithas

spoken.

all the

this

comprehend

to

ours

and

barbarism.

unattractive

through which,

the

more

awkwardness

noteworthy

most

are

long and

road

his

of

proud

in

does little to attract

the

make

end,

its

one
notoriously

obscure

his lectures

comprehensible. He

more

It

deep ingenuityand

barbarous,technical,and

most

is

its

without
but

accuracy,

controversy he spared
doctrines.
His stylein his published

than

more

any

In

his foes.

to

wind

that

bloweth

only to hear the sound thereof.

in August,
born
Friedrich Hegel was
Georg Wilhelm
of a representative
1770, at Stuttgart. His family was
his own
favorable
Suabian type
earlysurroundingswere
but
to an
highly pedantic sort of learning.
industrious,
it listeth.

where

have

At

the

his

seventh

whole,

until well
a

very
on

It is in
the

might
of

which
Stuttgart,

he

was

strong

to

contrast

of

characteristic youth

be

after

attended

from

an

expected to keep.
genius, so far,in the young

much

he

but, on the
extraordinarily,
his fifteenth
healthilystudious boy. From
in his seventeenth
find him keeping
we
year,
has published largefragwhich
Kosenkranz
ments.

year,

diary,from

that

in

gymnasium

this

fashion:

In

the

diaries

sentimental

genius,

fact there

Hegel.

His

"Tuesday,

June

in
was

those
no

days,

promise

on
diary runs
28
(1785), 1

197

HEGEL.

make

can

different

on

somebody

when

...

and
appetite,

excellent

with

thingimpressionsthe same
I was
eating cherries
people.

different

to-day what

observed

said

possiblypass

cannot

one

one's

mouth
in

whereas,

be

youth

cherries

(as

without

let

can

one

years

that

having

Suabians*

we

on

thinks

one

looked

sure,

cherry-woman

advanced

more

good time,

very
to

in

that

for the

water

I,

than

else,older

indifference, and

with

having a

say),
whole

feeling an equal longing for such

the followingprinciI thought out
ple,
things. Whereupon
for me, but still a very profound
rather painful one
a
spring

while

wants,

as

youth

in age

can't

one

eat

does n't want

one

much

as

as

eat

to

as

much

can."

one

Such
His

in

namely, that

one,
one

without

pass

the

was

diary

never

philosopherHegel, at fifteen years of age.

records
Nothing seems
a
genuine event.

devourer
of cherries and
happened to this young
that one
as
day at church
learning,except such marvels
he learned the date of the Augsburg Confession
that,
; or
to have

during

walk,

of

one

his

teachers

side

its bad

told

him

how

every

and

again, during another

walk, tried to explain to him why July and August are
Of such
hotter than June.
the diary is full,
matters
learn of an
does one
inner experienceof any signifinever
cance.
The
boy is pedantic
Aspirations are banished.
enough, not to say out and out a prig ; but this at any
has

good thing

"

rate

is

he

as

as

appears

it is in

the

distinctive

thoroughly objective. He

itself,not

it is for

as

of things,not
principles
of
in

popular
make

them.

rather

Meanwhile,

easy

grade.

He

ghost

stories.

work

devotes

He

shallow
of
some

even

the

his

wants

to

him

he

he

desires

is at

given

so

mysterious of
to

the

once

far

rationalism

space

ment
temperaknow

to

which
every

life

the

sentimental

privateand

religiousfaith, and

and

very

his

of

feature

true

pretation
inter-

well
the

structed
inthen

loved
kind

to

and

explanation

records, meanwhile,

of

occasional

198

dry Suabian
improved form, found
The

this

of

boyish form

later, in

as

place in his academic

of his style,
not
to say

characteristic

so

were

PHILOSOPHY.

such

humor,

of

bits

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

interest

in the

much

lectures,and
of his system.

grotesque may

be

Total
eclipseof
exemplified: January 3, 1787.
the moon
prepared at the gymnasium, where
; instruments
too
some
cloudy. So
gathered to see, but the sky was
the following: As
told us
the rector
a
boy he himself
with
other
had once
out
boys, at night,on the pretence
gone
of star-gazing. In realitythey had
wandered
only
about.
The
them, and were
going to take
police found
them
into
custody ; but the gymnasium
boys said,
're out
We
star-gazing.' Nay,' responded the police,
do your
but you boys ought to go to bed at night,and
I note
this trifle because,
star-gazingin the day-time !
thus

"

"

'

: '

'

after
at

all,it

other

means

than

more

in

places

the

would

one

Hegel's

young

glimpses of a certain deep delight in

delight which, at times merely dry
times

keenly intellectual,would
of

In

record

the

appear

paradoxical,a

and

humorous,

little in

mean

and

at

another

dency
is,after all,the determining ten-

which

but

temperament,

Here

think.

Hegel's mind.

fact, if

has

one

eyes

to

it,the Hegelian temperament,

see

all the

Hegelian depth, is,even

as
Of the later
early as this, almost
completely indicated.
philosophicalgenius,as I have said, there is so far no
this genius was
promise ; but the general attitude which
is alreadytaken
to render
so
significant
by the boy Hegel.
although not

The

traits present

at

are,

for

acquisitiveness,which
but

above

all every

sort

of

the

first

finds

an

tual
intellec-

enormous

every

literaryand

sort

of

humane

learning,
learning,

extremely interesting.The pedantry which oppresses the

German
gymnasiast of that day is relieved,meanwhile, by
this dry and
sarcastic
Suabian
the
notes
humor, which
oddities
and
keen
with
nature
a
stupiditiesof human
appreciation.

The

humor

involves

love

of

the

gro

'
200

yet,it is

OF

SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

in his

all mercilessness

not

does

PHILOSOPHY.

condemn

When

case.

he

has

after the

fashion.
cynic's
reconstruction.
the dissection
He singles
After
comes
he takes to be the trulyhumane
in passion,
he
out what
interests of man,
describes the artistic or the religious
he
admirable
of self-consciousness ;
the more
forms
pictures
he
analyzed,

and

not

indeed, his speech may

now,

at

assume

moments

he depicts
He praises,
even
a
religious,
mysticaltone.
of these
worth
the absolute
approvingly,he admires
things. You feel that at last you have found his heart
also in a glow. But no ; this,too, is an illusion. A word
erelongundeceives you as to his personalattitude. He
shrewd
is only engaged in his trade as
professor
; he is
value of things
;
onlytellingyou the true and objective
of his own
he is not making any serious expression
piety
or

of

wealth

he remains

person

what

His

is stillthe critic.

approvalof

the

was

He

concern.

he

the
was

In

onlooker.

his

tion
admira-

private

before,untouched

by

the

heart of the very seraphsthemselves.

of his
the university
the year 1788, Hegel entered

glow of
In

provinceat Tubingen. Here he studied until 1793, being

in his academic
work
somewhat
interrupted
by ill health.
His principal
study was theology.A certificate givenhim
declared

at the conclusion

of his

of

but that he had paid no serious

industry,
philosophy. His reading,however, had
In addition to theology,
he had shown
for the Greek
timate
tragedians.His most in-

giftsand

some

attention
been
a

to

very varied.

great fondness
student

Holderlin

and

with

friends of note

of

was
Schelling

greatness in

then, in

fort-on-the-Main

until

from

the

Nobody
Hegel.

to

man

poet
young
had
tected
yet deThe

ship
friend-

in the form

Hegel,as
1793

was

an

1796

of

obscure
in Switzerland,

worked
in Frankcapacity,
end
of 1800, when, through

similar
the

while

that he

been

continued

now

correspondence,which lasted
familytutor, passed the years
and

had

Schellinghimself.

element

any

course

201

HEGEL.

found

opportunity to enter
ing
Durat the Universityof Jena.
academic
career
an
upon
matured
all these
slowly, and printed
years Hegel
nothing. The letters to Schellingare throughout written
in a nattering and
Philosophy becomes
receptivetone.
more
prominent in Hegel's thought and correspondence
To
time
Schelling he appeals as to the
on.
as
goes
in thought. From
evolution
of the newest
elect leader
Schelling'sassistance, he

philosophy, he

Kantian

the

is to

movement

constructive

self,whose

is but

system in his

new

had

to

and

about

take

written

and

probably

between

I
He

his

even

he

his friend

gives little

or

had

he

part

On

content

himself

assistance

world, in which

this

set

time,
ready
al-

was

his first appearance

to appear

as

expositor of Schelling,

an

long

so

has

system

doctrine, which

the

purposely exaggerated
and

Then,

youth

by
actually,

was

hint

no

life and

to

fullydefined.

in

as

reputationand
learned

the

return

can

future

Jena, however,

at

and

of

outline

co-worker

he

Schelling
development of

his

all its essentials

in

expresses

friend, " the ideal of my

has become
reflective form, and
to

am

an

to

as

mind

asking how
influencingmen."
now

mental
funda-

the

Hegel

new

infinite

and

explain

notion

this

twenty-fiveand

But

own

of

idea

just before joining Schelling at Jena.

confesses

he

is but

creative

new

absolute

shall

This

old.

twenty years

until 1800,
as

of the

processes

he

when

alreadyin 1795,

central

the

world.

the

of

laws

great,

says,

will be the doctrine

movement

the

and

grow,

an

as

valuable

he

agreement

found

ling's
Schel-

introduction

to

youthful romanticist was

far
so
already a great figure, while Hegel himself was
In 1801, Hegel began his lectures as Privatunknown.
Docent
at the university. In
1803, Schelling left the
and
long
university,
Hegel, now
dependent upon himself, erethe

made

no

secret

of

the

the

fact that

independent philosophy,and
yet nothing definite

and

final about

he
that

had
he

his

own

could

his friend's

tively
relafind

as

writings.

202

THE

His

first

own

OF

great

book,

Geistes," finished
and

about

at

published early
Schelling,whose

from

MODERN

SPIRIT

in

PHILOSOPHY.

the

the

time

of

the

battle
his

1807, completed
romantic

ridiculed, without

Phanomenologie

"

separation
fully
unmerci-

Schelling himself,

naming

Jena,

of

he

vagueness

des

in

the

the book
opened. In a letter to
long preface with which
Schellingaccompanying a copy of the
Phanomenologie,"
be understood
Hegel indeed explained that his ridicule must
directed
the former's
as
against the misuse which
followers
method
in philosowere
making of the romantic
phy
unmistakable.
the language of the preface was
; but
Schelling replied curtly,and the correspondence ended.
After
which
followed
the period of confusion
the battle of
Jena, Hegel, who had been temporarilyforced to abandon
the scholastic
life,found a place as gymnasium director at
he married
in 1811.
In
1816, he was
Niirnberg,where
called
to
a
professorshipof philosophy at Heidelberg.
He
had already published his
Logic." In 1818, he was
"

"

called

Berlin, and

here

the highest
to
rapidly rose
He
had
into
academic
a
success.
great following,came
almost
an
despoticposition
especialcourt favor, reached
of German
in the world
philosophicthought,and died of
cholera, at the very height of his fame, in November,
to

1831.
If

we

in

undertake

now

few

words

to

characterize

loose
almost
first of all cut
must
Hegel's doctrine, we
descriptionof his system
entirelyfrom that traditional
until almost
which
has been
repeated in the text-books
and has therefore
everybody has forgottenwhat it means,
to

come
our

accept it

he

thinker, as

regard

word)

out

the

to

system.

as

of

to

was

his
the

"

And

one
"

must

else ;

(to

peculiarlanguage

we

of

the

rest

be

rude

to

take

must

borrow
in which

limit

of self-consciousness,

nature

study

finallywe

every
secret

furthermore

must

Hegel's theory of
laying aside all detailed

attention

his elaborate

we

We

true.

as

Dr.

of
our

what

Stirling's

Hegel

chose

203

HEGEL.

to

it,and

express

insisted

have

would

doctrine

will

paradox

of

In

of

terms

he

treated, Hegel's

So

it.

analysis of

an

as

where

systematic tomb

the

burying

upon

appear

our

of

out

fundamental

the

consciousness.
this

paradox

relation

of the

finite and

between

mind

and

the

will

he

try

infinite

to

define, first the

self,then

the relation

reality.
in.

external

I have

dailylife,Kant

our

things

in

understanding,then,
its

experience

has
If

in

be

so,

the

creates

its

has

if it is
of

are

for

nature

our

see

Idealism
all this.

from
that

actually
problem,

the

then

us,

(as

must

this coherence.

understanding

our

because

sane,

conclusion

order
but

to us,

coherence, and

own

obvious

the

order

we

light of

the

already drawn
this

because

good

absolute

the

is known

themselves

Kant)

reworded

said, has

had

because

it,not

in

connection

and

order
of

of

world

The

becomes
no
more
comprehend my world?"
How
shall I understand
less than
the problem,
or
self
myhave
?
We
already suggested into what romantic
exhaustivelythe inner
extravagances the effort to know
"

shall I

How

"

"

life had

by

relation

was

purely

to

grasp

To

this vague

ethical
in

Some

profound, but

than

arbitrary

accustomed
my

which

conscious

to

fantastic

appeal.

self,and

Fichte

and

conceived
tried

ways,

real

My

finite
in-

an

romanticists

the
and

still vague

self

own

my

relation,which
and

terms,

numerous

was

deeper

led.

felt to exist between

self.
in

this time

losophy
phi-

self

is

this real self is boundless,

Only poets and

spreading, romantic, divine.
dream
of it justly. But
other geniuses can
nobody can
tell squarely and
simply, mit diirren Worten, just what
he means
by it. Now Hegel, as a maliciouslycool-headed
and
himself
lieve
beSuabian, did indeed
sternlyunromantic
far

in the
of

the

infinite

self,but

romanticists

with

he

regarded

all this vagueness

contempt, and

even

with

204

SPIRIT

THE

certain
his

external

own

that

He

mirth.

rude

his wisdom,

PHILOSOPHY.

appreciated all

of

way,

fashion

dreamy

MODERN

OF

course

he

himself, and

its enthusiasm

could

talk

even

to the

not

once,

in
after

credit

of

quite to the credit of his honesty,

he did so, in an
early essay, published,as we must
note,
while
still Schelling's
he was
academic
nurslingat Jena.
he despisedvagueness,
and
when
But
the time
he
came
said

perhaps

Yet

so.

still for him

lay justwhere
Kant

where

self
to

the

himself

is n't

had

past,

deeper self,also,
I

as

the

phy
great questionof philoso-

romanticists

had

left it.
of

whole

the

own

my

doubt,

not

to

me.

is.

now

it,yes, just

conscious

and

ent
pres-

constantly appealing

am

future

own

my

it

My

found

self,and

Whatever

to

my

affirm,

or

mind
for
always searching my own
tutes
proof,for support, for guidance. Such searching constiAll philosoin one
active mental
life.
all my
sense
phy
had
then
shown, upon understanding
turns, as Kant
and who
who
and what
I am,
deeper self is. Hegel
my

deny,

or

am

recognizes this

undertakes

therefore, which
analysis,

an

in

our

he

will

about

it.

He

here

must

we

for the most

fashion, and

own

dream

not

word
re-

part with

our

illustrations.1

own

Examine
"

but

know

yourself

See,

Yes, indeed,
this

know

breaks

as

even

on

note

wave

is broken

What

of the

to

tell,the

of

music

know, the

now

and
"

say,

immediately

argument

No,

beach.

the

what

cannot

try

in the

note

another
know."
follows

whatever
is here

that

and

so,

has

sounded

wave

curves

must
course

Phanomenologie.

even

say,

this feeling,

to me,

future, of

is here
and

this
as

and

now

me

flown.
that

wave

try

to

tell

ceased, the
to its fall.

onward

always

for

have

mote
re-

that,

or

and

now

now

sounds,

not

is of

you

conjecturethis

can

here

I,"

past and

what

but

"

present

now

sound, this thought. Of

for me."

is

things,of other people,I

and here I know
just now

but

instant

any

this that

just now

this

at

"

say,

suggested by

the

just

opening

205

HEGEL.

knew."

But

and

gone

One

what

it I

was

how

Then

this endless

sees

justknew
I

can

be

now

Is it

already past
knowing it at all ?

consciousness, this

of

paradox

nal
eter-

from

myself. After all,do I really

know
ever
abiding or even
momentarily finished
any one
I am
and clearlypresent thing ?
No, indeed.
eternally
All that I know,
then, is not any
changing my mind.
but the moment
that is just past, and the
present moment,
this.
to
self,
change from that moment
My momentary
it knows, recognizes,
far as
then, has knowledge in so
flight of myself

self, the

accepts, another

self

of

the

just past.

moment

self is known
to
again, my momentary
and
in
the next
so
on
succeeding moment,
old paradox.
fatal flight. All this is an
And

make

great deal of it.

forms

various

the

reason,

that

"

mark

you,

been

but

in

the

on

second

of

my

best

since

itself
own

my
was

least reflective
and

surely,then,
I

am

one

miserable.

that

To

may

is

to

but

happy.

am

and

say,

may

say,

see

once

ory
previous mem-

my

see,

get each

it has fled in
since

moment

my

or

know

that

once

I
a

I suffer I
more

is to

enjoy
joy past.
can

knowledge

them

remember

more,

paradox. I feel
least, namely, in

say, when

Yes,

but

sad

I know

is

directlyknow.

now

constitutes

somewhat

moments.

reflect

to

that

memory,

joyful,that

joy. This is
joys just when

still,
you

joyous. But, as you

in knowledge only when

memory,

mind

good." Only then,

past joy, I

of

past

my

past happiness is itself

this do

memory

poets

know

it all over,

But

my

even

reflective

of

while

not

and

endlesslyits

when

was

over.

of

memory

my

joy was
new
joy as my
being. It is

It all

The

of

preciselyknow

never

think

can

happy.

happy thing. No,

If I reflect

self

eternal

don't
my

instant

very

happiness is

the

that

the

at

evening

merry

I have

I know

instance, why

happy

am

Yes,

for

That
review

only

can

illustrate

can

shadings.

but

mind,

present

After

and

You

the

know

my
my
flect,
re-

But
that

only reflectively.

206

Each

pang

THE

SPIRIT

is

past when

mine.

now

That

"

of

at

us

question is
of

far

Each

are

constitutes

of

finds him
to
reflectively
puzzlingfact, but it is true.

what

he

is

now

of

he

only

can

know

what

he

the

moment

mysterious

of

one

who
to

other

It is

No

ment.
bereave-

answer

some

be.

deepest

know

to

the

is what

his life

and

it

Hegel's.1
ning
web-spin-

not

wanted

is ; and

us

of

elaborate

We

seek.

the

or

own,

possiblytoo

to

one

And

this

still my

moment

any

"

next?

just

was

row
lookingfor my sorpresent, namely, in the dreaded

next

all this

is not

ours

one

any

of

result
of

"

it

that

what

"

future, that

illustrations

My
The

know

to

come

loneliness, of defeat, of shame,

of

pang

PHILOSOPHY.

over," I say,

in the

fatal

on-coming

what

"

than

elsewhere
and

is

of the

is this horror

MODERN

OF

knows

us

Each

ivas.

hereafter
he shall
only what
This
find himself
is the deepest paradox of the
to be.
inner
life.
We
self-apprehension,
get self-possession,
selves,
self-knowledge,only through endlesslyfleeingfrom ourand
then
turning back to look at what we were.2
It reBut this paradox relates not
lates
merely to moments.
one

however, is

us,

all life.

to

Mature

life

now

Youth
old

or

does

its own

know

not

discovers
reflectively

age

mind.

deep

part of

that the meaning is

now
youth meant, and sorrows
known
All
the
is ended.
only when
feeling,all
game
character, all thought, all life,exists for us only in so far
what

it

as

be

can

reflected

Hegel's illustrations
of

stages
of

the

of

life and
2

for
this

whole

Cf.
a

of

process

categories.
der
152

the

p. 288.

"

viewed

Yet

just

the

without,

from

commonly

more

lies in

from

key

this fashion

at

seen

highly

more

to

the

of

viewing

"

flective
re"

movement

facts

the

thought.

Logik,

series

are

consciousness.

Logic

"

upon,

as

vol.

i.

expressions,in
manifested

The

commonest

Negation (1.c.
verb

vol.

(Werke,

p.

zuriichkehren

in

iii.),
pp. 99, 114, 152, 283,

highly
case

abstract

of various

technical

99), explained
is

further
to

the

on
name

the

process

page

the

114.
same

285,
of

nature

and

logical constructions
for

name

employed

form, of

and

is

tion
Nega-

On
act

page
;

so

208

THE

SPIRIT

OF

MODERN

I rot

self-consciousness

isolated

PHILOSOPHY.

unheeded

away

and

terror-

hind,
Idiocy is before me, and my true self is far bein those bright and bitter days when
I worked
and
suffered with my
fellows.
from
others is my
My freedom
insufferable
form
of bondage. Could
I
doom, the most
of me, looked
speak to a living soul ! If any one knew
at me,
blessed
how
thought of me, yes, hated me
even,
! Now
would
be the deliverance
the analogy here
note
stricken.

between
that

the

each

inner

of

life in

Within

leads.

us

of

each

and

us

the

myself the

social

rule holds

life
that

I live

and reknown
flected
consciouslyonly in so far as I am
is
by my
subsequent life. Beyond what
upon
I
called my
private self,however, a similar rule holds.
humane
exist in a vital aud
sense
only in relation to my
friends, my social business, my family,my fellow-workers,
world

my

We

are

of other

This

selves.

accustomed

wholly an inner affair,which

solelyin and by himself.
do

refer

then

we

of mental

of consciousness

speak

to

is the rule

each

as

has

one

at

But, after
What

to ?

life.

if it
each

all,what

is love

were
ment
mosciousness
con-

but

the

somebody is there who either loves me

(and then I rejoice)or does not (and then I am gloomy
is self-respect
but a conscious
or
appeal
jealous)? What
if you
to others to respect my
rightor my worth ? And
is it but justthat inner
talk of one's secret
heart, what
consciousness

brooding in

that

one's

illustrates,
as

more

life which

conscious

own

say, the

we

then, it makes
the

same

no

thing.

consciousness.1

how

difference

on

you

consciousness

All

is the

That

essence

much

of
impossibility

very

myself except by lookingback

so

my

look
is

an

of it.

ing
know-

past self.
at

me,

you

appeal
The

the

See,
find

to other

inner

life

Hegel would love to express it,ebensosehr an outer

of spiris just intercourse,communion
life. Spirituality
its.
essential
This
is the
publicityof consciousness,
whereby all the secrets of our hearts are known.2
is, as

Phanomenologie,

The

word

p. 135.

"publicity

"

is

very

fair

representativeof Allgemein"

209

HEGEL.

Here, then, Hegel has

come

consciousness

whereby

deeper self of the

connected.
definitely

romanticists

in

Let

private self

my

cess
pro-

and

be

somewhat

this

process

may
state

us

of

track

the

upon

that
more

little

abstractedly. A conscious being is to think, or to feel,or

must
to do something. Very well, then, he
surelythink
or

do

but

as

or

does
than

more

to

In

least two

at

the

how

once

of

series of

But

Suppose

still more.
has

he

is to prove

do

to

he

proves,

appeals to

that

what

his

that

observe

speak, to

selves.

exist

in

then

live

is one,

the

We

there
at

see

indefinitely
repeated.
thus live out

must

and

what

coherence.

self-conscious

our

definitely
in-

I must

moments.

and

an

ing
be-

As
propositionin geometry.
somebody, his other self, so to
Or again,supproof is sound.
pose

does is to

he

acts

thinks

Here, then,

two

be

acts

that

he

must

live in their union

and

selves

many

could

myself at all,I

numerous

become

self that

already

process

same

he

is another.

moments,

to know

order

The

the act

that

first act, and

must

acted.

has

he

knows

self that

He

So be it ;

moment.

one

end, however,

this

moment.

one

that

know

are

To

this.

some

is also to know

being he

conscious

say, in

would

this,one

love, to hate, to beseech,

to

pity,to appeal for pity,to feel proud, to despise,to exhort,

to feel charitable,to long for sympathy, to converse,
to do,
in

short, any of the social

all

whole

together,the
All

There

alone.

world

acts,

selves,to

to many

life

these

of

people, in

selves.
our

first to last the

we

that

acts

of
see,

up,

innermost

our

involve

at

when

taken

self-consciousness.
least

the

appeal

to other
society,
spirits.We have
is no
merely inner self. There is

We

live in

our

relationships.To
law

make

of conscious

coherence
sum

existence

with

it all up
is this

no

the

other
:

From

al/
paradox-

applied to self-consciousness
by Hegel in the highly important
Here
" 436 of the Encyklopadie, Werke, vol. vii. 2, p. 283.
already
the nature
of Hegel's system.
of the true Universal
appears
Organic
of individuals
is the condition even
of their relatively
interrelationship
independent selfhood.
as

210

THE

ical

but

real

that

self

self.

expressed

The

minds.

related

MODERN

through

inner

my

OF

PHILOSOPHY.

self-differentiation,
whereby I, the

self,am

inner
so

SPIRIT

and

selves,
through one of many
already an outer, a revealed, an

is

only

It

is of

mind
the

then

of

realityby losingitself
I then
at
am
relationships.Who
knot

of

people.

Do

Then

just now

of
And

but

all those

itself into

who

in outer, but
this

the

spiritual
I

moment?

am

and

moments

with

to

to

absorption?

of the total consciousness

absorbed

are

it is of

always

so

this centre

of many

consciousness

relationshipsto other
I converse
busilyand

other

am

is the world

essence

find its inner

justthis

so-called

essence

in

this

of

spiritto

conversation.
tiate
differen-

and to live in their relationships,

spirits,
to be one
by virtue solelyof their coherence.
The
of
foregoingillustrations of Hegel's paradox, some
which
in these latter paragraphs have
been
his own,
have
not
begun to suggest how manifold
are, according to him,
its manifestations.
So paradoxical and
does
it
true
so
he looks for further
to him, however, that
seem
analogies
of the same
in other regionsof our
conscious
life.
process
What

have

we

be," I

similar

many

found

is that

if I

be

to

am

I,

"

as

I think

myself
merely I. I become
nity.
by forsaking my isolation and by entering into commuis always and
My self-possession
everywhere selfsurrender
is not this parato my
relationships.But now
dox
of the spirit
applicablestill further in life ? Does n't
If you

be

must

law

want

hold
to

of all that

win

say

the

do

we

end,

any

yourself,but

not

end

holy

if you
what

be

would

it be ?

for

To

yet

deeper

sense?

in vain

strive

holiness?

Just

have

to

become

pure

ness,
holi-

worldlythought,
peaceful,calm, untroubled, absolutelypure in spirit,

without
would

merely strive

in

ing
merely the end of knowof becoming holy,is n't it

that, curiouslyenough, you

true

to

than

more

one

it ?

just because

blot
But
one

or

blemish,

consider, if
had

never

never

that would

"

one

an

indeed

be

noble,

quiteunworldly
unworldly thought, what

were

thus

211

HEGEL.

would

that
?

emptiness
into

pure

world
But

at

simple impassivity,innocence, pure

An
innocent
little cberub, that, just born
heard
that there was
even
a
light,had never
holiness
in

reallyexcel

be

this

Of

be

because

of

lover

unworldly.

of

if I had

course

not

be

sense

holiness

triumphant

strength ?

would

that

the

in

world, I should

of the

But

indeed

all,he would

is such

heard

but

be

those

that

never

of

even

the world.

all
ignorance. And
ignorant, cherubs, young

of

my

be alike
things can
Judases.
Yes, the very
tigers,infant Napoleons, or
of the pit might have
demons
begun by being ignorant of
If so, they would
far holy.
been
the universe.
have
so
sorts

"

But, after all,is such

is indeed
looked
or

worth
A

at.

cherub

the

creatures.

moral

agents.

of

Here

already with
For

finitude.

our

But

worldliness, not

had

to

not

with

are

holiness

innocence,

the

and

to

is

no

world

with

not

turning

at

away

such

for

us

hands,

our

the

be

asleep,

ideal
in

It

beyond

look

all the

means,

not

fast

yet grown

all like

temptation
us

innocence, just

holiness

such
we

as

baby Napoleon

should

we

"

as

that

demon

stage

pretty
beset

tigeror

young

created

new

deal

good

holiness

much

worth

holiness

pangs

of

abolition
from

the

the world, the

victory that overcometh
the vigor, the endurance, the hot
struggle,the courage,
fightwith sin, the facing of the demon, the power to have
him
him
there in us and
to hold
by the throat, the living
of the enemy,
and
and ghastlypresence
the triumphant
wrestling with him and keeping him forever a panting,

world, but

the

furious, immortal
holiness

we

can

thrall

hope

for.

and

That

bondman.

Yes, this is the only

is all the
true

ness.
holi-

Such

who
sin.

know,
triumph alone does the supreme
spirit
is tempted in all points like as we
are, yet without
Holiness, you see, exists by virtue of its opposite.

Holiness

is

consciousness

of sin with

consciousness

sin.
Only the tempted are
victory over
they only when they win againsttemptation.

the

of

holy, and

212

SPIRIT

THE

this I set

All

down

it,although indeed
of
"

Die

"

die

Tugend,"
Tugend ist

here,
I

life loves

mark

to

paradox, all

consciousness

merely because
because
Hegel's

one

height

of

passage

And

this.

of

the

it is

You

believe

cool

symptoms

hochste, vollendete

again.

over

PHILOSOPHY.

just such
in

he

says
der

not

do, but

then, is the very

It is

MODERN

OF

this.

as

his

Logic,"

"

Kampf."

ness,
Holi-

struggle with evil.

the same
paradox of
the

want

consciousness

of

by innocence, but through its own

ing
opposite,namely, through meeting the enemy, endurhere
and
as
once
overcoming. Consciousness
more,

virtue
very

win

; you

it,not

before, differentiates

itself into

in

contradictions,and

various,

into

contrasted,

their conflicts,their
relationships,
As
these.
the
the triumph over
foeman
worthy of his steel,and

lives in their

and

forms

warrior

rejoicesin the
to
overcome
rejoicesin him just because he wants
exists by the triumph over
slay him ; as courage
and

is

there

as

nothing
obstacles

terrible
; as

no

the

tenderer

so,

in

in

courage

; as

even

world

where

and

to

terror,
there

is

strength consists in the mastery of

love is proved only through suffering,

deep only when

grows

is

nosis
diag-

because

with

was

sorrow

it is wounded
in

short, everywhere

it,becomes

often

by misunderstanding;

conscious

life, consciousness

of conflicting
aims, purposes,
organization,
thoughts,stirrings.And justthis,according to Hegel, is
There
is nothing
the very
perfectionof consciousness.
simple in it,nothing unmittelbar, nothing there till you
win
it,nothing consciouslyknown
or
possessed till you
it by conflict with
till you
its opposite,
develop its
prove

union,

inner

contradictions

fatal law
For

the

of life.

see,

highest
1

an

to

once

lowest

and
This
more

in the

of holiness

is the
:

in

Werke, vol. iv.,p. 63.

essence

triumph

our

life.
The

is found

ReligionspMlosophie.

them.

over

pulse

of the

This

is the

world.
spiritual

illustrations

have

run

from

Everywhere,

from

the

most

spiritof

the

expressed

in

foregoing expositionof
places,especially
many

213

HEGEL.

in

order

the

where

trivial games,

enjoy triumph,

to

existence, where

savage

players
the

always risking loss

are

from

warriors

heroism

their

prove

of

crudities

lowest

the

highest conflicts
the law holds
and triumphs of the spirit,
ality
good. Spiritulives by self-differentiation into mutually opposing
these
forces, and
oppositions.
by victory in and over
the basis
This law it is that Hegel singlesout and makes
he so
This is the logic of passion which
of his system.
diagnoses, and so untiringlyand even
mercilessly
skillfully
by laceratingtheir

all life.

appliesto

He

names.

flesh,up

to

He

gives his

law

calls

it the

vitat of self-conscious

life

possess

form

any

of

Negati-

means
JYegativiidt

simply

life,virtue, or

the

self-consciousness,you

cowardice

throat, the

that

problem

that
wisdom

your

courage

your

or

courage,

play, as it were,
consciousness, set over
against yourselfyour
the
wicked
impulse that your
goodness
or

cal
techni-

very

universal

of the

law
and

various

by which,
principleof self-differentiation,

this
to

the

own

"

order

wisdom,

opponent,
holds

then

of

game

by

conquers,

and

solves,

in

live

"

the
the

by

Having found
againstthis opponent.
this law, Hegel undertakes, by a sort of exhaustive
tion,
inducconscious
tion,
relato apply it to the explanationof every
of this principleof the
and
to
construct, in terms
of our
rational
the whole
self -differentiation of spirit,
mass
winning

your

relations

to

game

another,

one

principleis,in
which

the

another

romanticists

to

the

world, and

form, this

sought

that

is to

be

to

the

found

only by spiritualstruggle,toil, conflict

His

God.

deeper
and

self

defined

by settingover

private selves the world of our tasks, of our

and
relationships,
by developing,defining,and mastering
these
tasks
and
until we
shall find, through
relationships
against

the

very

of the

our

stress

and

vastness

conflict,that

spiritual warfare
The

more

we

and

of

are

of

and

necessityand

in God's
absolute

self I am,

own

spirituality

infinite world

of

restless self -consciousness.

the

more

contradictions

214

THE

there

these

over

and

nature

my

raise my

to

its control

varietyfurnishes
Hegel, as we
decidedly a man

the

The

the

his

are

contradictions

Yet

one

simply

which

how

the

in the

life,and

how

to

the

infinite

the
is

Lord,

and

wins

paradoxical,
of the fight,

God

and

active

Does

bears

through

outer

mastery

it enable

conflicts ?

is related

the

the absolute

tinually
con-

to

us

is this absolute

there

all the

itself

of

all

eternal

the

selves.

self

life finds

that

most

victory.
it amounts
Hegel's principle,

in the world

contradictions

To

wins

conflict

finite

individual

inner

show

Absolute,

might

very

of its life.

content

souls

say, if this is

may

embraces

how

us

of

showing us
enlarge our
that anywhere

prove

find to be

But
only in presence of the enemy.
simply the absolutelystrong spiritwho

won

self is
the

and

get weary
get wisdom, skill,virtue, because

give up trying to

these

the

Consciousness

war.

restless,struggling. Weak
and

erelongI

which

which

contradictions, whose

makes

of

conquest

my

self with

absolute

heart

very

see,

completer

only self,exists by

all these

over

PHILOSOPHY.

soul,and

the

genuine self,yes,

of

MODERN

contradictions.

seeking

am

in

are

OF

SPIRIT

the

its

own

But

tells

Hegel

to

life.

self

deeper self,
realization
does

he

where
any-

exists ?

here
not
preciselyhis object. I am
The
judging how well he succeeds.
tion,
deepest presupposihe thinks, of all this paradoxical conscious
life of
show

is the

ours

be

sure,

not

human
content

to
to

of

existence

of

apart from
warfare

the
the

of

this

state

his secret,

problem

absolute

attacked
and

is

in

after

self.

this task
his various

notion.
satisfying

Of

exists,to

in this whole

world, but

ours.

his formula

"

problem
the

courses

my

"

ized
organ-

is

not
Only Hegel
presuppositionmystically.

in his

To

self,which

absolute

consciousness, his fundamental

unlock
the

use

this

until

for
law
he

the
of

Logic," in
of

his

lectures,I

He

all
sires
de-

essence

rationality,to

reaches

systematic fashion

very

at

the

idea

in which

of
he

"Encyclopaedia,"
can

give no

very

mind, however, he did his work

216
the

he

that

lesson

enlarging

"

is

self-

lesson, namely,

the

manifestation

this whole

through

civilization,

all consciousness

that

PHILOSOPHY.

learned

has
of

process

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

of

the

law

one

of

Eternal
of the one
Spirit.
spirituallife, and so, finally,
The
Absolute
is no
of Hegel's
absolute
Phenomenology
God
that hides himself
hind
beon
parade, so to speak, no
clouds
and
darkness, nor
yet a Supreme Being who
in the recesses
keeps himself carefullyclean and untroubled
of an
inaccessible
infinity. No, Hegel's Absolute
"

"

"

is, I repeat,

of

man

The

war.

dust

and

the

blood

of

of

life are
him ; he comes
humanity's spiritual
upon
before
the
us
pierced and wounded, but triumphant,
who
is simply
God
has conquered contradictions, and who
ages

"

the

total

that
spiritualconsciousness
unifies,and enjoys the whole wealth
endurance, and passion.

expresses,
of

human

our

embraces,

loyalty,

IV.

But

still you
of

may

ask, Does

all this

yet give us

the

ditions
con-

plain
genuine philosophicalsystem ? Does it exand physicalcausation
? does it explain
outer
nature
perceptionand knowledge ? does it tell us the true nature
of Hegel's
of things?
In brief, as you
see, all this doctrine
an
seems
ethical,practical,
expositionof
essentially
of nature.
Well,
spirituality, not a theoretical account
in possession of devices
be
to
Hegel believes himself
his essentially
make
practicalcategories
whereby he can
of a
deep theoretical
significance. Consider, namely,
a

"

those
of
and

problems
and

cause

show, of
has

and

what

been
is

of

the

to

human

external

effect,of law
nature

and

their

and

How

universal

about

world, of space

phenomena,
which

of man,

treating.

do

these

character

of

and

time,

substance

previous philosophy
problems arise,
?

Are

n't

they

paradoxicaloppositionthat
exist in the nature
of reality,
and
that baffles
both the opposed
understanding just because

always problems
seems

the

some

217

HEGEL.

terms,

"

object;

and

because, I

phenomena
both

say,

each

of

these

finite and

or

opposed

things in

or

infinite,

just

"

in

terms

each

pair

accessibl
irreducible, in-

yet both the opposed things

other, while

to

known

themselves

and

us,

upon

explanation. Philosophy is a nest of

men
problems. They vex
endlessly; they gave
his troublesome
pairs of contradictoryassertions
Fichte the puzzle about
space and time ; they gave

such
Kant
about
self

seeming reality;

continually force

nevertheless
demand

subject and

separate, sundered, mutually

be

to

instance, knowing

realityand

true

or

themselves

seem

for

say,

"

the
Hume
not-self; they gave
problem
laws, about
experience that could never

and

facts

an

us

and

about
find

necessity,and

necessity that continually pretended to

experience. A logicalsystem of such
upon

inflict itself

of

and

problems
theoretical

solutions

their

philosophy,an

Schelling had
found
solves
the

world.

That, you
of

its

Well, in

Negativitcitof the
preciselythe formula
such
puzzles as these?

universal

this

age.

complete

absolute, such
formula

our

as

of

the

spiritual life, haven't

that

would

both

Spirit it

remember,

whole

be

of the

account

of.

dreamed

would

The

will everywhere
Negativitcit,

we

and

state

is that

makes

Kant,

position
presup-

is, since

because

spirit,then,
differentiate

therefore, throughout all its universe, from

of

itself,and

the

atoms

to

den
seeming oppositions,will burof magnificent paradoxes ; and
itself with
wealth
a
of theory,
will do this equallyand obstinatelyin the world
well as
in the world
of practice. If, therefore, we
as
have
the key to the process
whereby the spiritwins unity
the

in

archangels,will

the

Hume

and

the

research

puzzles
stated

of

midst

and

fundamental

its

the

solved

of

for

paradox

of

"

of

they

puzzle

of

Kant, the conflicts of empirical

priori speculation,

history
;

the

oppositions,then

own

problems

and

that

create

philosophy
will all be

shows

cases

of self-consciousness.

all the

yes,
us,

of

The

be

can

the

same

talisman

218

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

logicof passion will

of the

of

treasure-houses

richest

mind

in

this notion

example, even
to expound,

PHILOSOPHY.

to

cause

the

open

theoretical

doors

of

the

It is with

research.

Hegel, influenced by Schelling's

Schelling had been by his own, sets out

as

that

even
or
merely the historyof the human
but
and
the nature
the solution of
of the absolute
spirit,
philosophicalproblem concerning the absolute as
every
the
history of philosophy has presented such problems
in the fundamental
to us, whether
questions of logic,or
1 need
of the philosophy of nature.
not
in the inquiries
but indifferently
say that this stupendous undertaking was

not

executed.
It is

justthis undertaking,however,
system its peculiarlytechnical

The

itself is set

system

forth

in

that

gelian
He-

gives the

and

mulation.
for-

abstruse

divisions

three

the

phy
PhilosoPhilosophy of Nature," and the
Logic," the
in the most
of Spirit." The
logic is an exposition,
thoughts,
orderly and technical form, of the fundamental
be
found
to
are
or
"categories,"which
exemplified in
"

"

"

facts

all the

of

this

our

world

of

self.

the

As

for these

categoriesthemselves, the history of philosophy furnishes

fundamental
them
such
ideas
to
as
Hegel. They are
of Being and
those
Something ; of Many and One ; of
and
Quality, and Quantity, and Relation ; of Essence
Phenomenon
of

Law

of Form

Substance

and
and

Thought

the

without

coinage
truth

of

and
;

Absolute.

them

you

must

employ

truth, you

must

comprehend

or

hard

Spinoza
and

these

his

fast

Inner

of

Subject
You

Outer

and

get

in

on

substance.
as

it

is, never

And

them.

fashion,

as

to

want

to

of

Object ;

and

can't

; if you

categories is n't

in abstract

them

of

using such conceptions. They are

If
spiritualrealm.
try to set
you

the

of

Matter

losophy
phithe
forth

understand

now

hension
compre-

fining
got by merely de-

be

Euclid

defines

circle,

Definition, simple, positive,

tells the

whole

truth

about

219

HEGEL.

conception; for every fundamental

conception is really
and yet
to be comprehended only by viewing it in the true
a

paradoxicalrelation

its

to

opposite,that, as

own

self-consciousness,this conception must

of

virtue

how

already seen

and

consciousness, inner

that

wondrous

each

of

by

union

of

virtue

to define

In

follow.

to

after

substance

this world, of

of

that

truth

finite and
world
and

is n't

and

the

of

he

is the

him.

the

revealed

phenomena

finite

universe

is the

categories.

You

paradoxes.

The

analysis

of

such

method

dialectical

called

the

and

Take
notion

comprehend

of

the

the

"

of

notion
traces

of

notion

to

of

of which

be

the

to

passionate of
self-conscious

human
at

once

their

exhaustive

an

tions.
concep-

Hegel

of what

method

his
other

of

virtue

is what

Logic," then,

You

substance,

fundamental

please. Hegel
the

himself

it is with

by

the

stance
sub-

true

relations.

them

of

the

abstractlydefine

and

undertakes

the

such, philosophy

so

passion, applied

least
you

As

Even

It is the

method.

logic

"

paradoxes

seemingly

any

Logic

of

preserves

differentiation

embodiment.

"

he

in your

endless

for

things

struggle of

passionatechange

can't

you

stance
sub-

self, must

the

substance

the

by

merely

The

and

true

subject; and
livingGod.

apart from

of

stream

The

as

truth.

universe

very

Therefore

organic unity in

the

this

the

self,the

show

The

just

vain, for instance, do you

immobile

concretely realize,even

must

into

insight

an

Spinoza'sfashion

existence.

flow

by living,for
his nature,

in

hidden, but

is the

to

lives

seeming

ebb

has

of

social

and

comprehen
indefinable, in-

life,are

outer

eternal,fixed, congealed, and

be

consciousness

flow, the change, the conflict of thought that the

philosopher has
try

have

whereby
conflictingtendencies
opposed conceptions gets its meaning for us.

the

It is the

life and

save

We

have.

vice, present consciousness

past consciousness, individual

and

product

calls
have

we

cal
theoreti-

most

conceptions.
sees

in that

strife whereof

it is

220

THE

SPIRIT

if you

offspring,
or,

the

Is it

quantitythat
One,

regards quantity as
made

of

up

get used

measures

difference

quantity

to

that

Hegel, the

the
there
of

of

such

consciousness

virtue

sorts

characteristics

of the

suggestion

Logik, Werke,
continuirlicher
dieser

Grossen
an

of

it

the

idea

beide

ihr hat."

mere

ness,
self-conscious-

both

of

at

both

once

and

good

der

be

to

evil.

paradox

of

and

o"
selfin

quantity,justas

of

terms

refuses

line

himself
such

other, takes
technical

Hegel's
:

discreter

Moinente,

"

In

disjunct
able

of

sowohl

wird

es

to

ultimate
of

up

show, each
you

try

to

speak, with the

on,1 as Hegel loves
to

an

gewbhnlichen

Grosse

made

when

that

them

use

be

to

afflictsitself,so

vol. iii. p. 221

und

not

proved

is the

less

Hegel thinks
of quantity is

its nature,

notion

seemingly cold
obviously a creature

is

for

quantity consists of the separate

Continuous
quantity resists and

Discrete

as

virtue

the
in

units, as, for instance,

points. Yet,

of

holds,

he

so

as

discrete

are

thing, a

unjointed units.
defies
description in

out

be,

of

sorts

trulyexists,is

involve

to

none

present

practicallife.

think

we

quantities. But,

product

to

so

category, while
But

the

self -consciousness, and

mathematical

in

There

it

quantity,as

and

JTampf,

these

is, as

which

to

way,

difference

discrete,just

holy passion.

of

other

continuous

are

As

and

Quantity is

even

looking at quantity.
elementary arithmetic,

contains.

quantity proves

continuous

and

world

sense.

true

lifeless

existent

product

of

hochste

The

of

"discrete," that

call

we

at

you

and

an

notion

is the

datum

in

Then

physics,regards quantity as
The
fashion
counts
one
by units,the other
Now
in the ordinary view, this
by standards.
in the methods
of viewing quantity is thought

quantitiesand
that

what

geometry

correspond

to

ways

get used

separate units.

in

continuous.

two

are

we

about

talking

are

there

which

to

PHILOSOPHY.

embodiment.
like, the crystallized

you

that

observe

.once

MODERN

OF

ihm

or

an

ihr.

Vorstellungen

ubersehen,

die Continuitat

dass

Cf.
von

jede

tion,
als die Discre-

221

HEGEL.

in all such

to say,

impulse,in
How
Hegel

evil

itself the

evil.

quantityI
By means
not
an

of

only

organism

elements, but

forming

as

diverse

and

parts of the
Idee,
is the

indeed

have

of

show

each

also

to

the

absolute

self in

its

notion

of

is the

coming
over-

of

case

as

in itself

yet mutually complementary

disparate ideas
one
highestand
of

to

over,
Hegel seeks, more-

method

wherein

system,

one

by

in

this

on

expound.

all these

show

thought

Idee

to

live

it may

show

to

will takes

logical category

and

opposed

good

that

tries
time

no

total

or

order

this dialectical
to

the

just as

cases,

fundamental
the

notions

apparently

most

actuallyinterrelated

are

as

category, the divine

inclusive

world, whose

full

realization
The

wholeness.
spiritual

lute
abso-

complete self,regarded just

the

logicalcategory. As true self,it appears to us later,

in the philosophyof spirit.In the
Logic it is only this
of things as being in the
thought of the total nature
self-determined. This thought contains
Hegelian sense
all the
subordinate
categoriesas organic parts of the
total, and
as
organic relation is precisely
parts whose
this paradoxicalnature
of self -consuch as this dialectical,
sciousness
as

"

"

What

demands.
such

are

the

individual

citizens

the

to the

are

categoriesof thought

to the

state,
lute
abso-

In themselves
flicting,
they are endlessly conlogicalIdee.
and
another.
they are yet complementary to one
In their totality
they form but one
highest category, the
The
category of the organic unity of all thoughts in one.
Idee is also called by Hegel an
objectiverBegriff} the
real law of laws, the thought of the organic relation of all
universal
order.
things and thoughts in one
One
thus obviouslydefine the
Logic as an effort
may
to set forth all fundamental
human
thoughts aaformieg an
organic system. This character of the
Logic the most
is missed
What
superficialreader at once
sees.
by the
of the
reader
superficial
Logic is an insightinto what,
"

"

"

Logik, Werke,

"

vol.

v.

p. 230.

"

222

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

according to Hegel's notion, constitutes

what

is the

kind

of

linkage

This

organism.

is the

know,

together the

linkage, as

the

that

one

ties

that

organic unity,into
members

we

of his

sufficiently

now

of self -consciousness

nature

alone

explains. It is therefore through and through a linkage

members
of
of opposing and
complementary
by reason
of the perplextheir very oppositions. This is the source
ing
whereof
the
Logic is full.
analysisof contradictions
failure of the
The
success
or
Logic therefore depends
"

"

"

"

read

its author's

rightto
into
practicalspirituality
upon

is the

Here

thinking.

of the

crux

of the

processes
of

products

consideration

fundamental

One

the

the

cal
purely theoreti-

system.

remains

to be

Old-fashioned
the "Logic."
characterizing
It discussed
itself formal.
categories and
it did

Its

truths.

The

laws

the

soul

the

of
of

thought are n't

things. In the
of the

essence

very

further

Now, Hegel

to

of

thought were
Hegel's categoriesare, of

But

it.

forms

undertake

not

fall under
as

to

correspond
in the
the
of

to

When

be

the

the

individual.

of the

of

as

paradoxes
to

us

Aristotle

as

we

of

is

common

truth, and
the

matter

between
facts

old

an

versy
contro-

classes

that

the

ities
deepest realsaid, is always of
think

But,

on

to

appear

of

classes,

the

other
senses

our

abstraction, doesn't

mere

of the

the

always

always
Here

do.

science, namely, is with

is known

are

constructing

individual

is

universals.

world

Man,
men

they

relation

the

There

think,

in brief,
categories,

exist ; individual

of

notions.

we

of

this.

world-self.

Science, as

world.

general.

is

one

things,or
general conceptions,are

hand, the facts

to

"

Logic

individual

whether

than

more

expressedthis aspect

these

things for

abstractions

doctrine
about
by his remarkable
notions, and
Begriffe,or universal
that

concrete

real

course,

of

methods

construct

never

mere
"

mentioned

logiccalled

as

thinking,but

higher

notion

one

of

sense

The

most

plexing
per-

business

versal,
always unithings,the law of

truth
of

the

is

224
The

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

universal, namely,

true

PHILOSOPHY.

or

Hegel

as

it,the

calls

Be*

highest expressionis to be the absolute Idee,

griff,whose
of the universal
truth and the individual
is the organic union
determined
facts, an union
by the principlethat
is a truth constructed
truth
by the thought of the
every
world-self, and that as such it will exemplify just that
facts in the all-embracingand
of individual
multiplicity
have
universal
we
so
unity of self-consciousness, which
so
now
fullyexemplified. The true universal of the whole
world
is,then, the divine Idee, or
all-enfolding nature
"

"

of

things,the

fall.

true

the

examples of it,but are

by it as its moments,

mere

forth

another

and
the

in

embraced
exist

and

branches.

the

vine

It is in

nature

in

brought
relation

to

viduals,
indi-

they, the
the

fectly
per-

all,not

it,are

only

and

one

are,

facts

all,but

at

facts

It is

it.

to

all individual

abstraction

no

whole, since

concrete

one

is

universal

This

which

within

genus

self.

They
the individual
are
bodiments
emthoughts,aspects, finite expressions,
of the self.
"All
reality,"says Hegel, in one
The
individual
is the Idee.
strikingpassage,
being
is some
As such it therefore
aspect ( Seite) of the Idee.
are

"

needs

other

realities

also existed

and

all

by

Thus

themselves

paradox

is to
of

organic

be

the

solved

whole

total

of

of

the
in

relation
a

general class, the

facts

if

they
together

as

yet only in them

realized.

of

universal

law

true

vidual
indi-

and

is to
it.

fall under

that

istic
peculiarlycharacter-

manner

The

The

its universal."

embody

system.
the

seem

the universal

relationshipis
by itselfdoes not

the

[besideit],which

in their

individual

be

The

true

object of science, is not an

something exemplifiedby the individuals, nor

an

is
of

essence
no

that

such

thought

of the

actual

is to be

thing

for

existent

interrelated

found

Hegel

in
as

each

all alone

for itself.

individuals

is all that

Werke, vol. vi. p. 385.

individual
The
exists.

stract
ab-

yet

There

individual.

merely

the

object

total world
The

uni.

225

HEGEL.

realized

is therefore

versal

For

life.

the

self

the

self, and

of

nature

is

of

selves, moments

in

this

the universal
world

of

infinite

the

individual

of
totality
is the

of the

nature

organicallyinterrelated
organism, phases of its

infinity.1
One
of

could

the

mention

not

doctrine

Hegelian

calls the

"

than

endless

play

this account

and

differences," the individuals

"

It is this which
the

state

for him
the

we,

as

an

Wherever

is the

as

in

case

the

ourselves

shows

exist,and

to

man

to

whole

world

is not
universality
of un comprehended

of

world

appears

in

or

members

"

the

us

own

experience.

in the church

sense-facts,where, for instance, only

seem

of

the world

this sort

Hegel
brings

its
rationality,

explainshow

It is this that

organism.

found,

of

of what

constructs,

toil of

individuals, find

of another."

one

characteristic

more

universal," which

concrete

forth, in the

formula

men

us

individuals

as

as

dead

tion,
abstrac-

The
dealing with the world of truth.
first sign that we
are
dealing with the truth itself is our
in discovering an
success
organic connection
amongst
things. For organism is selfhood or personalityviewed
in its outward
There
manifestation.
is,then, for Hegel a
of thinking that reaches
lower form
only a VerstandesAllgemeinheit. Such thinking finds itself in the presence
of

not

are

we

individual

bare

and

only concrete
such.
1

truth

But

the

Hegel's

first

expounded
most

the

in the

intricate

basis

for

see

an

is the

theory

the world

of

elaborate

Hegel's

almost

was

of

just

of

things

In

the

the

Lor/ik the

doctrine

state

and

of the

certainlyreached,
these

doctrine

It is in later

instances.

For

as

is revealed

was

des Bewusstseins,
Allgemeiyihe.it

the

exposition.

doctrine

this

thinking the

such

individual

of

world

Phanomenologie.

examination

Appendix

For

nature.

as

individual

present only in each

published exemplification of

and

C.

as

either

universal

the

deeper insight into

although it

through

regards

separate

the before-mentioned

else

abstraction, or

its inner

as

facts,and

in
as

receives

writings made
sciousness,
religiouscon-

in the
further

first

place,

citat'ous

226

THE

to

through

us

reflection

wherein
total of

the

related

to

of

the
of

PHILOSOPHY.

the

upon

universal,

exist

he

told

in

us

save

as

The

our

the

organic

not

universal.

Hegel's theory is,then, what

when

sciousness,
self-con-

self,is the

or

this

to

of

nature

consciousness, which

another, and

described

well

so

facts
one

Universal

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

true

Shelley

own

"

Prometheus

of the

Whose
all

things

flow

philosophy of

the

of

is its

nature

Where

Of

Soul

undivided

One

"

soul

divine

own

to

many

all,as

control,

rivers

to

(Hegel's

nature

sea."

the

unfinished

most

undertaking), and of the philosophy of spirit

a
(whereof the foregoing has already contained
tion),
suggesweakest

and

it is not
in their

province I
be
deal

fullness

have

now

in

already
this

to

seems

another

of
the

do

doubtless

obvious

to

here

of

all

and

thought. I, on
marvelously well,

knew
of

human

others

passion, and
have

gloriesof

systematic error
1

The

the
with

that

As

value.
as

the

to

whole, that

Still,I
one

is

may,

thought :

system-maker,
purely abstract logical
solelyas an incarnation

contrary,
all his

call

him

who

one

coldness, the

who, therefore, described,

secret
as

few

paradoxes, the problems, and the

and
spirituallife. His great philosophical
lay, not in introducing logicinto passion,

done,

the

to

his absolute

dead

great

cold-hearted

emotions

our

conceived

is

self-consciousness

discussed.

be

to

there

well, in closing,to suggest this

reduced

terms,

all that

philosophicaldoctrine
not

It will,perhaps,

account.

obvious

and

People usually call Hegel

who

this

you

long
be-

matters

whose
expositions,
upon
much
trespassed.

too

close

These

treat.

technical

permanent

matter

perhaps,

to

Hegelian analysis of

me

finalityof

to

I must

herewith

And

office here

our

the

in Principal
is well sketched
Hegelian theory of universals
Caird's Philosophyof Religion,
See, also, p. 241, where
pp. 229-232.
Principal Caird illustrates the true universal by the example of a
family with many
members.

227

HEGEL.

in

but

so

that

he

of

as

our

of

coldly

any

is

immensely

system,
life

has

remains

logic

of

passion

endeavor
of

treatment

or

system,

vain

in

you

Hegel's

things

the

conceiving

outer

to

get
of

nature,

theoretical

but

forever.

but

his

only

science,
About

never

vital

logic
from

satisfaction

topic.

suggestive,
crumbled,

the

as

matics,
mathe-

of
all

these

final.

sion
comprehen-

His

LECTUKE

VIII.

SCHOPENHAUEE.

I
that

the

of

name

Continental
heretic

and
I

as

significant

task

is

Of

his

his

us

dealing

with
all

to

last

much

so

certain
frank

is,

serious
with

you,

plainly

and

is

for

part

most

fact

with

at

the

simply

tragic

of

this

You,

want

me,

his

in

come
out-

in
known
un-

seas

On

writings
I

as

the
have

take
underIt

fairness.
with

face

courage

Let

be

me

difficulty.

my

are

Therefore,

as

secret

It

that

heard

have

your

quainted,
ac-

philosophy,

when

me

tent
ex-

thus,

meanwhile,

in

deal,

his

that

Hegel.

realities

You

pessimists.
you

to

my

become

you
of

about

outset

pessimist.
no

than

of

good

And

against

edifying

decidedly

Schopenhauer,

the

that

my

repute

have

you

reputation

decidedly

be

then,

stated,

told

and

course,

genuinely philosophical

to

Schopenhauer
the

of

with

easier

rejoice,

considerable

students

when

is

won

him

treat

technical

case,

of

we

voyaging

not

am

kind

naturally
to

is

the

with

tation,
repu-

Schopenhauer's

Pessimism.

called

the

the

hand,

very

but

time

events

by hearsay,

him,

to

reputed

to

or

heard

have

us

ern
mod-

noteworthy

so

popular

followed

all

at

something

was

other

have

may

least

of

most

dangerous

which

this

all

The

respect,

one

most

reasoning;
at

In

by

doctrine

of

many

was

easier

in

position

expositor.

rendered

of

to

other

any

fear

to

treatment

the

of

his

whether

the
at

man,

of

audience

known

Kant.

except

reward

the

know

scarcely

his

puts

hero.
and

field

approach

now

fame

this

better

is that

than

day,

our

this

of

presence
is

metaphysician,
in

has

the

Schopenhauer

in

readers,

general

in

remark

hardly

need

surely
we

proach
ap-

hearts,

229

SCHOPENHAUER.

in your

if not

expressed wishes, to

refutation

Now

of

thing

only

And

not

refute

assure

final

We

one.

the

his

of

study

losophy.
phimis-

deeper insights.
shall

is

soon

very

actually

life.M This

sive
expres-

insightis

transcend

must

maintain,

accidental

and

you,

deep insight into

very

to

great thinker's

forthwith

in

pessimism
(Schopenhauer's

you,
of

service

seldom

can

I must

as

show

we

refute

may

Schopenhauer.

already tried

moderate

very

We

judgments

I have

is,as

refute

But

it.

deed
in-

surely

justlydiscover me in a very unphilosophical,and

in fact very unworthily self-contradictory,
attitude if now,
after all these
successive
efforts to show
you a continuity
and a common
philosophers,
body of truth in the modern
would

you

I should

suddenly,

the airs

with

than

to their

of
vitality

him.

treat

He

but

to

is to
we

whom

I owe,

the

to

if I

not

asm
their enthusirather

universalityof

should

accept

ill spare

by

not

in

any

assertion

of

from
means

with

common

skillful

students, a great deal, for.his

clear
fearlessly

to

try

to

without

me

to

their

join myself
reserve.

Schopenhauer as a crusader would

a
me
philosopher of considerable

could
I do

whom

treat

than
that

they would

dignity,whom
thinkers

faith

fear

therefore

cannot

rather

many-sidedness;
philosophical

their

them

unto

is due

admiration

my

comprehension.
I

discourse, assume

my

but

the

of

point

champion of the faith against the infidels,

should
fall to hewing and
hacking at Schopenhauer
ing
genuinely crusading zeal. In fact it is not my callI always admire
the cruto do anything of the sort.
saders,

and

of

this

at

his

own

the

roll of

follow
other

as

modern

disciple,

philosophical

analysis and

for his

significanttemperament.

I.

But

as

as

to

pessimism itself,Schopenhauer's famous

to

this

terrible

view

that

life is

through

through tragic and evil,what is my attitude towards

I must,
either
accept it,and
you will probably say,

trine,
docand
that?
then

230
must

avow

SPIRIT

it in

manly fashion,
I

rejectit,then
the question is

if I
to

do

MODERN

OF

THE

accept, and

far
with

avow

to

or

bound

am

not

PHILOSOPHY.

to

rejectit. And
it. My answer

must

refute

seek.

As

actual

an

perfect freedom, what to many

view of
am
a
pessimistic
aware,

I
as
gentleminds seems,
life ; namely, preciselythe view that
the last
at
found
Hegel maintaining and expanding into his

ously ingenious and

Negativitat as the
existence.

technical
very

The

fact

doctrine
of

essence

spirituallife

of what

time

we

marvel-

he

called

the

passionatespiritual
is n't a gentle or
an

thing. It is indeed through and through and forever

paradoxical,earnest, enduring, toilsome ; yes, if you like,
painfullytragic. Whoever
hopes to find it anything else,
either now
far-off heaven, hopes unquestionably
in some
or
in vain.
If that is pessimism,
and in one
namely,
sense,
in the sense
in which
but thoughtlesssouls
tender
many
have
used
the phrase, it is pessimism, being opposed to
the gentle and optimistic
then I am
hopes of such,
now,
and always shall be, in that very sense
no
optimist,but a
maintainer
of the sterner
view
that life is forever
tragic.
In so far as Schopenhauer has sought to make
this plain,
easy

"

"

I follow

him

and
honor
unhesitatingly,
Why I do so I shall try to

lessness.
this
held
has

lecture
that
once

is done.

the

tragedy of
to

come

rejectso
whole,

In

know

much

so

far, however,

truth, I

of his outcome.

plain before
Schopenhauer

make

life disheartens
the

for his merci-

him

as

as

spiritthat
lutely
plainly and abso-

The

every

world

is,on

the

nearly as tragic as Schopenhauer represents

it to be.
consists in being heroic enough
Only spirituality
to
accept the tragedy of existence, and to glory in the
it is given to the true
lords of life to
strength wherewith
this tragedy,and
after all
their world
make
to
conquer
divine.
The
to
meet
Schopenhauer's pessimism is,
way
not
to refute
its assertions,but to grapple practically
with
very

its truths.
heart

aud

And

if you

do

significanceof

so,

you

will

find

Schopenhauer's

as

own

the

real

gloomy

232

in

far off somewhere,

our
wars

and

hope,

If these

for

future, in

done,

am

heaven

in the

or

isles

As

for

kind
say

of
that

task

of

do

as

tA

doctrine,

only too

before

course,

will

you

need

not

since

struggled with the

having thus freed

my

can

pessimism,
positionof
of

the

am

but

person,

moment

it

my

the

ancestors,
of

mind

the

and

venture

historical

of

quite as hard
only statingthe

positionas
ion,
wholly unoriginalfash-

the

climate

Schopenhauer's

task

me

one.]

remote

our

hear

to

that

chronicler, I try to tell you, in this

what, to be sure, has always been
ever

them.

judge

you

admirable

an

Thus, then, forsaking for

men

until

obvious, but tremendously difficult

is not
be

to

easy

rather

you

wait

to

you

philosophy finds
his neighbors. I

coward

to

seem

to-day'sexpositionof Schopenhauer,

course

of

any

quoted

of

student

this

to

courage,

with

whole

my

livingup

enough^'

is

hardness, I beseech

merely

with

that

man

I have

which

their

not

but

honest

an

words

unfeeling in

is

the

PHILOSOPHY.

things are not for us. ^We are born

of manly business, and
if we
the world
are
worthy of
destiny,we may possiblyhave some
good part in the
For nothing better have
of the Lord.
we
any right

for

MODERN

These

of the blessed.

to

OF

SPIRIT

THE

of

creed
their

or

brave

cousins,
And

glacialperiod.
denned

to

attitude

my

assume

once

student, and

to

set

contribution

to

the

wards
to-

the

more

forth

thing
some-

sophic
great philo-

humanity.

modern

ii.

The

general

must

first

main

the view

character

describe,and
of

recent

philosophy,namely,
known

book,

these

lectures

idealism,as
effort

to

"

Die
have

it

and
in

doing
German

Professor

Geschichte
owed

of

worth

writer

developed since Kant,

discover
the rationality
of

not
was

our

to

in the

historyof

whose

well-

Philosophic,"

neueren

throughout

the

on

Windelband,
der

follow

I shall

so

this contribution

little.
from

world

the

Modern
first

through

an
an

233

SCHOPENHAUER.

analysisof the nature

the problem that
was
showed

Kant

For

Fichte

senses.

of

essence

and

win

felt

that

work

of

the

show

tried

to

moral

self.

place which

the

the

development

different

know

real

idealism,

being
of

my

deeper

own

about

self.

whole

realism

does n't feel

stable
because

of

fixed

ordinary

about

realism

There

the

moon

there
to ask

is

whether
whether

is the
as

and

as

knows

one

there

knowable

is

fast

matter

nature

it

or

anything

For

thing
any-

truth,

good

people

of

of

world

the

of

ordinary realism,

makes
not.

to

is there

truth

all

to

this,

of

source

the

The

fear

appeal

real

that

But

alter.

n't

does

the

as

yonder.

moon

permanent
any

me

am

nature,

necessary

ultimate

an

then

might

sense

derstand
un-

of world.

sort

and

To

see.

anything fixed,

If so,

world

holds

beyond me, as something

in the hard
intelligence,
sense.

fixed

be

therefore

must

there

justthis

common

necessityof

the
or

in

am

would
I

that

nature?

my

my

Is

that

world

my

world

then

moment

am,

world

one

ordinary

philosophy a

it not

the

forced to exist
necessarily
if I am
of no
essentially
any

into

terest
in-

humane

other

any

were

as

from

one

nature

stable, necessary,

at

exhaustively

even

all

conscious

justsuch
a
wholly

my

our

of doctrine.

it not, says

the

do

can

we

Hegel did not put an end.

of this caprice,and you will
nature
Schopenhauer's system is to hold in

which

the

seemingly

our

more

no

by

heart

very

ever,
romanticists, how-

entered

there

Thus,

that

The

will than

our

problem by

is the

whereby
was

before

Kantian

so

successors.

stands

which

means

consciousness

see

law

self.

understand

Were

this

moral

as

reign of caprice,to
Once

solve

analysis

only in terms
understanding

the

that

nature

his

to

that

so

deeper

the

the

laws,

Such

world

the

consciousness,

our

our

expressedby

know

we

its

is there

world

outer

bequeathed

it is the

proving that
and

Kant

and

of

creator

consciousness.

that

of consciousness
is the

of

it,and

Hence,

stable about

stays

in order

the

world,

234

has

ordinary realism
But

the very

the

of

world

as

see

Therefore, if you

and

and
of

the

to

are

Hence,
that

something

The
for

has

moon

the

instance,
exists

But

of

We

all of

in

therefore
and we
reality,
of an
objectivefact as
atoms,
the

existence

of

the

in the

stock

buyer

well
this
if it
outer

were

and

consensus

world.

exist in the

or

may

hard
In

and

be

again

at

I had

and
for

your

nence
permafor

moon

that,
ture
lec-

present
as

at

of

real

view,

other

any

credit of
of the

great

thoughts

ever
which, how-

moment,

arbitrary and

ging
chan-

be, is expressed for the instant

fast

material

of

securities,being but

market
the

thing
credits
values

ternal
ex-

of the

instant

any

the

outer

idealistic

of

us.

presence

made

the

to

an

in

were

or

you.

thoughts,we

much

consensus

however

us.

The

has.

less

as

or

any

our

moon,

seeming

lecture

matter,

fact, prices and

show-world

the

lecture

the

holds

our

or

stock-market,

sellers exists

founded,

of

existence

world.

to

as

experience in

again,for
in

the

firm in the commercial

of the

Or

events

events, resembles

price of

if the

of ideas.

instead

to

seem

same

common

you

the

as

more

regard

of

lecture

community

moreover,

us,

the

and

lecture

same

the

objectiveexistence

my

me,

certain

the

have

us

moment,

thought

as

because

all of

this

at

of

sort

life.

respect

that

for

inner

some

when

law

truly

see

matter

realityof

same

own

my

abiding oneness

this

abiding

outer

common

in

basis

to

and

true

common

the

moon,

fact

my

have

us

stay there

both

and

of

agree

should

departed,but some
spiritas for mine, is

continue

the

not

is

in

moon

both

to

us

of

moon

life,there

I call

because

forces

that
spirit,
life.

inner

deeper nature,

necessary

inner
as

be

must

about, the

My

say,

life.

empiricalknowledge, is just
the same
moon
only in so far

see

your

what

that

of

it is to

inner

the

questions to

no

talk

You

world, in

PHILOSOPHY.

idealism

and

corresponding to

moon,

put

and

ideas.

in your

MODERN

of

show

outer

of my

one

to

essence

that

moon

OF

SPIRIT

THE

in
are

and

projectionsof

as

genuinely

ideas, and
of
the

cial
commer-

various

235

SCHOPENHAUER.

of

ideas

people

Even

themselves.
instant
and

fact

great firm, is
is n't

to

in

agree

itself is

Such

the

in

agree

stock,
far

so

the

or

is at

credit

it

as

outer.

deeper

life of

ideas

But
our

to

determine

of

the
vidual
indi-

the

financial

own

the

so

yonder

moon

we

forced

are

agreement

our

selfhood.

common

being, then,

world, his problem it is

his

as

this
it so,

making

fact, because

outer

an

regarding

common

this lecture

alteringit,even

to

all

us

fact of

the

yield,in

equal
for

is likewise

minds

to express

agree

irresistible fact, to which

often

must

moment

any

our

price of

an

dealer

at

then, just as

so,

because

the

just as

might

these

as

the

idealist's

whether

there

true

is any

'

impersonallyhuman

and

deeper

that

ideas

our

Constructive

us

of

moments

or

experience
a

in

alike

we

the

lUnity,
fixity,
assurance,

can,
one
no

our

and
then

world

Can

of

this

becomes

illusion

of truth.
;

completeness

ture.
na-

and
about

our

The

get, if
rational

and

system.

outer

world

your
see

constructs

similar
the

thing

depths

of

glitterfor us all.
get such prizes at
spiritual
unity that
selfhood

common

our

as

we

we

press
ex-

shall

philosopherfind

the

life has

it,such

to

seem

into

out

link

to

in you

does

shall

We

are,

is indeed

the
?

true

If

he

then, all in
show, but

lawful
a
organic fixity,
philosophy longs for,
every
an

cing
deduidealists set about
unfortunately,when
world
from
this unity and
consistencyof the spiritual
their reflection always leaves us
deep inner principle,

But

some

lives.

idealism

look

we

of that

essence

that

this self

stars

same

all,only by virtue

self,which

dimensions, and

three

therefore

is beneath

This

fashion

such

Because

worlds.

where

heart

hidden

own

everybody, is

in

me,

in

mine

to

outer

me,

space,

our

This

agree.

have

deeper self.

you,

show-space in

for

idealists

one

itself in

related

all,in

at

wise

any

tees
guaran-

always sought it in that

band
of rationality
which, as they conceive, so
all together that we
are
organicallyrelated parts

common

links

in

thus

sought,if

be

necessitymust

shall

necessitywhich

now,

236
in

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

great respect dissatisfied.

one

namely,

deduce

never

can

idea

the
spirituality
the

OF

SPIRIT

THE

Or,

moon.

to

tell

can't

from

of any

the

We

very

idea

of

of

one

our

former

my

common

thing,such

particularsense

repeat

certainly,
as

illustrations,

or
why we are spiritually
rationally
all alike to perceive a starry world, wherein
there
bound
asteroids
between
the orbits of
shall be a belt of telescopic
and
Mars
Jupiter. Such facts idealists get, like their
ists
Idealneighbors,from dailyexperience or from science.
law
say in general,as Fichte said,that the moral
may
for its
of outer
world
needs
a
experience as the material
show
embodiment.
why just this material
They cannot

idealists

There

is needed.
a

us

remains, then,

of

the

they

say,

the

self

deeper

fact,

spiritualcaprice,in their
have, as
all-embracingself. Perhaps we
one
perhaps this
deeper self in common,

residuum, if you

world

of brute

element

an

has

choose, of

rational

building in

for

grounds

all

us

of asteroids, 01
just this world of sense, of moons,
and of all the rest, only there is still,
comets, of jelly-fish,
of at least
from
finite point of view, a vast
element
our
of the spiritas
apparent capriceabout the entire universe
alike

thus

And

built.

of the

reason

does

the

not

facts

our

hard

have

of
seeming capriciousness

universal

Our

all idealists

universal
into

the

the

common

reason

its world?

to

seem

You

when

we

try

to

which

necessityof the world of our

come
once
more
againstan element
be an
to
caprice. Idealism seems
and inspiringas it is limited.
The

this

idea

the

irrational

an

sophy.
philo-

our

of

versal
the uni-

selfhood,
most

insightas
nature

some

form

can

in

of
about

of

truth
has

common

of

tional
irra-

difficulty.

the

satisfaction

develop

something seemingly

we

then

many

the

fact
The

; but

build

then

see

fast

But

has

order.

world, says idealism

necessityin it, of
adequate conception,there is no

self

external

is to guarantee
nature
spiritual
this nature
experience. Unless

common

and

builds

recognizethis

to

we

stubborn

suggestive
this
it.

divine

Our

237

SCHOPENHAUER.

of the

attempted account
therefore

reason

almost

remains

all

of

in terms

far

so

And

dogma.

philosophy had

our

world

mere

yet

along been

universal

the

programme,

just what

(.dogmaswere

reduce

trying to

tulate,
pos-

and

to

rationalize^
In

view

this

of

systems, there
of

perplexityof

common

certain

were

to

all the

idealistic

the

historical

arise, upon

Kantian

theory,philosophies that not only

ferred
accepted the perplexity,but that magnified it, that reof the quasi-mentalreality
it to the very
nature
of sense, and
that declared : r Deeper
the world
behind
basis

than

the

in

reason,

capricewhich
of

later
these

with

calls them
A

nalismus.
must

exists

in

only

show-world

that

wealth

hauer
Schopen-

Windelband

ultimate

have

in

being

star

can't

have

be
in

so

think

groups

We

we

all

are

one.

that

deep

other

common

\The

You

as

inner

basis.

see

we

outer

deeper
should
of

For,
this

not

seeming
as

to

common

Yet

it

essentially the

are

As

we

common

streets.

basis.

basis,

common

Otherwise

city

Irratio-

Kantian

world

possess

doctrines.

name

projected world

outer

no

the

all have

am.

clusters, and

things have

they must

follows

this outer

common

waves,

those

we

by

three

or

this sort, upon

ideas.

because

same

of
as

our

wherein

nature,

two

all

doctrine

somewhat

run

their

ideas,
all,

us

basis

anything ultimately and universally rational.

far as
in common,
we
actually have reason
clearly coherent, exactly interrelated
ideas\such, for instance, as the multiplication

necessary,
of

table.

there

this

the

losophy
systems Schopenhauer's phi-

such

i Not
representative,
general tendency alone.

lectures) along

Windelband

we

itself in

the same
head
Schelling's
properly classes under
theologico-philosophical
speculations(not studied in

very

For

existence, is the

classic

in

was

ideal

the

all expresses

Of

facts."

nature's

of

world
for

once

is the

sea

this

But
is

no

about
such

the
ultimate

star

clusters

rational

and

the

unity and

sea

waves

coherency.

238
Natural

ion
only bind such things together,in the fashKant
the phenoso
prettilyexplained, in case
mena
be bound
for all there.
together are once
Why,
and
clusters .and city streets, we
star
waves

to
sea

should

be

bound

can

there

that

This

is due

to

of the

minded

fact

as

exalted

so

[Let

love.

which

forces

all alike

us

of

forms

all to be

us

houses, then
Thus

of such
them

see

basis, a doctrine

have

that

What

world

has

facts

experience,and

we

of

divine

to

as

must,

minded

to
a

fact,then,

Will,

is the

up

it 's

thing ;

j and

there

in

deep

own

if it wills

justthese

see

ours,

for it.

will

and

of

our

rational

summed

be

all actually

phenomena

name

irrationalism

an

may

transcendental

of any

absolute
The

facts,and

existence
are

cannot

absurd

3.

we

any

and

stars

end

of

it.

idealistic

on

an

in

three

sitions
propo-

"

1. The
2.

nature

be

are

nature

world

it does

because

deep

high-sounding speech

time, simply
the

drop

us

wills

stated, you

and

the

natures,

there

being

ultimate
a

see

the

our

find for this

us

this

to

of

brutally unreasonable

such, is n't preciselya

as

capricious. It
in

space

Let

Will.

common

call

us

of

we

is n't this

Fichte's

as

(The

nature.

all of

justbecause

Let

name

iscapricious.

should

Why

And

one

could

would

merely

Is n't it

phenomena

world

of

of

laws

the world

much

basis

ultimately and

as

you

show

see

This

it is the

very

the

irrational
so

selfhood!

to

not

name

the

lies at the

world

is n't

self,as

all for us?

at

but

idealism

be

law.

to

such

no

should

there

of interconnection,

sort

some

Only

us.

common

common

our

in

as

conform

divine

that

world

told

to

our

true

and

all

see

thus

are

unreason

of

has

them

explain why

nature

rational

think

to

Kant

world

PHILOSOPHY.

laws

that

given

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

to

be

only as

we

can

only

see

found

of

deductions

spirit.
deepest ground, however,

for the

community

of

our

see.it.
be

from

learned

priori through
the

so-called

for
various

all

essence

these

visible

any

seen

worlds,

240

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

and

As

them.

made

OF

naive

the most

ever

as

SPIRIT

THE

ism
realsuperficial
unreflectively

against

such

realism
of

keenness
depth, philosophical

possesses

doctrine

our

istic
idealanalysis,

trine
docidealism, our
insight. As against the romantic
and
has the advantage of objectivity
fixity. Just
because

capriceof

the World-

for

individuals

has

us

So much
On

is

temporal existence
Will, this temporal

common

our

part of the

existence

itself

realityand fixity.
)

for

the

the

practicalside, in respect, namely, of

theoretical

shall

pessimism,we

side

of

author's

our

trine.
dochis

find

ing
Schopenhauer in a very interestIn fact, as
shall
historical relation to Hegel.
we
learn, our author's pessimism is but another aspect of the
same
insightinto the paradoxical logicof passionwhich
Zt
have discovered
of Hegel's doctrine.
at the heart
we
is true that Schopenhauer'sWorldWill, this blind power

that, according to
appears
be

said

view

of

The

very

in

his

to

possess

the

itself in

him, embodies

account,

at

first,as

passion without

World-Will

capriceof

soon

turns

universe,

our

somethingthat might
logicA(Yet this first
out

to

be

inadequate.

principleis seen, as we go
fatal
sort of secondaryrationality,
a
a
logic,
on, to involve
and gloomy, as well as deeply paradoxical,
but still none
the less trulyrational for all that./ Schopenhauer'sworld
the same
is, in fact, tragic in much
as
sense
Hegel's.
Only, for Schopenhauer the tragedy is hopeless,blind,
undivine
for Hegel it is the divine
tragedy of the
; while
of
much-tried
Logos, whose
joy is above all the sorrows
his world.

Were

merely
might
we

have

shall

modern

worth

of the most

life,one

our

which
ethical

our

while

afterwards

these

two

ers
think-

personal and
speculativeopinion,it
significance. But since it involves, as

little

in

between

of

one

then, here, let

and

this difference

find, one

and

the terrible

meets

trulyvital problems of
us

we

every

controversies,we

study the contrast more

see
something of the man

to

us

at

may

estimate

step in

our

our

ature
liter-

shall find it well

closely.First,
Schopenhauer,

the doctrine.

241

SCHOPENHAUER.

III.

Schopenhauer,

Arthur

descended,
He

the

was

mother,

of

son

the

Weimar,

not

from

should

marked

decidedly more
latter

side, one

same

uncommonly
showed

both

somewhat

was

of

his

father's

was

of

form

is well

noteworthy
as

lived

known,

to

vexed

was

enable

without

symptoms

are

decided

pathological
type

sopher's
philoduring
the

excesses

by

his

and

acute

soon

that

stronglyindicated

war,

indeed

personally

defect, unless

heart-

philosopherhimself,
general health until

The

very

cause

having

no

hereditary burden

ent
appar-

associate

his

enough

Several

showing
reported,

themselves

"

causeless

with

to

pessimism in

temperament.

his

forms,

ill humor,

but

difficulties. Still, especiallyin

possible misfortunes;

unbearable

is

family trouble.

occasional

excellent

in

questionto

with

measure

but

given to

the

nervous

such.

nervous

youth, he
us

The

uncles, on

persons,

herself

Johanna

reckoned

be

fact

insane

his

as

while,
derangement, lost,mean-

for well-known

from

relation

of

one

of age

past seventy, dying in 1860, of

some

of

last, from

the

excited

an

suicide.

quitefree
as

and

this

side.

declared

mysteriouscircumstances

insane

lessness

fifty-eight
years

memory

died under
an

life

burdened,

although

nerves,

the

as

Schopenhauer'sfather, a busy and

intelligentman,
many-sided and successful,

at

symptoms

the

type.

suffered, towards

still

in

love, but for position. On

on

her

brilliant

hostess

married,

His

very

idiotic,and

was

of the neurotic

He

of

years

Danzig.

ambitious

paternalgrandmother was
the

of

family.

she

respect of

say, in

Dutch

Schopenhauer,

had

sides, Schopenhauer'sancestry
we

probably

was

merchant

years

at

literary circles
tells us,

side, from

Johanna

later

her

in

1788,

in

wealthy

noted

once

novelist,and

frankly

father's

the

on

born

thenic
neuras-

in sporadic

known
of
a
night-terrors,
dread
depressions
; a persistent
complaining and frequently

attendant

crises of violent

tern-

242
A

per.
to

manifest

in

The

due

mainly

in short

the

to

same

stood

"

well-known
was

father, is referred

always a very fine general

and
rather
a
over-anxiouslyguarded fashion
question suggested by all these facts, the
Schopenhauer's pessimism
question whether

constitution
of life.

his

these

Against

cause.

PHILOSOPHY.

slowlygrowing deafness, similar

and

troublesome

one

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

to

morbidness

mere

of

temperament,

was

is not so easy to
Stimmungspessimismus,
decide
of his critics fancy. In fact, the man
as
was
some
unquestionablyincapable of a permanently cheerful view
of

mere

life,

"

was

"

born

outcast,

doomed

to

be

he
lonely. Unquestionably, moreover,
relations of life,was
pettinessin the minor
and
had

all these

the

He

it.

saw

much

very

would
what

manifest
of the

the

/6nat

will

evil.

It will

of

there

evil of

his

human

which
do

not

in

to

make

it appear

is

Optimists

also

fine,then, I

can

be

not

any

to

say,

panionable,
uncom-

have

men

temper

Napoleon's

which

make

alike, better

therefore
to

case

all

as

the

case

fashion

pessimism

is

mere

noble-mindedness.
In

intolerable.

even

their

create
state

do

than

shallow

in such

prima facie

selfish and

disposed

am

of

crimes

that, whilst

pettiness,all optimism

to

unhappy

own

all

against Schopenhauer's pessimism

as

given

selfishness,the dangers

us

do

to

vain,

conditions

are

is in

that

and

being able to see

deeply as Schopenhauer

said Iff the

once

conditions,,but

latent

said

have

latent

restless

wisely and

was

clever

then, many
bear, without

to

as

he

namely,

career,

other

burdens

of life

tragedy

But

bitter.

hide

matter

of

mere

torical
his-

burdens
judgment, (thatSchopenhauer's nervous
unquestionablyopened his eyes to the particularaspect of
life which
of such
our

he

found

burdens

is of

estimate

of the

insight,
"

as

deep
The

so

as

it

was

Italian

an

the fact
tragicJ but that meanwhile
in formservice
ing
to us
no
positively
of our
ultimate
sopher's
philosignificance
insightwhich, for my part, I find

partial.

psychologistLombroso,

in

his well-known

243

SCHOPENHAUER.

work
of

use
genius and insanity,makes
Schopenhauer in his catalogue of pathological

relations

the

on

of

course

present chaotic condition

in the

subject,is

remind

to

intellectual rank,

or

us

that

of

his

of

whether

great part of the

world's

thinking, and
of their

peevishness of

the

self-controlled calm
To

such

the

storms

stands

by

mind.j
ground
back-

hand,

other

actually

not,
of

and

work

world's

the

of the

reason

his

of

depth

contrast

and

private temper
of

clearness
is

his

blessed

one

on

his

relief from
reflective

His

side, and
of

daily life

the

literary style.

emotion.

violent

freedom

relation

is the

it were,

off,as

melancholy

and

trivial but

of

thought

the

on

geniusesor

intellectual work

man

of

always,

means

wiser

Schopenhauer'scase,

between

man's

ever,
experiences^
Speciallyinteresting,how-

nervous

in

with

all the

be

may

tendencies

while,

ihe nervously burdened,

Uo

the

upon

doctrine, by merely observing

sort
pathological

have,

dispose of

cannot

we

of

Genius

knowledge

our

has

was

observations

such

weighted with morbid

often, although by no

he

that

which

only value

The

geniuses.

of

surveys
of

and

care

craft
thinking rejoicesin the wondrous
fore,
whereby it has outwitted
passion. His reflection,therethroughout, is a negative self-criticism,a sort of
His

bondage.

It does
but

absurdum

ad

reductio

rather

himself

mortification, a
of
sorrow,

the

sufferer

only when,
he

call

pangs,
;

seeing

yet does

not

to

this

would

sufferer

his whole
on

us

certain

becomes

life
the

as

it

he

is

natural

man,

As

penhauer
Schoit is

one

truly venerable

when

for

venerable

of

sorrow,

stances
circum-

of

enchainment

only

great

reverence

chain

bility
possi-

is that

wholly

brought griefto just his life ;

still be longing for life,only under

But

man.

all

that
he

natural

unwisdom.

his

Since

in

arouse

dwell

of

holy, therefore

one

the

but

tempestuous

grief,because
resignation,has in it the
"

says

rendering

deep

vanity

the

scorns

the

peevishness of

the

embody

not

of

for then
...

other
his

tions.
condilook

is

244

SPIRIT

THE

from

turned
as

it were,

he

sees

whole

in

genius

PHILOSOPHY.

universal

the petty to the

thousand

MODERN

OF

of

respect
in

cases

him

one,

when

ethical

becomes,

insight;
life

that

so

he

seen

when

as

one

A very noble
resignation.
character," continues
Schopenhauer, we always conceive
with a certain
tinge of melancholy in it, a melancholy
that is anything but a continual
peevishness in view of
the daily vexations
of life (for such
peevishness is an
ignoble trait,and arouses
suspicionsof maliciousness),
but rather a melancholy that comes
from
an
insight into
the vanity of all joys,and
the sorrowfulness
of all living,
.

moves

to

...

"

of

alone

not

one's

fortune."

own

philosophy is
of the

up
but

is

founded

not

malicious

judgments of
expression of a calm

an

and

survey

confession

This

of

it is that

is

his

features

chief

As

for

Welt

"

in

lucidityof his
to his insight. The
contemplation is* one

in

and

its wholeness.

the

doctrinej
Paul's

style in itself,it suggested Jean

this

characterization

famous

summing
natural
peevishness,
relativelyexternal

and

value

of

als Wille

penhauer's
Scho-

see,

any

upon

his

expressed

of his

we

as

temperament

and that gives permanent

style,
will
strong oppositionbetween
of the

Thus,

first edition

the

of

"

Vorstellung

und

"A

hauer's
Schopenbook

of

philosophicalgenius, bold, many-sided, full of skill and

depth, but of a depth often hopeless and bottomless,
in Norway, in whose
akin
that melancholy lake
to
deep
"

beneath

waters,
but

sun,

only the

flies

ever

the

and

reflective
to

reflected

is the
who

one

type of the
the

will

he
in

found
the

same

and

Just

no

this

bird
calm

sees

and
of

no

the
wave

hauer's
Schopen-

ing
thing about his writknows
the highly intellectual and
genius will fail
nervously burdened

meaning
rest.

never

characteristic

peevishness,which

wherein
and

no

comprehend

man's

stars

its surface."

over

intellect
;

steep rock-walls, one

of

the

tortured
More

moment,

contrast

the

him, ancLhi"-4hinking,

spiritsmay think
reflect with
vigorous

cheerful
may

between

245

SCHOPENHAUER.

with

work

vitalityand

there

Schopenhauer's type

and

contemplative

their

that

contrast

same

things in

many
and

Then,

it all you

irrational.
for

even

mystics, with

Do

whom,

be

you
Then

be

all

the

as

you

once

had

philosopher

as

may

wily as

as

will

moment

short,

be

may

say, you

through

passionate life,preciselythe

it, you

in

of

men

between

contrast

dwell

always loved to
give yourselfover

you

have

ingenious;
would

profound

for

have

Do

will

they

as

ascetic

common,

exaggerate.

to

is

their

the

But

reflection.

Spinoza, Schopenhauer

like

more,

keen

upon

passion?

to

formed,
in-

clever, well
ascetic

mystics

worldly

are

but

less,
essentiallyignorant,thoughtattain
the true
enlightenment,
aside from
passion;
you stand

undisturbed
by, and you remain
; your
old comparison that was
favorite of
a
an
thought, to use
Schopenhauer's,piercesthrough passion as the sunlight
You
it all,but it moves
see
through the wind.
you not.
find it so
Such mysticism is essentially
pessimistic
; we
in Spinoza, or in the
of Christ ;
Imitation
even
only,
its whirlwind

goes

"

"

in

the

to

turn

Imitation," contemplation has

"

above

to

and

LA. formula

vanity.
is

simply

glory of

God

latter book

the

the

doctrine

omitted;

but

is described

unreal
essentially
from

beyond the storm

for Schopenhauer

in

terms,

of

the

as

the

"

the

glory

of

and

sense

is that

his
"

Imitation

glory

of God

mism
pessi-

with

the

in

the

God

of

of

purely abstract, mystical,and

one

may

see

at

the

that

once

road

mediaeval

is
mystic to Schopenhauer's outcome
in
not
so
long as some
people imagine. "I saw
my
gress,"
dream," says Bunyan, at the end of his
Pilgrim's Prowhen
the angels carry off
Ignorance to the
poor
"

pit,
"

the
as

"I

my

dream

that

there

was

to

way

bottomless
from

mission

the
it

was

considerable
the

in

saw

world

pit from the very gate of Heaven, as well

Now, Schopenhauer's
City of Destruction."
with
to explore this highly interesting
way
speculative skill.

because

of

its

The

mystic who

vanity finds

his

forsakes

comfort

in

246
of

dream

the

PHILOSOPHY.

divine

perfection,

vision

catches, like
the

on

He

deep pulsation of

the

comes

in

Tennyson

lawn, in the
world."

In

"

thing
some-

"

abstract, extra-mundane.

is," and

night

MODERN

called

something

pure,
which

OF

SPIRIT

THE

on

famous

the

Memoriam,"

Only by

and

that

"

the

"

by morning

Your

awake
vision must
ish,
vanmystic must
; his
stricken
to
Tennyson seems
through with doubt."
endured
the waking better than others.
But, generally
speaking, the pessimist of Schopenhauer's type is

comes.
"

have

simply the mystic of

when

moment

he

the

has

type of the

"

from

awakened

Imitation," at
false

the

the

glory of

religiousintoxication.

this

The
His

of

events

father

took

him

English,

learn

the

and

life may

him

sent

or

early youth, made

and

hero's

our

well

insisted

mercantile

brieflydisposed of.

be

long

on

travels

acquainted with
that

train

business, and

French

both
in

should

he

his

during

time

due

himself

to

be

of the
world.
and
man
many-sided
busy, intelligent,
no
Scholarship and the universityformed
part in the
father's
plans. The boy spent also considerable time on
his

father's

country estate, loved

nature,

but

always

was

As
tormented
youth waxed, moodiness
lonely child.
His
him ; he already showed
also the metaphysicalturn.
a

father's

death, in 1805, left him

free

to

follow

his

own

he
plans. He forsook the hated
counting-house,where
had
already set about his work, and began to study for
the university;making rapid progress
in Latin, quarrelling
ters
with
his elders, and
gloomy letwriting rhetorically
to

his

The

career.

course,

mother, who
son's

from

the

later

moods
to

his

to

change,
alteration

mother,

minutes,

the

"

entered

now

on

her

Weimar

still far,
pessimism was
philosophicalformulation, but

native

already perceived that

its endless

had

one

which
and

all ideal

dooms

defeat.

is washed

numberless

great evil about

away
atoms

the

in
of

time's

he

world

interests

Everything,"he

"

of

stream.

pettinessinto

is
and

writes
The
which

248

OF

SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

He
loved
books
sorrow.
struggle and
historical
of travel, energetic stories,strongly written
of
sketches, tragicas well as satirical dramas, and books
natural
he was
well-described
itself,
history. In nature
of observing flowers, while, after his fashion,
fond
very
animals

loved

he

its

of

act

very

in all its naive

passionately.They show
cruelty,guilt,and innocence.

Edifying literature of
most
systematic schemes
merely
poetry

sentimental
as

He

life.
itself.

These

for

of

He

above

is

once

more

;vhe had, for

in

him

to

historical

thought, all
such moralizing
general bitterly
hover

to

the

longing
judgments are
the

so

learned

fantastic

above
life in

of

lookout

on

detectingunscholarly and
such

all

Carlos," he
seemed

naked,

purely mysticaltype,

constructive

contemplate

to

for connections

eye

Don

critical and

yet wayward.
not

"

things

wanted
His

the

poetry, and

Schiller's

despised.

all but

will

the

deep
for

man,

and

types,
a

poor

theories, and

when

they relate to topicsbeyond

his immediate
His
controls
after all
was
literarysense
his best safeguard in scholarship. Here
his fine contemplative
intellect guided him.
He
make
bad
could
not
a
blunder
his
to a purely linguistic
as
question; but where
and instinct for the immediate
life of things
taste
inner
and of people were
unable
to guide him, he wandered
too
often in the dark.
all matters
of learning his judgOn
ment
remains, therefore, largelythat of the sensitive man
frequentlyaccepts

of

the

world.

|Thewill
deep

is

once

(His sense
for all

in its unrest.

of
as

humor

comic

in

was

of

the

keenest)

its irrationalities

it

as

feature of his style

distinguishing
is due to this wide
reading,namely, his skill in metaphor
and
in other
forms
of comparison. In this respect he
rivals those wonderful
of comparison, the Hindoo
masters
he knew
metaphysicians,whom
through translations,and

is

admired
as
was

an

One

much.

pervading
intense

his

further

study

admirer

and
of

trait

may

his whole
the

yet be mentioned
view

of

life.

English temperament,

He

just

249

SCHOPENHAUER.

he

as

intense

an

was

Not, of
of

and

that

of

the

institutions.

the

life

English

him, by that clear-headedness

To

stock.

his whole

the

systematic delusions
a!learner

as

which

all up

sum

in

See

was,

longings of

strugglesand

vital

English

many

English Philistine,but

from

freedom

of

of

world, attracted

the

characteristic
maxim

the

course,

man

hater

are

so

word, the

and

record

the will wherever

they

appear./
this

scholarshipas

Sucu

for

academic

an

for

dissertation

doctor's

the

of

most

technical

the

In

life.

Principle of

Root

ill-fitted to

was

1813,

degree,

book, with

of

least

he

printed

the

on

his

It
in

genius

his

Fourfold

"

Reason."

Sufficient

penhauer
Scho-

prepare

is his
it.

In

als
published the first edition of his "Welt
his work
Wille und Vorstellung." In 1820, he entered
on
diately
immePrivat-Docent
at the universityof Berlin, and
as
made
failure to
a
sufficiently
complete academic
bittered
Emdiscouragehim from any serious effort to continue.
both
his books
by the indifference with which
and his attempts as a teacher
were
received, he gradually
of all professorsof philosophy,
acquired that intense hatred
and of the whole
post-Kantianspeculativemovement
in Germany, which
he
than
in a
once
expressed more

1818

was

furious

which

form, and

historical

on-the-Main, and
close

of

How

he

him

his

slowly

came

in old

how

used

the

to

and

come

attentions

of all such

there

at the

last

all these

suddenly,

things

written

when
in

he
the

was

Frankfort-

two

be

of

publicly
academic

; how

young

man

how

he

better

still the

three

faithful

his

dog

quite alone,

books

the

round

or

and

until

own

gathered

wise

people, and

understanding of
intelligent
but best of all his dinner
disciples,
at

to

to

flatterers

more

died

to his

which

with

age

stare

as

little fortune

indifference

the

him

1831, he retired

little circle of well-received

Russians
loved

upon

spite of

circles treated
him

lived

life.

his
in

known,

After

relations.

misled

wholly

modern

"

how
are

lie
not

literary

250

THE

SPIRIT

gossip?

I need

not

how

repeat

about

dwell

until

dark

philosophy

of

his

of

temper

PHILOSOPHY.

them

upon

and
of

further

eccentricities

Of

time.

our

led to

numberless,

need

nor

had

life,of his quarrels,of his

which

only to die to acquire

is everywhere a symbol
name
deep and sad and dangerous

his

now

is most

the

MODERN

Schopenhauer

general fame,
for all that

OF

the

dents
pettier inci-

one

or

two

public scandals, of

I have

time

no

his other

speak

to

bursts
out-

further.

IV.

als Wille
Welt
Schopenhauer's principalwork, "Die
und
artistic cal
Vorstellung,"is in form the most
philosophitreatise
"

in

existence, if
In

Dialogues."

books

later

the
The

its first edition

edition

all four.

upon

Kantian

basis

it ; it consists

second

volume

these

of

Schopenhauer's

books, the

each

of

first

doctrine.

own

because
facts

ments
com-

rizes
summa-

for all of

and

It is there

in its detail

into four

divided

was

Of

Idea,

Vorstellung,our

it

in

added

is,first of all,for

world

our

excepts the best of Plato's

one

just

us,

and

while

of

experience..
preted
These, however, are, for our
consciousness, always interin the sense
forms
of space and of tiroe,
facts, seen
and within
these forms, perceived through and
by virtue
of our
form
of comprehension,namely, the prinuniversal
ciple
I experience anything.I inWhen
of causation.
in time for this
in space
and
evitablyseek for a cause
I localize the
I find
such
a
experience.^When
cause,
thing
experience as an event
manifesting some
change in somewe

see

there
and

space
are

of

all alike

service

in

time,

as

simply

well

worlds, with

as

formal

lay, in fact, in

purely mental

in

and

space

his

nature, of such
all that

time
this

these

of

forms

principleof causation,

ideas

proving
forms.

but

in

me.

the
The

Kant's

great

the
subjectivity,
space

and

time

they contain, exist accordinglyfor

an
knowing subject. No subjectwithout
object,and
objectwithout a subject. I know in so far as there

the
no

is

251

SCHOPENHAUER.

world
I

; and

know

to

In

it.

know

experiences.

world

For

would

moreover,

cause

the

of

is

the

causation

idea
show

absolute, because

is

of

cause

of

thing
anymy

useful

mine,

the law

experience

such

is

of

fashion

my

perceiving the localized

But
things of sense.
beyond experience what validity,
what
tion
can
one
give to the principleof causaapplication,
is no
None.
There
?
to be sought beyond my
cause
for my
nature
true
own
own
experiences.
experience

thinking

But

is this my

what

question. My

the

any
time

in space

or

cause

cause

answers

in
experiences,

my

only

means

brings another

book

observe, is something

must

indeed

not

second

The

nature, you

; for

sense

proper

of

nature^

It does

wealthy.

very

and

for

as

world, but wholly

Within

to anything else.
inapplicable

of

the

as

far

so

seek

one

me

just'an

of

events

exists in

yonder

reallyoutside

for

valid

and

vain,

itself

in

the

to

event

; and

pass

in

that

event

an

there

is

nothing that, in time or in space, brings to pass my own

As
phenomenon
deepest,timeless, andsp_acelessnature.
in

time,
;

time

but

in me,

in

is caused

far

so

but,

embodies
Hence

you

see

implications. Yes,

so

true

my

as

one

itself
how

is

nature

Therefore
;

die, as

or

other

superiorto

now

sees,

wealthy my

true

in

sense,

deeper

way

the

dividing principle

tjieyseem

nature

collapses

time, with

and
of

into

places
one

prises,
is, com-

phenomena.
be

must

also, in

you

we

far

so

deepest
do

in its

nature

be

to

seem

Schopenhauer
things. In an illusory

distinguish us

to

(Jut abstract space

distinctions
illusory
world

of

causes,

truth
of

world

in, all my

it in

you

says,

and

space

neither

nature

the
have
same
truly exist, must
that I have.
Only in space and in time
separate beings. Space and time form,
as

mine
deter-

events

just shown, space and time are in

as
they are my forms of seeing and

have

we

knowing.

nor

move

may

deepest

my

that, as

fact
of

body

my

and

immanent

as

all from
all their

moments,
nature

another

one

manifold
and
of

and

the real

things.

252
Since

of

form

time

deepest

own

my

essential

and

been

that

or

or

millions

no

star

is

that

the
in

Space

To
of

time

of

and

have

awareness.

will.

my

strive,I lament,
all this is
not
as

of

manifest
Hindoos
den
hid-

the

sion,
illu-

is the

one.

nature

from

what, apart

my

long,I desire,I

I assert

The

myself.
will,of

move,

act, I feel,I
for

name

common

Schopenhauer

course,

does

the Jiighest
form
of my
conscious
choice,
merely mean
some
people do. \flemeans
simply the active nature
the wanting, longing,self-asserting
me,
part) This, in

truth, as
my

romantic

at

and

do

time

see

Why

existence
not

the

even

intellect,is

Why
in

find

to

of

that, through such

so

is

nature

Illusion,wherewith

or

only

willy By

my

ago

there

And
thou"rhtT is my own
deapftstessence.
but an
indescribable,
direct, an
a
unquestionable
inner
life
is,namely, essentially
/My whole

my

1 have

this

ages

the

as

are,

therefore, the question,What

things?

has

is also

star

an

ever

manifold, although it is but

appears

answer,

senses

of

essential

that

unity of things is covered,

world

all that

as

the

that, in

for space,

same

and

declared, the veil of Maya

the

behind

millions

And

manifest

body.

own

with

one

come.

but

remote

am

be, either

to

ages

which

my

will

ever

and

world, it follows

sense,

PHILOSOPHY.

is beneath

nature

apparent

deep
of

so

things
in

the

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

of

all this

the

do

have

this

Deeper
inner
make

our

as

seek, for

fashion

than

life.

I believe

actual

of

world

in

want

because

being. Our whole

activityas are our

exercise

behavior.

we

life is

are

as

is

we

long

to

just strivingto

ultimate

particular fashions

and
of

the
Is

vain,

type often
I

should

mere

fact.

inexplicablecaprice of
exist

to

That

In

why

reason

reason

my

Fichte's

of

and

space

recognize

or

behavor

of

ultimate

an

knowing.

in

world

matter,

idealists

deeperthan

seeing and

the

fashion

is the

reason

We

the

felt,lies

of all my

fellow-men, or

my

justmy
to

basis

acknowledge

however, do I seek,

pretended

idealists

know
come

the
;

we

into

an
inexplicable
loving and of

253

SCHOPENHAUER.

be

longing to

; this

am

will ; and

long, to
is

So

hating.

is the

I cannot

of me,

nature

in this

rest

somewhere

strive,to

to

"

striving. My

life

else in life than

here, where

of

in

am.

solution

Here, then, is the

it

have

can

and

space

spacelessinner
of my
being, am

themselves

not
n.

In
I

phenomena.

outward

mere

Will

will

desiieaJiojexist.Here
whole

of

Will.

as

time
never

but

world, owing

is the
the

to

is-nnt

exists

nomena.
phe-

t.Wvrft for the

solelybecause

it

itselfTThe

in

thing

true

illusoriness

utter

of

succession

whirh

whioh

something else,hnt

of

is the

far

so

timeless
and
I, in my
nature, in the very heart, in the very germ,

Lam

sake

world

behavior

only the

see

things in

at

get

The

solution.

mystery

our

time

of

and

single and ultimate nature

collapsedinto one
things. This nature, immediately experienced in the
has

space,
of

wealthy that
its

This

life,is the Will.

inner

the

whole

show

caprice. Look, then,

world
the

on

in space
world

and

of

endless

an

phenomena,

the

observer

is

things,then,
That

life and

pleased
and

it
to

phrase

kernel
he
and

of his

in

the

look

at the

whole

truth

it must

be

in which

to

the

said

be

can

"

say,

of

Look

as,

you

for

Seen

once

all these

endless
in

link

otherwise.
space

interest

one

life of

The

in the

world
one,

processes.

body.

ocean,

itself.

express

own

himself

of

upon
more,

and
the
all
the

things,
"

of the

quoting this wellphilosophy as expressingthe

fond

was

Hindoo

doctrine.

New

Hindoo

insight;
The
essentially
agreed.
"

but

of

about

his

made

of

felt,the synthesisthat he had

the

your

fragment

drop

express

Thou."

Schopenhauer
known

of material

from

mere

mere

forms

mere

loved

art

But

chain.

are

Hindoos

are

to

so

in its infinite

world

and

enough

remote

time, you

In its inmost
time

are

is needed

whole

complicationof living creatures

These, indeed,

is

Will, then, is that which

with

inmost

this
life

philosophy
Kant's

was,

thought

insight itself he
of things is one,

254
and

that

mind
Let

much

In

view.

the

tree.'

Here

'

Venerable

therein
That

'

tree

grown.

Believe

This

bit of

(the teacher) :

'

seeds.'

Cut

'

therein

thou

his

see,

them
thou

seest

Then

One.'

open.'

of

one

his

yonder

'I

'What

One.'

sented
repre-

it

'

Cut

'

he

spake

whose

essence

Soul,

is the

this fine

beloved, what

well

my

me,

is all the

world, that

That

Thou, O

"

art

salt,lay it

is

Cve-

didst
for

lay in

it

it ?

Bring

'

the

that

me

Salt.'

'

He

water.'

'

Taste

the

How

it there.

teacher

vessel

and

sit at

'

Verily,so

seest

thou

bodies, yet is it truly therein.

whose
is the

'Just

led away

Soul,
as,

wanders

That

"

art

well

my

of the land

out

and

is all the

essence

have

because

he

has

world, that

Thou, O
a

him
or

in

the

led

did

spake

is the

the
in

not

Reality,
"

Cvetaketu.'

man

whom
with

they
eyes

wilderness,

westwards, southwards
been

'

this fine substance

of the Gandharis

loosed

eastwards

What

beloved,

So

trulyExistent

the

it ?

tastes

Then

it

How

feet.'

my

'

found

here.

water

said, (The salt)is still there.'

the

it and

sought

'Taste

melted.

was

'

me.'

to

(vesselof) water, and

This did he.
Then
spake
salt which
yesterday even

in the

he, and

he

is

fruit

One.'

'Leave

"

illustrate

to

'Salt.'

that

Upanishads,"

"

of

father,

Venerable

again to-morrow

tastes

the

"

taketu.'

come

of

one

the

little

Nothing,

(substance) is,of
the Reality,that

is of

world.

the

well beloved,
thou
seest
not, my
thing which
fine thing (that life) is,in truth, this mighty

fine
that

not,

about

is also

done, Venerable

is

'

from

thou

to

question a teacher
with
his pupil,who

seest

very

his

expresses

from

two

or

Venerable

What

'

One,

says

is, O

it

'It

open.'

in

passage

It is done.'

'

paragraph

Bring me,'

"

son.

"

thought

true

conversation

in

as

the

sentence

philosophic classics called the

loved
and
read
by Schopenhauer,

Hindoo

'

PHILOSOPHY.

This

of

substance

then, quote

us,

MODERN

thou"

life art

the

OF

SPIRIT

THE

hither

have

folded,
blind-

justas

"

or

blindfolded

wards,
north-

and

256
the

of

essence

And

sees

it.

The

will has

will

the

PHILOSOPHY.

the

contemplativeintelligence
Schopenhauer devotes his third book.

art

to

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

as

certain ultimate

fashions

of

expressingitself,

certain

as
Schopenhauer calls
stages of self-objectification,

them.

These, in
ultimate

the

are

far

so

Platonic

types, the

endlesslyexemplifiedin

seize

contemplation can

as

and

ideas, of

them,

things,all

time

jects,
by individual obimmortal.
but, as types, eternal, time-transcending,
of passion,the eternal
They are the ultimate embodiments
Art
forms
of longing that
world.
exist in our
grasps
these

exhibits

and

types

the

portrays

weight and
of

them.

blind

of

essence

Architecture,

nature-forces,or

Art

resistance.
the

space

is,then, the
will

the

from

longings, of

universal
the

stance,
in-

for

ciation
appre-

point of

view

ested,
Art
is,therefore, disintercontemplative onlooker.
embodying passion,but itself not the victim of passion.
Music
Of all the arts, according to Schopenhauer,
sence
most
universallyand many-sidedly portrays the very esof the will, the very soul of passion,the very heart
of this capricious,world-making, and
incomprehensible

of

inner

of

nature

music

Hence

ours.

is in

some

respects

justwhat
the will is,
changing,flying,
eternallymoving, striving,
ning
struggling,wandering, returning to itself,and then beginthan
all with
afresh,
just life
deeper purpose
no
ness
in all its endlessness, motion, onward-flying,
conflict,fullSchopenhauer's

favorite

Music

art.

shows

us

"

"

of

power,
and

sorrow

repeats
them

strong

never

indeed,

by

this

infinite

ne^er

shall

mean

fullness

rests,

never

is content

; leads
wanderings overancTover
mighty climaxes, but is great and
of abstract
ideas, but only by the

to

embodies.^ Listen

that

it

this

infinite

restlessness,and

wealth
then

of

to

these

cries

flowing passion,

reflect,
"

That

just that unreposingvigor,longing,majesty,and

caprice.
Thou;

of

and

virtue

might of the will

and
to
strivings,
to

Music

anguish.

its conflicts

up,

that

though

even

art
"

'

257

SCHOPENHAUER.

this theory of
itself,

and

influential.

the

notion,

the

systematic student
of

amateur

whimsically

chosen

are

he

of

and

genius

any

from

of

all sorts

art, but

sensibility.It

altogether. Its

professionaltone

the

lacks

of

not

pessimism
has become
the most
widely known
stated it,it was,
indeed, evidently

art

As

observant

of Hie

his

Schopenhauer's theories, except

all

Of

illustrations

directions.

The

will and
contemplation reaches for the
oppositionbetween
On one
its height at this point in the system.
first time
of passion,throbbing,sorrowing,longing,
side, the world
ment,
hoping, toiling,above all, forever fleeingfrom the moit be ; on
the other
whatever
side, the majesty of
calm
all
artistic contemplation,looking in sacred
upon
this world, seeingall things, but itself unmoved.
Plainly,
in this contemplative intellect the will has capriciously
for itself

created

dangerous
deep irrationality.
This

is

enemy

is destined

hilde, who

vanity of

other

none

world

the

of

connivance

the

is minded

to

of

will, and

the

and

who,

through,
indeed

not

of

high gods

its

Briin-

Wagnerian

through

see,

the

that

than

will discover

who

enemy,

out
with-

will

the

the

selves,
them-

destroythe whole vain show in one final

arise from
act of resignation. There
time to time in the
full of sympathy
world, thinks
Schopenhauer, holy men,
and
all

pity for
life,and

paradox
speech
or

to

all their
of

of

the

vanity of

this

the finite world.

of

all the

creed, their

disease, not

the

a
our

These

saints.
religions,

thought is the

griefsof life,not
humanity,

kind, full of

the
horrors

of

the

cold

the

unity of

and

endless

common

men

called, in the

are

Whatever
Not

same.

of

pangs

of

sense

and

baseness

their

land

the

particular
hunger and of
that

runs

riot in

things do they weigh in the balance

with
although these
any sort of precisionor particularity,
of all these
things,too, they see and pity. No, the source
griefs,the
to

be

"

these

not

will

itself,its paradox, its contradictory longing

forever

longing,its

irrational

strivingto

be

for-

258
as

ever

passionate,and

lack,

PHILOSOPHY.

this

"

will.

the

evil,for life is desire,and

they condemn,

do

resign. They

"

forsake

simply

They

MODERN

suffers

that

one

OF

SPIRIT

THE

strive

not

Life, they

desire

is

com"

or

cry.
be

must

say,

since
essentially
tragic,

from
all that it has ; makes
endlesslyand restlessly
it happerfectionimpossibleby always despisingwhatever
pens
to possess, and
nal
eterby longing for more
; lives in an
wilderness
of its own
creation ; is tossed
in
fitfully
of its own
the waves
dark
of passion; knows
ocean
no
outcome,
nothing that can
peace ; finds in itself no
finish the longing and the strife.
And
this hopelessly
strugglingdesire, so the saints
it flees

"

"

teach

each

to

The

saints

teach

Suicide

absent

No,

condemns
from

he

saints teach.

One

the
perfection,

hard

alone

leads

Deny

the will

world.

from
and

And

this way

suiciderdesires

He

wills

He

life.

No,

have.

to

bliss,and

is what

flees

only
only this

hates

this is not

what

the

they counsel, as the path of

steep road of Resignation. That

all

and
and

to

Forsake

fo |ivp

from' the

escape

world.

that builds

the power

Thejsvhole world, after all, is

illusion.
the

the

in the
his

is compassion.

the

ciful,
merDeny the flesh. While you live be pitiful,
evil,turningaway
no
kindly,dispassionate,
resisting
all good fortune, thinkingof all thingsas of vanity

Deny
for

Thou.

awhile, that they

felicity

peace.

blessedness,

to

art

Schopenhau^_p4uite_cousistently

The

happens

That

"

existence

very

from

of

circumstance.

life which

Their

indeed.

suicide.

blindness,

our

them

the way

us

in

us

all.

pity us

They
may

of

one

will that dreams,

result,

"

famous

the

"

what

will,is,for

will,indeed

the will has

this

own

our

of

Milky Ways,

so

is

very

the

all those
on

the

world, with

"Nothing."

are

other

again,and

turned
real

who

book

fourth

remains, after the

nothing. But,

in whom

Schopenhauer,

freely,"says

confess

we

As

is ended.

the vision

concluding words

first volume,
of

and

evil dream.

an

entire

of

ling
annul-

yet full of the

hand, for those
has

denied

all her

suns

itself,
and

259

SCHOPENHAUER.

V.

greatlyaided
historic genesis.

us

will

of

its

to

his

successors

the

of

the

for

which

we

bear

in

we

The

as

was,

now

have

mind

the

before
nature

problem bequeathed by
have

we

Kant
both

throughout

seen

lation
preceding discussion, the problem of the reto the total
empirical self of each moment

self.

universal

and

if

be

this and

or

of the doctrine

estimate

The

This

problem exists
Hegel undertakes

Schopenhauer.

alike

for

Hegel

solve

to

it

by

This
examining the process of self-consciousness.
cess,
prodeveloped according to his peculiarand paradoxical
sion,
to call the Logic of Paslogic,which we have ventured
shows
him that in the last analysisthere is and can
be but one
the triumphant solver
self,the absolute spirit,
of paradoxes. Sure of his process, Hegel despisesevery
such mystical and
immediate
seizingof the Universal as
had

been

intuition

immediate

the

self

universal

irrational
finite
he

the

With

romanticists.

in

romanticists, however, Schopenhauer has

these
the

of

characteristic

of all

self,and

describes

this

common

whereby he seizes, not so

his opinion, the universal
that

nature

or

essence

in

as,

just

is at

things,namely,

will, after

the

the

heart

Will.

intuition

his

much
and

of
Yet

has

each
when
to

come

just the paradox that Hegel had

is,as
developed. For Hegel, self -consciousness
logically
the longing to
Fichte
even
already had taught, essentially
be more
of a self than
are.
Juj""--"a"Jo".J5"jb.open
you
in

it,he finds

grasp

hauer, if you
to

escape

from

be

once

will

is discontentment

longer

make

when

that

will you

as

will be

sure,

endlessly dissatisfied
you
with

an

such

will,the
what

object of

very

If

desire

sence
es-

the "Will

its world.
of

essence

which

the

then, thinks

with

is yours

ing
striv-

are

It is of

always desiring a change.

For,

more,

you

nature.

present

your

world, the Will

Schopenhauer,to

if

will, and

exist you

of will to be
makes

it

such
I

now.

no

already

260

future, the

will

the

that

I have

not

in

faces

me

pain

that

ceases,

yet

arms,

besets

yet, but

rich

distant, the

the

cessation
Do

is the

man

hope

get, as
I

wealth.

more

of

of

the

the

attain

tedium
my

who

enemy

still

of

or

the

desire, my

will

elsewhere

for

thing,turns

same

to

unpossessed,the victory

the defeat

won,

me.

which

or,

PHILOSOPHY.

not

wealth, but

wills

man

poor

MODERN

I have

I will what

possess.
a

OF

SPIRIT

THE

is preciselythe
Curiously enough, this, which
thought that led Hegel to the conceptionof the absolutely
active and
to
Schopenhauer
triumphant spirit,
appears
of things. Striving
the proof of the totallyevil nature
there a highestgood, to which, by
might be bearable were
I could attain,and if,when
I once
attained
that
willing,
But
if will makes
is
the world
and
good, I could rest.
life and essence
of it,then
the whole
there is nothing in
the world
deeper than the longing,the unrest, which is the
seem
tragic?
very heart of all willing. Does n't this unrest
If not,
Is there to be no end of longin'gin the world?
how
ble
bearato seem
come
can
mere
mere
striving,
willing,
?
leads Schopenhauer to
Here is the questionwhich
his pessimism. Preciselythe same
problem made Hegel,
with all his appreciation
of the tragedy of life,an optimist.
Hegel'sAbsolute, namely, is dissatisfied everywhere in his
finite world, but is triumphantlycontent
with the whole of
it,justbecause his wealth is complete.
food.

An

historical lecture
between

the

like the

metaphysical claims

Schopenhauerian immediate
and
the Hegelian logic.
these

doctrines

two

whose

present
which
be

these

sure,

making
must

is the

attitudes towards

two

here

confession
do

more

the

in

not

rightsof
the

of

the

cide
de-

to

the

Universal

absolute,

terests
inphilosophical
conflicting

would

belong

cannot

is the
be

form.

Of
of

the
man

deeper?

answered

philosophical faith, but

merely dogmatic

Our

elsewhere.

one.
directlyhuman
interests
great spiritual

question
of

of

theories

systems embody, which

this

even

As

has

one

and

intuition

represent

discussion

concern

present

To

without
that

261

SCHOPENHAUER.

For

part, I deeply respect both

my

essentiallymodern

are

of

the

keen

criticism

The

century of

philosophizedwith

has

the

life,modern

their

merciless

life.

inner

sorrows

of

of

persons

these

in their universality

of

the

and

the

of

waywardness

nerves

"

human

consciousness,

our

of

characteristic

thinkers,

Both

diagnosisof

thorough familiaritywith

their

in

expression,in

in their

nature,

views

doctrines.

ingenuityin

the

one

spiritual

inexorable

fairlyMephistophelian critic of the paradoxes of

invalid of brilliant insight.
passion,the other the nervous
We
here
side of their doctrines,
are
speaking only of this one
namely, their diagnosis of the heart and of the
and

life.

issues of

knowing

every
of

How

Hegel

; and

is not

therefore

but

it not
the

were,

full of

of

if both

the
"

flavor

of

is this

there

of

could

Hegel thus
Schopenhauer ;
of

paradox

doctrines

the

will

sciousness,
con-

very

finds

man,

paradox, there
a

part of the
be

not

conflict.

both,

endlessly

is the

manifestation

of

is in

therefore

reason,

very

life which

pessimism

illustrates the
But

and

Paradoxical

the

the

"

there

/Capriciousis

see.

therefore, where

spirituallife,

were

to

irrational.

unreason,

true

the truth

Schopenhauer,

paradoxical and
and

ought

man

thinks

man,

of

much

)
spiritual

absorbs,
while

it /

as

hauer
Schopen-

Hegel.

stand

significant
expressions

as

modern

ture
literarecent
a
more
spirit,
glance at our
its
at the despairing resignationof Tolstoi, with
of mysticism,and at the triumphant joy in the paradoxes
of passion which
the
end
Browning kept to
"

will
from

such

the

show

far

as

it

is,would
of

declined

course.

indeed

As
a

to

of

My
such

need
a

introduce

constructive
I
spirit,

am

the

own

indeed

just

and

romancers

our

end

having made an
is the rightone.
context

have

as

how

us

poets still
to which

inquiry as
notion

about

its full

for

the

the

development
as

present stage of this

idealist,regarding the
in

trine
doc-

matter,

philosophicalargument
at

are

sympathy

with

absolute

Hegel's

sense

262

OF

SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

that reigns above

all the
triumphant rationality
But as to Schopenhauer's
world.
conflicts of the spiritual
of

the

usuallywholly
by

who

those

life,I find

of

account

own

indeed

misunderstood

pretend

to

and

accept

as

that

his

well

unappreciated, as
well

by

is

pessimism

those

who

demn
con-

What

people fail to comprehend concerning

these deep and partialinsightswhich
characteristic
are
so
of great philosophersis that the proper
them
way to treat
it.

is neither
and

then

to
to

get

by

even

are

kind

often
!

scorn

the

wealth

very
in

they expressed
language,as in the

"

devotional

book, then

of

relations

our

Are

clerical

down, but
in presence

freedom

our

slavish

so

bow

to

nor

the

in

of

experience,
sights
in-

all such

We

experience.

our

with

doctrines

of

this

traditional, in essentially

Imitation

form

to

"

deceives

or

us

in

some

often

other
into

cepting
ac-

the whole
of
mystical resignationas if it were
instead
of bearing,as it does bear, much
the
spirituality,
life that
relation to the better
same
sculptured marble
bears to breathing flesh.
But if it is a Schopenhauer, a
notorious
much
the same
uses
heretic,who
speech,then
his gloom.
and
in hating him
find no
can
we
refuge save
ideal
In fact, pessimism, in its deeper sense,
is merely an
ment
and abstract
expressionof one very deep and sacred eleof
of the
total religiousconsciousness
humanity.
In

as
so
tragic,very nearlyas much
Wid tragicfor the very reason
Schopenhauer represented,
of resignation
that Schopenhauer and
all the counselors
of expressing,
in so far, namely, as it is at
never
are
weary
it is
This
is its paradox, that
once
deep and restless.

fact,finite

life is

always unfinished,
the

heart

does, and
This

it

that

is what

ends

attains, that

never

one

Hegel

pulsationonly
saw.

This

it throbs
to

is what

as

begin

other.
an-

all the

depict,from Homer's
wanderings of the much
of
Memoriam
"In
tossed
and
tried Odysseus down
to
Not
Dramatic
Tennyson, or the
Lyrics of Browning.
The
be so.
only is this so, but it must
only refuge from

great poets

"

"

"

264

THE

pessimism

he

all

weakness

own

my

by

fortune,

It

me.

and

deeply
counted,
dis-

experience,

foolishness
for

and

evil

penhauer's
Scho-

as

fate

the

therefore

of

have

of

and

is

it

to

formula

absolute

capricious,

restless,

found

tragedies

the

speak

me

moments,

caprice

gives

let

often

petty

and

doctrine
be

the

such

one

have

bitter

most

speak,

to

so

the

will

you

myself

for

expression

If

life.

PHILOSOPHY.

universal

an

of

side

in

comforting,

all

us

experience,

private

ill

gives

negative

whole

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

of

tragic.

life

to

Happiness
;

it

One

comes.

endures

in

endures

forever

whose

one

thing,
will

spiritual.
the

by

if

us

we

in

be
And

Spirit's

hold,

tragic,
this

own

is

but

is

of

heart

is

the

it

shall

the

eternal

still,
is, I

joy.

flies

this

one

fate

thing
of

reflection.

This
if

the

despite,

be

that

Satan's

think,

as

World-Spirit

resolution
in

it

this

great

fragmentary

resolution

eternal

and

and
than

greater

heart

of

accidents
;

that

wise

the

of

sorts

only

are

ours

as

all

thing

wisdom

world

of

but

indeed,

comes,

the

very

essence

LECTURE

RISE

THE

Idealism,

in

been

described

Kant

to

the

the

to

dwell

that

philosophy,
of

another

which
in

have

of

plan

the

that

of

world

inner

will

which

deduce

say,

for

the

you

Of

the

present.

of

ourselves,

modern
the

at

set,
out-

and

thought,

work

that

this
with

on

Fichte

we

what

that

we

is

the

the

of

the

now

is
very

priori

world

must

Fichte,

that

at

also

world

the

anything

it

must

world

of

about

be

are

world
of

the

and

not

is

just

follow

all

to

that

out

show

self, of

capricious

life.

the

sorts

world

the

holds,

the

inner

contain.
the

of

rationally

Schopenhauer

the

on

positive

very

by trying
we

as

once

not,

was

feel

did

romanticists

heart

express

was

and

else, he

in

was

technically,

he

see

contrary,

is

see

life, and

we

nothing

sort

On

see.

is, while

he

basis,

call, somewhat

which

of

or

Kantian

That

world

the

while

remember,

may

ideas, and

our

to

the

which

certain
ask

not

chapter

for

to

pessimism.

Schopenhauer's

would

one

constructively
bound

you

idealist.

saying

the

return
at

shall

enough

remind

in

the

moment

cheerful
to

idealist

what

whole,

world

importance

as

an

way

constructive
in

lecture,

another

hand.

own

the

more

only

of

be

Schopenhauer,
his

element

will

for

doubtless

to

called

Schopenhauer's

had

want

we

back

discuss

to

has
from

movement

I have
times

last

upon

do

we

as

the

on

lecture

the

EVOLUTION.

significant phases,

most

several

of

have

we

its

looking

more

any

Coming

this

In

OF

lectures

have

suggestions

topic

one

of

the

In

order.

outer

of

in

what

DOCTRINE

THE

several

Hegel.

of

phase

OF

IX.

You
of

You
of

not
can-

reality
cannot

the

moral

266

cannot

and

symbolic form
giganticWorld-Spirit. You

you

find

which

this

You

it.

diversityis

and

is therefore

will

only

due

to

the

upon

which

world

he

the

beforehand

knows

which

he

of

its

as

unity,yet
that

and

space,

the

be

to

full

look

must

during

on

tragedy

action

of

before

watch

must

He

naturalist.

he

and

of

know

can

plot.

It

is this

thought of Schopenhauer's
students
to the positionof most
very near
Schopenhauer marks
then, in
thought,the transition from the romantic
modern

realism,the

indeed

an

idealist

in his

sense

of

all

world

to prove

of time

spectator looks

the

rational

the

world

longing and struggling

experience. The
apart from

become

as

but
suffering,

But

the

take

power

your

sense-forms

described

philosopher must

must

indeed

upon

our

be

life of

the

sure

illusory.

be

cannot

be

may

rests

assurance

all

it must

in

expresses

PJlicJit. You

unserer

Schelling,that

with

say.,

PHILOSOPHY.

Material

versinnlichte

law, das

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

phenomenal
of

the

idealism

and

Will

is

the

Kantian

of
the

is

That
But

proud

and

to

be

TTiou, and
the

to

as

and

art

art

in

individual

naturalist,who

flowers, merely

to

the

to

He

order.

He

type.

history of

idealism

natural

ence.
sci-

modern

is

philosopher

unity of things,in his assurance

in his
illusion,
pluralityis a mere

Hindoo

beasts

the

of

to

him

brings

the

itself.

world, he

return

that

that
tion
reitera-

his Kantian
facts

of

studies
find

the
men

what

out

is doin".
I.

What
far

natural
to

with

the

about

it.

fallen

to

clear

as

want

now

you

feel is that

all this

in

was

so

sophy
healthy turn for the idealistic philotake.
times,
Philosophy had begun, in modern
external
with
order
and
dogmatic assertions
and

Growing

doubtful

the
scrutinizing
to both

said,with

to

Kant

inner

its powers
"

and

Things

and
in

it had
self-critical,

life.

Becoming

its limitations

next

bold

it had

themselves, indeed,

and
later

are

n't

RISE

THE

for

me

but

as

is

that

nature,

OF

THE

DOCTRINE

for

the

order

and

mine,

OF

and

is

267

EVOLUTION.

unity of phenomenal
of

even

creating."

own

my

Waxing, however, afresh, still bolder, thought had next

Not
asserted :
only the order of nature, but the very
of nature
is spiritual,
and
is even
the
content
creation
of
life embodies
whom
the very spirit
in finite form."
my
"

"

therefore," it continued,
and

upon

to

the

master

have

"

right

deepest mysteries of

very

creation.
shall
There
spiritual
ventures, and no
things in themselves
whole

and

me

But

aim."
fresh

rational

the

construction

be

That

of

had

the world

than

or

That, deeper than

see.

mine,

life of which

there
as

we

the idealist could

of
in

practicaland

that

the

that

there

after

truth

to

concert, and

environment

of

self,and

one

world, whether

wayward

your
it

formula

were

theories of the

of

lead

of

nature

the

Fichte's

inner
all this

the

other
to

us

munity
com-

to

power

act

positions
presup-

postulate

life is

these

spiritual,
But,

considerations,

idealists

for the

how

brief

our

this self is God.

that

all,even

Whatever

heart

inner

our

of the

conscious

all the

spiritualexistence,

granting the force

remained
which
the
difficulty

one

in

human

own

to

"

time

doomed

spiritsare embodiments,
explainby showing how

rational

is but

which

finite

try

our

whole

the

my

plausible,

your

at

sense-worlds, our

our

of

is

to

is the world

indeed
spirithe could make
plausiblewe ourselves have hardly had
to

been

this

between

realityat

absolute

survey

limits

no

shall stand

here, indeed, the idealist

disappointment.

seize hold

to

could

not

quer.
con-

postulatedspiritual

moral

law

romanticists,an

or

the

element

various
of

born
stub-

of your
the constructions
From
caprice remained.
ideal philosophy to the empirical facts of outer
nature
remained
The
world
a
long and hopelesslytangled way.
that the absolute
evident
might be thus rational, but it was

spiritmust
your
a

finite

priori.

be

thinking

weakness, could

of

not

many
well

things
presume

that

you,

to construct

in

268
In

of

view

of

students

all

take

to

content

OF

SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

this,thought, as

one

modern

we

now

step, not,

more

as

must

see,

be

superficial

many

have

thought

supposed, the step of

for all of the whole
repenting once
undertaking of the
idealistic period,but rather the step of returning,enriched
this
by the experience and the depth of insight which
period had produced, to the cautious scrutiny and rational
order
The
first
itself.
interpretationof the external
charge of idealism upon the fortress of the spiritualmysteries
of

the

Constructive
small

world

indeed

was

idealism

meant,

as

in
the

one

sense

romanticists

failure.

showed,

of

arbitraryspeculativeguesses, of waywardness,
If Hegel sought to put an
and of dreaming.
end to all this capriciousness
by his marvelously skillful
construction
of the essence
of the absolute
spiritin terms
of a formula
the study of the inner life,
derived from
still,
this formula
also was
as
we
quite inadequate to the
saw,
a
Hegel made
expression of the facts of outer nature.
skillful diagnosisof the logicof passion. He
pointed out
no

how

danger

means
spirituality
conflict proceeds

tried

He

conflict.

to

show

how

higher stages, and

which
of spirituality
how, in its evolution, all the forms
human
civilization
in its growth exemplifiesare
rily
necessaproduced. In this way Hegel built up, after his own
fashion,an inadequate but profoundly suggestivephilosophy
of
of history,
well as a sort of rational construction
as
In
life.
the whole
of human,
content
social,and political
this

other
the
we

from

words, Hegel tried

world
can

life,and

of

escape
prove

human
from

to

lower

show

to

how,

passion can
what

ourselves

we

to

called
be

on

basis,

Kantian

explained,and
the prisonof the

be

in the

world

of

the

how
inner

infinite

indeed
spirit. Every step of Hegel's investigationwas
field he
to some
question,but in his own
open
proper
discovered
what
might be said to offer very high hopes to
the rational idealist.
But
not
even
Hegel could reallyget
into the charmed
circle of the empiricalsciences, and con-

this

attempted

He

this

in any

but

regard

distorted

been

indeed

after

and

and

limited

fashion,

of his failure have

nature

misrepresentedby unjust opponents

remains

fact

the

justsaid, the first onslaught of idealism upon

mysteries of realityfailed; and it became
what

consider
How

for

school, but who

is

world

had
this

saw

after

it, seems,

been

trained

idealistic

the

constructive
That

"

to

now

say

ists,
ideal-

the

life is in fact at the heart

But

clear.

which

nature

it is

equally clear
inner

the

life thus

spiritualmysterieswhich for us,

in our
less
Doubtpresent ignorance,are so far unfathomable.
these mysteries are
n't unfathomable
in themselves
;
doubtless
the one
itself in all
life embodies
spiritwhose
to

our

inner

sort

of

there

in

incompleteness of

Kant,

that, at the depth of this

reveals

to

necessary

circumstances, for

how

"

central

the

these

simple for them

that the inner
spiritual,

idealism,

of

under

who

men

that, as

to do.

next

simple,then,

or

as

his pretensions

Both

he failed.

the

there

case

postulates of idealism.

certain
but

269

EVOLUTION.

OF

the

upon

attempted it ;

Schelling had
in

DOCTRINE'

THE

of nature

facts

the

struct

OF

RISE

THE

us,

are

knows

natures

for
interpretation

of his truths.

only

we

this

painful
inner
never

road

We

return

left

more,

of

such

not

can

shall

we

we

natural

idealism

are

Let

the

to

by

order,

ture,
na-

forced

see

then

us

to
turn

long

the
bound
we

by

for
and
our

surely
empirically
can

This, however,

see.

order

as

us.

which

seventeenth

see,

you

in company

if,in returning,

as

means

no

behind

that outer

speculation in

cious
capri-

conscious

first learned

have

some

us."

thinkers, but

to

our

of sense-facts

bound

are

teach

to the

our

in

us,

in it.

this world

has

apparently most

mysteriesback again to
experience. Why we are

see

sense-facts
science

we

to

until

only
with

our

of

nature

say,

what

of

and

means,

just now,

we,

work

to

the
for

as

that

and

he

even

But

know

world

sense-

solution

the

what

We

return,

we

left for

century.

The

but,
the

once

paths

empirical

270

OP

SPIRIT

THE

sciences,which, in their
any

but

indirect

ever

since

the

the
will

long

and

way

century, which

field, elaborating their

misinterpret our
and

own

seventeenth

fruitful

and

their vast

PHILOSOPHY.

largely apart from

speculativeinfluences,have been developing

their

extending

MODERN

Their
of

successes

tried to call the

centuries

See

"

their

world

doubt

no

first

at

ing
servants, full of the learn-

two

scornfullysay

been

theories, tilling

fields,will indeed

return.

have

of

these

inductive

idealists !

dream, and

to

search,
re-

They

construct

priori. But they grew hungry in their wilderness,

feeding the swine of strange masters, and longing for the
Now
of speculative
husks
guess-work and delusion.
very
like prodigals,
back
hoping that experience,our
they come
it

truth, had

took
and

facts

will have

master,

enough

remained

they

at

and

to

In

for them.

spare

ness
home, their reflective clever-

But
to science.
use
they
might have been of much
that belonged to them,
the portion of intelligence
went

; and

away

here

they

come

in

now,

all the

rags

systems." So, perhaps, the scoffers will

insist.
of scorn
will not
this sort
But
impose upon us.
We
know
that we
not
were
prodigals,but rather spies,
of

their

to

sent

back
the

poor

with
wealth

of

of

mystery.

to

the

yet

land

of

That

land

its followers
into that

enter

promise,

what

and

bring

we

specimens of
milk and honey beyond the Jordan
return
is still unconquered. We

in the

friendlycamp

ask

we

of

great clusters

are

us

land

the

out

spy

to

of grapes

of

wilderness

arise

land, and

and

as

with

go

this
us,

world, and

that

we

may

it.

possess

to the
undertaking as we return
is simply this : the mystery of
order
itual
through and through an ideal, a spir-

But, figuresaside, our

study of
the

the

world

natural

is for

mystery.
And

thus

much

by showing
for the

minds,

us

us

This

great

our

idealism

that

has

for

once

taught

have

that

appear

their

as

place in

outer

the

us,

of

that, except for the world

phenomena
or

is

order

to

inner

all divine.

namely, (1)
ideas, except

beings
life of

with
such

272

When

"

Laplace's
completion of

in

truths, the ideas of things.

laws, the essential

the

in them

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

his

of

science

Celestial

system of the whole

the

day,

multitude

vast

of

grange's
La-

in

Mechanics,'' and

cal
mechani-

the

most

fusing
con-

reduced
to expressions of
phenomena were
this but
and rigidthoughts,what
was
very few ultimate
in nature
for rationality
?
search
of the
embodiment
natural

a
an

And

science

all modern

the

to

up

and

speaking has been one vast

rationality,
fragmentary indeed, but
are

now

how

beautiful

The

which

toilsome

poem

in its

even

we

of

fragments

!
of

business

What

of

moment

science

speculationis

already outlined.
we
are
seeking,

then

what
essentially
of the reason
the rhythm and
the very pulse-beat
to catch
that is and must
all the capriceof nature, yes,
be, amidst
seeks

because

even

heart

very

of
of

then,

its

caprice in
return

to

postulatesby

enrich

to

of

We

world.

enrich

and

"

this wealth

the

to

is

our

too

own

nature,

at

the

world

of

ence,
sci-

the

idealistic

our

nature's

as

see,

you

attitude

as

am

chronicler,

mere

to

idealists

at

heart

profession. Of
that

nature,
at

became

they

course,

in

sightas
of

in
more

scientific

is the

such

of their powers

Germany,

Still

they

remained

of

toiled.
for

of

to

illustrate

spiritin

the

of

men

many

in

their work

They were
by
specialists
of human
such
faith

persons
and

the

empiricalobservation, equally
in
of them, especially
Some
long

systematic delusion,
order

in

course,

narrowness

could
only with great difficulty
the purity of their idealistic

once

exactness

forms

of

express

early decades of this century,

considerable
speculativetraining set about
various
departments of empirical research.

well

the wealth

trying,still,of

now

which, in the

keep

of

facts.

Thus,
my

fashion

abstract

of thingsthrough
conceiving the rationality

pretation,
inter-

and

their

them, however,

time

in

the

prey

warped

of

their

voluminous

turning their

various
tions
observa-

speculations.
attention

to

RISE

THE

scholarship,or

exact

OF

DOCTRINE

THE

OF

273

EVOLUTION.

physical science, sought

to

much

as

speculativeconcern
they
possibleto lay aside whatever
had ever
possessed. But still,after all,say what one will,
the thinking of this our
cannot
tury
cenfairlyexamine
one
without
seeing that during its whole course
cal
empirithe trulyphilosophical spirit
have
and
been
research
all previbound
in a close marriage tie compared to which
ous
and
of
of speculation
unions
experiencehave been but
as

the

The

tie has

marriage

admiration.

noteworthy offspringand

most

about

of mutual

passing moods

most

what

of

rather, a group

laws, of

industrythat

idea

call the

now

we

the vast

been

illustration of

of

has

this

gathered

evolution,as

law,

or

nature.

II.

The

philosophy of
topic to-day,and

time

in

evolution

this

have

gained if I have
preliminarystatement
this
this

successful

upon

in
of

any

But

the

as

unable

scheme,

for the

future, the problem that

the

was

successors

The

the

now

world

To

to

To

us,

led

and
in

crude

time

be

in the

the

as

it

was

philosophy
spiritual
earlier

ists
ideal-

comprehend
fundamental

growth

of this
human
to

be

of humanity.

growth as a spiritualprocess became,

Of course
here,
object of serious concern.

everywhere

bold

it should

was

way

this

see

therefore,an
as

then

whereby

of the
of experience in terms
idealistic postulates. In a search for the solution
led to the rational study of
problem, thought was
history. Surely if the great Spirit is anywhere
manifest

brief

to construct

priori rational
foundation

long

for

of the process

cial
spe-

much

so

way

thinking.

my

too

spent

itself.

of the nature

fact,to be

have

prepared

now

laying the

left to their

had
the

topic

in modern
philosophy arose
: Idealism
having proved

visible world

doubtless

approaching

in

was,

to

else in

science, some

enough,
that

vast

of the

first efforts

were

suggestive. They
they were
modern
as
undertaking known

but

274
historical
to

seem

research,

what

see,

used

from

what

of

yet

be

pursued

in

field

the

the

aroused

The

century

the

as

spread

shall

we

was

thing
some-

spiritvery

historical
other

to

ferent
dif-

spirit.

branches

formerly had

been,

of

withstanding
not-

merely descriptivescience,began
torical,
deeper plan ; it became
trulyhis-

the

genesis of organic forms, and,

geologicalstudy, set about the study of
of organic forms
the earth's surface.
upon

succession
field thus

into

of

The

know

it may

as

as

research

embodied

history,which

upon

examined

historical

now

For,

century old.

centuries

its name,
to

PHILOSOPHY.

study that, strange

called

thus

Natural

science.

MODERN

sort

we

interest

the

be

to

in former

that

But

is not

so,

say

OF

SPIRIT

THE

entered
became

proved unexpectedly fruitful.

upon
the

cal
typicalcentury of the historiIn_previous periods qf__mo_dern

theory of creation.
had
deliberatelyneglected the history
thought,thinkers
it grows,
but as it eternally
of things. Nature, not
is,
as
was

that

seventeenth
like
science

little

had

; but

nature

possible,
by

the

these

eternal

it still studied

ideallypermanent

which
civilized

nothing
could

in

life illustrated

savage
life in

heaven

or

its artificial

trine
doc-

of the
be

plained,
ex-

and
gravitation,

towards

its eyes

the

physical
to

were

When

mechanism.

turned

nature,

to

observation

like

be
to
history was
eighteenthcentury
an

to

concern

events

laws
in

absorbed

known

conception of

founded, indeed, upon

of

order

outer

Newton's

Spinoza's.

events

if

the

Events

century.

was

actual

constituted

which

the

the

inner

life,

thing called human

in its primitiveinnocence,
disguises,but which

earth, except the will of its creator,

essentiallychange.

But

for

our

nineteenth

century

it is

just the change, the flow, the growth of things,that

is the most
Olduniverse.
of the
interestingfeature
fashioned
science
used
about
to
classifyingthings.
go
There
there

were
were

permanent

live

things

and

dead

things ;

of

live

things

classes, orders, families, genera,

species,

facts

had

of nature.

As

for man,

he

"

one

all

char-

RISE

THE

of

actevistic type

THE

OF

inner

essentiallythe
the

in

the

in

its power

to

same,

perceivethis

king

glory

in the

and

of

essence

tions
sta-

ant,
peasof

man

the

lay justin

science

of

and

all ages

slave, in the

the

The

savage.

in

was

in the

"

in

and

master

cityand

life,that

275

EVOLUTION.

OF

DOCTRINE

eternallyhuman

the

nature,
everywhere in man's life. The dignityof human
of such perBecause
too, lay in justthis its permanence.
manence
all men
could
to be naturallyequal,
one
prove
of Independence is thus founded
Declaration
and our
own
speculativeprinciplesthat, as they are there stated,
upon

of

rendered

been

have

Valuable, indeed,

evolution.

analysisof

the

for the

itual,how

meaningless by

world

and

of

coming insight;

crude

to

seems

us

valuable

man,

but

how

un

as

tion
prepara-

vital,how

all that

now

unhistorical

all this

was

doctrine

modern

the

unspir-

tury
eighteenth-cen-

conception of the mathematically permanent, the

nature, in
unprogressive and stagnant human
essentially
the empty
compared
dignity of its inborn rights,when
with
modern
our
conception of the growing, struggling,
continuous
historically
humanity, whose rightsare nothing
until it wins
in the tragic process
of civilization,
them
whose
told
dignityis the dignityattained as the prizeof unof suffering,
whose
institutions
sands
embody thouages
of years

of

not
an

of

ures
thinking,whose treasof emotion
the bequest of a sacred antiquity
even
are
! Not inalienable, but hard
and painwon
self-conquest
fully
Not a specialcreation,
kept are the true rights of man.
but
nature
a
livingorganism is our
organism
; an

permanent

all the

constant

rightsthat

Thus, I
above

of hard

say, the

life.

but

the

of

outcome

labor

long embryonic development, capable

fore
well as
of growth, and
needing therelest it lose all the spirituality
and
care
it has thus far acquired.
a

historical

all,of the world

modern

and

in its structure,

organism with
degenerationas
our

our

of ardor

am

of

conceptionof

human
now

to

nature,
trace

more

the

has

world, and

appeared in
preciselythe

276
and

growth
in

As

time,

the

the

of

can

too

until

are

we

the

and

hindered

evolution

about

of

the true

aspect of

On

the

the

pers
newspa-

other

hand,

problems suggested by

difficult

more

in

even

them.

almost

nowadays

are

discussed

been

the last

by the popular
that
one
things

of the

topic. Many

weary

deeper insightinto
is rather

aided

once

reputation of my
most
easilysay
familiar, having

of evolution.

study of Schopenhauer, at

the

is at

PHILOSOPHY.

of this doctrine

consequences

case

task

my

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

tion
evolu-

of this familiarity;

account

on

most
we
deep subjectwhich
the one
is never
which
need
to reflect upon
purely popular
discussion
is likelyto favor.
fore,
is,thereMy difficulty
of one
in part like the difficulty
writing an essay
Hamlet's
the
The
Beatitudes.
Soliloquy, or on
upon

for

words

so

are

very

encounter

not

far

two

events

from

the

time

in

were,

the

was,

meaning

word

"

decline.

that

of

the

school

The

evolution

occurs

life.

is very
our

dwell

As

land

had

by

obvious,

but

public as
for

under

appeals

left,in general,

to

in

the
a

of

mechanism
it is not
been

to

the

main

on

Germany
the

of

outgrowth

as

it has

moment

in

the

in

invader's
avarice

of

so

the

the

know,

you

The
In

this time

in

movement,

as
Germany itself,

trodden

invader's

for

form

definite

all disconnected.

proper

direct

situation

century.

on

of Waterloo.

battle

at

romantic

was

in

to

I must

seem

"

however, still flourishing,

and, in fact the

interest

to

comes

spiritassumed

fact,not

romantic

movement

; the

historical

modern

the

until one
too
easilyforms
title-pages,
in which
he chances
book
to
shutting any new
thus
term
often repeated,but seldom
a
ciated.
appre-

of

The

that

here

so

modern

many

habit

into

familiar

Even

remote.

the

many,
Gerfallen

wider

sense,

new

ical
histor-

this

romantic

the

process,

scribed
frequentlydeGerman
public,

tellectual
aspects of the infirst decade
was

at

of the

this time

foot, corrupted by the

its minor

princes,and

hopeless politicalsituation,which,

RISE

THE

OF

THE

DOCTRINE

strangelyenough, aroused
of the

minds

nation's

admired

warmly

looked

then

best
time

time

the

about

person

for

of

the

himself.

the

Hegel, for example,

he saw
in
Napoleon, whom

battle

of

Jena,

upon

This

in

men.

wonderingly as upon
Pferde, as the philosopher in

geist zu

277

EVOLUTION.

strong lamentations

no

own

OF

and

whom

sort

of

effect

he

Welt-

expressed

politicalindifference,this free intellectual

which
marveled
at the changes of the age and
curiosity,
felt no patrioticlongings,was
typicalof the mood of all
Germany's intellectual class from Goethe down.
Thoughtafter

was,

all,free

of

recesses

the

heart
its

historygo

this idealism
as

have

we

The

thing.
reveled,

of

the

time

mystery.

The

defined

done,

was

viewed

man

dangerous

merely

experienced,you sang,
sentimental, you gloriedin the

ardor

above

public with your

experienced and

in
and

as

sciously
con-

fairlymorbid

felt, you

endless
loved

you

of

heart

constantlymore
feelings,you wept
your
and then you felt
lyrics,
with

it

in

and
be

ever,
how-

visible ideals was,

poets

might

and, before
the

upon

You

heart.

emotion

movement

wayward
reflection

in

the

rary
contempo-

Meanwhile,

capriciousbut

air and

let

one

and

concrete

only

know,

romantic

whole

without

self,and

of the

it would.

as

course

empire

representativeyounger
we

as

the

one's

to

not

seen,

had

one

you

the

as

grew

wealth

of

numberless
sang

again

garrulity. If you studied nature,

mysteries,diviningrods,
things mere

and
all

generally. But, of course,

had to be, after all,something objective
in all this there
look
Even
foundation.
as
a
feelingsand mysteries must
for facts to support them, and, greatlyto our
advantage,
magic, the night-sideof

the

certain
to
their attention
early turned
had
been,
humanity's past experience which
recently,almost wholly neglected by modern

romanticists
of

records
until

very

students.
in

nature

Such

this,that

common

else

for

records

very

remote

were

they

of

classes,but had

various

all alike

stood

experiences,the

for

ancient, or

product

either

of

278

quite mysterious

from

the

of

mediaeval

name

that

were

the
named
remote

more

middle

the

ples.
peo-

were

have

not

of

the

teenth
eigh-

civilization

Oriental

branches

two

any

records

could

and

and

of

study that
spiritthan

romantic
distinctively
The
Middle
then
Ages, at any rate as men
of course
the typicalperiod of rothem, were
mance.

appealed
did

research
of

times

such

One

thought

than

not

of

Ages.

customary

could

one

PHILOSOPHY.

little understood

learned

century

MODERN

sources

Middle

the

and

regions

two

of

or

favorite

The

Orient

OF

SPIRIT

THE

these.

conceived

the

to

more

Then

emotion

had

possessedevery possibleobject
wherein
to revel,
countries,
mysteries,magic, unknown
dom
crusades, knightly ideals,fairytales,religiousardor, free"

of

Holy

artistic

Roman

Now

Empire.

what
than

forms, adventures, castles,saints, and

better

recall

the

emotions.

As

treasured

there

could

that
romantic

poets

Orient,

the

and

do

buried

the

wisdom

what

ished,
per-

readers

revive

long-pastglories,and
for

things had

all these

the

lie

might

still

only faintlyto be conjectured.

The
prosaicEnglishmen indeed, having conquered India,
had
fallen to making learned
into the literature,
researches
the thought, and
the laws
of their
new
subjects,
of governmainly with a view to the practicalbusiness
ment.
These

was

researches

had

Sacred

books,

the Continent.
had

been

translated.

also, from
its way
No

to

the

Persian

and

renewed

mean,

has

or

labored

scholarlyyouth
Oriental
clothed

forms
in

Riickert

irony, to

of
;

this

Hindu

learn

like

our

by

verse

the

Sanskrit

day

period.
such

or

did
Poets

Persian

Wilhelm

von

has

felt

might

numerous

imitated

Sufism,

voluminous

Schlegels forgot
;

scholars.

wisdom

to find out, than

pantheism,

finding

was

European
own

on

tion
civiliza-

this Oriental

romantic

known

philosophical,

sources,

of

of

what

harder

melodious
men

Arabic

Buddhist

become

Mohammedan

attention

deeper curiosityabout

to

of them

some

Meanwhile

esoteric

amateur

begun

was

singers as
the

romantic

Humboldt

ex-

280

their

possessed,in
which

OF

SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

a
institutions,

permanent

more

nineteenth

the

PHILOSOPHY.

sure
trea-

daily risking,
of the Napoleonic
humanity, whose

century

was

losing,in the shiftingconflicts

of
thus
the institutions
period. And
characteristic
of our
whole
modern
so
study has become
into the foreground of
first came
attention.
movement,
worth
Laws, customs,
religions,
began to show a human
which
students
had, up to that time, persistently
ignored.
In the keen
interest
that
now
creted
quickly grew and conservation,
obtoo
to deserve
itself,nothing was
insignificant
if not

if it illustrated
of

the

deeper faiths

Fairy tales,preserved in the mouths

seemed
people,ballads, rural superstitions,

of the

men.

the

to

wisest

thinkers.

illiterate

began
necessitythe

of

to

men,

Scholars

looked

lore of
very

cultivated.

The

in

for it not

forgottenages,

began

to

collect

their

proud

to

imitate

the

did

the

its very

longer to favor mere

taste
by analyzing the
was

to

rather
set

forth

finest

the

institutions,beliefs, and
that

civilization

handmaid

classical
moral

or

of

had

the

conduct,
our

own,

as

mere

to

to

inner

Greek
show

ment
move-

It

was

cultivate

ancient

of

of

nature

truly humane

history,not
for

to

uninfluenced

methods.

models

comprehend

to

were

contrary, this

and

ideals

Grimm

Poets

remain

the

the

of the

brothers

linguisticskill,nor

no

It

The

mouths

popular tales.
the people.

On

movement.

transformed

art.

of

ballads

the

many

in

books, but

philology itself

classical

romantic

German

by

was

civilization.

vital,in

time.

own

It

loved

it from

heard

or

not

spread
wide-

the

was

much

the

was

behavior.

modern

in

of

human

human

in

peasantry of their

Nor

The

acquiredignity.

try
coun-

interesting

dialects

rude

the

speech or
deep, the emotional, the thing
the poetical,
the organic, the

the

by

Even

ancient

the

or

the

passionsor

literary

life of
and

what

tiquity,
an-

Roman
relation

study
linguistic
scholarship,to treat the
collection of examples for
to

edification,but
literary

make

as

an

evolution.

For,

RISE

THE

already,as
dawning

OF

minds

the

off indeed

was

Herein

of

OF

of what

the

call evolution

we

scholars

the

of

that

of

in all the so-called realism

who

the dreamers

with

who

failed,in the first decades

of

the

body
em-

period.

connects

prosaic modern

dreamed,

with

to

was

of the romantic

our

Far

day.

it

continuityof thought which

lies the

was

all its world-embracing

spiritwhich

dreams

very

281

EVOLUTION.

theory, with

but

of the

born

idea

modern

our

inductions
was

DOCTRINE

the

see,

you

on

THE

us,

research,

fantastic

poets

century.

our

ill.

But

since

moment

with

The

is not

of

leaders

intellectual
their dreams

and

had

who

The

historical

1815

Before

study.

the

lessness
help-

corrupted,left for the

resource
people no
equal to

of

their

the

abstract

been

long

The

idealism.
on

room

earth

traversingthe

romanticists, however, did

not

of the

end

for the feet of

of

empire

on

that

contemplation. They only found themselves

and less given to fantasy. I
disposed to scholarship,
return
to the

bound
from

natural

wilderness

order,

of

this

little while

present world.

more

called

since, a
Of

turn
re-

course,

the

Scripture metaphor and, appealing

of Revelation,
the book
Satan
to
lay
say that, as
in St. Helena, the church
could return
of the spirit

might

now

the

to

the

account

forsake

the

nected
discon-

not

was

new

far to seek.

Napoleonic episode brought

air.

the

said

Germany, bleeding and

of

those

Waterloo

of

first bloom

the

connection

battle

the

that

anticipated. I

somewhat

already

have

the

reverse

wilderness

swiftlydid

into

fled ; and

it had

which

that

it

scholarlymotives that we have just

been
analyzing produced hereupon, in quick succession,
over,
a
long series of epoch-marking historical books. Morethere
was
reason
why the political
yet another
changes
When
our

so.

The

the

time

of

great
lives is

events

favorable

were

are

completed, we

past, and
are

to

historical

study.

passionate episodeof

easilydisposed to

the

writ-

282

After

chronicles.

of

ing

for

diary

specialreference

with

doctrine

The

PHILOSOPHY.

one's

first love

evolution

took

affair,one

keeps
perhaps begins an autobiography,
to the
story of one's mightier passions.

or

season,

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

of

its rise in

such

an

of

humanity to write its own

autobiography,after
terrible experience of being in love with
what
it had
a
believed
of being jiltedby what
to be liberty,and
proved
all things worked
to be despotism. Thus
together to the
It is surprisingto look over
end.
the list of these
same
effort

great books, each

and
investigation,
1815

between
and

so

rank

The

the

students

of

the

the years

to

interest.

General

Christian

theology itself,are

fashion, and

Schlegels,the

the

all in

were

day, and

research

one

the

might be in
imperfectin

list,if complete,

itself
its

book

like Strauss's

so

novel

in its

hypotheses,that

it aroused

researches

its

of

profoundly
bold

and

As

sort

new

as

the

by

well

would
of

some

his

storm

of

and

foe

friend

as

Jesus

of

tentative

so

the

whole

fate

and

more

author

own

; and

the

"

and
tirely
en-

own

versy
controto

of

torical
hisern
mod-

unorthodox, has been

indirect

effect

of

Strauss's

suggestive investigation.

for

the

modified

drive

would

Christology,orthodox

and

methods,

other

Life

"

change erelong his opinion about

Yet the
noteworthy contentions.
that

front

works

name

historical.

most

tions,
institu-

and

by all of them, and by numerous

Curious
was
scarcely less important scholars.
that drove
become
to
every scholarlyspecialty
more

ening
wid-

literature,comparative

Humboldts,

two

modern

constant

traditions

Niebuhr, Boeckh, Ranke,

of

would

list shows

historical

historical

the

another.

Grimms,

last

at

in

era

belong

philology, Oriental

philology,and
to

the

an

which

law, mediaeval

classical

leads

marks

The

of

deepening

after

of

many

1835.

and

literature,Koman

assailed

which

of

one

the

outcome

conception of

connected

growth

of
the

all this

higher

from

lower

ferment, it

was

life

as

human
to

nobler

bly
inevitaone

vast

conditions,

THE

RISE

OF

THE

with

episodes,indeed,

with

vast

DOCTRINE

of

stagnation

outlying regions

imperfectly civilized

or

after

all,about

the

as

Tht^

understood.
of

former

the

of

people had,
But

how

the

dependence

our

beliefs,our

hardfrom

in

above,

expression
of

of

of

ages

The

connivance,
forces.

Our

of

reason,

win

institutions,

short, is mightiestand
slow

but

the

with

ages,
build

of

slowly
humane

gift

ate
immedi-

formed

life

tion
concre-

wise

in

hundred

in its selfishness.
the

by

secret

authority, superstition,

It embodies

in

idealists loved

plainlya

of

sort

of

metempsychosis
to

you,

lore

bled
in

that

your
your

and

than

occurs

and

for

worshiped

language
fathers

and

teach

deeper

the

form
The

you.
of

the

it than

deeper

of

wiser
to

in

more

that

epitome

on

is,

largershare

Your

about.

itself

appears

has

form

and

new

cies,
tenden-

civilization

counts

talk

abstract

humanity.
and

discernible

concrete

to

of

toiled

other

Instinct

Faith

reasoning.

insight.

cooperate, through

And

consciousness.

servatism,
con-

these

deeper thing

much

its

seemingly un-ideal

commerce,

all

and

no

no

even

of

battle

the

civilization.

up

our

it than

the

compact,

of numberless

it were,

consequence,

ancient

fashion

cruelty,toil,greed,compromise, tradition,

countless

that

in

social

"

that

culture,

historyfound

new

language, our

loyalty,sloth,

in

and

After

the

selfish,but

ideals

as

had

pendence
physical de-

effort,unconscious, but

blind

Climate, hunger,

war,

surface

the

world, all this together is

unconsciousness,often

in

in

men.

concrete

outcome

no

such

generations

growth, nobody's arbitraryinvention,

won

to

phenomena,

always recognized such dependence.

be!

our

meaning,

civilization

ideals,whatever

all

its

meaning lay

how

to

with

but

generations of
and

degeneracy,and
changeless barbaric

former

his whole

course,

deep

dearest

for

man,

and

of

of

283

EVOLUTION.

almost

saddest

moralizing historians

never

upon

of

mankind,

the

even

OF

old

whole
of

the

self

self is
tory
histrine
doc-

humanity
has

mitted
trans-

institutions,in the
you,

in

your

preju-

284

dices, in
the

of

soul

in

read

with

than

you

had

your

heathen

You

the

deeper

ever

before

The

sacred

devotions.

past.

The

mutual
All

these

of much

ideas

that

abstract

had

erect

have

had

of that

the

and

some

more

That

century.

last

of wisdom

of your

of

for

in

to

us

of the last

The

tury
cen-

unity

I repeat,

it,was,

All

thing.

such

you

only

is after
dwelt

what

men

God

winning

as

that

any

Cicero, or

it would
as

something

be

we

of

see,
a

much

too

of

old

cept
ex-

elegant ones,
the

of

pleasingto

customs

historyyou
narrate

modern

novelty,even

life

our

least until

at

outgrew,

our

of

men

the

of

growth

it knew

of the

whole

the

for the

prudently forgot,and

Hence,

all

as

the

Superstitionyou

ancestors

minds

eighteenthcentury,

itself about

ones,

social occasion.

I have

its

each

to

It is well

own

life,and

agony

the

"

worry

Horace.

remembered
a

all the

old,

wise

as

forsakes

become, by dint

thinkers

their

to

was

decades, thanked

to

the
such

of

men

its very

most

and
the
to
language, reason,
power
stood straighter
than others, so some
men
the enlightenedsouls
wit, and of such were

and
institutions,
the

and

each

sure,

permanent

that

stature,

story of the unity of human

by

word

possessedthem.

dead

of

are
superstitions

century conceived

last

"

Thou

metaphors

every

bound

cultivated

the language

art

really

be

to

now,

can

spiritin

loftiest

your

are

measure

any

unity, a

As

laugh.
men

mankind

the most

scarcelyin
humanity, as

an

their

origin of
Humanity never

of

The

repetition,too commonplace.

remember

of

of

in

That

in
crystallized

horrors

You

human

"

possessed.

religion,

glory.

written

the

humble

days
piety.

its

the

of

sense

are

very

though

true

of

watch

can

ancestors

utter.

you

and

personalinstincts

history your

growth

PHILOSOPHY.

conscience, in your

its agony

of evolution.
its

MODERN

faults,in your

your

very

OF

SPIRIT

THE

on

place
common-

paradox.

of our
this transformation
long upon
notion
of human
history,because
people too frequently
regard the doctrine of evolution
as
having for the first
so

flashed

time

the

the

Darwin

for

of

humanity
of

extension
of

boundaries
was

age

brought

existence
modern

knowledge
his

century,

doubt, have

been

them

and

It

into

coming

was

great

so

an

history,his

the

world

in

at

nature,

have

realm

historical

age

that

last

been

paradox,

of

curiosities.
Darwin's

made

idea of natural

selection

deeply suggestiveto philosophy.

And
having spent so much
now,

time

in

laying

foundation,

in

few

words

climax

of

sciences

have

historical
the

swiftlysuggest

can

we

doctrine

the
at

made

last

It

movement.

of

ascendency

popular knowledge

largelydue
for

to

the

the

of

thought.

new

geology, in

British

catastrophes which

natural

as

ages,

tarian

modified.

geology,a

doctrine

our

the

natural

the

On

the

of the

It is matter

of

form, is

its modern

stituted
Lyell's researches subthe earlier geologists

mind.

relativelyuniform
they worked
through long
slowly

so

possible. Germany began the

left for England
to
plete
comwas

conceived-

been

which

evolution

the

that

in

rather

or

it Darwin's

the

the

might, no
large could

It would

called

the

the

to

to

naturalists

it into

prize,and

ceive
con-

gations,
investi-

led

that

doctrine.

have

can

you

transferred

more

the

all its consequences,

informed

banished

have

would

book

natural

; but

the

more,

If

word.

all this

would

speculation.They

once

induction

no

ripe for

scholarshiphad
conception of history

of

convinced

ment
achieve-

time

the

place for the

only one
oddity the

found

this

selection, with

properly

some

splendid

was

age

And,

of

conceive

can

of the

the

than

more

splendid

very

marvelous

natural

if,I say, you

was

win's
Dar-

conceptionfar beyond

by

sense

value

student

because

this

of

appearance

can

proper.

because

into

and

it

historical

the

ripe

principleof

but

humanity

Darwin's

to

the

general

285

EVOLUTION.

OF

after

large

at

thus

itself in the

have

world

significancefor

achievement

the

the

upon

DOCTRINE

THE

Origin of Species." Nobody

"

do

OF

RISE

THE

processes,
the

basis

earth's
of

this

transformation

whereby,
crust

had

uniformiof

species

286

began
a

to look

science,and

MODERN

Such
the

Darwinian

the

even

of

one

first formulated

been

PHILOSOPHY.

reasonable.

more

is
speculation,

mere

had

OF

SPIRIT

THE

doctrine, indeed, as

oldest

notion

in

of

guesses

of natural

Greek

infant

selection
Em-

speculationby

But
such guesses,
pedocles,before the time of Socrates.
however
finelya Schellingmight write out their substance
found
him
in poeticalform, as
we
doing awhile
since,
could
had

never

for science

much

mean

probable that the earth's

there is more
history,wherein

made

until

modern

crust

itself has

of

geology

unity than

uine
gen-

of catastrophic

came
change. But herewith
very quicklythe time
when
natural
could
the truly
historyas a whole
assume
Baer's
historical
shape. Yon
embryological researches,
and the classifications and
embryological studies of Agas-

siz,showed
of the
to

its

came

that

wonderful

individual

life and

parallelism between
the

relation

the

of each

growth

animal

form

neighbors and predecessors on the earth, which soon

to have
so
deep a scientific meaning. The appearance
of Darwin's
Origin of Species in 1859, however,
"

"

brought

to

With

search.

focus
the

all
one

these

tendencies

of

Newton's

exceptionof

modern
"

re-,

Prineipia,"

of more
been
empiricalscience has even
philosophy than this work of Darwin's.
wherein
the
And
know
now
importance lay. The
you
world
was
longing for an historical view of phenomena.
The
historical
interest was
already excited to the keenest
civilization
an
was
as
pitch. Human
already conceived
earth's
The
evolution.
crust
to
was
body
emalready known
this present
at
still,even
a
history whose
gaps,
moment,
large, were
already, in 1859, sufficiently
very
of

singlebook
importance to

no

reduced
series
had
The

make

to

of

physical
the

produced
old

probable

nebular

that

present form

the

the

without

process,

whole

succession

hypothesis
whole

had

been

notion

growth

of

our

violent
of

Kant
of

that

continuous

convulsions,

geologicalstrata.
and

La

solar

part of the very

Place

system

process

gested
sugto

that

its

has

288

were

But,

processes.

of

hard-learned

the

hand, the

subordinate

its

become
to

on,

only facts
like, in

idealistic
essentially
for

of

as

come

all events

; and

observation

forces

ideal

us

to

doctrine

observers,

terest
in-

Without

ideals.

the

what

story they
this

seem

embody,

of

evolution
a

an

the

of

events

to

notion

at

able

are

to

dis*"

things,without, then,

for

upon

at

as

other

more

to facts,and
patient devotion
romantic
we
our
interpretations,
the work
to verifythe
necessary

without

self-control

nature.

the

for it is

as

we,

terms

concern

what

have

never

But

that

historical aspect of

mean,

primarily

and
or

suppress,

does

such

we

guished
distin-

mechanism,

on

more

show

in the

all.

has

n't

if
interpret,

side,

century.

is

as

But,

processes.

on

in nature,

should

well

as

willingness
un-

one

estimate

to

experience,a theory founded

work

world

world

an

sharply

doctrine

originalidealism

own

experience as

the

seventeenth

modern

in the

gone

mere

jwas

law, ideallyinterestingproducts

as

has

be

explain,but

to

doctrine

time

posed, as

the

of

On

is to

of

our

growth

same

embodiment
truth.

evolution

absolutelyrigid

as

about

of

naturalism

well

as

progress
well

find

to

fantasyfor

merely

disposed,not

interest

the

naturalism

that

side,this

caution, the

mistake

from

It tries

in

doctrine

then, the

other

offspringof a dread of the

idealistic
period,the product of a

the

lesson
to

Unlike

PHILOSOPHY.

the

on

stronglyempirical one,

extravagances

to

MODERN

things,the product of an age for which the

of the world
were
primarilyspiritualprocesses,
in the light and
to be interpreted
by the analogy

processes

of such

OF

of

meaning
or

SPIRIT

THE

we

at

rigid

should
notion.

never

have

There

herently
something inremains, then, something conflicting,

done

in the
self-contradictory
as

to

inner
most

of the

the

nature

conflict

of the
of

characteristic
so-called

modern

thought

problems

of

Philosophy of

generalizationthat

the

of

process

whole

nowadays

views

furnishes

Evolution.
life of

our

This

itself.

evolution

to-day.

current

of

one

the

It is the

problem

The

empirical

planet

is in all

RISE

THE

OF

THE

DOCTRINE

continuous
probabilityone
or
magical breaks
modern

of

outcome

except

of

appeals for proof

of

gible
unintelli-

great

one

inconceivable

presuppositionswhich
for all that

facts

intuitions

the romantic

from

outcome

an

"

numerous

the

to

free

interferences, is

and

analyze, but

philosophymust

289

EVOLUTION.

process,

research,

basis

the

on

OF

of
the

that

outcome

an

experience, rather

than

of

Schelling. But
of this generalization, the inner sense
the interpretation
of that ?
Have
what
of it,
ideals
we
hereby banished
from
the world ? have
we
reallyrestored the faith in the
rigid outer order of Spinoza ? or have we not rather, for
to

age

"

"

empiricalverification of the presence

Is it the
of the great active Spirit in his world ?
continuity,the physical necessity,the unalterably fatal
that our
law of the process
science is beginning to make
the first

clear ?

time, got

true

is it rather

or

the

in

immanence

of

nature

ideal

of

tendencies, that from the beginning

significant
moulded
the atoms, so predetermined the laws of their
so
swift flightand with
with
them
mechanism, so endowed

powers,

of their motion
of ages
that the outcome
affinity,
ing
discoverhas been
spiritual, is it this that we are now
the
thought of our
day
experience? Here
by our
labor
the whole
in which
the spirit
pauses, hesitant ; here
close

"

of

the

century

spiritof positiveand
has

But
me

it has

developed as

is to

whatever

point out

to

ought
is to

to
mean

may

have

no

to

the

be

at

speak

doubt

as

anything, must
be, like

conflict

in

that

empirical science
proceeded.

that

you

accustomed

stands

begun

was

Darwin's

of

outcome

of
to

this

those

all events

the

with

the

century

conflict,let

who

are

adays
now-

Philosophy of Evolution,
their expression,if\t
what
a

mean.

doctrine

doctrine

A
of

natural

of

tion
evolu-

selection,

facts
purely empirical theory, a generalizationfrom
with a use
of the postulatesof science, and nothing more.
of
How
nature
came
by this seemingly ideal character
her processes, such an
empiricaldoctrine need not try to

290

But

MODERN

OF

PHILOSOPHY.

philosophy of evolution, if there is evei

face just that ultimate
must
question,Has the
one,
tion,
a
meaning ? and, as a philosophy of a true evolu-

explain.
be

to

SPIRIT

THE

world

must

that

answer

philosophy,or

all events

at

is,as

by

age

which

to

it reflects

historical

affirmative

for

affirmative, a positivephilosophy,

an

all

seen

Now

upon.

is that

age

in the

along,an effort to express,

establish, the presuppositionsof the

have

we

criticism

and

question

is

there

the

presumption of
in
historyembodied

an

the

be an
must
philosophy of evolution
effort to give voice
this presupposition,
to
^If there is
anything true in a philosophy of evolution, then there is
than
anism
mechmere
something more
physicalcausation, mere
be historyin the
in the world
how
there
can
; for

known

world, and

world,
such,

causal

no
can

decay ;
order

only

in

but

It has

been

of

group

in

(to

believed

this

outer

see

since

ever

that

the

that

as

the

nor

outer

presupposition

of the

order

outer

to

its

find

you

growth

return

in

as

seventeenth

return

to

world

there
of

order

interests

ideal

are

nature,

pressed
ex-

spiritualpassions

expression) frozen
Those

mechanism.

and

the

who

period, has

romantic

worth

studying for

are

responsiblefor

ideals

into
have

removed
spiritof the age of evolution
the world, have, then,
teleology from
historical age,
the presuppositionof our

Rousseau

historyis

therefore

of nature's

stream

that

to

The

all.

Schelling'sromantic

ideals, removed
failed

far

so

find neither

you

therefore

evolution, then

borrow

this lava

In

mechanism

to

pervaded, as it
If there is not merely
the spiritof idealism.
sciences having a fictitiously
historical interest,

true

at

the old

to

with

were,

world,

story

no

return

century.

in the

century has

our

been

not

find

you

appeal

explanation,no
directlyexpress.

ever

mechanism

its

sake, and

own

nature's

been
that

mechanism.

But

the deepest
more
just herein, you see, lies once
problem of recent
century,
philosophy. The seventeenth

before

doubt

and

idealism

came,

used

to

"

say

We

know

RISE

THE

there

that

THE

insignificant. The
order,

our

world

its

profound

so

things.

Yet

doctrine

of

child

of

how

the

in
of

day

species to
For

grown.

day

from

that

is,a

is in

romantic
order

outer

divine

is

insists

and

Can

who

lies in

the

the

for

child,

wisdom,
of

problem

true

The

universe

outer

discoverythat

part there

history of
essence

longing

many

ledge
know-

no

defended

be

is the

I know

the

rigid
of the

regret the
the

with

dency
ten-

tion
transforma-

the

apparently

the

human

all this

mind

discover}*

deeply important presuppositionthat the

tion,
evoluanimal
is in fact reallyan
to
man

the

transition

the

That

of the

my

thought,

of

apply the doctrine of

fear
humanity, who

to

has

and

in this vast

evolution.

our

nism
mecha-

historical

is still

itself.

depth

law

results

If this

insistence

movement

its mother's

materialistic

our

there

knowledge

this

can

romantic

philosophy of

of

the

as

absolute

and

the

in its reflective

mechanism,

this inheritance

order

therefore

evolution, I assert, is in heart

inheriting
defend

of nature's

deepest presupposition, and

nature's

that, whatever

laws

of

idealism

passion as
spiritual

291

EVOLUTION.

nity."
to-day is the world of eterreturning to a seemingly rigid outer

age,
with

returns

OF

necessary

all is necessary,

as

But

DOCTRINE

rigid and

are

and

OF

real

truth

having significance.
of nature, then
interpretation

history,a
the

real

process

philosophy has not dreamed

of nature
will embody once

in

vain, and
the

more

the

life of

Self.
v.

Yet

must

we

not

Presuppositions are
establish
I

as

the
most

them

much

too

yet the

not

passions are

anticipate later
philosophy which

close, to suggest something of those

problems

of

characteristic.

Thus

historical sketch, and

part of
Towards

our

the

to

survey
vast

which

day

our

to

of modern

world

are

attitudes

now

I shall

pass

Let

yet proofs.

not

be

the

able

second

results.
is to
me

try,

towards

best

known

and

to

conclude

our

and

more

tive
posi-

problems.

of science

with

the

endless

mul-

292

its facts, collected

of

titude

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

they

as

I have

spiritthat

of the

influence

present lecture, it is possible

interest

that, whatever
facts

now

are

henceforth

so

and

fantastic

The

to

forever

any

of

the

have

been

led

been

the

attitude

their

to

complex
at

attempts
idealistic

under

the

describing in

take

and

numerous

failures

PHILOSOPHY.

claring
de-

collection,the
exclude

to

as

philosophy.

age

of

the

be

may

looked

the weakness
of human
A
illustrating
powers.
of the puzzling mystery
modest
of things
sense
gard
remay
final in Kant's
doctrine
of
as
only its confession
find in the
later systems only roignorance ; and may
mances.
The
business
of to-day,one
declare, is with
may
the
world
of experience, with
the
facts.
science, with
as

upon

The

in its wholeness

world
of

philosophy has

recognizing
This

the

of the

lesson

one

The

us.

many
this

return

to

enough.

Our

business.

whole

the

order

outer

In

so

far

is

of

it expresses

as

modern

world

is indeed

addressed

of

demand

the

it of

us

contrary, if

ever

problems
in

are

cling

lectures

them.

to

objectto this way of looking at the modern

of human
thought only when those who assume
this sort
that the historyof thought teaches
that

us

so

situation

or

There

vast.

great

not

are

need

nowadays

Many
diversityof giftsamongst us.
better men
without
philosophy. Let such as are
These
to
experience. I will not molest them.
a

come
out-

private and personal unwillingnesson the part of

the philosophical
task, I respect
people to undertake
and
no
pen
spirit,
againstthose who hapargument
urge
Reflection
is not
man's
be
to
a
possessed by it.

mere

is

of the

familiar

and

been

for

much

limitations.

our

result

natural

is too

novel

any

there

and

was

an

results
or

age

of

it declare
of

modern

tion,
resignascience

peculiar sense.

On

demanded

not

that

the
ignation,
res-

The
industryin philosophy,it is our own.
incomplete results of the previous periods of thought,the
wondrous
analyses
suggestivenessof Kant, the marvelous
but

OF

RISE

THE

THE

self-consciousness,and

of

is

the idealistic age

challenge
have

to

not

to

but

to

our

invent

it is the

then

Is your

iron

and

then

factious

these

the

remain
the

truth

that

an

we

angel

and

nature

all,not

mere

men

this,now
a

how

for

names

all

of

and

stand

that

deeper

challenge to

us,

rather
truth.
not

to

vate
priyou

Is

then

"

your

organization.

attempt their synthesis?

not

some

at

new

for

and

reason,

remain

teleology,
these

"

see

much
other

conflict
to

now

of

existence

how

are

mystery

embodiments

Their

the

Schopenhauer

mechanism

must

gospel,

synthesis of

hand.

they belong together. No

well

"

empire.

one

warring tendencies, whose

things are

these

fortune,

thought
reflection,frightened by

evolution, experience and

that

proves

Kant,

and

you

Shall

abroad.

to

ready

Do

brotherhood.

heaven, but

have

now

Hegel, Spinoza

and

from

Organization
sis
Synthe-

of warfare

years
own

needed, I repeat, is

is

what

preached by

but

Shall

is,

and
jealousies

spiritof social

of opinions,refuse
diversity

For

us

the

it?

by

into

individualism,

spiritis

same

untouched

their

much

too

of

cost

know

to

filled with

become

Everywhere

the

bitter

them
local

do

related
spiritually

by

make

you

at

societyimperiledby
leaders

century.

our

to

philosophy,

time.

our

little states,

republic endangered by
"

force

of

literature,sundered

interests,

in

reflection.

greatest idea of

fragmentary

blood

by

challenged

earlier

undertaking

and

by tongue

is

age

of

outcome
one

one

of

mass

our

revolutionarynovelty

some

it is the

"

find

What

organizethe
"

problem

new

"

heard

never

full,this

truth, whereof

suggested by
all these
not
evolution,
are
things a
time, a challenge such as previousages

of

doctrine

the

its relation to

of

293

EVOLUTION.

OF

DOCTRINE

is, I

peat,
re-

they differ,
age

ever

synthesisof truth.
Can we
afford to neglect our
opportunity?
It is n't despair, then, that the complexity of modern
It is rather the wondrous
beauty of
thought teaches us.
the philosophicalproblem of the age that is shown
us
by

had

so

rich

suggestion

of

such

294

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

to the outer
order
complexity. Nor is the return
necessarilya forsaking of philosophic theory for experience.
No, experience itself is meaningless without
supposition
prehas
unconscious
an
Every one
philosophy.

this very

Every

has

one

beliefs

One

wholeness.

about

the

neglect or

may

is without

philosophy.

Nobody

need

philosophy to
experience? was

whole

What

In

answer.

hate

the

faith

it would

was

say

you

The

tion,
ques-

question;

age

tary
fragmen-

I, for

and

my

part,

forsake

theory. There is in
theory, and philosophy is

experience without
simply theory brought to consciousness

truth

that

own

idealistic

in its

conscious

articulate.

Kant's

vain, then, do

world, and

as

even

make

by experience,and

fast

hold

whole

question the

that

to

is

world

no

of itself.

VI.

But

if,still following the

now,
one

to

passes

historyof

mention

of

those

current

dencies,
ten-

thinkers

who,

thought, and not

recognizingthe true situation of modern
this great synthetic
abhorring reflection, have undertaken
and have
done
from
the modern
task of philosophy itself,
so

point

Spencer.
suggestionof the

The
Mr.
of

the

Spencer

will be

Mr.

of his

idea

w'

of

his

The

thought

that

that

the

mechanism

is bound

very
to

show

Origin

been

the

is all

to

the

as

not

of

it

Formula
of

nature

has

who

wait

Species
"

that

illustration

an

did

processes
of

have

everybody

general

this

situation

is aware,

career

at

me,

noteworthy

here

me

of

"

point,

thinker

following.
make.

can

of

one

now

knows

for

of

name

of this

growth

Spencer, as

Darwin's

the

evolution, of the

will ask

relation

modern

the

meeting

to

think, especiallyin

once

suggestion, indeed,

barest

described.

upon

at

of

You

whose

movement

of

will

doctrine

the

Herbert

some

to

view, you

with

connection
Mr.

of

the

before

way
been
thing
any-

ance
appear-

seizing

of Evolution."
are

historical,

physicalworld is such as
onlooking spectator the spectacle
the

296
Mr.

far

so

to

him.

concern

stupendous of

nebulae

and

motion

and

from

the

by

fearlessness

of

and
of

of

He

himself

to

Hobbes

Unlike

is this wide

illustration.

seems

he

of

use

have

the

is,on

or

tions
men-

to

for the letter of this formula

the

of

waywardness,

mere

varietyin
he

paragraph

or

Nor

other

in
itself,

highly abstract
of

illustrations

phrases,
few principal

this, I say,

All

thought.

of purpose
universality
expression,is an un-English trait

It allies him

problems

molecules, the laws

Europe.

his fundamental

this combination

of

range

sentence

same

and
repetitions

aspects of

ness

the

because

about

in his endless

whole

is

attempts

things because

hand, in bis fondness

his

in

of

for them.

thinkers

English

the most
fearlessly
He
would
His
unify science.
vince
proexperience in its entirety. He is

him

love

mere

formula

He

institutions

the

all these
a

The

starfishes, savages

chosen

range

of

mentioning

of

fond

tasks.

world

is the

PHILOSOPHY.

positionamongst

like Hobbes.

more

seems

his

in

Spencer

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

with

of

in

abstract-

Mr.

Spencer.

tors
Hegel, and with the other invenof world-embracing formulas.
An
Englishman who
writes on
philosophyusuallyloves the Socratic fashion of
of simple undertakings and
of
posing as a plain man
obvious
ideas.
Mr.
Spencer speaks rather as one
having
authority. If you criticise him, he repliesthat you have
failed
of

thought.

Berkeley would
subtle

and

On

man.

far

with

comprehend

to

his

so

He

have

the

does

artificial to grasp
the

of

trained

minds, like his

lived

long

the

contrary, Mr.

Hegel,

reply

not

the

many-sidedness
Socrates

as

done, that it is the critie

fashion

have

subtletyand

knows

Spencer,

that
own,

for

his
men

who

ideas

concrete

who,

plain

after
is
like

as

is too

of

more

formula

or

the

only

for

himself,

amidst

are
deep contemplations, and who
accustomed
In
to
world-compelling syntheticthought.
this synthetic character
of his thought, again,that seems

to

give him

this

our

third

place amongst the characteristic

period of modern
philosophy.

thinkers
As

we

of

have

THE

OF

RISE

THE

the

repeatedlyseen,

now

discovery of the

is the

DOCTRINE

unity

unification

the

of

of

of modern

apparently
of

297

EVOLUTION.

great business

reconciliation

the
investigation,

OF

thought

diverse

lines of

tradictions,
seemingly hopelesscon-

the

world

which

anarchical

analytic reflection have conspired to

Mr.
And
Spencer undertakes
everywhere

passion and
asunder.
a

who

unifier,one

reconciler,an

harmonizes

rend
be

to

through

thesis,
syn-

light oppositionsonly to enrich

brings
thought by suggesting their organic unity. Science and
and
Kant,
religion,empiricism and rationalism, Locke
who

and

to

and
evolution, nature
egoism and altruism, mechanism
of the seemingly opposing
and history, such are
some
in the act of
forces that he would
reunite, even
critically
"

due

to this

in his
so

his

by

rent

than its conflicts.

unity is to be more
Spencer'sgreat popular reputation is largely
organizingspiritthat everywhere shows itself

writings. That, again,is why

their love

intensely. And

is

far well

so

love

men

young

him

suggested by

while,
meanimposing dignityof enterprise. His categories,
much
look
than
more
so
empirical and concrete

Hegel's,or
The
,

world, too, is

its

; but

great conflicts
Mr.

His

their warfare.

dwelling upon

than

those
of

redistribution

similar

of other

motion

and

matter

philosophicunifiers.
is

much

so

more

a
phrase for the descriptionof the
scientific-sounding
of the absolute.
of nature
than is Hegel'snotion

from

passage
and

the

indefinite and

conceivable

is

than

indeed

evolution, is

But

reads, that

unity

and

of

over

world

his, whose
of

its

this

to

assure

unityof

every
broods

nite
defithe

readily
thus

one

of

statement

that

dim

and

mystery gives to every

own

In
unintelligibility.

Spencer,in fact,seems
nothing about

of

outer

so

the

The

makes

Hegel's Negatimtdt.

assertion

doubt

Spencer
more

the

the

to

much

forgets,as one
Mr. Spencer'sabout
shadowy Unknowable
about

Mr.

which

heterogeneous,

type of all cosmical

homogeneous

cess
pro-

you

the
that

breath

same

he

scientific truth.

air

an

processes

knows

The

of

Mr.

all and
real outer

298

Absolute

for Mr.

is thus

of

purpose
its real

reach

Spencer

goal,and

is in

Yet

hopeless.

that, not

shall be true, and

world, about

impossible,just
But

have
of

something

to

one

class

other

Mr.

as

this

in

is

time

this

the

ever

pretended,even

was

the

doctrine
to be

"

it is
unified

of
our
"

about

ness.
consciousshall

absolute
is

mula
for-

be

unknowable.

longings

knowable

almost

an

Mr.
that

inner

their

arouse

least

knowledge
and

of

But
the

yet this outer,

the

in

outer
as

most

Kant's

similar

to

guished
sharply distinAll

phenomena.
life.

Spencer's vague

that

to
or
partially,
provisionally

the

equal

croonings.

and

at

an

he, too, doubts, the

indeed, somewhat
were

as

Unknowable

the

part

mystery-mongers

take

of

words

yet they

shall

note,

may

and

in

find

were,

rary
contempo-

itself,we

one

full) often

they

much

of

hereafter, in the second

present

matter,

world

the

they perceive that

Unknowable

this

transcend

attitude

Spencer'stheory

themselves

from

does

doubters

both

religiouslyunutterable
things

it

the

because
to

And

Unknowable

the
of

say

because

class

speech,

for

For

our

the

sal
univer-

that

objectivenature,

that

halting

fact, that

(of whom
delight in

never

of an
empiricalconstruction
and
objective law, shall be possible,
unknowable.
truth is essentially
paradox of Mr. Spencer'sis extremely
the

course.

will

est
high-

science, an

As

historical

about

true

absolute

thought.

our

of the

has

evolution.

because

well-known
of

Spencer

of

universallyvalid
although the outer
characteristic

of knowledge

human

constructions

of

unification

This

of

something

Idealistic

can'

thought is
genuine knowledge of outer

wdiile Mr.

formula, namely, his law

real

because

The

inconceivable,contradictory,

essence

all the

limitation

tragicdefeat
Human
thought

because

its very

The

the

knowledge.

merely unfinished, but

truth

PHILOSOPHY.

boundaries.

its own

transcend

not

MODERN

itself.
according to him this Unknowable
is an
impenetrablemystery. Consciousness

is

world

OF

SPIRIT

THE

Mr.
world

such,

Kant

unify

"

'

Spencer's
which

cannot

is

truly

known

be

save

is thus

Mr.

interests

are,

of the

in

fact, first

into

the

Job's

lamentation

small

and

from

his

the

The

great

great interests

the

philosophy,the
religion,at rest

much

then

interests

the

as

find

there, and

dead

in
The

"

peace

the

is free

servant

prisoners rest together, they

The wicked
cease
oppressor."
"

the

weary

of

humanity,

are

great problems

the

science, and

dim

the

I say,

So,

rest."

at

are

of

concerns

in

opposing

and

terms

of

case

developed, and

reconciled

are

of the

voice

troubling and

from

less

they

ciled
recon-

In

Principles."

or

"

religion are

Sheol, and

"The

Spencer'ssystem

reconciliations," the

more

enter

master."
the

and

The

Reconciled

"

one.

reconcilingformula,

enter

not

"

Spencer's

in Mr.

First

"

299

EVOLUTION.

fact of its existence.

science

as

deliberatelyignored.

hear

bare

painfullycorrupt

outset

of

most

OF

unknowable

and

system much

the

at

the

to

as

in the

are

DOCTRINE

THE

knowable

of

union

OF

RISE

THE

of

recesses

of
of

the

passions

the

Spencerian

formulas.

noteworthy and
Spencer's thought,meanwhile,

One
Mr.
our

the

of

is

age,

modern

formulas.

Mr.

the

So

listener.
that

the

that

is

been

so

the

hint

vast

reach

is this

suggests

of

the
of

time

the

of

ear

it

feast

his very

vaguest
of

accent

no

breathless

some

world
of

upon

fruitful-

actual

when

modern

our

to

its influence

some

lives in

I do

successful

the

not
or

of

programme

idea, namely,
of

nature

of

of

in

of

for truth

insight.

And

Spencer's comprehensive syntheses have

minds, and, despite their
significantfor many
of human
will have
a
losophy.
phipart in the outcome
The
doctrine
of Mr.
whole
Spencer remains, to

author's

idea.

and

fails to

fact

features

why Mr.

mind,

The

Spencer

hungry

least

vagueness,

my

discussion

Ghost

Holy

curious

in the

seen

for

ness

valuable

most

find

to

historical
in

his

satisfying.

integration,which

process
actual

The
he

philosophy of evolution.
of
give a general account
a

as

formula

processes

such, is

great

anything at

all

of differentiation

tries to describe

and

unite

in

300
this

formula,

by

Not

these

even

nature.

But

still the

thought

that

the

shown
is
is the
whole

and

deep

thought

mechanism

natural

is the
be

must

cal,
aspect of its nature, histori-

I believe

which

all

in their

whole, which

the

scribed
de-

are

historical

thoroughly modern

of the

work

thought of
of

Still less

includes

nition
defiare

processes

terms.

formula

world

his famous

through
historical

all

also, in another

be

to

PHILOSOPHY.

abstract

his

that

processes

MODERN

ill universalized

are

evolution.

of

the

OF

SPIRIT

THE

thought,and

be

to

the

that
of

outcome

the

century.
VII.

of

Outside
we

make

more

which

and

retain

of

of

allude

still

the

to

former

lives,but
of

doctrine

in

has

few

best

fragmentary

them

do

characterize

to

of

such

stuff, and

that

the

us

that
this

as

the

real system

profound

doctrine

phrases

used

to

that

say, is

was

than

is at

in
at

discussion
that

its

heart
much

coy

survives
as

names

Double

the

miliar
unfa-

not

are

of

doctrine

is somehow

tion
evolu"

of

made

this
one

physical
essentially
qualities.Schopenhauer,
once

of

already suggest

just nature's

the

tion
tradi-

hotly by

of all Existence

world

stuff

of

very

The

fashion.

doctrine

Oneness

"

essentiallymental

whose

the

modern

statements

taught

the

by

as

or

in

ill,even

idealistic

the

ments.
ele-

significantof

so

known

unconscious

an

which

being philosophical,

withal

are

In

theory,

meaning

oneness

used

only

doctrines

world

Readers

with

he

the

-Stuff

Aspect.

and

effort at

doctrines

spirit,pursued too
lovers, has been metamorphosed, and now
of Daphne-like slumber, under
sort
such

Mind

the

of

group

its

general epithet,Monistic.

idealism

Mr.

specialteachings of

problems, that I should

fragmentary sketch, if I wholly failed

them.

in

the

doctrines

these

and

age

this

of

less serious

or

But
our

circle

find, meanwhile,

Spencer
a

the

much
this

more

subtle

monism,

modern

its formulas.

and

The

physical causation

will,
"

seen

RISE

THE

"

from

within

from

without."

OF

while

thinkers

Nature,
to fixed

tells
are

in

of

phrase,

and

the

views

seen

penhauer's
Scho-

and

phi-

"

subject

processes,

be

to

"

phrase, many

science

material

is known

will

avoiding

followingfashion
us

the

are

reconcile

to

301

EVOLUTION.

for

context

sought

idealistic

real, for experience

of

post-Kantianthought
Kant's
entific.
unsciown
subjectivismwas
world
first appears
the physicalworld,
as

real
in

matter

motion

this

say, shows

romances.

The
full

Using

the

The

so.

mere

of nature

Matter

law.

us

laws

have

they

OF

the

much

after

losojmy

DOCTRINE

systematic

own

recent

THE

motion.

But

what

now

is this

matter

clear that in certain very

Experience makes
highly complex organisms,and, in particular,in the nerveof these organisms,certain masses
of matter
centres
exhibit
mental

characteristics,so

consciousness, until, low

be

to

teaches

far

so

the

each

from

the

alters

material

or

is

that

to

the

condition

of

concerned,

from

evolved

has

consciousness

in earlier

stages of

Moreover,

none.

from

growth

little

evolution

higher has

to

possess

possess
his

of

are

ancestry which
seemed

to what
still,

lower

complex

more

organisms
an

lower

processes

to what

come

doctrine

from

individual, in

of

mass

the

egg^

protoplasm

knowing and thinking being. As

of its presence.
organizes,mind
gives evidence
in old age or in disease, mind
brain
disintegrates
is the meaning, the outcome,
now
disappears. What

of all these
elements

The

have

condition

the

matter

As

the

The

conscious

passes

motion

more

scale, we

The

matter.

process.

would

the

transition

offspringof

evolution

in

the

as

simpler.

are

to

inanimate
that

us

continuous
the

The

organisms, and

unconscious

to be

been,

molecular

highly organized
in question, the higher the connerve-centres
sciousness
simpler the organism, the simpler the
; the

the

seems

here

consciousness.

accompanied by

seem

that

of

together to

the
form

of

facts ?
brain

it,so

Is it

existed
the

not

this ?

before

elements

the
of

As

the

material

brain, and
the

mind

came

existed

302

THE

apart from
their

of

and

the

brain
that
of

shows

end

one

of

life,what

of

world

all these

indicate

that

The

various

only in seeming

and

not

The

so-called

dead

consciousness

matter

which
it

substance

be

there

to

inner

one

process

continuityof

tion
evolu-

"

seen

"

our

from

seen

from

its
be

various.
mental.

essence

inner

calls

one

then

foundation

our

observer

is,then, that
that

in

ference,
inter-

varietyof
must

in

the

been

have

must

always
us

dead

own

can

the

ultimate

was

the

and

mind,

as

process.

our

manifestations

in

known

physical aspect
same

evolution

to

present throughout, despite the

manifestations.

The

Yet

things ?

of

seems

How

mind.

pure

the

element

an

persistencethrough all the ages of the

planet,the absence of proof of external

our

stuff

what

out,
withof

continuous

one

it

as

physics,of

essence

doctrine

of
sorts

from

of

find, say in

we

two

atom

the world

find

we

end

be

to

of

more,

is,

seen

each

by

elements

not

are

that

the

that

world

other

different

its

process,

the

the

once

consciousness

; and

this process

seems

such

real

the

viewed, is in its

The

At

matter.

show

brain

the

that

brain

is, in fact, a

us

what,

aspect of that which,

which, otherwise
mind?

itself,and

signifythat

of

mind
And

in
only the representative,

is

the

At

one

the

as

appears

it not

elements

inner

only the

it.

produced

substance, but

were,

PHILOSOPHY.

conscious

the

Does

mean

mind

the

before

and

MODERN

OF

synthesishave
this

can

SPIRIT

life has

that

brain.

The
"

within
"

without

pears
ap-

is called

matter.

well-known
"

to

uses,

and

interlinear
in

appear
mental
some

each
while

only

of

book

doctrine, the

places side by side, as

the

regions
one

this

state

Taine's

figure

physical phenomena

the

us,

elsewhere,

and
as

the translation

only

text

he

of

in

our

appears

observation
to

us,

not

nature,

series

of

the

world.

the

observer

own

of
the

"

inner
dead
text.

"

text

two

his

only,knows

of

the

to

appears

tellect
In-

The

"

on

translation,which, in the book

some

and

of M.

passage

the
In

(as

life);
matter,
The

in"

304

THE

SPIRIT

this is,conscious

what

we

substance

faces, a

material
but

whose

of

these

terms

Such

is
of

or

unconscious, feelingor

and
essence

PHILOSOPHY.

The

stuff

true

is

an

ing,
not-feelwith

two

like

butes,
Spinoza's,whose two attriphysical,we comprehend by experience,
is only made
articulate for us in

more

its attributes.

suggestionof this,one
recent
speculation. You

empiricalcharacter
of

MODERN

to know.

not

are

OF

evolution

also

see

you

how

dencies
ten-

its tentative

see

its close

see

; you

of the best-known

relation

to

and

the doctrine

far it is from

ing
meet-

the critical

requirements that, since Kant, are necessarily

made
of a philosophy. This
naive
acceptance of
the possibility
that out of a mass
of feelings
build
can
you
somehow
gether
tocome
up a self,this faith that feelingscan
of no
or
organize themselves," when we know
such thing in experience as a loose feelingout
of organization
from
the
of
at all,or
this
belief
unity a self,
apart
in the
of thingson the basis of an uncriticised
oneness
modern
experience, all these things make
empirical
monism
rather a suggestionthan a philosophy. In some
use
ways, as you will later see, I prizeit highly and make
of its insight. I cannot
with it.
rest content
"

"

"

"

"

"

VIII.

ends

Herewith

Of

my

sketch

of

the rise of

the

doctrine

of

of the doctrine
positivesignificance
for philosophy,
must
a later discussion
say something. And
before
in my
lectures,I lay aside
herewith, as sometimes
I lay
the attitude of the mere
chronicler
; only this time
it aside finally
and altogether. We
have traveled
a
long
evolution.

road

in company
of

in

"

have

; we

the present

story,

own

the

words

often
illustrations,

run

the

but

always with

unfold

risk

its

own

of

in

leaving my
a

desire

inner

last,reached

at

Heretofore

day.

own

my

now,

to

indeed,
so

have

let the

tried

lems
probto

generally with

untechnical
author

the

fashion

tell
my

as

to

sadly misunderstood
historyin

meaning, displayits

own

some

fashion

continuity,

RISE

THE

its

furnish

and

OF

insights which
throughout, I
; at

THE

DOCTRINE

criticism

own

have

we

and

and

errors

You

partial

have

the nature

to you

several

on

lectures,I have

in recent

the

sympathies have

my

I confessed

philosophicalcreed

of

305

EVOLUTION.

encountered.

where

suppose,

the outset

OF

seen

been

of my

ing
lyown

occasions, especially

freelysupplemented historyby

personalexpressionsof opinion. But from this time forth

I am
cises,
no
longer to be a chronicler who frequentlycritibut a student
who
risks his own
positivecreed for
it may

whatever

The

worth.

substance

of this

I shall in the

creed

reference
our

to be

prove

study.

of

outcome

concludinglectures suggest, with special

in
the
that
have
reached
to
now
we
point
shall try to make
doctrine the legitimate
my

the

reflective
I am,

to you.

find Kant's

that

process

as

have

know,

now

you

been

scribing
deI

idealist.

an

the
knowledge in its essence
in what
he omitted
Kant
erred chiefly
to anatrue one.
lyze,
and
in his assumption of those
useless things in
themselves.
As far as his deeper study of the inner life
of the intellect went, he was
his own
on
ground, and he
it wonderfullywell, for all his burden
of technical
knew
for all his pedanticschematism.
He held
subtleties and
that space

analysisof

and

time

seems

Kant
is.

appeal to
depends on

an

to

the

me

did

not

held

my

certainlyis
is n't the
certainly

clear
n't

all

my

this

mind

judgment

is

of

truth
what

was

philosophy.
this,my

called

person

I find in the later idealists

many

by

my

questionable.
un-

ledge
knowThis
What

deeper Self,
self.

empiricallyconscious

my

is

essentially

deeper Self, and that all

unity with my deeper Self.

profoundest

make

It

that

own

my

To

mental.

are

He

only

our

individual

suggestionsas

It

name.

to

what

deeper Self is. I am very fond, as you have seen, of

for the paradox
Hegel'stragic but highly vital formula
of consciousness, the struggleof self-knowledge and selfthis

mastery,
I do not,
truth

as

the

very

life of

however, think

about

the

Self.

that

I find

this

passionate deeper Self.

Hegel

has

told

the

whole

great interest in saying,with

306

Schopenhauer,that
as

it

OF

SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

the Self

know

to

plays the world-game,

reallyexternal
deeper Self,although one,
were

to

not

its

whose
that

I do

so

the

and

in themselves.

They

romanticists
for

the

sense-facts
glyph,
hiero-

vast

experience. Hence

things in
Self.

of the

did,

they

as

it is

has

scrutinized

all

were

things

themselves

Nor

come.

they

I must

But

obvious

find

to

hastilyrecorded

science
have

because

mechanisms,

n't

are

accept them

reason

the

the reflex

manifestations

mere

very

call

we

in

world

to

nerve-cells

are

its ideas

it

And
I study science
when
study science.
naively,submissively,
straightforwardly,
justas if
and the suns
and the milky-ways,the brains and

love

the atoms

characters

but

of
infinity

an

writes

will,and

facts of the

thought,

needs

first watch

must

we

if the

as

to

ever

express

PHILOSOPHY.

for this
I try,

do

as

symbolic interpretations

facts

of

these

facts

before

sense

tious
cau-

thoroughly.

enough in the depth of meaning that the

Self has to embody in the world, not to try to guess this
meaning of its hieroglyphbefore a good deal thereof has
I do not
been empirically
restive in listening
examined.
grow
confidence

to

well

the

that

aware

the

evolution, merely because

story of

am

things is
Self, far from
being
rather
delightin this

whole

temporal

view

of

and
that the true
largelyillusory,
I
subject to time, creates time.
craft whereby the Self thus hides its true
in enernature
getic
nebulous
in flyingmeteors,
and
masses
pretends to
be absent
from
the inorganicworld, pretends to have descended
from
relatives
of the anthropoid apes, pretends,
in

short,

to

be

bounded

plays

hide

and

when

this

planet was

seek

phosphorus it
think.

The

these

the

tragedies are

which

comedies

all

not, and

could

not

from

as

nutshells

of

aeons

demurely

as

far from

being

the

well

out
with-

insists that
learned
as

being
mere

yes,

forgottentime,

possiblyhave

its comedies

are

of

sorts

the

amongst

Self has

and

in

its
mere

how

to

tragedies;
farces

as

horror-playsat

Schopenhauer'ssaints turned pale,until they

No, the
ineffectively
holy, and finallyvanished.

grew
com-

RISE

THE

edies

are

OF

deep

as

THE

the

as

present in evolution
These

the

are

Only

to

man

animal

of

the

infinite

sin

and

like this which

to

man

savage

of

after

tient
pawith

case

series of

long

ancestry

us

links civilized to

animal

an

tening
listhis

one

only

in

unity

vast

and

behind

is the

revealed, as

evolution, a

fold

each

to

truly

as

ignorance.
him by.
see

we

; for

It is

Thou.

in

every

garment

is

Self

that

life,and

art

growth

; a

and

is in

scrutinyhas

scientific

phenomena

of

That

says,

the doctrine

he

rustle

stirs the

philosophy

tragedies. The

as

307

EVOLUTION.

patiently,watching

see

every

garment

OF

World-Spirit'sgarments

must

we

DOCTRINE

age
sav-

and

the

unicellular

organisms ; and these to the

of a primitiveearth-crust ; and this crust
inorganic matter
antecedent
fluid earth-ball, glowing, and
to an
parting
with its bulky satellite,
the moon
this glowing ball to
; and
a

to

ancestry

primitivenebula

manifold
it is

"

; and

streaming
only then,

history of
but

of

right
of

waif

to

also is

pleased
form

that

he writes

is not

is,and

wholly

of

thought will

our

the

does

meaning

this

to

than
you

make
the

one

something

of

remaining: lectures.

magnificent

ever

chosen

now

its

the

ner
man-

the

less
end-

the

Self

Self is all
his

lie

must

less

higher

fragment, then,

and

proof,will

be

to

my

convey
to

mystical and

and
suggested,

nal
etering
mean-

yet comprehended,
What

sory
Its illu-

of

outcome

story of evolution

answer

what

wherein

For

illusions

reach.

soon

have

we

this truth ?

illusion.

these

the

this

its

in

time, just as

manifest
an

did
splen-

book, itself merely

give that question a precisedefinition

answer,

this

as

by science, that

endless

is the

reality. Beyond all

deeper than we have
than

previous

phered,
only partly deci-

us,

illusoryform

and

his world

in

of

merely an

embody

to

to

then, is this Self, and

Who,

before

clearlyread

the lost tales

time
is

ask

book

suggestivelygrasped

life is this

from

such

life lies open

still

this nebula

multitudinouslyclashingmeteors,

I say, when

outlines, daily more

a

perhaps

risk

more

develop
business

To

sharp
crete
con-

before
in the

n.

part

SUGGESTIONS

OF

DOCTRINE.

312

that

namely,

is

there

real

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

world, which

truly perceive,which

less

or

OF

SPIRIT

THE

senses

our

more

well-guarded experience

and which
natural
science
our
investigate,
fruitfully
This
to comprehend.
has been
measure
learningin some
We
shall
presuppositionof our
assumption is one
age.
If it needs
as
we
can.
a
study it as critically
peculiarly
cautious
foundation, or
scrutiny,if it lacks in any sense
can

if it must

transformed

be

shall

hope
analysis.
That,

discover

to

the

it
in

fact

the

of

of
againstthe stupendous acquisitions
would
it not

at

seem

the

that

of the

first

accepted,we
of

course

our

are

persons,

the

sciences

of

perience,
ex-

absurd

glance

highestflightsof

that, to reflective

ones

be

can

granting the foregoing presupposition,the

a
metaphysician should have any rights as

once

reflection

before

enough, were
science
are
preciselythe
always most
suggestive

able
philosophy. At the close of the remarkAssociation
address
of the president of the British
at Cardiff
(deliveredin August, 1891), I find noteworthy
marvels
of
words, concluding a presentationof the recent
the

need

of

of

progress

astronomy

the

nor

renewed

than

"

"

of the

oldest

the

Astronomy,
gins, has more
"

sciences," says Dr.

her

no

time

in

bright with unbounded

tions
aspiraher temples so numerous,
and
were
hopes. Never
the crowd
of her votaries
so
Happy is the
great.
past has

been

she

so

lot of those

who

still

are

Since
.

the

At

youth.

Hug-

of

is the
?

which
ultimate
Let

eastern

Newton

knowledge

our

his

realitybehind the realityof the

they only the pebbles of the beach
the ocean
not
been
playing? Does

Are

realityand
these

in

days,

ultimate

have

we

than

earnestly now

more

words

immediately to

truth
of

follow.

Dr.

lie

beyond

Huggins

The

of

wonderfully increased, but

has

nature

asks, perhaps

What

of

time

the

phenomena

man

the

on

side of life's meridian.

more

?
be

one

ceptions
per-

with
of

"

the

text

becomes

of what

absorbed

is

NATURE

and

space

these

time,

and

If this world

profounder than

of

and
but

must

nearer

what

not

they

motion, and

the

seem

life and

show, the finite

our

experience. May

incorporated in

bodiment,
em-

to

the

sis
analy-

an

wherein

us

show, and

yet

it ?
scientific

of

world

not

experience suggest

behind
profounder actuality,

lies this

This

things are
are

the

nature,

matter

of

conditions

the

of

temporal manifestation,of a deeper truth.

of experienceis indeed
real, its realitymust

the

be far

313

EVOLUTION.

wonders

consciousness,

human

our

the

thought, that

lie the
that

of

study

the

in

AND

in time.

realism

Space

is first of
time

and

all

world

themselves,

in space

and

Kant

puzzling conditions of natural

should
of human
the
run
knowledge, that we
complicating hopelessly our
inquiry if we here
shown

has
and

law
risk

of

already dwelt
such
the

at

them

to

upon

consideration

In

us.

the

and

afresh

of

their

space

the

as

far
in

as

It

physical world,
and

something of
The

with

upon
and

streams

of fainter
in the
"

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of

let

of

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ken.

and

matter
nor

of

As

changes,
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followingnature

as

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energy.

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the

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tells

Huggins's address)

Dr.
:

the

well-known

is

energy

stars

changes,

the

use

the
all

occur

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to

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experience shows

universe

the

pone
post-

us

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distribution, the

these

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"

inwrought
richlybut very irregularly
the
brighter stars cluster into well-known
of
enlacement
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a
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convoluted
spirals
windings and interwined
are

stars, which

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becomes

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as

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world,

matter

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groups

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character

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"

neither

know,

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quantity.

us

"

redistributions

"

world

our
changes that fall within
them,
physical science knows

phrase,

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paradoxes.

until

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space

nebulae,

as

such

us,

contents

are

zone

of the

part of the

and

more

intricate

Milky Way.

emblazonry

can

see

only

314

SPIRIT

OF

distorted'

and

THE

design

the

scattered,
due

to

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at

MODERN

confused

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mixed

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with

up

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positionare

our

PHILOSOPHY.

groupings

those

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to

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upon

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dust

luminous

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blown
particlesof the wind-

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Sirius

star, from

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tion
rela-

no

each
to
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Vega down
Milky Way, has its present place in the heavenly pattern
We
from
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of
see
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and

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clusters

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spiralwindings which
reproduced in every part. The whole is in motion, each
point shiftingits position by miles every second, though
from
from
the august magnitude of their distances
and
ns
from
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movements
of years
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and

positionreveal themselves."
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tures"
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the "broad
"system
Its very
reproduced in every part,"is before us.
outlines
of physical evolution.
suggest a general process
This impression is after a fashion
confirmed
by two wellknown
is relatively
of which
older in
considerations, one

relative

"

science, while

highly novel
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of

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this vast

material

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the

changes
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leading towards
past

space

of

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that

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heat

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case,

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radiation.

ner
man-

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wards
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particulartype

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energy

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to

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by

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to

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research.
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system

unstable, and
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is at

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hot

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pating
continually dissi-

inquires into

the

NATURE

AND

of all this

probable source
fully poured out, one
most

of

study
the

the

the

under

of

the

of

this heat

of

light

of

in

of

case

as

of the

backwards,

heat

and

that

it

must

furnishes

great stellar

interpretedin

pretty widely

now

than

Contraction,

probably

each

and

considerable

very
sun.

gravity,most

larger

radiated

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energy

far

own

hypothesis,indicates

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have

once

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the

nebular

each

star

is,and

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firmed
con-

must

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been

the

stored

position of widely diffused matter,

one
another, and whose
gravitatedtowards
particles
is probably indicated
to us
by such vast masses
as
the

as

whose
state

certain

of

energy

of

the

nebulae

of

the

energy

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recent

we

to
plausibility

further

throughout
fall into

different

just such
of
of

cooling,as
a

of

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stellar

masses

of
stars

we

physical condition

might

expect

of the

stellar evolution

sort

us.
a

still

process

told, to

strongly suggests,
varieties

of

of condensation

stages in the process

we

adds

are

just such

yet prove,

is

furnishes

unity of

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stars

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idea
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universe

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heavens.

the

classes, whose

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position into heat,

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subordinate

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of

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us.

probably see
spectroscopicstudy of

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the process

show

contraction

heat, the continued

age,

but

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masses.

wasteso
heat-energy,now
one
highly plausible hypothesis,

suggested

phenomena

influence

source

up

been

has

which

finds

315

EVOLUTION.

discover

to

that

the

in

nebular

confirmation
from
this source,
The
hypothesis demands.
incompletethough it is,is highly significant.
Granting these hypothesesabout the world-system around
probable in the light
dailymore
hypotheses rendered
us,
and of physical
of that general unity of material
structure
"

law

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the

process

it very

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spectroscope
is

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highly problematic.
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we

wonderfullyreveals,

"

has
The
have

character
of

energy
seen

but

that
this
the

then
renders

system

is

average

316

SPIRIT

THE

transformations

These

The

direction.

"

admire
with

how

to

"lower"

before

character

quantity of

we

energy
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would

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of

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answer

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moving

"

broad

features,"

the

for
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in

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and

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off
as

we

into
can

radiation.

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restoringprocess

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bread

far

sooner

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it is radiated

process

the

involved
no

space

shown

energy,

changes ;

space.

off, since

"

nothing rhythmical,so

this world

of

and

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of

greater part of the energy

themselves, than
is

"

ultimately stable

an

rhythm
higher"

"lower"

from

law

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were

part," would be those of an endless

decaying solar and stellar systems.

adequately compensates
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waters

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entire

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from

energy

universe, whose

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of

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; and

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that

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"

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equilibrium in the
reproduced in every
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stellar evolution

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-process

part of space,

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of

To

gests
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cannot
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serious
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cess
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to enable
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"

stellar

The

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in the

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"

of

energy

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to

conform

to

appear

PHILOSOPHY.

is,
bright world of the hot stars, as it now
destined
to
be
only a finite period of existence.
transformations, namely, are
taking place in one

must

to

MODERN

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that

"

OF

verse
stellar uni-

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again ?

each star tends

particularly,
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quantitiesof
supply the loss,and keep the star hot ?
the

more

contraction

of

each

stellar

mass,

AND

NATURE

317

EVOLUTION.

of gravitation,continually converts
by reason
positioninto heat-energy. But in no singlecase
contraction
indefinitely.The stars that
go on
must

in any

These

of
the

vast

do

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of

processes

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positionand

of

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lower

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of

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"

radiated

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of energy,
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steam

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seems

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ter,
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steam,

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service.

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order

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devices.

to

dency
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ting
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bodies
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masses

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This
law of the
degradation of energy, of
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of
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restore

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motions).

depths

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(that is,upon

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energy

would

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life to the

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heat

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heat, and
to

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the

the

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remainder
of

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to

do

universe.

of

your
Its

318

THE

energies continually
in
degraded
space
"

vastly

waste

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being lost,as

"

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

diffuse

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ether

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In order

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endless

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existed.

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problem

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energy

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us

vibrations.

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give to their planets.
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earth shows
own
us, through radiation.

If, then, this stellar universe

available

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than

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OF

SPIRIT

; in

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320

with

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224

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tion
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NATURE

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321

EVOLUTION.

may

part be due

in all

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our

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322

point of view,

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by

ous
homogene-

system, although it does

the

explaining
be

to

one,

gravity,

without, and

or

different,however,

with

moving

centre

common

of

that should

system

earth

first conceived

was

purpose

find

world-series

your

foundation, the

the

empty

the

defined, while

stability. Yery

apparent

for

things

never

unsupported

no

the

all

could

needed
essentially

real

limit,you

that

was

you

he

as

thus

be
a

worthless

be

earth's

him

above

as

special and

the

to

supporter in
far

so

tially
essen-

an

very

pass

law

whose

any
in

only

world, whether

supporter would
to

to

the
For

such

obviouslyincapableof

supporter in
else.

truth.

supported by

as

was

of

was

Seeking

supported.

could

and

tion
concep-

conception, justbecause

beneath, while

be

be

tortoise

analogy

ours,

mortal

earth

human

the universe.

in

reallyeternal

support from

anything

would

of

the

merely

yourself in

found

and

speak,

to

so

of

on

universalization.

true

be,

stood

experience of

limited

particularstation

our

notion

the

derived

was

to

conception

that

elephant

an

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

will

notion

This

For

OF

SPIRIT

THE

as

not

existing.

gravity, would

the
rhythmic change of position
the small
part of its members,
planet revolving in an
established
its large sun,
orbit about
rather
both
or
ing
mov-

give

us

about
would

endless

an

be

their

predicting

planet at

common

stable

the

any

on

one.

centre.

The

There

would

position,velocity,and
time, from

its

motion
be

no

in

in
difficulty

acceleration

positionand

question

motion

of
at

the
any

NATURE

The

other.

closed

system would
the

the

One

curve.

exhaustively exemplify all, and

of

be in need
outside

planet in its orbit

complete cycle of the

possible positions of

form

would

323

EVOLUTION.

AND

support

The

system.

would

be,

from

explanation

or

motion

in

would
source

any

universe

an

tuted
consti-

so

defined, essentiallyendless.

as

not

In

this

physicalcondition could have produced or

begun it ; and nothing could end it. The conception of
is essentiallyself-completed,
universe
such
and
an
so
as
universe
an
possible. Such an universe, then, although it
empty

real, might be real.

is not
of

of

can't

real

be

earth

the

for

would

The

either

elephant

support
world

ere

as

so

and

be real supporters

not

they

where

the

be

to

then, like the conceived

were,

universe

explained by such
supported by elephant and

only

things was

that

as

no

space

could

conceived

earth

could

notion

tortoise,

tortoise, as
all,or

else

ceived,
con-

if they

itself,
they would

supporters, whilst

become

they

at

ity
stabil-

find

no

ultimate

need
in

the

support

whatever.
I

exemplify this rather abstruse-seeming distinction

between
and
essentially incoherent
essentiallycoherent
notions
of
for
not

of

the

in its

universe

wholeness,

not

for

the

sake

subtlety,but
involving my argument in unnecessary
for what
the sake of preparing the way
to me
seems
a
unimportant step forwards in our discussion.
II.

No
of

one

doubts

the

physical science
and

validityof

when

within

taken

the

judged by
their

chosen

foregoing inductions
their

limits.

about
the world
confessedlyinductions
they are originallymade, they therefore

give us
own

mere

theory

reflective

about

interest

ultimately real

that

has

now

as

do

But
it

they are
As

seems.

not

profess to
It is

world.

suggested

to

us

our

the

the conceptions that

seeing whether
involve are
capable of being universalized,

experiment

these inductions

the

tions,
presupposi-

own

of

324

OF

SPIRIT

THE

world

of the

this

Supposing
of the

ultimatelyreal
this

regard
without

can

of

time ?

as

remain

they
The

world

viewed

purpose
it

as

as

seems

fair

men
speci-

reallyis.
of

the
into

process

of nature,

can

conceived

of

be

to

space

matter

specimen

ford,
Clif-

with

we,

that, uncertainties

process
be

of

aggregation

energy

incoherence

As

the

really be

process

radiation

the

whether

see

it

as

whether

done.
hypothetically

experiment
experience can

outer

and

is

is to

of the
to

this

when

coherent

PHILOSOPHY.

limit, and

the

being pressed to

of

MODERN

apart,

boundless

as

in

that
hypothetical process
be so
have
of the
conceived, we
can
just had the case
ideal system of rigid sun
and
planet,alone in space and
Their
changeless in inner physical structure.
rhythm

example

an

would

be

closed

cycles. Beginning

be

perfect

Their

one.

end

or

and

them

be

would

world

that
in
"

needed

form,

as

been

The
The
us

that

is, one

answer

of

masses

are,

despite

sight that

much

several
own

and

seeming

our
"

to

matter

their

Their

None,

or

our

very

is,meanwhile,

to
sun.

own

of
are

regard

all

now

as

Some
the

big enough

after
stars

paratively
com-

tively
compara-

of suns,

millions

times

shall

world

in the

coherent

Many

it

as

imperfect aggregation.

imposing size, after

thousands

however,

put them

stage has

What
of

us

aggregation

called

now

forced

are

larger than

hundreds
sun.

we

Let

us.

number

speaking,very great.
very

Is

"

occur

once

small.

in

there

occur

stant
running-down energy, conthat it is tending to
tion
degradacan
we
coherentlyconceive as

possible. A process
endlesslygoing on.

reached?

sun

cally
physi-

as

simply

before

well

"

such

world

Difficulties at

have

of

would

would

contained

that

as
logically

in

occur

process

universe

conceivable.

or

one

now

quantity,but

in

eternal

is

be

evolution

No

complete.
none

would

only

their

of

physicallyunintelligible.An

them

would

motion

no

"

all
may

mass

of

to

show

so

be
our
us

NATURE

the

across

interstellar

large nebulae, of
of the
meteor

of

is indeed

ought

nothing
So

of

centres

in

the

The

carried

to

But

this
I

not

formulated

it this

all

at

to

of

form

by

wTay

in

swarms,

pretty evenly

hypothesis,

our

Universal

matter,'

past.

And

this

"

still,
"

the

force

of

into the

of

ing
stat-

ready
past might al-

objection. But
introducing later a more

of

actly
inex-

so

Clifford's way

look

forestalled

have

finite

hereabouts

was

exaggerate

consideration.

hypotheticalcase

seem

is

suns

some

suggest.

endless

is

as

incomplete result

his

at

meteoric

what

to

least

at

filled

there

filled the

repeat, I do

the

is not

wherever

on

have

shall

this

larger

size of the

time

that

limit, pretends

the

aggregation,going
is what

of

beginning

the

as

spaces,

or

prodigious

angular size,when

average

matter,

gaseous

part of space.

our

small

picion.
sus-

our

few

coherent

as

our

endlessly,there

on

might expect to see if

begun
past aggregation had

the

at

in

prodigious
still

arouses

least

at

tremely
ex-

yet, about

one

space, the nebular

having

going

still

significanceof

as

merely

big, say,

and

us,

Sirius.

of

preciselywhat
time

to

appear

mass

think,

these

across

nebulae
the

would

one

and

the

to

see

perhaps, also, of

exact,

it

been

aggregation,as

even

seen

far

aggregation has

be,

to

As

see

dence
get evi-

we

area,

and

gas

we

points we

highly aggregated

present consideration.
If

of

apparent

of matter.

masses

fact, there

instead

of diffused

not

What

disk.

any

considerable

swarms,

vast

this

spaces

presence

325

EVOLUTION.

points of light. Where

mere

are

AND

our

give

serious

reflection.

Meanwhile,
time

with

have

tended

regard

second
to

doubt

the

it still
of

"

energy,

after

available
wasted

all still

so

!"
for
far

of

energy

always towards
degradation and dispersion.

to

comes

the
And

These

stars

an

infinite

from

the

this

It

shall

world.

our

final

mind, and

state

yet there
are

so

time, shall

frozen

of
is

indefinite
so

hot, this
have

termination

of

much

store

left
of

us

all

326
!

evolution

Is

without

been

have

"

to

the

Clifford's

them

be

resolved

could

we

In

There

other.

this

endless

it

trace

thinks

process

for

when

Infinite

live

of

be

to

process

future

time

that

to

read

should

to

get

trace

just at

has

reached

than

that

being once

it is not
It

problem.
viewed

when

call E

may

which

what

there

is
of

extreme

we

is

thus

we

selves
our-

the

ment
mo-

live

wre

assumed,

that

it."

this stage, is,

in the

which

real world

at
we

process,
the

all.
selves
our-

and
cess
pro-

stage.

just here
conceived

the

has,

There
is
singularcharacter.
endless
life,when, for a finite period,which
(meaning thereby the portion of time during
of evolution
call processes
are
possible),

time,

very

considerable, but

its matter,
retention

constituent

existence

own

is the
in

stage in its

our

and

definable

That

sentient

the
from

process,

liked

we

somewhere

come

see

bodies

flyingaway

physical universe.

and

course

[ifwTe

we
just where
actuallyfind ourselves,
being in a peculiarlycritical and transitional

But

we

ever

and

indefinite

an

come

we

as

marvelous

more

past and

must

the

"

be

limit

no

Clifford, wre

infinite

the

all,not

be

far back

way,

hayjpen to
after

would

should

wTe

all these

that

would

all these

"

as

find

"

molecules, and

into

together

at
.

tions
concep-

the universe

process

limit

should

we

backwards]

process

of

in past time

would

as

of

way

is to fall

the

reverse

distance

"

by
stating

present

our

bodies

says,

and

separating,

each

he

could

we

of

the

"

considerations

simple

very

What

law.

If

inexact

coherence

actuallydone,"

get solid.

of

cause

ago

these

correct

inner

natural

have

another

our

them

to

for

case

of

incompleteness

completed long

opposing
the

I hasten

But

PHILOSOPHY.

ized
conceptionsthus be fullyuniversalcurious
?
Ought not a proinconsistency
cess
all eternityhas taken
but
direction
to
one

from

that

this

not

Can

suspicion?

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

masses.

and
of

yet

still not
a

energy

During

an

extreme

tion
aggrega-

considerable, though
of

positionon

this time

suns

the

not

an

part of its

and

systems

328

OF

SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

III.

contain, it is

may

not

and

the

of

to

the

in

should

from

space.

those

the

latter

the

time,

space,

which

before

we

are

of

pair occupying

cribed
as-

ing
consist-

world, namely, there

certain

find

in

boundless

cyclicalprocess
its conceived
and
planet
far
as
as
Looking back

sun

determinate

in

01

may

simple gravitativesystem

In
a

on

always

world

its boundlessness

presence

conceived

always going
there

its

bodies.

The

that

sure

different

very

of two

type.

of

fashion

sort

difficulties this conceived

other

Whatever

was

fixed

one

somehow

were

liked,

we

some

of

one

we

the

positions that they pass through

wards
during their endlesslyrepeated cycles. Looking backforwards, therefore, we should not be driven by
or
relative

of

special physical problems

any

puzzle ourselves

to

real

of
infinity

the

and

space

in the

of

way

are

It is true,

obvious

and

of

looking backwards, we can

say that
events
an
infinitely
long time ago.

occur

the

world

of

body
everyties
difficul-

time

are

from

remote
infinitely

space

as

serious
and

space

is any

how, off yonder, there

"

actually exist parts

there

at all.

conceiving how

reallyinfinite actualities,

how,

in which

sense

time

heard, that there

has

be

about

world

conceived

this

there
But

us,

can

or

did

ever

now,

to

as

we

cycle of planet revolving

about
of
sun
physicalpeculiarity
suggests by no marked
its processes
question about this realityof infinite
any
see,

infinite time

and

space

boundless

supposed
time,

"

less so,

We

would
not

We

such.

as

in time.

existence

not

closed

our

mean

to

seem

more

have

so.

by

that

be

as

If there

its existence

called

only
endless
is any

that

its

as

is

trouble

conceiving of infinite time, that is the fault of

of this simple mechanical
time, not
rhythm of planet
Whatever
that
endless
time
swinging about sun.
means,
about

the
to

rhythm
fill. Even

of

this

so,

conceived

too, in

case

simple system
of space.

We

is

have

adequate

supposed

NATURE

what

planet to be alone in boundless

actuallyboundless
space is,it is

an

One

soon

that

one

dealing with

is

in

themselves,

trouble

If

no.

or

and

conceived

planet

it were,

as

in

be

can

and

masses

it

and

to

exist

to

definition,

but

the

planet, there

gether
to-

in, but

by

be

have

not

is infinite

space

for their

the

tions
physicalrela-

of space

called

do

exist,then

can

planet'sorbit.

system, then, is

But

infinite space,

space

finite bit

the

within

define.

to

a^out whether

reallyinfinite

they requireonly
own

space

sun

relations

physical

hard

tries

one

Just

space.

notion.
self-contradictory

require

space,

hypothesis no

sun

the

it may,

as

suspect, when

to

comes

that

be

329

EVOLUTION.

and

sun

our

AND

within
The

their

existence

less
essentiallybound-

of

such

no

justbecause its physicalpropertiesdrive us

assumptions about what boundless time is and means,

to

in time

but

are

arouse

begun, and

time

itself proves

is

question as

no

have

such

(and

now

planet,in

that

physical
time,

that

so

in
sun

means,

one,

could

existence

same

space,

this process,
find its

important point),the

energy,

and

from

this

its existence

relation

to

an

its processes

conceived

planet,
as

as

place

in

world

of

boundless

Infinite space
not

and
of

dim

hypothesis.

dating
endlessly consoli-

simple world

has, as

actuallyinfinite
be

as

to

time

by

first

but

as

such

become,

but
possibility,

They

render

rather

this

tially
essen-

an

and

less
bound-

as

like

us,

the

only

can

and

meeting

actuallyinfinite

an

to

sun

space

conceived

they suggest

the

of

conceived,

possiblebeginning ;

no

all the difficulties

of the

cannot

time, merely because

and

matters,

is the

"

differs

matter,
and

here

running-down

"

sense

fact in boundless

space

limited

and

could

they

space.

But
the

definite

pleted,
self-com-

in whatever

This

conceived

boundless

because, whatever
a

when

or

boundless

boundless.

be

to

how

to

therefore

are

as
again intelligible

being

being rhythmical and

that, as

processes

to

be

overcoming

space

in such

time.

and
a

parts of

theory,
a

ical
phys-

physicalhypothesis,

330

THE

OF

SPIRIT

MODERN

therefore, peculiarly hard

This

is

place

no

settingforth

here

indicated

at

length
I have

by returningto

this

world, where

towards

with

congruity.

full upon

what

these

to

former

all the

really are.

analogy.

absolutelyreal

feature

that

take

processes

of matter,

rested
that

the

on

the

The

of

trouble

available

to

the

time

in

not

it

process
but

process

every
and

sun

as

the

into

as

he

be

defines

Would

by

conceived

it be

any

elephant
world

was

none

was

the
both

its

previous

time

for

constitution
Now

due.

forced

sense

back

endlesslyinto
what

out

from
see

any

one

how

have

sort

cle),
cy-

such

physical
endlesslyconsolidating

of the

tortoise

one

us

to

back

into time

series would

answer

to

an

send

much
us

off

objector to

Oh, the
elephant and tortoise series :
is supported by another
creature, say a giant;
tree ; that
by something else ; and so on ad

of the

case

we

as

simple rlrythm

should

it,sends

earth, elephant and

tortoise,too,
and

not

that

this process

Clifford

space.

say, in

order

could

But

beginning.
world,

in

taken

The

learned

we

one

find

should

we

(for that

was

that

that

our

get, through

to

is in

in time

regress

physical process.
planet also sent us

order

only
as

tendency

any

this

lacking

moment,

any

and

is that

world

endless

by

us

upon

of

of

sort

some

of

of
its

which

this

the

in

jet

periodic restoration of
backwards
endlesslyin
and
the very ph}Tsical
process
been
present quantity shall have

rhythmic processes,
us
quantity, sends
definition

at

energy

that

needed, and

with

itself and

in

permanency

be

to

said

sun

the

with

trouble

be

unlike

resemble
where

gesting
sug-

tion
direc-

one

is very

much
world

The

assumed

was

defined.

store

conceived

tortoise.

support

ever

world, would

other

not

am

have

simple and rhythmical world of the conceived

I now
have
to
planet. What
point out is that
of the endlesslyconsolidatingmatter,
world
if
an

culties
diffi-

philosophy, but only

point out, however, may

consolidation

the

conceive

time

and

space

What

one.

to

dwelling in

infinite

about

that

for

PHILOSOPHY.

"

NATURE

infinitumf

AND

No, for thus

331

EVOLUTION.

would

all

infinity
begin
explained. Even so, although a perfectly
ever
out
withrhythmicaland complete physical process can easily,
when
look
incongruity,be regarded as unbounded
we
to

be

to

backwards,

support

no

boundless

"

character

hand, all the

where,

regress

of

the

the

on

changes

process

other

as

we

go

and

changes, wholly without

rhythm or any
of reversal of type, in one
sort
general direction, does and
involve
must
incongruity.
What
be finallyand
incongruity may now
succinctly
of time, however
pointed out.
remote, must
Any moment
solidating
actuallyhave been passed through in order that our conbackwards,

world
To

such

any

should

physical state

of

its state

have

would

been

hypothesiswould
the

must

have

the

to

that

(1)

suppose,

and

state,

every

demands

all
as

process

present

antecedent

of

state

state

the

of

the

at

the

even

integratio
greater dis-

present

one,

mutually

stars

and

this

rhythmical
un-

antecedents,
be

not

poses
presup-

of

previous states
physicallynecessary

past

the

another

one

could

our

infinite

an

the

universe

that

say

together in
from

in time

back

can

we

actual

some

greater and

limit

now
particlesof matter
distant
been
infinitely

(2) that, since

the

of

one

Far

world.

state.

present

correspond

supposed

our

Passing
time

would

past moment,

its

reached

have

unless

infinite remoteness

that
of its

parts actually did precede.

The

idea

of

infinite

remoteness,

physical fact, is, however,

It is

one

far you

To

to

go

out

mention

fact
any

thing to

of

two

of

state

our

of

It is

of

particlesof

the

matter

leagues apart.

The

could

quite

world
that

that, however

that

an

of

to

state

has

thing to try

there

be

conception

go further.

nobody

another

in which
shall

conceive.

merely

fact

actual

an

to

always
is

space
"

hard

is such

space

conception,

to conceive.
a

notoriously

depths, you

character

space

trouble

conceive

into its
that

our

that

say

being

as

are

infinite

the

ally
actuber
num-

boundless-

332

failure

actual
a

if I say, in
of

state

the

tance, I
these

be

This

boundary.

for

case

failure

is

consciousness.

our

There

our

in

are,

certain

direction

at

q,

in other

"

words

must

finite.
And

yet

demands
of

other

the

expression of

mere

particlesof matter, p and q, and

these two
particlesis an infinite dis
myself. For the line pq which
joins
by hypothesis end in one direction at

contradict

in

of

two

particlesmust

and

first ^ase,

second

the

between

distance

PHILOSOPHY.

observation

world,

the

MODERN

conceive

to

immediate

of

fact

But

is,in the

of space

ness

OF

SPIRIT

THE

of

things

state

present hypothesis as

our

have

must

of the

Clifford

assertion

the

us

been

should

world

that
real

have

such
in

to

real

world

state
contradictory

order

come

the

to

that

the

present

pass.

himself, in stating the

hypothesis,avoids our
of the
present incongruity by saying only that, in case
of things is
endlesslyconsolidatingworld, the behavior
such

that

if

we

back

go

as

far

as

ever

like, we

we

shall

further
further
and
particlesof matter
apart.
But
does
the
exhaust
not
unfortunatelysuch a statement
this seeming process
has always been an
in case
difficulty
attention
more
once
on
Fixing our
absolutelyreal one.
and
two
that, by the hypothesis,at a
see
particles,
p
q, we
time (tj)they were
distance
a certain
apart (d{),and that
earlier time ("2)they were
tance
an
yet further apart (say a disfind

the

"f2),and

so

indefinitely.But

on

in order

now

that

they should reach the distance apart that we have called d^

before have been actually at the distance from
they must
have
another
that we
called
J2. Passing to the limit,
then,

have

we

to

say

real, and

so

that
at

precedent, the

in

order

universallyhave

they must
distances, so

that

unless

the

one

limit, the

finite distances

It

is n't

an

hypothesis of

merely

the
a

case,

process

been

Jlrstat

infinite distance
have

cannot

then, that

we

that, however

the

the

presupposes

less

the

reach

to

are

far

greater

greater
as

been

as

actually
reached.

dealing
ice

tances
dis-

choose

with
to

NATURE

follow

it,proves

point of view,
first conceive
distances

can

is what

it

this

have

back

of

of

our

unless

we

real, the limited

as

real.
that

Our

infinite in

do

we

the

one,

attain,

not

It is the

the

impossible that yet

absolutelyattained before

world

that

experience

we

Only by passing through

distance

have

is that

absolutelyreal

an

been

actually and

states

from

Therefore, if the process

beyond

go.

reached.

from

reached

another,

one

the

conceivable

could

this

the

can

possible
im-

cles
parti-

finite distances

another.

one

The

have

must

we

and

distances

be, namely,

to

infinite

trouble

reached.

far

been

from

The

indefinite

the

be

been

consciousness, and

unlimited

never

have
of

the

333

EVOLUTION.

our

is n't the

however

any

for

unlimited.

distances

case

must

be

to

seems

unlimited

AND

this

parallelbetween

the

and

elephant

real

supposed

tortoise

is

world

and

that

fairlyplain. The
earth
true
must, if he
supporter of the elephant-tortoise
exists at all,be infinitely
and
Without
remote
yet real.
him
elephant and tortoise,by hypothesis,could not support
unsupported. Even
anything, being themselves
so,
the
on

Clifford's

relations
of

of the

infinite

smallest

absolute

real

at

if

that,

we

series and

them

regarding
to

1. There
conceive

as

of

said

I repeat,
upon

further

of

state

infinite

an

the

infinite

on

this

the

world

dwell.
are

the

matter

time,

from

one

and

which

space

relations

were

Dropping

we

in which

must,

the

then

can

hypothesis,there

elephant

distance, that

which

another.

one

at infinite distances

were

as

of

terms

from

in

state

particlesof

remoteness

physicalworld

present

our

hypothesis,be

the consideration

not

of

antecedent

true

now

merly
for-

was

ticles
par-

Is this

another.

supports

in

say

its ultimate

tortoise

out

There

the

is,

whole

?
the

technical

more

infinite
What

space
we

and
have

ties
aspect of the difficul-

time, I have
found

is

possible physical processes

universalized, as

simply
that

essentiallyboundless

here

not

this

"

you

can

in

time,

334

in boundless

existent

as

what

the

space

are.

Such

of

cycle involves

these

the

descriptionof

its character

through

long, therefore,
would

you

followed

you

find

the

only

of

one

cyclical physical
could

space,

not

ever
How-

physical cause.

any

cal."
cycli-

"

"

in

and

"

as

definition

all.

time

known

the

isolated

as

infinite

ones

processes,

conceived

process,

the

effort to define

any

really

are

processes
of

case

PHILOSOPHY.

without

space,

positive nature

In

change

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

it forwards

wards,
back-

or

In

thing repeated.

same

conceptionthere is nothing difficult. Such a process

call essentially
endless ; meaning thereby that
you would
and whatever
its ultimate
endless
time reallymeans,
whatever
in question
out
nature
turns
to
be, the processes
this

would

be

supposed

our

There

to that

adequate

is

no

Of

endlessness.

such

processes

planet example is an illustration.

such
in universalizing
incongruityinvolved
and

sun

processes.
2. But

there
that

processes

are,

elements
infinity,
the physicalprocess

of

states

the

processes

series,and

examples,
but
say
as

so

soon

as

as

actual

such
of

examples
deeper, and

them

in

declares

notion

of

real

past

can

in

thus

in

possible
seeming

will

sense

infinite

of

we

tortoise

be not

to

space

have

no

we

meet

case

ical
phys-

at

and

once

time

right thus to
with
special

experience. Philosophy

our

that
us

them

Common

processes,

involves

process

The

no

and

to

universalize

of

the

world

whose

the

goes

cal
physi-

such

involves
incongruity,

state

in

certain

such

hypothesis,are

suppose

physicalwholes,

universalize

is

have

we

you

Of

elephant

of Clifford's

of

definition

question.

the

supposing
pre-

being themselves,

as

the

in

worlds.

genuinely real
that

in

of

world

world

the

universalize, without

time

and

space

hand, possiblephysical

other
thus

cannot

you

infinite
all their

the

on

position
presup-

very

nition
defi-

self-contradictory.

result,so
matter

far, is that
can't

be

the world
the

of the

solidating
endlesslycon-

ultimatelyreal world,

but

336

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

human
completeness that our
These
lacks.
puzzles,then, do not
science

of

world

the

to

as

If

the

of your

knowledge
is the

it is that

one

the

upon

of

thought,he
task

the

of

Our

laws

him
criticising

into

view

recent

British

his brief

career,

of

postulates of
of geometry

even

the

of

nature

clearness

of the

skill of the

reflective

of

methods
dwelt

born

thematician
ma-

lator.
specu-

with

their

the

he

which
have

there

had

been

proved

own

philosophy.

lived

never

he

his

was

of

borderland

that

powers

would

He

thinking.

the

on

deep regret

skillfully.He

so

the bases

point of

about

all the

time, with

and

of

land

that

truths

with

argue

He

source

minds

physicsand

ultimate

own

critic.

human

in

ties,
paradoxicalinfiniIn
regard as very suspiciousappearances.
I have
therefore, after all,only borrowed

to

of his

of

all the

space

used

admirable

the

and

is

in the

at work, during
restlessly
the fundamental
criticising

was

probably not
things,he used to

keenest

scrutinize

you

neath
be-

of

most

are

certain

phize
philoso-

to

of this limitation.

way

That

science.

he

the

statingthe hypothesisof the law

consolidation
have
been
self
himwe
was
criticising,
of the first to insist,although for other reasons,
self
probable inadequacy of this hypothesis. Him-

one

the

what

see

source

Clifford,whose
of endless

to

from

away
us

far

so

presuppositionsthat lie
a
significantlimitation

find

you

us

encourage

knowledge, philosophy bids

your

It

of

meaning

science.

at

rather

they

turn

view

of

point

and

to

enter

training

himself

great conqueror.
IV.

The
have
hasten
The

of

considerations
been
to

wearisome

these

modern

nature

and
has

of

foregoing

enough

suggest their

problem

the

the

more

outer

in

their

abstractness.

must

bearings.

concrete

order,

discussion

as

we

conceive

it in

problem of the true relation of

cussion
The
evolution.
question of the previousdisof
been
only a highly abstract formulation
days, is

the

NATURE

this

problem.

and

time, is

The

whose

one

of

changes

planet

we

can

distribution

been, for what

have

These

evolution.

to

distribution

lead

see,

the

call

we

endlesslychanging.
about

on

us

favorable

long time,

ultimate

extinction

this

on

changes will,however,

same

to

going

permanent

are

energy
is

it in space

find

we

as

and

matter

their

337

EVOLUTION.

seeming world,

in quantity,while
The

AND

far

so

as

of evolution

on

The

the same
relation
question arises,Does
of the physicalworld
the nature
the evolubetween
and
tion,
of the significant
features
of its various
the progress,
heavens, too, in their
parts, hold true universally? The
one
wholeness, suggest to us, from
point of view, a vast
Examined
of cosmical
evolution.
more
carefully,
process
that this
to show
however, their physicalphenomena seem

planet.

our

evolution

is but

process.

The

form

and

nature,

what

to

further

conception

entire

found

transient

call

we

far

thus

events

of

the

world

make
?

only such

an

our

In

if it is to find

very
said

about

time, and
have
the
have

the
of

close

learned

now

if the
down

matter,
to

give

of

were

an

upon
space
to

these

search

of

our

deeper.
self
it-

argument

our

between

considerations

those

themselves

time
with

foregoing paradoxes
the

the
of

the

space

and

bodies,

we

concerning
which

name

of

world

we

Kant.

of

the

ing
endlesslyconsolidat-

energy,

and

of

due

the

fact

that

we

have

hypotheticalaccount

of

an

absolute

to

adequatel
in-

plain that in what we

such
physical conceptions

distances

and

cal
physi-

very

solution

the

actually infinite

an

have

is

associate

"

in

search,

to

and

suggests that the

all events

For
must

we

have

existence

objectivityof

running

any,

we

is at

we

its true

question we

as

them.

Can

actually related

is embodied

actually infinite

touched

What

answer

readily suggests. It
the incongruityof

involve

as

"

direction

what

it is

this

eyes,

represented by
problem,

To

show

mere

how

world-

endless

in

process

out

evolution

before

now

the

question arises hereupon

so

world, whose

true

of

stage

been

ing
try-

world-

338

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

forms

human

of

PHILOSOPHY.

of

conception and of
if the truly complete world-process
experience? What
in time
at
does
not
all,but can
occur
only be conceived
of eternity,"as
the form
under
have
Spinoza would
Such
said ?
existence," said Spinoza,speaking of eternal
in

process

terms

"

"

truths,

"

What

time."

or

be

cannot

of nature

if both

the

on

Doubtful

all, what

we

have

been

On

the

other

what

laws

but

were

than

the

the

as

cess
pro-

otherwise
say ;

may

ultimate

such

energy

temporal sign

be

to

the

occur

and

know

we

significanceis
phrases these, one

in which

of continuance

means

permanent

other,

doubtful

more

physicalworld
as

the

on

whose

something

the

hand, and

one

of evolution
of

explained by

ceived
con-

yet, after

truth

of

paradoxicalprocesses

examining ?
hand, what

obvious

more

of

than

that

i/one

physical evolution of
heretofore
been
the type that we
have
if one
discussing,
tory,
at
a
particularstage of its hissays that a planet-crust,
while
the heat of a slowlydying
brought forth man,
conceives

man

countless
this to

animal

be

product

such

the

real

universe,

naivete;

that

trusts, without

of

world,

outer

marvel

of

nature,

from

system,

know,
and
such

this

the

with

be

to

sure

stuff

look
much

so

where
and

the

knowing

forwards
of

the

calls

things

lesson

power

is
of

for

der
equal won-

the

upon

from
a

tions
no-

the
The

inorganic

cooling

should

gave

surely

all

at

to

him

solar

after

not

all

eternity,
birth,

"

The

deeper scrutiny.
is

appear

all

well-founded.

"

that

nature

holds

perceptionsof

backwards

and

his

criticism,his

of

energy

bit of mechanism

surely
such

the

and

of

conceive

to

analysisand

they were

one

eternal, and

the

time, his natural

this mortal

"

marvel

look

marvels, that this being,evolved

learn
a

of

if

as

should

world
seems

and

space

of

or

if

"

creature

lives

the

him,

indeed

must

one

of

done

before

ancestors

power

it had

life, as

true, then
the

upon

of

his

sustained

sun

the

as

what

it

that, in the critical study of just

ours,

in

the

scrutinyof

our

most

NATURE

ideas, is

fundamental
these

to

this

our

of the world
And

What

we

order,
of

them,

examine

for

the

to

result

of

recesses

world

dark

external
when

about

idealistic

idealism

the

he

as

that

that

inner

the

If

be

may

from
his

utter

of

mystery

speaks

of

the

yes, and

mystery.

recognize

in

rational

we

unknown

have

must

make

conscious

and

sure

that

rational

such

wonder

to

or

lesson

this
modern

of

worlds

outer

is the
his

world

thought.

heavens, the magic

beliefs

it.

about
it

when

longs

to

as

about

the

What

the

world

it is to

ledge,
acknow-

far to

penetrate
I

see,

cannot

problem, unless

nature

it is unknown.

ignorance

Philosophy

nature
object whose
definitelyrecognize

knowable

to

penetrate, it also

hereafter

even

it,it has

speaks of

nature

shall

in

or

its remotest

problem

already know a good deal

this problem.
gives me

universe,

facts

mind

as

call the

failure of

acknowledging, just so

For,

all

numberless

itself whose

mind

start, the

all,our

the

to

of the

we

object of

is the

deepest

man's

the

of them

one

tion
solu-

that, as

What

and

the

with

sense

from

the

or

more

doubt

to

of

life, there

least

at

permanent

other

even

whose

to

but

success

promises help, just because,

me

nothing

as

organic relations.

somehow,

words

far

theory, the

thinker, the

Ignorant

the

once

remember

so

the

been

has

have

?nust

echo

world

yonder is,after

go

Whatever

it.

that

of

only

we

ideas

seek

to

inner

the

been

universe

are

our

paradoxes

teaching us
merely foreignto us.

is n't

outer

seem

Then

things?
thought has

modern

even

far

so

of

mystery

the

awhile, in order

conceptions of the
truly philosophicalreflectiveness.
our

What

itself?

life ?

our

Does

the need

see

validityhave

prepared, by

are

return

to

what

key

inquiringinto

we

ever,

is truth

And

far

so

than

of its endless

and

thus

outer

know

to

powers

been

more

the problem,
assailing

of

found, if anywhere, the

have

Now,

truth.

339

EVOLUTION.

be

to

We

mysteries.
that

or

AND

is still

An
an

as

:is

enables

objectof my
object,deter-

340

SPIRIT

THE

mined
known

to

is

We

made

it

world,

the

of
of

ratio

just

of

circle

able

in

shows

in

is, that

will

be

about

the

true

where

the

mystery

of

the

sense,

will

aid

might pretend
of
the

to

find

this

give

idealistic

of

the

the

tell

make

all

ment
amuse-

in

one

to

science, philosophy
as

dream

deepest problems

show

reality which

us

relation

the

to

to

are,

our

mysteries,

where

enough

us

the

are

of

world

clear

mysteries

thereby

I shall

spiritthat
in

you,

brief,

interpretation of
the

theory

in

powers,

lie, and

essence

will

issues

know

philosophy

something

us

have

we

right

obscure.

It is in

any

to

unstate-

defining

the

solve

to

do, but

to

world

the

very

to

not

us,

clear

absolutely
if

this
nature

mysteries

In

science.

of

know

mysterious

rational

and

good

definite,

so,

to

cumferenc
cir-

the

even

world

Vague

Precise

goal

the

lies.

then, in making

nature,

of

of

the

is

about

philosophy

the

world.

of

don't

is

how

way

because

nature

fools.

Well,

definite

only

ratio

our

in

the

is

we

enough

this

form.

it

as

are

That

For

know

that

sure

any

diameter.

see,

that

ratio

the

rance,
igno-

far

so

about

of

value

it

aspect

definite

In

much

But

do

we

finite

any

be

mysteries

mystery.

mystery.

be

to

it

aspect

one

other

some

only

us

its

to

rational

because

us

the

precise

circle

scientific

highly

of

aware

already taught

know

example

if

in

so

partial knowledge.

us

has

don't

be

in

that

Ignorance,
to

sure

and

thought,

my

order

in

even

me,

has

study

by

me

unknown.

be

may

for

such

as

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

both

of

nature

presumptuous
may

be

in the

for

and

holding

reasons

the

physical world,

mind,

effort

explained

lecture

my

Self

absolute

one

next

and

to

is

as

established.

that
in

truth

the

doctrine

transcend

and

take
underan

ticular
parbodied
em-

out
that, withour

human

LECTURE

REALITY

AND

IDEALISM

XI.

THE

"

WORLD

INNER

AND

ITS

MEANING.

Such
nical

brief
discussions

glad,

all

of

opinion.

events,

assurances

remember

but

would

want,

of

truth,

If

must

come

it be

in

technical

above

elsewhere

have
you
have

of
and
with

is

of

some

their

tenderness

this

given

for

attitude,

by

the

of

stress

more

than

vastly

about

They

have

through

the

from

writers

the

upon

liberality

or

courage.

caution,

learning

and

and

hope
am

patience

make

can

you

the

ings
writ-

intelligence
tormented

been

ment
state-

driven

of

certain

ologians.
theand

refer

now

patience,

and

I do

not

that

that
sure

than

shall

to

which

warning

over-assurance

whom

to

that

risking

dogmatism

it.

belongs

read

whose

let

how

frequently

am

conscience

escape

I have

as

of

you

know

not

authors

traditional

the

do

glimpse

that

whether

liberality, caution,

upon

even

more

part,

doubt,

to

such,

all

but

lectures,

showing

are,

beliefs.

no

Longing
intolerance

they

value,
of

of

it ;

any

these
for

once

fail

my

personal

them

since

modern

most

of

see

to

time,

confession

plain

purpose

had
for

as

not.

or

the

their

the

as

them

it, but

far

so

not

me

such

caution

of
take

let

with

found

in

bare

nothing

reason

be

ment
state-

with

you

case

my

presence

of

in

shall

frank

with

you

that
and

exactness,

convictions,
agree

your

short

but

word

in

weary

leave

to

things,

in

to

untech-

fail

not

want

want

these

somewhere.

do

meaning

all

risk

to

not

own

my

do

do

not

my

expound

they

do

fail

if

in

embody

to

am

needs

must

at

as

essays

lay

ing,
learnvalue
under-

long
ever

for

pos-

342

sess

THE

but, after

what

not

he

service
of

fellows

knowledge

as

for whatever
of

and

sense

sometime

he

the

reasons

order, I shall

try

conceive

to

world

from

part.

In

human

our

which

concluding

my

You

man.

three

will not

and

needs
but

unpersuasive,

all but
He

them.

be

invents
ideals

and

momentary7,

and

therefore

less

critical,less systematic,have
is

without,

privilegedto
were

The

untrue.

from

passion. If,
only
fashion

for

all of

you

tells you

of my

the

so.

what

vocation

of

all these

to

is the
his

fate

of

of

task,

very

ity.
original-

life which

he

is

fesses.
nothing; he only conhe critically
expounds
direct
passion is more

less universal, less abstract,

for this very
The

them.
to
create

contemplate
;

he

already
He

expositionin

the

does

far

reason

of

student

sophy
philo-

life from
sequently,
Con-

observes.

instance, idealism
are

sophy
philo-

my

philosophy original,it would

of philosophy are
doctrines

facto

is because

to

survey,

Others

reword.

to

It

off,by

articulate

about

are

forth

imperfect sort

relation

inventive

ture
ven-

physical

from
the

outer

we

that, as

say

cut

whose

of the

the

that

set

flow

novelties.

Poets,

more

In the

only very fragmentary

highly unoriginal. Other

and

is

simply making
privilegedto enjoy. He
Prophets create

shall

in

not

also

relative

very

study of

of which

to

to

be

investigatorsmay deal with

the philosophical
student
to
from

idealist.

constitutes

requireme

I must

matters,

lecture

his

tell you

consequence,

and

conceive

of

worth.

is to

the

sprung

which

that

concerning

be

relationshipsto

have

we

remain

assertion

an

in

explain how,

to

practical consequences

The

am

ment
frag-

surely

to

of

be

to

whatever

will

lecture

followinglectures,returningto

next

that

; and

happen

present

for what

him

enables

ventures

it may

believes,

chance

by

man

possess

may

temperament

business

thinker

one

unless

what

PHILOSOPHY.

believe, that

not

undiscovered

The

MODERN

all,it is what

does
his

to

OF

SPIRIT

make

ipso

borrowed

is true

idealists.
not

be

at

The
you

followinglectures

all,

losopher
phiso.

may

344

these

of

ness

thus

can

man

OF

SPIRIT

THE

deeper nature,

able

to

for

learns, however,
have

humanize

from

accidental

very

from

history what

contradicts

the

called

in

that

first of

to

and

mind,

whereof

much,

is

effort

deep

and

go

wrorld

know

we

in

vital

about

of

part of

how

do

we

not

even

dark
the

problems
immediate

for

ence
experistudies.

in

last

our

of

while
us,

facts

there
of

our

so

It will

be

something
be

very

be

the

very

innermost

its

in

poor
very

and

highly

finite world

whole
is

finite

know

to

reality.

know

the

our

it has

of

and

long

reality is

what

as

time, the world

matter

My explanation will indeed

of it will
fragmentary, but the outcome
full of

days
nowa-

fault

the

and

space

little and

so

that

of

science

that

essence.

paradoxical assertion

it wrhich
is

facts

something

world

subordinate

explain

dox,
para-

agnosticismis only that

scientific
the

far, namely,

which

of the doctrine

what

so

of

say

in

idealism

my

the nature

and

to

on

effects,the

very
to

distinguishthe

puzzle you with

has nothing in

learned

we

must

how

see

causes

my

feels

to

temperament.

world

that

to

and

sees

so-called

failed

all

ideals

learn

can

to

Agnosticism, in

agnosticism

modern

but

He

history of

the

principalpropositionsof

man

But

and

his

his

one

state

idealism

my

for

alone

cannot

confess

to

in one's

history
surely

confesses

amongst

processes,

that

scientific

which

lecture.

which

the

discussions

he

value

essential

agnosticism relates
such

has

human

I must

by saying

of

others

sorry

forbids.

Of

what

the

from

all these

unproblematic form;

simple and

this

learned

philosophicalstudent

reflective

one's

has

after

school

is the

thought

he

now

permanent

any

I. am

that

The

see.

ideals

own

PHILOSOPHY.

For
it is that a
how
concluding lectures.
be
at
once
merely the critic of his own
and
still merely the mouthpiece for the

tellingof the lesson

of thought, you will
be

MODERN

is

absolutelynothing,

sense

at

this

moment,

REALITY

so

AND

certain, as

clear, so

the

infinite

conscious

Self

much.

About

finite

in

the

what

general only
There

records.

agnosticism
the

the

infinite

finite

himself

shall

know

we

have

I shall

as

teaches

the

be

try in

the

it is

unity of

assert,

and

absolutelysure
curious

the

is in

obvious

expound.

conscious.

conflict

with

my

wise

Of
of

infinite Consciousness

important respect

one

of

sort

to

and

in

science

is,of the particularfashions

of which

so

know

we

and

measure
one

that

heard

now

us

universe

will

that

the

plays the world-game, we

experience. Yet doubtless it will at

that

is it

terms

form

we

to you

That

and

we

world,

nothing in

things,that

in

what

that

whom

experience

Infinite.

except the
Of

is

existence

of

345

IDEALISM.

havior
be-

gives

know

only

once

seem

announced

trine
docFor

agnosticism.

confessedly anthromorphic in its character?

And
is not
anthropomorphism preciselythe defect that
modern
thinkers
have
especiallytaught us to avoid ?
the
led
view, which
was
Anthropomorphism
savage
not

to
events
interpret extraordinarynatural
primitive man
ever
Howas
expressionsof the will of beings like himself.
he came
by his fancy, whether
by first believing in
of the ghosts of his ancestors, and then conthe survival
ceiving
them
the agents who
as
produced lightning,and
who
the sun, or by a simple and irreducible
instinct
moved
of his childish
himself
in nature,
to
soul, leading him
see
the
and to regard it all as animate
he made
case
; in any
bad
the gods in his own
induction, created
image, and

then

His
our

constituted

the

as

of

causes

ignorant self-multiplicationwe
limited
inner
experience be the

sorts

of

know

is that

fixed

causation

If
of

causes

our

we

very

whole

exist

may

happen

events

We

order.

events.

and

them

do

novel
view

know

not

lived

of

to

on

sort

in
us,

and

only

happen

Shall
of

what

What
in

we

certain
of these

causes

planet,*doubtless

become

would

test

world?

other

would

events.

avoid.

must

the ultimate

some

nature

the

all natural

manifest

change.

to

us,

It is self-

346

THE

contradictory,it
experienceis
a

few

is

is !

great

phenomena,

How

wild

to

PHILOSOPHY.

make

to

The

real world

which

that

about

guess

to

happen
the

the

knowledge

our

wholly unknown

x,

select

ken.

MODERN

absurd,

all that

of

measure

OF

SPIRIT

to

causes

our

in

except

us

fall within

mysteriesof

our

nite
infi-

the

!
I ardently
agnosticism,too, as I assure
you,
and frankly agree
itself
with, so far as it concerns
in which
it pretends to move,
with preciselythat world
it undertakes
which
and
to
to
apply itself. I have no
desire to refute it.
Touching all the world in space and
of the term
time bej^ondexperience,in the scientific sense
nothing positive. I
experience, I repeat that I know
But

for

know,
Saturn,
of

the

the

or

height
For

of

the

acting as

daemons

hypotheses.
in

gods here
noteworthy events.
or

science

has

may

be such

There

at

present

nothing
in

there

or

Of

these

for

need

no

beings ;

of
side

other

the

on

also, I know

reason,

of

causes

nothing*,because

such

same

anthropomorphic

nature,

mountains

the

stratification

the

instance, nothing about

moon.

of any

know

this

now

there

less
doubt-

phenomena ; but what

curiosities
further
must
we
experience might show
us,
I rewait for experience to point out ere
shall know.
we
peat,
in its own
world, agnosticismis in all these respects
in the right. For reasons
that you
will later see, I object
indeed
In the world
unknowable.
to the
unhappy word
of experience, as
in the
of abstracter
world
problems,
there are
But
to us.
numerous
things unknown
infinitely
are

there

is

no

answered

nature

rational

by

question

wise
sufficiently

relativelyunknowable
There
in

are

for

numberless

individual

my

us,

that

could

not

capacity;

I shall

that

insoluble

mysteries, as

would

the

solve.

never

and

shall

questions that

are

be

things

things absolutely
I shall

there
But

hereafter

it is

somehow

not

There

person.

experiencesthat

problems
be

curious

many

are

the

so.

have,

never

numberless

only

point out
absurd
essentially

absolute
to

you,

to

ask.

REALITY

AND

347

IDEALISM.

Still,not

and, in that
and

in

are

we

and

to

chance

can

Self

talk

as

the

is this

not

be

to

Is n't

be

never

it

to

our

tery,
mys-

deeply

answered
to

cerns
con-

long

so

planet,

one

emotions,

our

senses,

that

of

ocean

state, bound

of

idealism,

and

In

what

what

of

experience the

above

the

Is n't

it

of

measure

all,

absolute

world

life of the whole

?

sense

final view

sense,

speak

to

anthropomorphism

mere

anything

giving any

as

of

the world

In

philosophy?

theist,and

of

will say, for

left,you

things?

essence

very

private human

our

of

of

nature

pretend

is

system

pretend to
whole

vast

accept this agnosticview

absolute

of the

the

insist

activities.

experience,what
an

in

will

experience

But, if I thus

like

indeed

and

questions,which

answer,

our

moral

our

island

an

present limited

our

left for

and

fully agree

is

agnostics

many

simply the stubbornly unknown,

numberless

that

humanity

can

knowledge

human

as

is

sense,

what

words,

over

unknowable

by

mean

quarrel

to

For

making

all

reality?

it

experience,
making hypotheses in terms of our
about
things beyond our
experience? Isn't it making
of causation
basis for judging of the
our
a
petty notions
of the

nature

of what

the

own

angry

this

is

unknown

first

savage

did

because

he

moods

must

when

he

his

saw

conceived
be

Is n't it another

cause

that

here

in the

gods

der-clouds,
thun-

just like

causes

his

Surely, at best,

work?

at

case

It can't be

sentiment, faith, mystical dreaming.

philosophy.
I answer,

realityof

just to change
things,justto turn

illusive search
rid

justto get
nature,

and

for first
of

fanciful

and

the

whole

who

have

world

the
about

the

of

inner

elsewhere
of

nature

agony

wrestled

of

to

things,

modern

with

than

its

"

the

from

gods
of

phenomena

for

just
Is any

in

any

outer

cism
agnostifor

this end

philosophyendured
problems.

deeper

experience,

just to complete the spiritualtask

by sending us
true

faith

of

attention

our

away
in

causes

view

whole

our

by
one

the
was

those

agnos-

348

the

tic about
of

MODERN

world

finite
first

any

OF

SPIKIT

THE

Then

in the

cause

PHILOSOPHY.

world

I know

more.

of

thing
no-

appearances

der.
yon-

clouds, no Keplerian
gods in the thunder
the
angels carrying the planets in conic sections around
I imagine no
world-maker
far back
in the ages,
sun
;
of evolution.
Following Laplace, I
beginning the course
I

need,

see

no

once

science

of

And

nature.

such

no

more,

about

all

makes

search

me

facts

and

the

elsewhere

await

am

of my

than

amongst

dict
ver-

physical
It

idealist.

an

causes

the

in

events

yet that is just why

agnosticismabout

is my

hypothesis.

experiencethat
for the

causes

meaning of
agnostic sees

which
world
the
outer
experience. The
and
despairs of knowing is not the region
I look
for light. The
idealism
where
livingGod, whom
in any physicalsense,
at all.
knows, is not the first cause
No
possibleexperiencecould find him as a thing amongst
his existence.
facts that would
things or show any outer
prove
He
makes
He
is n't anywhere in space or in time.
He
is no
worlds.
from
without
no
hypothesis of empirical
But

science.
existence

is all the

petty and

is all the

he

the

term

live

thing
which

ideas
to

me,

this

first suggest
more

of

of

idea

but

causation
for

this world

deeper
in

form

is the
far

world
it

converts

ignorant of
And

even

Self

absolute
very

deprives this
and

am

The

facts,

world, and

the

demonstrate

never

all,very

tant
impor-

any

simply

causation

does

n't

belongs

of finite

limited

my

in

after

are,

his

that, and

experience,and is only a mythological

cause
when
applied to the real truth of things. Not beof
I interpretthe causes
of my
experience in terms

things

to

could

The

world.

causes

truths

subordinate

phenomena, as such,
spiritualtruth.
cause

For

surer.

real for

more

of

of

the

may

the

agnosticism

justbecause

which

reason

for all into

once

reason

mysterious than

deeper

it is
idealist

perhaps

problem

God

of

universe

for

of

son
rea-

stantialit
all subI

show.

mere

show-world.

I may
seem

which

as

well

just now
I solve

by

REALITY

My

of it.

means

for

reason

World-Self, who

unity all

in whose

and

of nature

and

solute
ab-

one

reality,whose

transcends
infinitely

laws

the

is all

and

is

there

believing that

embraces

includes

consciousness

349

IDEALISM.

AND

our

all the

own,

mysteries

solution
their
and
their very
have
experience must
is simply that the profoundest agnosticism which
being,
possiblystate in any coherent fashion, the deepest
you can
of

"

which

doubt

can

you

things that

the

demands,

For,

am

about

the

Self.

asserts

morning

by
I

longer

you,

simply

tell you

the world

implies,

about

already

you

He

it

"

less inevitably.

the

from

escape

the

Ignorant

in

him

leave

you

aid

not

no

existence

as

clear, therefore, about

least

at

am

is the

flee from

this
none

or

World-Self.

self-contradiction.

wings.

will

is

find, there

ill when

in vain

such

rule, but

deny him,

any

as

as

shall

is the

of the

to

already

course,

reckon

You

assure

say,

we

If you

doubt.

now

of

except

fly, he

you

existence

first causes,

You

him.

as

Self

infinite

the

asserts,

unconsciously,of

about

therein, already presupposes,

are

agnostic, I

The

formulate

way

any

denying
Him

out.

doubter

Nor

do

when

and

his presence.

you.

affirm

The

the

wings
all this

mean

mysticism. This truth is,I

I try
product of dry logic. When
in detail,I shall weary
by my
you
of

sort

Here
is,
wholly unmystical analysisof commonplaces.
shall soon
in fact, as we
find, the very presuppositionof
even
stir,nay, you cannot
presuppositions.You cannot
stand

still in

On

idea.

it

to

thought

the
your

without

consciousness

they told us
God
see
just because he
omnipresence gave us no
eyes

upon

fashion.
asserted

there at the

is it

unfamiliar

an

contrary, philosophy finds trouble

merely

When

our

Nor

it.

in

chance

by

infinite
you

heart,

so

in
to

that

childhood

it is

ing
bring-

so

iar.
famil-

could

we

not

his

everywhere,just because

was

him, they told

The

because

in

us

to
a

Self, as
every

speak,

deep
we

and

him

discern

truth

shall

in

of

the

very

fix

cal
allegori-

learn, is

propositionyou

to

ally
actu-

utter,

is

multiplication

350

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

tilingmerely guessed at as
of experience,that already,in the
the unknowable
source
least of daily experiences you
unconsciously know
very
him
as
something present. This, as we shall find, is the
deepest tragedy of our finitude,that continuallyhe comes
his own,

to

Self is

The

table.

his

and

little

so

least incident

with

upon

first causes,

look

thus

to remain

long time
Such

with

will

alone

is the eternal

suffice

Hast

of the

there

show

us

wonder
thou

for
the
that

been

knoicn

not

Logos

gazing

we,

to

No

thou

yet hast

becomes

and

him

us.
"

he

whilst

here

beg

agnostics.

and

me,

lives

our

miracles, and

for

that

have

of

not, that

world, search

his

Father, since
we

him

receive

own

flesh in every
wonder

me

so

"

doubting
question. Seek him not as an outer hypothesisto explain
experience. Seek him not anywhere yonder in the clouds.
He
is no
thing in itself." But for all that, experience
contains
him.
He
is the reality,
the soul of it.
Did
not
answer

to

every

"

"

heart

our

way
our

?"

burn

within

And,

hearts.

as

He

we

while

us

shall

reveals

see,

himself

he
he
to

talked

does
our

with

us

by

the

talk

not

coolest

merely to
scrutiny.

ii.

But

of

speculativeboasting. Coming to closer

remind
that idealism
quarters with my topic,I must
you
has two
aspects. It is,for the first,a kind of analysisof
the world, an
acter
analysiswhich so far has no absolute charenough

about

undertakes, in

which

fashion

that

what
skeptic,to examine
you
all
the
that
whatever
lieve
bemean
by
things,
they are,
you
in or
experience. This idealistic analysisconsists
merely in a pointing out, by various devices, that the
world
of your knowledge, whatever
it contains, is through
and
of, that you
through such stuff as ideas are made
in your
life believed
but ideas,
in anything definable
never
and
that, as Berkeley put it, this whole choir of heaven

might

be

it, but

acceptable to

any

"

furniture

of

earth

"

is

nothing

for any

of

us

but

system

352

SPIRIT

THE

OF

enjoy the fireside

facts, society organizesitself

wanderers
of

time

wishes,

Yet

stubborn,

this

world

facts.

We

ideas.

Statesmen

fornl

can

world
of

worthy
thus

such

facts

what

it is

of
house-walls
firm

do

We

them

want

winds

do

of

continuallyshow
consent

the

realityof

life and
The

heart

terms

the

in

my

world, and

out

of my

its

has

not

travail

the

the

to

its

be

can

will

shall

take

the

to

fruits

its
of

thus

sorts

of

Matter
us,

or

is stubborn
rises in vast

explorer. But

it

very

would

when
mountain
minds

labors,

our

seem,

it stands
ranges
can

defined

laws, its kindly rigidity

such

"

In

something wholly unanalyzed.

stubbornness
consist?
Surely, many

reality,as

with

against the

as

I say, is still
this

sort

will

Interfere

however, when

world,

the

not

world

will,the

therefore

we

will.

conformed
us

felt

be

constantly a

industry.

you

supposition
pre-

wholly plastic;

makes

of

stand

but

dreams,

stubbornness, its firmness

preservingfor

does

should

world, where

real

winters, and

will

is

anticipate

the

world, whereby, if the

strenuous

of

in

as

respect

some

realityof

will that
in

be

to

find facts

to

alter

to

laborer

to

us

of

see

in

many

Our

with

agreement

thus
the

enables
to

our

woo

This, then, is the

away

altogetherunmerciful.
of

mould

can

stubborn, if only the stubbornness

be

to

entirely

real world

the

that

work

we

wish

not

derer.
wan-

order, lovers

just because

done.

melt

not

their

the

all,not

But

home.

way

once

life,that

against the

real.

as

the

work, and

when

and

will

social

the

fixityof things as
lasting,and
prove

will

souls

our

strenuous

hire, it is well

his

have

The

with

world, in part, according to

our

find

must

we

is, after

realm

rejectedlovers

home

fact

influence

afresh, wanderers
the

hard.

merely

not

of

horses,

the

alone

are

between

drearily

In

it must,

as

defeated, beggars

roll

oceans

ride

can

home.

at

can

for the

stand

in

PHILOSOPHY.

successful, beggars

themselves

imagine

MODERN

be

may
in

hard

before

stubborn

be

what

different
stubborn.

walls
the

ity,
real-

against

ing
path-findalso.

The

REALITY

who

lonely wanderer,
barriers

material

heart.

In

"

be

heart

the

says,

cannot

all !

they

"

"

waves

oceans

But

material, and

are

of

with

am

world.

outer

the

home, talks of cruel facts,

cross

facts,in the cold

of

his

seashore

the

irresistible foes

the

wish," he

alas, wishes

but

by

that, just because

ideal, shall

not

and

353

IDEALISM.

watches

him

roll between

that

AND

his

dear

my

Oceans

Would

alas ! to

longing
ones,
rial
mate-

are

that

the

world

the

rejectedlover
of the heart
that is just his woe.
the world
is all, and
between
him
Were
the barrier
and his beloved
only made
stubborn
material
of those
of
facts, only of walls or
how
them
lightlymight his will erelong transcend
oceans,
were

all!

Matter

stubborn!

ideas

it is

Nay,

justan

idea, and

loves.

But

Outer
idea

just an

in vain

does

he

Place

be.

that
of

shall

other

scorn

of

of

what

by

if I
every

of

presence

that

conceived

no

means

merely

when

world

moulded

of

God

of

said
at

of facts.

that whilst

of

pleasure.
Even

my

Ideas
own

was

are

shall

who

what

We

the

on

be

edges

more

uinely
gen-

unyielding facts
So,

one

as

stubborn
the

On

ideas.

matter

hate

to

tangled forests,in

ideas !

influence.

shall

winds, amidst

knows, the ideas of the people

to

who

learned

and

world

my

world

ideas, namely,

dungeons,

of

disdain

external

have

north

stubborn

world

deprive

call it

teacher

we

of

this

than

precipices,should

the

he

definite

maidens

me,

thick-walled

what

difficult of facts

most

be

in

condemn

piercing

tremendous
in

than

shall

"

dain
bit of dis-

more

an

of

maiden

the

the

"

of

world

him,

ever

edge

ideas,

who

shall

what

was

ice, in the labyrinths of what

depths

of

me,

friends

who

In

fields of
the

old

me.

of

opposes

stubborn

then, in

moment,

wholly
about

people
angels

judge

consist

me,

me,

for

me

its

foe

of

this

flint

cruellythe
now

mind

calls

merely ideal fact. No

preserving its identityand

may

that

that, too, in the

in

nature

sees,

reality,

contrary,
often

are

were

wrong,

as

the

then,

stubborn, ideas could

often

the

ideas, the facts

cable
impla-

most

of

my

owfl

354

THE

inner

SPIRIT

wicked

has

often

has

for

inner

facts

inner

refuses

does

facts.

he

not

The

what

repentance

Yet

what

can

limed

Art

No,
The

here

idealism

by
precipiceor
his

barriers

of

bosom

its

those

who

have

into

every

idea, let such,

to be

of

did

fire if these

try

sense-world
of

sorts

the

oceans,

heart

is

of ours,

"

reality,does
the walls

and

material

of

this

decide

the

every

only

that

Are

ful
beauti-

pictures,real

ble
possi-

many

the

as

the

the

at

bright and
these

the

ideal, or

existent

be

in

dangers

called

are

embody

and

the fires and

what, amongst
that

over

things existed

they

But

chains.

dungeons
walk

not

some

life,ere

of facts.

world

any

science.
con-

Bishop Berkeley's

refuted

as
they
dangers as soon
ideal in me.
even
subjectively
Many sorts of reality,then, may

heart

his

free,

any

be

to

cease

only

now

death

as

horrible

he

why

inner

of

repent

black

own

I say, first

the

loquy
soli-

world

with

it not

can

than

worse

has

wonder

his

"

ideas

the

precipicesof

this will

cannot

one

state

engaged

more

Let

chasms.

it,when

rock

are

is alone

What

soul, that, struggling

are

world

yet they

rests

can.

what

king, in
unyielding

an

What

wish.

The

is past ; he

Try

wretched

my

than

senses

our

! and

"

"

what

move

fault

plasticto
destroyed,

be

to

in

"

be

to

consciousness

Hamlet,"

"

PHILOSOPHY.

consistencyfor

more

in
hard

will that

our

MODERN

cruellydecline

life,may

The

OF

and

stars

maiden's

embodying the ideas of somebody, but

the less stubbornly real for that ?
Or can
make
none
we
?
that the
For, of course,
something else of their reality
and

stars
sort

of

have,

real,
"

the

stubborn

our

denying.

the

oceans,

reality,justas

analysis
Our

Consider, then,

walls

so

far does

present
in

and

the

the
not

pictures have

minds

for

an

questionis,what

detail, certain

aspects

of

our

instant
sort

of

of
the

some

fellows
think

of

reality?
reality

REALITY

that

sublimityof

belong?

So far

exemplifiedin our sense-world. The

sky,the life and majestyof the ocean,
picture, to what sort of real facts do

the

the interest of
these

"

here
Evidently

the sense-world

as

this beautyand
other

some

of

is beautiful,
is

question.
is sublime,
majestic,
no

exist onlyfor the appreciative

dignity

mind, or

the

as

thoughtand

soul of nature.

universal

some

shall have

we

they exist beyond him, they exist onlyfor

If

observer.

355

IDEALISM.

be

to

seems

AND

embodied

purpose
the

who

man

sees

world,but who has no eye for the fairness of it,will

but will catch nothing of their
find all the visible facts,
At once, then, the sublimityand beauty of the
value.
same

world

thus truths that

are

pretendsto insight
they are truths which have no meaning
beholder's mind, or except as embodying

see, and

ought to

exceptfor such

thought of

the

the coin

the

or

the mind

of the outer

is so much
least,

that it symbolizes
to
universal
look

thoughtof

and

exist in

mind, or

Surely,if
and

of the

of

world-mind.

some

because

seem

cold to

may

themselves

to the

relatively

But

let

us

yonder are
objects
temperaturesdo

way in which they

these properties,
at

exists for us,

of the

About

tastes

tasteless. As

experimentwill
hand

one

so, colors and

causes

but in the idea

thought or
you

cannot

at best

or

purpose

dispute,

not

all things
are
known

has its

only ideal but personal.F'"r the

tions,
tongue and palateof diseased bodilycondi-

they are

benumbed

the

being of

the embodiment

more

the bond

world.

tastes and

if not all of it,is ideal and

least,
is once

or

ideal,justas

objectsin justthe

Part

us.

that is

the commercial

outer, odors

exist in these

not

beholder's

little deeper.

unideal

world

physical
presence,

So here,at

of the world.

the bank-note

jewelor

alone in its

value not

who

one

sounds

have
are

some

not

show

and
are

warm

at

other

in the

for

a
temperatures,

the

how
to

same

the other.

water

But

least in part ideal.

but
sort of reality;

well

may
even

Their
colors

since theychange with

things,

356
the

light

SPIRIT

that

falls

the

(whilst
different

OF

THE

the

on

things, vanish

And

for

as

sounds, both

only
All

tones

voiceless

as

such

sound-waves

yes, must

"

why

these

qualitiesare

The

world

yonder

its will to

the

resemble
that

feel

wind

it any

sends

is the
the

the

as

our

to

far

the

but

from

neither

less
We

result
of

colored

must

there

must

that

in

us

under

expresses

not, nay,

cannot

that

we

sun

water

the

that

the

nor

yet

as

actual

watch

we

truths

thought,
world

of fluid

v.

then

and

and

tongue

:y

when

being
look,

presence

certain

in

so

but

irresistible

conditions.

That

in

itself,
and

ears

nor

warm,

All

none

the

far ideal

facts.

must

we

of

one

silent.

nor

ideas, being indeed

we

our

musical

cool

have

we

(to repeat

tasteful,neither

to

certain

the

it

stringsand
the

see

our

hear

we

popular science)is

neither

as

the

the

real

ejes

nor

in

like

not

are

them.

modern

playing in

consists

reasons
assume.

ether-vibrations

on

for that, but

colors

see

is

of

conscious

dark,

facts

der
yon-

it

qualitiesbelong
genuine

we

air.

physical world yonder is itself

world
he
ideas, which
spirit's
is real only as
the maiden's
heart

somebody's

light nor

when

idea

when

itself

as

one

touch, Lo'Lb^r
these

ideas

some

unless

us,

commonplaces

apart

the

real

of

is real, namely,
so

are

embodies

Unless, then, the

conveys

give

thus

symphony

expression of

water

embodiment

the

world

so

that

air

the

is the

nor

direct

motion

the

in

flashing of moonlight

waves

mind

physical property

like

us

; for

us

nature

are

nor

instruments

sun

by

that

qualitiesneed

Sound-waves

sensations

musical

in

produced in us, unless, indeed,

have
place as ideas in some
qualities

that

these

world-mind.

and

these

ideas

is because

be

even

may

But

us.

felt

thus

the

interesting

The

attributes

for

pitch and

exist

ideal.

are

dark

differ

certain
and

the

trembling through

have

"

the

upon

organs,

then,
qualities,

sense

may

us

in
and

unchanged),

depend for
of our
peculiarities
hearing
of

quality

PHILOSOPHY.

remained

things

eyes.

MODERN

hear
this must

presence

this idea

music
is
of

an

must

REALITY

AND

is,indeed,a truth

come

357

IDEALISM.

once
unalterable,

as

more,

the

as

in Hamlet.
But like this remorse,
king'ssettled remorse
but through
again,it exists as an ideal truth,objective,
and throughobjective
for somebody,and not apart from
this truth implieswe
have yet to see.
anybody. What
So far it is only an ideal truth for the beholder,with just
the bare possibility
that behind it all there is the thought
of a world-spirit.
And, in fact,so far we must all go together
if we

cjBut

reflect.
at this

now,

the Berkeley
an
point,

The

step further.
and

real outside world

idealist goes

one

that is stillleft unexplained

its beauty,
its warmth, its

unanalyzedafter

and its tones, have been gated

releodors,its tastes,its colors,
what do you now
to the realm of ideal truths,
mean
it real ? No doubt it is known
somehow
as
real,
by calling
but what

is this

that this world

you

know, you

impliesfor
Is the

known
reality

If you

being?

as

is stillthere and
are

your

bound

outer, as by
say what this outer

to

And

know

hypothesis
character

you have trouble.

it exists outside of your ideas,or of

thought.

here

world,as
anybody's ideas,something having shape,filling
space,
outer

?
full of moving things
possessingsolidity,
The sound
in the first placeseem
evident.

That

isn't outside

The
of me, but the sound-waves,you say, are.
don't need
ideal facts ; but the ether-waves
know

them.

Warmth

apart from

evident?

by the

What

size of

shape or

that

But

by

mean

?
anything
What

mind

am

to

mean

meaning

world?
I think

As for the sound-waves

and

is this

so

or^
shape of anything,

justthe

idea of

under

certain

obligedto get

is the

case

more,

once

the

Don't

the real outer

property except in

idea-?
are

giveto

are

molecules,is real,and is

fro of

mind.

of size that I

circumstances ?
that I

any
do I

colors

fact called
but the physical
is ideal,

heat,this playingto and

there

would

of any

property

How can I express

of my
it in terms

what
the ether-waves,

conceived
theybut thingsideally

to

the
explain

facts

358

SPIRIT

THE

of nature
it is

but

The

and
with

light-waves
of

system

my

upon

me,

ideas, which

may

in

fact

experience has

any

beyond
if

which

me,

of

of color

and

world's

order
like

real

do

have

this

the

world,

the

king

place

but

idea.

bound

within,

as

to

see

am

simply
realm

be

think

but

That
It has

"

people.

construct,

as

that

us

into

you,

alike

it is

space,

and

into

I
of

well.

the

tions
rela-

too, share

this

about

justan

idea

and

call it real there,

another

and
inevitably,

idea

an

idea, very

an

truths

unseen

sure

idea

one

sure,

idea,

not

yet without

tarily,
volun-

leaving

of ideas.

Thus, all the

as

world

our

in which

space
of mine.

idea

space,

of

the

other

convey,

know

all sorts

its parts.

put

we

far

upon

length, breadth, depth."

"

form,

them.

it to

say,

But, then, for all of

to

so

looked

he

great formal

one

compute
of

the

much

as

idea,so, too,

describe

can

each.

through

we

is

dimensions,"

describe

when

when

was,

force

I look

when

it in space,

see

still justan

world

my

just why

can

to

tem
sys-

validity. They

all events,

vast

mind

own

have

about

move

Only

my

The

"

"

ideas

tuted
consti-

space.

and

space

the

how

anybody

to

fill space,

by

ideas

my

But justas his guilt

guiltyand unrepentant.
ing
overwhelmidea,
a
an
crushing,an irresistible,

idea,

it

of me,

these

Hamlet

in

and

me,

truth

as

an

three

to

vast

truth

in such

which, like

experience and

bound

in

simply expressionsof

that I, at
validity,
am

founded

founded

but

sense,

mean

Doubtless

me.

himself

which

ideas

indirectly,a

be

be

must

ether

all this is that

by

mean

all,is this plain about

But

what

indeed

appear

Above

me.

upon

is

must

and

sound-waves,

directlyor

are

say, outside

of

warmth,

things,I

in it.

was

"

truth,

by saying that the

and
cules,
trembling mole-

size

what

it,

their

doubtless
mean

with

is air

in

experience forces

and

shape

there

that

What

truth.

have

things yonder

PHILOSOPHY.

have

conceptions

ideal

an

MODERN

OF

we

realitythat

know

and

can

ive

attribute

tell what

to
we

our

mean

world, in

thereby,

360

THE

physics), I

OF

SPIRIT

should

then

wholly

MODERN

get, in

determinate

I had

what

upon

PHILOSOPHY.

done,

(for instance, experiencesof

pendent
order, de-

certain

the

other

riences
expe-

wall's

or
solidity,
European tour,

of an
tropicalclimate, or of the scenes
of the facts of physics)." And
this acceptance
of
or
actual experience,this belief in possible experience,
stitutes
conof

that

all

by

mean

you

faith

your

in

the

outer

world.
say, Is not,

But, you
well

founded

Is n't

corresponds in

fact

Yes, indeed, there

so

shall

if this

and

ideas,outside
As

the

mind,

afresh

securityor
ideal

But

to the

us

realityshould
but

disdain
far

so

not

for

fashion

all

outside

of

the

this,which

within

itself be

us,

what
of

system

of every

mind?

rejectedlover's
not

fact in

on

that

mind,

count
ac-

to

as,

illustration,the priceof

objectiveexistence
external

fact, but real and

ideas

him, but

less

the

if

what

is outside

ideal, not

former

the

is.

minds

our

unchangeable
less

doubt

without

after

ours

reallysomething yonder that

series of experiences in us?

this

to

fast

maiden's

the
take

of

there

no

correspond
hard

then, all this faith of

of

this

for the

is

lecture

individual

an

person,

why might not this world beyond us, this "permanent

itself a
of experience,"be in essence
possibility
standard
thought of
system of ideal experiencesof some
which
is only the copy ?
ours
Nay, must it not be such a
it has any realityat all ?
For, after all,
system in case
thing
is n't this preciselywhat
our
analysisbrings us to ? NoI
world
whatever
can
yonder that I
say about
my
"

do

even

not

so

express

in

of

terms

mind.

What

things

are,

tended,
ex-

moving, colored, tuneful, majestic,beautiful, holy,

what

they

in any

are

aspect of their nature, mathematical,

valuable,
logical,
physical,sensuously pleasing, spiritually
all this must
for me
mean
only something that I have to
express
my

in the

world, the
The

fashion
of

more

closer

of

come

The

ideas.
mind
to

the

more

must

have

truth

about

am

to

for the
the

know
pose.
pur-

things,

REALITY

the

for itself

and

thought
I thus

am

capable,as

ideas

my

well

all,so

agree

an

on

in

If

mind

another

clearness,the

must

world

surely the realitythat

the

to

gets

after

To

of

what

it be to

in

grows

my
And

can,

unless

nature

mental

reality,then

resembles

thus

mind

my

mind

my

of

ing
conform-

idea ?

conform

in

ideas

reality?
of

my

be

my

What

another

as

more

it

with

if

truth

supposes,

mind

my

the

reflect.

idea

Are

Is

sense

Then

the

nearer

all,it

at

world

common

with
go

that

its agreement

things?

to

thingsthat

can

in

consist

to

plain,then,

mental

the

way

it

knowable

anything

any

361

IDEALISM.

Isn't

get.

a
essentially

in

resemble

to

is

yonder

world

ideas

more

AND

be

must

in

itself mental.
After
me

of

the

realityand

the

said

mind, and

of

standard,

constitutes

in

is such

this world

is

its due

share

of

reality.

now

that

its ideal

who

touch

it,and

in

mind,

idea of
hard

and

maiden
presence

if I

in

The

fast and
in

her

real

of

ideal
fate

fate in the voice that

If

the

the

for

stars
as

as

and

expresses

ideas

fact

ideas, so

that

mind

will

knows

will.

form
con-

this standard

surely get
be

at

rejectedlover
the

those

to

least

will

;
sec

lover

the
as

is the

consistency as

the oceans,

of

world

burning

of

shall

of ?

made

bound

fire I

that

mind

am

thoughts

her

ply
sim-

no

are

of

ble
plausi-

has

standard

certainly as

for

ideas

deprivesour

its ideal
the

of

terms

finitude

that

in

of my

make

sense

quality

the

of

thus

common

wise

no

standard

disdain

of the

realities

of

in my

I touch

case

burn.

fire has

experiences to

my

then

in

see,

ence,
experi-

fail to prove

least

at

not

interpretin
throughout such stuff
you

of

outside

system
if I

Even

world

assure

minds, exists in and

cannot

this,as

say

world?

and

world

ifc exists

as

about

here

save

my

mind, whose

said, our

we

world,

mind, do I

it which

To

the

of

human

universal

an

that, as

this

other

any

rather

knowableness

that

world

the

deprive
it not

would

reality,nay,

if I

there

it

all,then, would

and
the
hears

I, in
uine
gen-

his

362

SPIRIT

THE

need

I
will

be

after

not

is

far

of

sensation

of

analyticalsense
of
fact

it all

to

moment

is,you

see,

as

Even

what

more

world

ideas
existence

If it

If it is

Minds

mind.

An

wholly

opaque

x.

ideas, existent

coherent

So

me.

has

me

ways,

facts

that

the

on

are,
we

can

various

its
of

ideal
and

it

is, and

stubborn
the

from

through

things, can

progress
with

If

moods.
indeed

all
with

have

our

world

truth.

self
is in it-

world

universal

and

can

hend
compresubmit

to

ity
real-

such

is nt
is

science, which

beyond

to

and

accepts the

world

For

is

stubborn-

time

same

mental

am

world

minds

and

an

through

of
interpretations

nor
objectivevalidity,

towards

ideas, the

our

know

such

one

lover
the

its

constitutingthe

case

the

the

what

myself

and

ideas

minds

any
at

authority as

concerned

neither

in

matter,

body's
some-

mind, seeming

the external

little atomic

will have

maiden's

thing, then

cerned

of

mass

particlesof
what

to

of

real

attribute

mental, then, be this realitya standard

thought, or

the

can

mental

no

in another

If

and

Now,

so,

all you

contrary, the hardest

name.

be

because

unreal,
thought essentially

of

mass

utterlyunknowable,

far, however,

beyond

you

Space

system

be

must

from

of yours.

since

n't, then

that

comprehend

can

you

understand,

can

existence
to

be

in

upon

just as

if this

that

itself

is,then

that

help having.

say

stance
sub-

world

your

forced

surely ideas

in

must

know

you

ideal, the real world

est

to

means.

bare

their

than

you

of

are

natural

beyond

of it is

them,

know

purely

and

sum

things, such

cannot

you

The

sired
de-

it were,

as

in this first and

you

I have

you,

this system

matter

that

of

each

about
find

you

think

you

this

especially

you,

What

idealism.

ideas

moment

ideas

coherent

time,

of

of

lectures.

give

analysis that

an

many

idealist

word

by experience.

to

to

the

system

as

familiar

merely
being an

with

further

historical

foregoing

our

thus
the

less

or

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

proceed

now

more

OF

as

is

science

all ideas

factory
satis-

make

is

con

bare

x.

REALITY

AND

363

IDEALISM.

III.

But with this bare

will say, this analytical

ism
idealwith something
that,spiteof all

as, you

after all leaves me, as

after all be there
my analysesand interpretations,
may
beyond me as the real world,which my ideas are vainly
to reach,but
striving

which

flees before
eternally

So

me.

far,you will say, what idealism teaches is that the real

world can
it as if it were
onlybe interpreted
by treating

somebody'sthought. So regarded,the idealism of Berkeley

and of other such thinkers is
; yet it
very suggestive
does n't tell
much

us

what

the true

of the true world

has

be

to

as

tone,

nor

we

ever

conceived

however, whilst neither

warmth,

world

in ideal terms.

nor
beauty,

Perhaps^

nor
majesty,

color,nor

nor

is,but only that so

get into our comprehension
odor,nor
motion,nor

form, nor

time (allthese beingbut ideas of ours),can be

space, nor
said to belongto the extra-mental world,
after
perhaps,
"

all,there does exist there yonderan extra-mental world,

which has nothingto do, except by accident,with any
mind, and which is throughand

throughjustextra-mental,

the
somethingunknowable, inscrutable,
the

of

source

it is in

never
itself,

in

Perhapsit

basis of

ence,
experi-

ideas,but itself never

as
experienced
by any idc-a
represented
adequately

Yes, you will say, must it

not be there?
Must not one acceptour limitations once
for all,
and say,
What
is,we can never
hope to
reality
us.

is there.

"

make

clear to ourselves.

becomes
the

idea in

an

mystery,the

perhapswe
existent;

or

there all the

even
same

this first form

were

know

even

But

then

if
?

we
"

to say, I should

so

real,the

we

much

or

as

closes.

be

that this

it not

and darkness,

have led you

sure,

after

regardit as

to

If that

clear

beyond,

To

deny it,may

In such doubt

indeed

is the

x.

feel bound

doubt

of idealism

has been made

alwaysthere

But

us.

the
inscrutable,

can't

all does exist.

which

That

were
a

be

then,

all there

longroad

in

364

what

Analyzing

vain.

is

there

case

haply

real world

started

with

ideas.

and

fears

In

Are

that

or

just where

thought

your

offers
answer

do

nor

we

certainlywill

fashion

Xote

the

point

real world

ideas, an

yonder
mind

outer

through
is real

and

absolute

have

we

it is
The

mystery.

alternative.

is

and

are

you

dilemma

all,or

mind

as

in full
world

the

new

form

will

not

ism
ideal-

wholly

problem, but that

new
light. What
illustrate.

to

as

through
else,in

hending
comprefar

inscrutable

perfect.

yonder,

or

of

world

so

see,

you

less

or

an

is

entered

State

more

unknowable,

at

Either,

experience, or

is your

that

through

Either

world

seek

reached.

that

your

outer

in conclusion

must

have

indeed

of it in

meaning

bolder,

may

this

such

every

with

grows

questionabout
In

thetic
syn-

things,and
us
nothing

for

knowable.

hardest

with

the

set

lightis,I

new

is any

there

content

of

are

that

suggestion that

away

be

forms

and

conceived.

ever

you

will not

aspect, idealism

whether

it is in any

goal of

the

us

profoundestdoubt

deepestproblem, the

third

this

"

world,

not

all these

that

second

this

to

as

whether

your

real

in

you,

all,

at

you

we

of

now

the

not

mind

this

to

is any

known.

discovery

mere

but

your

lies

there

the

that

known

there

is for

world

this

the

known

world

that

be

can

PHILOSOPHY.

just ahead
idealistic conception,
which
mere
analysisof the colors

No

to

the

any

surelyis n't proving

the

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

There

it

as

an

x,

is

else the

no

knowable
un-

Philosophy loves such

all the mightiestinterests of the spirit,
dilemmas, wherein
all the deepest longings of human
passion,are at stake,
waiting as for the fall of a die.
Philosophy loves such
situations, I say, and loves, too, to keep its scrutiny as
cool in the midst
of them
if it were
as
watching a game
;

of

chess, instead

darker

choice

yonder

shall

of
that

be

an

the

choice.

great world-game.
dilemma

the
x,

an

problematic, foreign,opaque.

Well, try the

The

gives you.

unknowable
And

something,
you,

"

you

world
outer,

shall look

AND

REALITY

it and

upon

first

sake
"

do

believe

put

on

air of

an

something there,
I can't

such.

it to be
I

fact.

regret the

the

But

then.
Problems

what

do

after

are,

that

is,in the world

and

problems

soluble

if

problem
If

asks

one

line that

shall be

known

the radius

problems

is of

in

Fair

could

the

latter

circle.
stated

has

then

an

absolutely
by

one

unknowable

world

out

could

could

they

the
turn

it is their
insoluble.
who

knew

is

this

knew

possiblybe

problem

ideas,

in know-

or

good

be

may

answered.

how

to

namely,

absurdity
enough.
now,

of

to

that

fair

Any

thing

of

else
deal
But

possibly be answered,

not

out,

actly
ex-

when

knowledge,
or

an

ference
circum-

either

little

the

world

sort

of

state

But

answer.

there

we

not

always

questions,and

answered

if

resemble

must

They

problems
be

if

case,

they always

present

our

finallythey

of

circle of

be asked

can

straight

number

in the

questions which

ber.
num-

possiblybe

statable

So

is the

ideas, is

proved,

cannot

any

length.

answered

be

of

questions

in

fairlyanswered

in

stated

be

can

as

of

is the

whole

of

world

is

insoluble

length of

the

soluble
It

an

such

no

"

number

circumference

length that

terms

definite

are

terms.

or

the

is

"

things,

number

whole

the

again,in

circle is

expressed

more,

to

problem, because,
of

they

name

problem,

ideas.

It

is,namely,

to

equal

radius, that

insoluble

able

me

what

solve

problem

"

whole

is 8.

find

to

There

65.

of

what

of

mit
ad-

to

problems

are

knowable
un-

I know

never

is

this

world

answer

me

shall

familiar

There

that

and

I have

nature

by

mean

asks

The

asks

that

say,

it unknowable.

it is.

Ah, its

in

one

64.

one

root

square

of

root

there

of ideas.

if

problem

square

But
know

and

sc, but

I did n't make

fashion, rather

insoluble

argument's

extra-mental

an

it.

you
a

for

impenetrable

its nature."

of

problem

But

its existence.

be

an

help

shall

you

resigned confidence,

it to

only fancy

not

Yes,

in it.

365

IDEALISM.

square

be

absurdly

makes

question
No

if

fair
your

the

these
could

question
able
unknow-

wholly,of absolutely

366

SPIRIT

THE

yet know
and

nature

would

Surely

be

may

because

so

because

absurd

an

the

unknown

in

is

that

to

nonsense

former

alternative.

it can't

you

its very

thing, an

actually it

choose

must

one

real world

The

it, or

question, which

is it

nature,

is

it

essence

PHILOSOPHY.

about

enough

answer

ask?

MODERN

inscrutable

problematic and
don't

OF

be

essentially

unknowable.
This
but

I shall

not

dwell

world

out

there

it resembles

nature

that

number

in the

All

once

if this

more,

unknown

now

mind

can

know

as

If

minds.
far

thought,

ever

an

external

to

can

is

can

ideal

And

knowable.

know

Kantian

The

notion

that

to

device,

For

world.

know

just

been

of

becoming

because

is

of it is

in

world

The

nonsense.

Boojums,

such, I insist,are

and

the

and

ideas

only

and
be

are

exist.

can

pure

simple,

admitted.

of it is

assertion

Jabberwoeks,

it is
whole

our

Only

cannot

sugar

there,

ken, then

is what

proving.

Hence, if that

our

that

itself,simply

are

idea, is

nothing absolutelyunknowable

thing

If I

you

an

outer

the

only a

mind.

it.

within

come

real world

truth, it is only in

unknown

Round-squares,
Suarks, and

to

or

But,

just seen,

only

any

absolutely unknowable,

the

it is

come

analysis has

idealistic

time

have

we

them?

do.

only just the

object known
me,

two

solved,

now

essentiallymental,

ever

any

be
we

in

insoluble

only

now

capable some

to

come

truth

could, by

the

but

the

than

that, as

unknowable,

already an

For

that

so-called

us,

Or, What

valleybetween
are

is

that

is the whole

6b ?

no

more

its nature

mean

What

as,

may

unknowable

become

this

as

knew

we

to

ever

you

either

must

of

such

in

through

this

have

thought

remember

then

known,

so

if

and

root

that

others

be solved

would

as

of

enough, I know, justhere,

it. Plainlyif the unknowable

problems

square

there

are

world

problems.

such

is the

adjacent hills
For

long upon
is through
problem,

inscrutable

really

is wearisome

subtlety

salt-lumps,
and

unknowables

tradiction.
con-

and

bras
Abracadathere

are.

368

OF

SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

something possessingqualities. But qualitiesare ideal

the particular qualities
as
are
existences, just as much
a

odors

called

again find in
inequality,attraction

and

But

unlikeness.

objectsof

found

would

be

ideal

and

such

mental,

have

that

we

world

real

had

equality

as

all the

and

while

driven
be

must

been
the

to

into

coming

as

are

known

as

known

conceive

to

are

real

meaning except

no

it became

Thus, then,

The

alternative.

the

brief,then, the world

we

it.

knowing

repulsion,likeness

before

even

mind

relations,such

and

world

that

with

connection

In

be

to

particularmind

it

relations

mind.

colors.

or

would

world

as

tones

or

the

to

mind,

ond
sec-

else

or

of minds.

group

IV.

But

with

this
All

problem.
knowable
have

to

after

all,how

inner
the

be

in

and

of

can't

be

justbecause
then

does

my
a

ever

own

mere

that

mean

justmy world, so that

myself? Is n't this result
is thus
reach

those

The

answer

one.

get beyond
because

of

ideas
is

and

This

whole

of

your

the

minds

sense,

one

all those

real world
world

the
essentially

very

are

of

world

would
But

minds.

other
in

ideas

world

essence

is
of

the

from

to

is,after

ever
all,for-

truth

beyond

any

alas ! how

do

beyond

one

me

sense

minds
one

you
that
with

self and

then

to wish

lematic
probcan

or

to

constitute
your

ever

very

do

namely, never

essentiallyone
one

world

disheartening? My

in

But

idea of it.

an

get

ought

ideas,nor

own

of

world

never

simple, but

essentially

an

world

I have
my

ideas, but

You, in

in truth

outer

it is

world

escape

world, and

this

not

or

assurance

my

Such

final

prison of the
in all this merely wandering amidst
ideas ?
My world, of course, is n't
unknowable
thing,
essentially
as, an

one

it is my

yonder.

mind,

upon

therefore

real and

of

presence

depends

world,

I not

Am

in

come

say,

essence

does

life ?

realm

all

rational

and

we

this,you

is after

there

that

result

own

do so,
your
self.

world, and
That

art

so

Thou,

REALITY

truth

The

and
is

all idealism

AND

objectsyou
objects directlyknown
objects in

time,
a

the

other

or

the

character

or

on

have

mind

whenever

you

often

miss

certain

we

this

relation

need

n't

you

be,

?
as

of

cause

think

and

constant

because

Such

it is

Cromwell's

the cause,

of

all,and
on

them

the

to you.

But

but

of

in the

it is n't

now

as

your

an

them,

has

is

objectof

you

same

to

your

relation

"

What

is

your

no

of

you

can

P"i'Yetthis thinking about

to

dead, and

thought

choose

your

n't,so

inactive

very

ter
af-

thing.

is Cromwell
think

to

now

is somewhere
it your

make

of

cause

is

ter
charac-

is

"

moment

can

object,
The

ideas.

ment
mo-

present physicalexistence

nothing.

side

in you,

the

So, too, with

When

moon.

objectof your thought, they

You
They do not affect you.

all the

I insist,
objects,
relation

Cromwell

death, that

active

causes

other

ideas

so, if you

future, and

justnow
the

the

Even

death

your

ing
feel-

or

character, Cromwell's

his character

to you.

of the moment

but

of

an

life's fitful fever

off there

tation,
gravi-

think

familiar.

so

your

object,while you think about it,

it to be,
popular thought often supposes
thoughts concerning it. Thus, when
your

about

present

curious

thinking about

are

of

mood

some

all such

"

law

trying to

of

meaning

of

day

the

or

just now

mind,

the

or

moon,

are

justnow
causing any
speak, doing anything to you.
as

they

far
objectsinfinitely
in
stars, or objects remote

the

is n't

Not

the

deep.

are

about, whether

Cromwell,

the

in your

now

of
of

forgotten,or

in

the

of

are

or

you,

distant

side

stand

that

to

they

as

think

may

that you

name

idea

or

the

depends

siderations,
con-

"

number

and

it

The

us.

and present,
such objects,
objectsnear
then, as
with
fiftyplaces of digits in it, or the mountains

or

death,

from

commonplace

as

Whatever

removed,

deepest propositionof

which

upon

dryest possiblesort,

this

all remote

at

not

now

however,

are

of

meaning

369

IDEALISM.

think

about

remain
never

the
you

at

tains
moun-

make

indifferent
saw

them.

them.

things is,after all,a

very

curi-

370

in which

relation

ous

OF

SPIRIT

THE

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

stand

to

thing,it is not enough

in me
idea
that merely resembles
an
last is a very
important observation.
enough that I should merely have an
about

think

In

things.

to

that

that
I

order

to

should

have

thing.

This

repeat, it is

idea

in

not

that

me

sembles
re-

I think.
I have, for instance,
thing whereof
in me
the idea of a pain. Another
has a pain justlike
man
mine.
Say we both have toothache ; or have both burned
Now
in the same
idea of pain is
our
finger-tips
my
way.
that account
not
on
just like the pain in him, but I am
necessarilythinking about his pain,merely because what
I am
his
pain, resembles
thinking about, namely my own
pain. No ; to think about an objectyou must not merely
idea that resembles
the object,
have
but you must
an
mean
the

to

have

form,
that

to

think

can

in

must

what

as

can

deep question.
in

mountains

reallysay,

"

moon

my

aim

you
or

real

can

is not

at

the

of

object,have

that

alone, makes
my

it possiblefor

me

my

inquireabout it,to be partly aware

what
ignorant of it." You can't mean
to

to

you.

about

mean

it,yes, you

privateand

your

far

You

as

of

your

normal

an

object,you

doubt

or

individual

larger self,your
consciousness

wonder

assert

it the

possess

that, and

ject,
yonder obof it and partly
is utterlyforeign

mean

about

about

talk

it,you

it, you

admit

it,only in

deeper personality,your

already has

dividual,
in-

transient,my

about

ignorance

truth

And

in my

to
personality,

momentary

surely a

death, you
larger self,as my

it, identifyit.

it, own

is

your

complete consciousness, already in deepest

that

you

yonder object,be

day

self,as

can

already present

Here

self ?

mean,

you

how

possess,

you

hidden

own

When

I, as

can

how

identifywhat

you

the

But

mean.

you

to your

essence

that

at, how

aim

you

out, how

pick

an

measure

some

identifyit

how

object. Stated in other

consciouslyaim at
object you must
ready
alpick out that object,you must
that objectenough, namely,
possess

resemble

of

object,you
in

to

idea

your

that

so

tal
to-

object.Your

REALITY

and

momentary

the

is in full and
in

object. This,

the

of

relation

ignorance, inquiry, or

object,implies, asserts,

total self

your

371

IDEALISM.

private wonder,

assertion, about
that

AND

immediate

fact, is the very

thought

presupposes,

possession of
of

nature

that

ous
curi-

objectwhich we are now

or
considering. The self that is doubting or asserting,
that is even
feelingits privateignorance about an object,
and
is

that

object,is in
this objectexists

such

at

self for which

known

So

I cannot

you.

It is

printed a
trouble

this, is meaning,

identical

essence

in its

with

the

and

complete

final

moment

one

assertion
make

to

I have

which

topic,about
I

what

But
thinks

sciously
con-

idealism

plainto

elsewhere

I cannot

here

by thus saying that the

in
an
really,even
object,which
ignorance and doubt concerning

about

of the

of

it very

lengthy research,1 wherewith

you.

midst

the

this

difficult

very

self which

in

hope
a

of all

truth.

paradoxical seems

that

an

in consequence

even
still,

aiming

to

blindest

intend

cal
the object, that this self is identiobjectstill means
and
with the deeper self which
truly knows
possesses
I intend
what
best illustrate
the object,
hereby I can
from
taken
own
experience. You
by simple cases
your
that you
have
in doubt, say, about
a
name
are
forgotten,

its

"

"

about

or

thought

As

escaped you.
name

what

name

You
"

this ?
the

or

didn't

"

The

you
See

The

Was

"

what

knew

at

was

what

But

all the

once

meant

Did
"

not

that

don't

pp.

384-435.

idea,

lar
particuyet know
after

rejectname
I

was

thinking of,
the

recognize it.
all

name

know?

is,your

Oh,

"

along, only

"

Yes, in

one

deeper self,

Religious Aspect of Philosophy (Boston, 1885),

Possibilityof Error,"

now

the lost

erelong find

you

while,

you

what

has

that

just one

try,and

this

I meant."

or

mean

you

You

but

name

searching you

now

say,

know

sense

after

the

other.

this is.
"

idea, and

that," you

no

query,
But

for
that

sure

and

idea

or

name.

or

idea

or

just had,

you

hunt

you

all the while

are

you

that

eh.

xi.,

372

self that

sought

did

and

the

true

and

were

the

smaller

tried

and

mean

the

or

the

name

in

self

an

name,
or

the

detail,but in

the

possesses

lost

idea, I

as

idea

include

to

seen

In

fact,did

lost idea ?

who

far

the

sought the name

deeper consciousness

idea, unless

so

or

you,

that

there.

I know

because

name

were

Your

sought

you

the

the

longrecognized it at
own,

your

now

while

found

you

owned

thought.

thought. Well, just so

stars

while

momentary

your

idea, you

it was,

all the

was

name,

knows

for

the

was

when

lost

momentary

this when

presuppose

who

of what

recall

to

the
all the

was

It

But

largerself,who

aware

lost idea

the

it

PHILOSOPHY.

knew.

recalled

name,

MODERN

know.

not

because

once,

OF

consciousness

true

your

SPIRIT

THE

in truth
the

of
not

you
How

In

can

the

am

idea ?

or

self

hunting

hunting for my own

nothing about the far-off
am

the

mean

far-off stars

at

speak of them, I am identical with that remote

and deep thought of my
that already knows
the stars.
own
I study the stars, I am
When
trying to find out what I
To
be sure,
by them.
only experience can
really mean
tell me,
but that is because
only experience can
bring
into relation with
me
larger self. The escape from
my
ner
the prison of the inner self is simply the fact that the inself is through and through an
appeal to a largerself.
either inquires without
The
self that inquires,
meaning,
if it has a meaning, this meaning exists in and for the
or
all,as

larger self
Here

is
No

that
a

knows.

suggestionof

what

truth, I repeat, is

more

ism.
by SyntheticIdeal-

mean

familiar.

That

am

inquire into objectsbeyond me, what

it is
That
clearer fact could
be mentioned
?
only in case
real and
hidden
already I who, in deeper truth, in my
ture
thought,know the lost objectyonder,the objectwhose naI can
I seek
to
comprehend, that only in this case
the thing yonder,
this,as we must
assert, is
truly mean
always meaning

to

"

involved

in the

analysis of

it.

very
You

idea
can

of

meaning.
mean

what

That
your

is the

logical

deeper

self

REALITY

knows

cannot

you

To

know.

be

AND

what

mean

the

sure,

critical
the

think

to

that

they

Kant

themselves.

with

more

object,reallyknows

doubts

by aiming at a
larger self. Except for
Kant, I have
I

whether

long

as

that

truth

know

that

is

so

people

is

his

to

present

own

no

difference

doubt

about
The

enough.

So

it.

self that

object is identical with the larger self

the object,just as when
seek
the lost
you
with the self that possesses
already in essence

possesses
are

you

he

self,taught

true

my

an

the

means

do

to

it,unless

at

it makes
in

it,that

really mean

for

see

nothing

it,or aims

objects. And
a
thing or am

no

this most

nobody really means

unity of

the

n't

who, despite his things in

us

so

have

does

Few

than

common

it was,

it,or

of

belongs elsewhere.

themselves, first showed

does

illustration

objects that

mean

self

deeper

your

complete

insightof idealism
familiar.
Nothing is

373

IDEALISM.

that
idea
the

lost idea.

In

I suggest to you

this way

analysisof the logic of our

would
give for the doctrine
Self,and

one

Cromwell's
off

its

be in

You

or

and

moon,

of
you

all
such

be

it,can't

meaning
one

most

thought

stars

of

or

of

relation

all alike
another

one

fixed

is but

there

we

are

of

or

the

far-

thought

my

to

character, that unless

that

doubt

even

larger self

one

to

address

hosts

your

of

fact
of

you

nature,

heaven,
not

you

world

For

You,

its existence.
with

the

even

whatever

is meant

witli

intend
you

by

you

else

beings.

most

along

along

or

me,
outer

as

larger self along with

remote

all the

find

the

The

beauty. Else could

objectsbeyond you.

will

of

rigid

objectare parts of one larger thought,

meaning that object yonder, can't even

part of

part of

are

of

world

which

talk

we

which

its

instance,are
even

in the

insist,this curious

about

error

or

future.

be

even

I can't

and

thought and

I can't

for

the

objecthas,

the

whether

character
of

aeons

that

proof

commonplace

most

it is his world

that

truly meaning,

the

terious
mys-

with

the

all truth
to

speak

speak
as

of

just

374
world.

your

becomes

the

must

of life

is,

What

"

of

doubtful.

no

finite is

the

when

confused

who

us,

before
dark
and

most

are

has

whom

forgot is

in whom

and

who

near,

thinks

less

that

truth.

is

supposition
pre-

why

obscure, dark,

the
problem-solver,
we

ignorant,the

eternal

all

only

actuallythe

what

present

the

unity

And

or

future

one

And

to

mean

who

one

himself

even

in

unity,

truth, all distant

to

moment,

the

whole

of

cludes
in-

whom

and
far

nature,

and

things,the Logos, the world-possessor,

existence,I say, is perfectlysure.
are

his

only

in

is

knows

world

the

is clear

truth

more

solution,

deepest problem

"

in

doubt.

who

one

past and

all

deeper self?

Self,the

Infinite

The

of.

aware

deepest

your

it forthwith

question, your

nonsense

self that knows

hypothesis. It

complete thinker,
we

mere

be

and

problem, whose

your

is this

Everything
Only the

PHILOSOPHY.

unknowable,

and

own

This, I insist,is

say:

the

be

is,It is the

answer

MODERN

unknowable,

problem

larger self

of

Talk

your

unless

OF

SPIRIT

THE

all

"

v.

I must

out
confidentlywithlittle more
a
analysisand exemplification.Let me
When
in a slightly
different way.
a
put the whole matter
believes that he knows
man
a fact beyond
any truth about
his present and
thought, what is the position,
momentary
with reference
We
he gives himself
?
to that fact, which
He
believes
first answer,
that one
who
must
reallyknew
his, the thinker's, thought,and compared it with the fact
the two.
yonder, would
perceive the agreement between

Yet

not

state

Is this all,however,

the

that

outcome

the

believer

thus

holds

to

be

true

of

thought ? No, not so, for he holds not only

that his thought,as it is,agrees
with some
fact outside his
present self (as my thought,for instance, of my toothache
with
the fact
neighbor's
yonder called my
may
agree
the
with
toothache), but also that his thought agrees
of

his

fact

own

with

which

it meant

to

agree.

To

mean

to

agree,

376

THE

transcends

wholly

PHILOSOPHY.

self

present momentary

my

is of such

real relation

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

curious

that

nature

this

and

only a larger

self which

ing
consciouslyreflected upon my meanand
consciouslypossessed the object that I mean,
the realityof the relation.
ever,
could know
or
If, howgrasp

inclusive

this

sounds, and

the

real

be

is

relation

real

all the

/or somebody.
relation

If, then, my

in

already

are

colors,

real.

sense

some

of

truth, this complex relation

the

to

like the

fore
things of which we spoke beBare
are
nothing.
possibilities

other

Really possiblethings

it must,

one,

conforming to it,when the object,

meant
although at this moment
by me, is not now
present
to my
thought, if this relation is genuine,
momentary
render
and yet is such as only a possible larger self could
be real in
then my
intelligible,
possiblelarger self must
meaning

object and

an

"

order

that

self

momentary

my

in

should

fact

the

possess

question. Or, in briefest form, The relation of

conforming one's thought to an outer
by
object meant
this thought is a relation which
Larger
only a Reflective
truth

in

Self

could

larger self
So
has

to

Under

the

the

his

fact

in

should

that

had

one

real, the

is

momentary

and

relation
as

able

same

His

lies in

he
even

the

thereto,

in

blunder

real relation

to

is the

actual
but

random,

with.

agree

Only

possible?

of

its

meaning,

does

so

far

ignorant

self.

that

truth
even

he

the

so

about
truth

for

object

believes,

blunderer,

does, the fact yonder, in order

to

one

now

some

to

error

own

that

But

at

meant

virtue

far, in the
error

is

believes

taken

fact

any

thought,by

real

be

one

real

reallymeaning,
he

with

not

believer,meaning

true

be

when

case

circumstances, then,

one's

transcend

must

one

what

case

relation

beyond the moment.

is actuallyin error
about
and finite thought. Error

agree,

just

the

truth

momentary

failure
with

when

case

of his

As

then, for the

much,

If

real.

real, too.

grasped

the

in

is

find

or

grasp

as

that

it,must

be, in

the

believer.

missing that conformity

true

with

the

meant

so

REALITY

which

objectat

and

really mean

moments

the

and

moment

larger self finds

of

him

be

to

in

far

so

true

far

so

in

as,

such

are

both

as

True

so.

both

the

cases,

virtue

by

of

same

carried

are

on

false

being organic

larger, critical,reflective,and

error,

thinking alike involve, then, the

and

less,however, did he

the

and, therefore, is he in

conditions, in

fundamental

377

IDEALISM.

None

really aim

false

and

thinking

parts

aimed.

his real and

because

in

he

AND

conscious

so

self.
To

sum

an

that

were

to

present
and

completing

The

meaning.
that

decide

could
the

whether

stand

in

such

this conscious
should

of

relation

what

Self

and

meaning

define,

can

and

so

of

the

confirm

as

one

or

test,
fore,
Therewhich

moment

its

and

object

refute, the opinion that

to
or

thus

external

no

the

it

observe,

or

moment

or

opinion

diately
imme-

moment.

any

is outside

Really

of true

case

at

of

thereto

momentary

objectis

an

do

and

moment,

present

is meant

inclusive

either

myself recognize

Reflection

contains.
in

mean

is meant

complete,
moment

merely foreign observer,

upon

only a

means,

relation

what

when

object do I speak
that object. Never

no

fulfilling
my

No

constitute.

Of

me,

conscious

only

could

truly,unless
object,unless
the objectin

falselyor
mean

far

so

up

mean

in

an

case

object, then,

of false

opinion,

reflective test of
of such
a
possibility
of a larger self.
one's meaning from
the point of view
tive
But to
that a reflecsay, My relation to the objectis such
larger self,and only such a reflective and inclusive
the object,is to assert
fact,
a
self,could see that I meant

involves

real

the

existent

relation,an

truth

for

nobody,

self,inclusive
Our

whole

of

or

the

idealistic

is

for

truth
and

moment,

an

this discussion, has

been

must

be

facts for

and

and

that

somebody,

are
possibilities

to

can't

the
be

either

its

from
effect
facts

is

reflective

actual

critical of

analysis, however,

of

bare

world, that

in the

truth

meaning.
ning
begin-

the
that

for

facts

Dobody,

reallyimpossible. Hence

378

THE

OF

SPIRIT

MODERN

believes, whether

whoever

the

beyond
reflective

immediately present
with

relation

his

conscious

and

the

about
falsely,

truly or

of

moment

PHILOSOPHY.

to

belief,is

organic part

an

largerself

that

has

itself,and

has

them

erring or

truthful

objects

those

of

objects
organic

in

self that

momentary

believes.
and

Belief, true
of doubt

follows

such

to

as

larger
meant
by

self
me

the

has

doubt.

To

the

not

been

of

normal

so,

which
But

life

far

so

beyond

the

in
has

would
all

be

beyond

Doubt

meant.

definite

once

doubt, the

supposes
pre-

real

analysis,the realityof the

the object concerning
possesses

that

and

at

to

one

ever

all,there

doubting
already

of

most

himself

whether

moment

that
one

confines

doubt

to

as

extreme

despairing

most

object

doubts.

one

if,passing to the

one's
one

last

self-consciousness

same

ledge
particular know-

my

be

to

it is

the

the

far,no
at

in

object

objectbeyond, when

supposed
in

to

it the

involve

anything

some

then, whenever
and
possibility,

to

inclusion

the

as

inclusion

my

itself,then, is,so

doubt

to

nature

object had

would

I meant

case

objectsbeyond
of error"
"possibility

involve

doubt

the

about

the

Truth

whether

and

moment,

examined,

directlypresent

inclusion

doubt

to

doubt

wrould

I doubt.

The

about
the

Error

that
as

rational

merely

To

once.

objects.

inclusion.
of

at

self is to admit

momentary

my

false,having been

one's

and stating
skepticism,
uncompromising doubt,
the prison of the inner
does
mean
any object
final consideration

transcend

to

power

transcended

the

comes

the

moment,

the

justas

ment,
mowe

possible
following Hegel's analysis.1 To say, It is imof my
to
mean
any object beyond this moment
of all
th" measure
is for itself
thought,and the moment
to
give a meaning to the words
things,"is at all events
this moment.
And
this moment
means
something only in
in saying this
Yes, even
opposition to other moments.

found

in

"

See,

in the

lecture

on

Hegel,

pp.

204-207.

REALITY

I have

moment,

that

mean

can

one

already

give

to

the

within

one

Flee

by

is confined

by

where

We

in

exist

only

alone

is,and

relation

they

are

in its

And

such

Nay,

were

be

truth

Their

of

there
?

thingsbe
whom

these

there
truths
their

and

in the

I have

at

the

wondered

he who

that

to

the whole

the

wonders

they

or

Can

error

there

be

unities

of

moments

their

not

false

manifoldness
real ?

be

these

not

Self for

real

selves

separate

If

thoughts

inclusive

related,
interof

organism

in the

mean

these

not

or

the

its

to

space

reflectively,
Self,organically,

one

of

all the

selves, and

so

of all

allself,Logos, problem-solver,

this

previous

as

all in

larger Self

truth

these

true, these

last,but

called

questioned

as

at

The

this Self.

of

more

once

Consider, then,
In

we

not

is,then,

knower.

we

thickets

world-order, would

consciouslyinclusive
truth.

the

meaning

have

they

such, would

were

snares
en-

it,organic parts of it.

of

varietyabsorbed

meaning

There

in

no

relations, would

be

to

presence.

objects

places

then,

moment

are

beyond.

unity

many

fall

largerSelf

the

have

objects of possible true

not

rational

the

Their

distinct

so, must

reason

is

ment,
mo-

to

organic selves, mutually separate

and

moments

by

the

to

as

now,

many

the

the

case,

the

moments

they

overshadowing

of

net

The

it remains

They perish,but

every

imprisoned

to

"

moment

finitude.

and

moments

as

In

deny

to

is meant

meaning

one's

tangled labyrinth.

themselves, for

only

one's

ing
mean-

phrase beyond

meaning.

lost

are

the

anything

will,then, the

we

us.

of its

this

transcend

must

which

of

scope

that

deny

to

beyond

"

am

Moreover,

the

to

and

moment,

moment.

object

meaning

this

past

an

then

and

one

of

379

IDEALISM.

left

already

speaking

and

AND

last

lecture

we

seeming
and

beginning
is like him

all,his relation

of

world

time,

and
who

doubted

the

as

end

doubts,

to

things ;

many

of the
nature

of

lems.
prob-

to

outer

order;

and

tilings.

lias

lution,
evo-

Now

his wonder

380

rationalityabout

any

he

in the

moment

solution

who

just

real

The

is

of

in

as

which

contain

which

all

of

only thing

it is

Self.

supreme

it is at

conscious

This

the

than

we

that

and

finite

one

every

thought
the

Loo-os.

that

of
flits

faintest
not

is

lutely
Abso-

science.
this

first about

its

world,

and

no

child's

care

embody

is self -reflecting
of

wreck

itself,

and

chaos

insight dwells,
least

mind,
maiden's

the

definitely

aware

Yet

majesty.
is

to

it includes

more

knowledge

eternal

where
some-

scends
tranreflectively

and

seeming

are

known

are

it possesses

the

There

of

problems

therefore, since

is

through

contain

facts

There

us.

of

work

person,

supreme

line

What

inform

can

all its

Beyond

us.

is n't unreal.

mind.

mysteries

what

and

of.

private consciousness,

for what

problems,

in absolute

made

are

world

and
infinitely

least

are

consciousness

still does

yond
be-

rational, orderly,essentially
intelligent,

Self

very

knowledge,

with

Self

the

to

our

the

consciousness, and

our

from

ters
mat-

are

the

from

sure

solved, all its darkest

our

past,

world.

ideas

as

universal

an

comprehensible, so

of

in the

of

But

anticipatethe

can

is that

however,

things.

world

is the

stuff

only experience

that

the

but

the

beginning

these

appeals

meaning.

time

energy

he

possess

has

point of

he

necessarilypresent

infinitelybeyond

it is the

magic

us,

must

problem

world's

within

naught,

possesses

because

no

is

extends

it is to

self

which

wonderer,

solving truth;

any

is

As

time, the real

world, then, is such

Thought
It

the

about

all-comprehending self-completed moment,

one

The

and

means,

the

his

anything by

mean

That

at

truth

truth, and

of

he

and

was

of

he

this

as

space

matter

PHILOSOPHY.

constitution.
not

surely

as

become

to

that

solve.

can

nature

things, where
what

Does

possesses

self

the

to

it ?

its real

has

wonders,

MODERN

truth

the

Then

doubt

OF

SPIRIT

THE

it is

most

or

that

or

not

far

transient
troubles

face, and

something

fore,
there-

that

of this divine

LECTURE

AND

LAW

PHYSICAL
DESCRIPTION

We

gazing

ye
world

the

unity

of

the

indeed

business

world

free

and

energy

evolution

place

moral

is

still

does
that

These

In

order

idealism

physical
questions,

is hard

and

still

of

it
his

in

between

the

what

world

it have

the

of
entific
sci-

truths

as

doctrine

where

finite

technically

called

the

exposition

Is

us

ultimate

The

sense

of

Is

?
a

this

man's

mechanism,

matter

dry.

it

the

world

before

for

Logos

calls

are

idealistic

physical

nervous

And

science

is

or

has
of

upon
us

seem

precise

real

such

sense

is

recognize

philosophical cosmology,
them

and

And

assures

And

upon

the

what

place

universe

dependent

science

time

what

this

Our

comment

is with
In

What

causality,

in

idle

rigid necessity,

ideals

matter
a

empirical

truth

of

one

lieving
misbe-

and

it shall

that

lecture

in

and

and

rationality

interpreting.

an

all

converted.

idealism

order.

outer

into

things.

present

space

of

notions

mind

the

spiritual

and

world

of

in

world

true

of

of

but

anything

the

of

interpretation

the

mind

been

pret
inter-

to

go

unspiritual

but

interpret

to

so

this

the

as

Galilee, why

must

of

have

gazing,

connectedness

general

is this

shall

world

of

We

most

OF

trying

men

"

the

of

Ye

"

gospel

the

of

that

ordinary

The

until

phenomena

it is hard
the

the

of

business

heaven

preach

is not

business

into

truth,

the

the

to

WOELD

APPRECIATION.

notion

experience.

up

and

of

to

of

OF

general

Logos,

facts

the
stand

the

the

THE

"

WORLD

THE

from

of

universe

FREEDOM:

AND

return

XII.

mind

must

tion
connec-

and

problems
The

us.

of

as

the

of

study

of

necessity

382

THE

in

be

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

PHILOSOPHY.

in
placesextremelyintricate*

some

aphoristic.The

dogmatic and
and

even

shall attack the

from

; but

one

far too

be unexpected,
may
fashion wherein
we

outcome

The
light-giving.
will be
undertaking

the traditional

others

step be guidedby the lessons of

our

in

ferent
respectsdif-

some

shall stillat every

historical lectures.
we

I.

Despiteour

and
idealism,

idealism,the world
what

The

answer

truth,a world
not

of

We

is truth

to

our

us, in

genuinely

asked, What sort of a ivorld is it f

has been, It is a world of outer
and ideal
have

of mind.

that involves

one

because of

even

experienceis to appear
at least the outward
aspectof a

as
follows,

real world.

in fact

beyond

his

The
or

own

doctrine

of the idealist is

encourages
any doubt that there
A
and finiteselfhood.
private

often repeated
to idealism,
popularand trivial objection
istic
each finite idealby critics who comprehendit not,accuses
in this his finite self than
thinker of believing
more
in anybody or anythingelse. But, on
the contrary, as
have seen, it is onlythe idealist who has a reasonable
we
account
to giveof his faith in outer truth,and of his own
relation thereto.
of the transcendent

This

outer

truth is for him

the content

of the Logos,of whom

personality
fragmentarysuggestion.As I

our

have
experienceis a
pointedout elsewhere,in the book to which I have already
notion
the common-sense
referred,it is justthe popular,
of external reality,
for which the outer world is a bare
mere
a
postulate,
assumption.1Only idealism,
practical
1

If the history
Religious
Aspect of Philosophy,
pp. 304-305.
of
of popularspeculation
be
how much
these
could
written,
on
topics
ural
cowardice
be found in the behavior of the natand shuffling
would
external
dost thou know
mind before the question: ' How
an
world ?
Instead of simply and plainlyansweriug, I mean
by the
external world in the first placesomething that I accept or demand,
that I posit,
postulate,
actuallyconstruct on the basis of sense-data,'
"

"

'

the natural

'

man

givesus

all kinds of vague

compromiseanswers.

384

THE

OF

SPIRIT

MODERN

is,that from

sionallyacceptableanswer
of

view, the

object
self

of

order, in

outer

science, is simply

is

as

abiding,and

not

The

between

contrast

the

of

the

the

in

permanent

inner

and

to

our

is

outer

between

and

momentary.

generally

the

transient

What

experience.

outer

of the

universal

are

the

contrast

our

it is the

as

experience,and

our

aspects that

the

point

truth

and
merely private,fleeting,

recognized,in fact, as
and

least

at

much

so

human

our

far

so

revealed, through

consciousness, in

finite

PHILOSOPHY.

sists
per-

in

real
experience,must, we say, correspond to some
In this sense
truth beyond our
call a
we
privateselves.
dream
all the
unreal, because
dream-people and the
when
awake.
the
On
other
we
dream-objects vanish
call the matter
of physicalnature
hand, we
real, because
its quantity appears
to be
unchangeable, in so far as our
this quantity. For
to measure
us
a
experience enables
Professor
Tait
similar
it is that
has
reason
frequently
tain
argued that from the physical point of view the two cerrealities

of

the

order

outer

and

matter

are

energy

being distinguishedvery decidedlyfrom what

these
sor
called force). For
is technically
two, says Profesof
Tait, are
throughout the whole
permanent
range
all events,
whether
scientific
at
experience. But
any
(the

latter

given theory

be

may
indeed

to

to what

as

say,

reality is

for

us

or

outset, that

the

mortals

elements

permanent

correct

proves
at

the

that

no,

the
which

it

seems

in experience
fair

very

the outer
objective,
is experienced as

enduring.
Yet

permanence,

as

such, is

not

the

only

character

of

There
is another
character,
realitythat we call outer.
that is of still deeper
closelyassociated with permanence,
meaning. We are accustomed, namely, to distinguishthe
inner from
the outer
by saying that their contrast is that
finite consciousness, or only
between
what
one
only some
the

certain
in

limited
their

number
relative

of
and

such

consciousnesses

fleetinglife

of

rience,
expe-

limitations,

PHYSICAL

which

that

and

in

share

pleasure,in
of

all

That
far

so

must

as

here

contains

Self

has

fact, but

the

pleasure
to

You

thus

bounded

in time

bit of

and

feels and

life but

But

inner life
under

such,

as

the form

selves and

On
when

think

by

and

the

that

virtue
with

in the

finite and

yours

nor

three

and

time, if indeed

our

human

(and

truth

for all of us,

of

men,

universe, be
the
1

realityof
An

far

he

as

of

our

the

real
one

fragment
of

facts

he

far

our

is conceived

various

finite

merely
like

such

are

To

facts

the

than

say

your

of

the

numbers,

or

is to doubt
that,

dweller

and

of

quently
conse-

time

and

space

vealed
things, re-

these

through

life),are

inner

intelligentbit

space

seemings of

feelingsand
and

that

So

universal

then, that

not
a

not

is neither

us.

mere

that

and
and

mean,

words

the

five, I

make
mine

for all of

more

say,

archangel

say

of

is truth
are

that

and

numbers,

together

truth

through

are

of

think

sense

is to

space

objectormay

so

to be

even

No

as

have

have

us.

are

view,

for every

but

true

you

through

in

two

present truths.

mine

us

The

must

feelingsthat
to

that

of

point

so

in

can

and

of

they

real
objectively
though they

are

me

the
feelings,

our

individual

mine, but

ever

Self

absolute

order

and

works

now

reference

but

in

that

limitations

indeed

yours,

self,like

life in

only

hand, I

other

think

and

me

of life.

moments

the

his

are

That

in

only.

experience,we
of

is his.

and

true

bit

only in so far forth

ing
nothing directlyconcern-

know

organic communion
Spirit. It is he who
our

time.

only

it here

It is true

mine.

of

or

pain, but

or

and

of

the

pain

changing

first,exists

of

they
pain

as

I feel

am,

finite and

contains

another

are

I
feelings,

far

so

moments

for the

You

me.

your

these

world

that

he is limited
it.

The

else.

nobody

this

am

to

pleasureor pain, then,

in

385

FREEDOM.

is,in itself considered, just my

self, bound

AND

experience,in
rationality.As I now

common

pleasure.

or

LAW

only

self

for all

in all the
To

in Mars.

yet

doubt

just this opinion.1

if this account

of

the

nature

of

outer

386

far it is n't

This

them.

it is

Our

other.

does

that

between

life has

truth

in

far

When

one

be

in

objector will ask)

is real ?

matter

called
of

modern

of

of

of

physical

take

it to be.
is

although

of

the

is the

two

make

versal, we

of

that

each

may

sense

shall

law

see

of

they
call

law

as

deals
that

arithmetical
later.

our

his

the

very

laws

of

law

far

is n't

reason,
are

more

prioriand

of

private

that,

nicable,
commu-

that

three

theorem, is

gravitation ;
far

world

the

principle

this

as

feelings, but

binomial

sure,

positivists

it is the

complex

more

be

of

laws

forth

feelings,has

the

principle as
with

so

of

always
To

far

stractions,
ab-

are

are

so.

shared, that

this sense,

is the

is

themselves

truth, in

through

In

are

physical

they

as

is

proposition

arithmetic

intelligences;

be

us

such

have, for
the

of

far

(so

arithmetic,

This

so

But

of what

merely

are

be

in which

of

laws

experience

who

would

proposition

in

laws

the

can

aspect.

five, or

last-mentioned

sense

consciousness, like

genuinely physical a

what

many

world

momentary
to

same

our

for all finite

lasts,and

the

because

what

lecture,

physics.

abstractness.

the

true

are

is not

universal

reality,ajnd
In

It

revealed
an

as

world

that

property

and

and

earlier

the

sent
pre-

individuals.

of

Numbers,

But

facts.

public property

truth

and

be

laws

that

beach.

may

and

generally,

unreal, because

indeed

physical world,

truth

mathematics

fully accept.

physical

the

the

of

that

it

as

physical

the

familiar

and

outer

number

philosophy

peculiar simplicity

are

the

in

is

the

on

of

in

the

such, the

as

laws

real

It

answer,

and

positivism

number

numbers

are

and

far

so

the

than

sense

positivism

geometry,

truths

to

means

other

no

hand,

one

consciousness

provisionallyaccepted,

even

objectivelytrue
the

it

as

and

experience on

something
and all intelligent
moments
questions,as we did in an

so

the

distinguish

moments

relates

finite consciousness

for any

truth

of

see.

separate

aspect in

our

to

permanent

the

of

contrast

yet

to

us

the

its inner
of

to

enable

fleetingelements

finite

have

us

experience on

just individual, the truth

breaking of just our waves
our

enables

between

this

philosophy,we

is

But

Whether

that

of

private and

the

provisionalcontrast

is that

contrast

PHILOSOPHY.

outer.

of

one

elements

universal

the

contrast

orders, but

two

this

last word

the

expresses

MODERN

us,

and

order

inner

the

OF

is,then, for

There

So

SPIRIT

THE

and

save

that

concrete

limited

scope.

absolutely uni"

PHYSICAL

the world

whether

"

of

stars, the world

of

world

this

out

of

truth

it is

which

with

yet whether

to

think

of

the

this

that

be, one's

to

seems

we

have

men

human

us

of

Mars

and

would

in

count,

of when

playing

not
came

look

we

and

laws

sense,

do

is what

stars

know

they

case

other

no

the

all

those

can

we

forms

the

in

of

after

are

think

to

and

world

the

not, in

we

as

But

five.

would

that

us

archangels

other

to

add, they will all agree

make
or

truth
with

the

can

two

Therefore,

we

If

to

been

feelings,a

would

same

whether

the

with

of
we

it seems,

pebbles

"

beach."

the

on

the

whether

it

necessarilybe present
in the same
form
as
intelligences

stars, agree

doubt
and

that

they

truth.

is what

interpreted our

three

as

the

we

present

that

us

spiralsand streams
and of the
consolidatingmatter

Is this world

inhabitants

if the

at

as

human

than

of

387

FREEDOM.

interwoven

energy,

questionmeans
thinking

the

AND

"

down

running

LAW

in.

What

then,

want,

we

of what

is

objectivity.Each
mentary

of

and

ways

is

us

fuller

ment
state-

provisionalcriterion of
less frag'or
thinking in more
this

in

implied

order, is

in

next

We

moments.

want

some

of

means

the essentially
privatein our thoughtsfrom
distinguishing
the permanent, the public,and the universal.
Our effort to define
such a criterion must
begin in an
If I am
and
dealing
simple fashion.
extremely naive
with
neighbor,and he says that he has experiences
my
which

truth, and

for outer

stand

privatefeelings,
my
shall

put

me

that

something

If he
for

real

and

idea, and
to

be

shown

heavens

sees

outer

I
it.

to which

get these

can

doubt

to

merely

his

that

he

demand

experiences,too,

or

both

that

he

sees

If, looking towards

he

n't

are

recognize as similar experiences.

rainbow, and regards it as standing
tive
objectruth, as being essentiallyan

shall

we

is
disposition

first

where

which

points,I

see

that

the
the
to

rainbow,

ask

quarter of the
which

readily

388

THE

apply the same

point of view of
seeing the same

SPIRIT

OF

name,

I moved

and

to

our

of

this

shall

however,

close

very

erelong
his

we

to

rainbow

and

both

are

critical

and

prove

the

from

servation
ob-

both,

us

mine

do

as

not

place,with reference
other
aware
objects. If we become
bow
rainfirst begin to differ as to whose
apparent

same

may

and

real one,

that

sense,

about, that

fact, we

is the

common

rainbow.

preciselythe
experiencesof

occupy

PHILOSOPHY.

quickly convinced,

am

untutored

would,
he

MODERN

later, with

instruction, we

proper

just because an essential character

of the visible
rainbow, namely, its seeming place in the
of the things upon
world
whose
are
realitywe
already
self
itof the point of view, the rainbow
agreed, is a matter
have
must
a
decidedly different sort of physical
to

come

from
objectivity

that
and

instance, trees
So

that

see

objectivityis

of

test

human

our

for

objects,say,

mountains.

far, then, the

similarityof

other

possessed by

experiences when

the

apparent

two

more

or

This
ever,
howsimilarity,
given circumstances.
is critically
examined
by comparing, as far as possible,
that we
the accounts
can
give to one another of the
the
relations
objects of our
amongst
experience. In
other words, the test of objectivity
is,so far, permanence
and community of ideas, and the test of the
permanence
and
of the descripcommunity of ideas is the sameness
tion
that we
relations
of the
another
can
give to one
of

in

are

us

the

amongst
Here

at

various
once

parts of

privateexperience.
important distinction in

our

an

appears

private experiences themselves.

are

complex,

very

in ways

moment
one

interest

just that
science
The

we

and

that

distinction

embody

take

in

describable,and

what

them

which

is the

it introduces
is

is

us,

whole
in

one

they

moment

privatemood.
brings to pass

the

interest

to

come

from

us

just our
which

upon

This
that

they

they interest

distinction

depends.

As

our

to

But
for

us

natural

of

describingthem.
what

between

only appreciable.As

my

is

expe"

PHYSICAL

said
to

to

comes

rience

at

me

appreciate it

to

me

so.

or

so

and

pleasure

pain

in

value

for me,

of worth

it

I hate

marked,
that

my

colors

That

it.

Or

experience

has

an

Tastes

An

tially
essen-

for
have

me
one

electric shock

cious
Ley den jar is appreciated as a peculiar and atrointerruptionof all other trains of feeling,such that
different
painful value is surely,but inexpressibly,
that of all other experiences. Such
elementary and

from

its
from

personalinterests in the passing moment,

few
dumb
appreciations,have in them
whereby

with
of

the

shall hear

and

essentially

elements

or

have

we

none

them

in

Real

call

For

on.

the

moment

we

are

able,
elementary appreciationsindescrib-

our

stances
characteristic inthe most
as
regard them
privateand individual experience,which reveal

to

of

merely wie
objective.
On

later

something

disposed to

no

such

ing
sympathy, real sharmost
elementary appreciationsthere may
of such, in case
significance
they exist,we

of the

and

or

neighbors.

our

even

whether

test

can

we

common

be

again,where
is

another.

be

is,it feels

still there

feeling.

own

namely,

may,

fashion.

or

my

389

FREEDOM.

moment,

some

n't

are

regarded just as

sort

AND

any

like

indescribable
when

LAW

the

es

uns

other

Muthe

zu

hand,

ist,not

there

what

certain

are

called

be

can

of

elements

our

How
regard as describable.
my own
I pick it
it from
hat feels when
amongst a large
up, taking
of hats in a dimly lightedcloak-room, is something
number
hat by the feel
that I can
only appreciate. I know
my

experience which

of

it when

On

pick it

other

left side of the room,

ten, these

are

describe.

them.

have,

it I can't tell you.

I know

How

up.

hand, that I find my hat hung a peg higher

the right or the
I myself left it,that
it is hung on

the

than

we

just as

experiences that
tell you,

can

I hold
whether

that

them
he

to

be

felt about

so

pretend

say,

struck

it the clock

T took

to

just what

able

be

mean

to

by

experiencesthat anybody might

my

hat

as

do,

or

did

not.

390
Now

the

an

describe

makes

experience describa-

an

The
concerning its nature.
experience,just in so far forth as
reproducibleat pleasureby the person

describable, is
can

PHILOSOPHY.

facts

two

is that

MODERN

that

character

ble, involves
fact

OF

SPIRIT

THE

For

it.

him, indeed,

the

is

of his

involves

man's

the

character
for

description
viated
complete or abbre-

the

permit
themselves

under

technicallysay,
exjDerience. By forms
involved

ideas

we

those

were

of

of

or

space

extensive

which

consisted

different
one

Forms

or

of

that
far

does

or

resembled

the

of

shape, or
at

mean

one

ings
feel-

our

of

tion.
dura-

present the

what

feelings,of

many

teristics
charac-

experience

is,that

say, that

we

as

Categoriesof

or

that

to

us

moment

any

general types, or,

time
size

enable
one

of

content

that,in

feelings

amongst

or
feelings,
again,of feelingsthat

another, or

we

like

differed

rienced
expeor

of

from
in

another, in quantityor

categoriesused in
Here
is no
work
of physical science.
merate
place to enuOur
to explain them.
or
meaning at present is
the formless
and
uncategorized experience,in so
from
it is such, appears,
our
sional
as
present and proviwhich
point of view, a merely private appreciation,

quality.
the

of

fact is

second

By categoriesof experiencewe
characteristics

within

such, has

as

experiencewe mean
by saying that our

express

of

the

either

of

relations

certain

fall under

more

which

The

describe

to

us

he

has

moment

describable,

of permanence.
the

As

partialinterpretation
before
recognizedas a

we

The

unity of consciousness,

-which
must

which

truth.

outer

sort

to

moment

Here, already,is

permanence

of

one

us

life.

from

who

ing
reproduction. The feeldescriptionalready
; the

moment

communication

own

of

the

to

the

over

power

confined

was

own

it is

of

act

less
or
always a voluntary and more
reproduction of the experience described.
thus reproduces for the purpose
of description,
he
sense

first

not

There

are

reveal

outer

many

other

such

truth, while

sharplycategorizedexperience is

in

the

well

so

far

formed

and

regarded

as

392
vealed

through
has,

ever,

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

experience in

our

far

so

MODERN

in

; and

account

of the
facts

that

But

indescribable.

are

sort.

Thus

soon

the

objectivetruths
facts

limitations.
ordinary human
science is the
descriptionof the

The

With

And

the real is

such

far the

so

stances
in-

tive
objecwho

us

business

world

"

ence."

and

thing for

same

live under
natural

found

not

far describable
the

indeed

provisionaland

have

we

as;

this
of

far

so

It may

universal.

some

pretty much

mean

how-

form,

discussion, approved itself

our

as
public property, as
objective,
shall need
be that we
to modify

tentative

describable

of

of

'

experi-;

describable.

provisionaldefinition

of

the

real in

mind,

appreciations,
glance back at the world of the mere
The
the contrast
defined.
noblest
and
to bring out
now
the most
and
stupid appreciations,it would
seem,
may,
in many
do alike exemplify this formless
and uncatecases
gorized character of the merely privateand so far illusory
experience. On the other hand, the most
artistically
fact in what
call nature, the physicalthing
worthless
we
let

us

that

appreciateleast
exemplify,in so far as
we

this

universal

and

it is

character, this conformity

this presence

in space

to

rules

of

scription,
de-

sion
time, this submis-

in

and

worth, will

fact, this definable,

outer

an

least

of

regard as

which
natural
science
categories,
together make
in both
far to be
so
cases
possible. The reasons
appear
What
is describable
is as such
ones
alreadypointed out.
it
for what
who
knows
it once
public property. A man
to

its characters,
think
out
keeps his wits, can
of its element.*,
mentally reproduce the relationships
tell his neighbor about
feel tolerablysure
it,and can
if
being got into the right place in
any intelligent
world-order, he too would
experience something of

is,and
can

can

that
the
much

who

the

same

might
by

space

other

be.

and

types of

description,however
On

the

time

and

other

colored

hand, what

number

and

intelligent
experience,as

his inner
is nt

so

defined

quantity,and
to

have

ings
feel-

the

the
rela"

PHYSICAL

past, like the

tender

"

tears," whereof

idle

like

of

day

it is present

I know

"

393

FREEDOM.

is,first of all,when

grace

While

back.

not

comes

AND

its parts describable

tions of
is

LAW

is dead."

it is like

what

not

that

"

it

once

the

It

tears,

they mean."

It is

"

That

"

In

Fills the

faint eyes

The

radiant

And

leaves

When

in

with

looks
this

the

heard

beloved,

one

at the

visitation,
or

rarest

Of

which

sense,

of

no

of

spring

voice

youth alone,

fallingtears

which

dim

unbewailing flowers,

peopled

it returns

winds

earth

solitude

more."

The

merely appreciable, then, as such, is,in our human

world, notoriouslyfleeting. So with all the lovelythings
in Schiller's lines
"

Warum

bin

Macht

Alle

gingen
atoms,

they

sie weg,

real is to

tions

Zeus

too

survive.

So

The

f ragte die

Schonheit.

Vergdnglicheschcin

das

und

die Blumen

*s ;

vernahmen

Jupiter'sThron."

von

noble

far

thus

seem

emotions

to

of

be

realities,

youth

and

of

If, however, this provisionaldefinition of the

in any way
supplemented, and if the apprecia-

be

of eternal

become

to

are

desire,then

weinend

describable,

as

lovers die.

verganglich,0

dock, sagte der Gott, nur

Liebe, die Jugend, der Thau

die

and

"

dich

Und

The

ich

as
significance,

the

poets

it would
be
must
not
appreciations,
seem,
the appreciations
of merely temporal and transient beings,
but of some
being that himself does not live in moments,
mortals
earth do, but that appreciatesin eteras
nity,
we
on
that

or
"

as

Only

the

that

which

Schiller tells

speaking of
ones.

in

shares

us,

that

of

course

has

never
"

Or, again, the

such

eternal

an

been," in

alone

of

old."

time,
lie is

appreciablerealities,not of physical
ceived
enduring appreciationmay be con-

belonging to an immortal
loveliness of all passing moments
Sweet

spring, full

where

box

world

our

never

grows

soul, that

as

"

appreciation.

sweets

of sweet

"

days

and

compacted lie,

roses,

survives

the

394

music

My

OF

SPIRIT

THE

shows

MODERN

PHILOSOPHY.

have

ye

And

Only

"

Like

and

sweet

seasoned

But

the

though

soul

gives

never

whole

die.

all must

virtuous

timber

closes,

your

world
Then

turn

coal

to

chieflylives."

of such
free spiritsmight share
a community
finally,
together the lastingappreciation. But such eternal appreciation

Or

confessedly,for

is

Whether

ideal.

in

do

we

mortals, far

us

remains

appreciativeconsciousness

an

forms

be

to

an

of

partake

measure

any

much

too

such
and

seen,

phy.
deepestproblems of constructive philosohave
we
suggested to us, in this
moment,

of the

one

For

the

distinction

the

between

is

realitywhich

outer

describable,

appreciationwhich is unreal, one tragedy of

our
finitude, namely, that our
descriptiveconsciousness,
coldly and dispassionatelydevoting itself to the typical,
the
to
of our
structure
relativelyuniversal
experience,
and

the

inner

to

seems

seize

like

abiding,yes,
in

time, while,
often

moment

the

other

dear

so

for

that

very

and

the

atoms,

hand,

that

which

numbers

the

on

is

what

upon

to

fleeting. This
us,

and

facts

it is that

so

to

appears
"

So

nature

first,that
one

it

of well-knit
must

fantastic

and

be

Freund,

in

have

we

outer

and

order

We

universal

definite

of appreciation
vain

"

goldener Baum.'

seeking

come

as

to

ist alle Theorie,

of

provisional definition
order.

the

cold

so

be, after all,so

outer

the

often

world

griin des Lebens

our

of the

science

glowing

far, however,
of

makes
the

Grau, theurer
Und

makes

appreciableaspect, its
essentiallyprivate and

so

while
lifeless,

everlasting

its

us,

value, is indescribable, and

real,

reason

see

viewed

now,

by

for

the

the

quences
conse-

essential

plainer than
us

men

law, structure,

must

at

be

order, that

inde"
forms, subjectto categories,

PHYSICAL

pendent

of

be

ble it must

in order
to

appear

conditions

of

another.

In

395

FREEDOM.

describable.

in order

that

conscious

short, the

the

and

order

On

the

horizon

and

order

of

discussion, the

our

different
reality,
possiblein the logicalsense

conceivable
as

of

what

consider,

we
were

all the

call

may

and

of

of

as

of

all

ning
beginin

another

of

order, but

namely, the
Appreciation.
of

the

sort

ours,

of

our

on

appear,

natural

our

to

necessity.
description,and

intercourse

human

our

from

World

the

World

asa"

appear

to

notion

is

to

fixityof type.
there
already
may

hand

other

one

be, under

complete character

Description,"that, as such, is bound

experience as a world of permanence
and
Forms
categoriesare necessary
mean

of

content

natural

of

these

describa-

existence, communicable

outer

itself in its

begin to

we

And

life should

finite human

our

show

to

be

to

us

of

intelligentmoment

AND

caprices. All this,as

momentary

it must

see,

LAW

another

ity
realFor
sort,

lives

human

directly
appreciable by us together and at our
pleasure, then
of our
the world
accessible
truth would
have
quiteanother
of description. Conceive,
aspect from that of the world
namely, for the sake of argument, and as an ideal, of
of their common
relations
to
so
aware
beings who were
were

moments

our

"

the

Self

true

that

life

their

of an
one
togetherwas
that the experience of
so

communion,
spiritual
was

an

open
of

one

of

for them

beings

remind

who

having

to

ourselves

for us,

The

be

theory
of

words,

other

ceive
con-

mutually perfect mind-readers

would
world
be
highest spiritual
finite bondage, our
physical world

of

of such

truth

first

of what

truth, in the world

Hegelian type

our

soul."

In

them.

each

were

is not

order

characteristic

all of

Their

what, in

of many

without

for

another.

of the outer
soul

book

mate
inti-

we

world

of

"

of it would

one

be

undivided

universal,

abstractlydescribed.
learned

in

to

studying Hegel's

universals, the

would
spirits,
than of
universality,

Or,

be
the

community

of

of

the

rather

ordinary typo

396
of

THE

the

there
but

abstract

more

would

doubtless

The

PHILOSOPHY.

forms

such

n't

be

to

necessary

would

be

individual

experienceof each
organicallyrelated

directlyand
would

MODERN

and
universality. Forms
categories
be in the experienceof such beings,

necessityfor

the

kind.

It

OF

SPIRIT

the

to

another

would

there

experience of

it into

put

of

abstract

be
all.

shape

would
the
communicating it. Nor
appreciative
moment,
once
passed,be for each individual beyond recall,
it returned
no
leaving this peopled earth a solitude when
For
each
read
at
more.
spiritin that free world would
and
pleasurehis own
experienceas well as his
past mind
not
struct,
neighbor's,would
abstractlyand discursivelyreconbefore

but
whole
the

would

inner

would

and

there

objectof

should

stand

his

and

whole

outer

complete
In

exist.

all the
the

of

organic

one

the

of

his

order, by virtue

of

directlyacknowledge

such

form

course,
spiritualinterbecome
directly

of

would
thoughts of one man
his neighbor's thought. In
in the

of outer

presence

and

inner

of

order

an

would

be

such

in which
ultimate

no

which

intercourse

of

world

world

case

we

tinction
dis-

the

All

one.

significant.But, as such
appreciable,spiritual,
ditions
conappreciativemind-reading is under
ordinary human
denied
what
mean
we
by having common
us,
of things
nature
truth, and the same
objects,a common
present to us all,is expressibleonly by saying that in so
would

far

as

be

we

describe

can

experience,and

the

contents

communicate

of

of

moments

our

these

descriptionsthrough
imitative
speech, so
gestures, or through conventional
far and
further
does
to
to
us
no
our
experience appear
represent the permanent, the outer, the objective. And
"

hence, however
or
spirits,

however

wholeness, to

us

objectiveworld may
it ultimatelyappears

it must

appear,

for the

to

appear
to

the

first,as

Self
a

freer
in his

world

of

experience,that is,as a world

well-categorized
orderlyuniversality. For only orderly universalityis

formed
of

the

and

describable.

PHYSICAL

LAW

AND

397

FREEDOM.

IV.

I must

beg
this

of

course

distinct

as

of

elements

from

the

of

the

of

content

of

notion
As

that

which

that

have
jective,
ob-

ally
provisionthat

as

have

the

description

formed

World

the

which

defined

the

as

have

sional
provi-

of

Description."
sality,
Form, Categories,Univer-

has

"

have

describable, we

of

this world

We

We

being

as

have

men,

science,therefore,

experience.

it is

us

describe.

nature,

only

about

the

over

merely subjective

We

experience.

can

natural

of

business

more

private and

physicallyreal, for

experience and

we

the

human

our

defined

once

We
necessarily intricate argument.
define what
is meant
by the true and

tryingto

been

back

glance

to

you

asserted

be

descriptionmust

already

world

of

rigid

necessity.
On

the

other

hand, however,

what
thetically
would

be

It

"

as

would

him

to

present
of

suggested hypoof Appreciation might be.

It
the organic Self in his wholeness

World
such

have

community

share.
the

world

might
the

"

conceived
be

have

we

such

glance, or

mind-readers
spiritual

world

at

might

Universals

whose

as

of

were

It might be free from

Hegel defined.
the type of necessitythat our
order
of nature
possesses.
It might be a world
altogetherinspired by appreciative
ideals ; and yet it would
be a world
of objectivetruth, for

type

each

that

individual

find the

But

in

others

now

of

must

we

that

yet by

more

closelythe
seen,

This

of

foreign facts.

not

from

"

everybody knows,

science

which
assumes

we

the

suggests
must

that

the

little
as

we

moves.

next

world,

science

human

realitywe

study

must

description,

empirical
to

hypotheticalsuggestion

the

appreciation,whose

actual

our

philosophical
problem
as

of

it,would

of

moment

verified, and

world

in which

world

of

means

no

yet

back

turn

world

conscious

and

outer

as

have

have

it,each

well-known
refer.

ence,
Sci-

physicalworld

398
is

SPIRIT

THE

the

where

one

and

uniform,

OF

law

MODERN

of

causation

where, in

Now

valid.

these

by

comes

Hume's

it is

doubts

about

innate

the

priori principles,

ence
problem how empirical sciremember
a yirioriprinciples. You
the
sary
originalof our idea of neces"

remember

of

Categories."

the

controversy

Kant's

remember

Now

in

day many
science, followingmore
or

the

inclined

more

over

Transcendental

"

to

agree

"

axioms

been

have
of

account

an

upon

dents
stu-

our

philosophy of
unconsciouslyin the footstepsof Kant,
and

called

old

an

You

the

is

nature

been

have

and

ideas.

Deduction
of

obvious

You

connection."

rules, where

general, what

axioms, namely, certain

are

PHILOSOPHY.

less
more

the

nature

that

questionably
myself regard as unis still
the right track, although there
on
in developing this view in all its details.1
much
to be done
ence
According to this view the one postulateof physical sci-

of

these

so-called

is that

real

the

in

and

the

of

whether

so

In

order

to

appear,

to

forms

these

ence
experi-

our

are

must

events

time, because

of

conscious

our

be
us

perience
ex-

our

life that

thermore,
description. Furin order
make
to
our
descriptionvalid for all
human
intelligent
beings,the fashions of our description
have
We
can't describe
the unique,e. g.,
to be universal.
of spring,"etc.
That
that at the winds
Shelley's sense
have
it is n't an
to
we
appreciate. Therefore
objectof
we

to

as

use

the

in

us

events."

"

or

to

terms, and

actuallythe aspects

are

have

"

things
things and

describable, the
in space

in universal

"

objectsare

men,

objectsrevealed

describable

are

these

"

basis

of

every

"

scientific
1

now

The

says
Hirer

present is

almost

hoff's

no

place

uber

Eniwickelung,
the

etc.

in

the

Physik,

for

interesting book

on

Carus.

from

Kirchhoff, extending, however,

present

use

of

I mnst

in

in the

Mach's

the

Fundamental
word

refer

lecture

Die

KirehEs-"

Mechanik

in

of

some

by

Problems,

in my

own

the

and

"description"

his notion

to

of

Lectures

popular suggestion

Paul

The

and

describe, we

to

introductory

111-123,

See,

in order

bibliography.

Maihematisclie

Clifford, vol. i. pp.

views,

for

classic discussions

Vorlesungen

of

Moreover,

experience.

lated
re-

Dr.

I borrow

way.

400

OF

SPIRIT

THE

the

appreciativeprivacy

The

axiom

in

far

so

of

the

they

as

experience.
Describability

momentary

is the axiom

of Causation

of Events,

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

of the

real

are

and

public

and

merely events as privatelyappreciated. The

is the ^xiom
that the
the Uniformity of Nature

not

of

e., reduced

described, L

once

Is that

forever.

to

event

universal

an

of

one

"

time

and

involvingthe

event

an

relations,would

space

characteristics.

For

things in

same

in

observe

otherwise

is

there

event

come
be-

type that may

possibleobjectof anybody's experience,

and
universal
has
unchangeable characteristics.
constitute
its law.
Whoever
experienced an event
e.,

axiom

scribed
type, is de-

type, i.

are

then
These

of the

the

same

it these

something

it

same

municable,
incom-

i. e.,

merely appreciableabout the event.

these thoughts I have
to suggest very
dogmatically.
few
brief illustrations
indicate,not their proof,but
meaning.

All
Let

their

First

then, all the

relate to
ble.

things and

There

maidens,
The

is

or

the

to

of

all describable

"

In

the

I know
that

that
three

count

but

met

an

place our
to

all

angel

they can,
who

five,I should

know

than
actual
e.

about

there

powers

of
one

describa-

number,
of

sense

the

space,

word),

three
at

once

assumed
to

room

finds

ioms
ax-

the

completestdescribability.
find
count, must
only they can
five. Perhaps the angels can't
his

and

what

be

to

At

fundamental

experience had

two

that

did

sort

of

angel he

an

describable.

how

the. basis of

every

irreducible

not

sionally
occa-

make
was.

deeper study

show

would

and

If I

for them.

is true

that

undertake

descriptionare.

universal

and

assured

this axiom

declared

matters

is here

g., of space,

make

two

him

Or

of

matters

shown

science

capricesof
generally.

heart

about

technical

are

the

to

human
are

most

beings,if

and
if

(in the

as

natural

they

as

axiom

science

of

matters.1

second

all relate

far

so

wayward

natural

time, motion, force

axioms

in

events

notoriouslyno

as

axioms

so-called

limited

our

description,

appreciation.

LAW

PHYSICAL

But

why

now

am

description of

this ?
is

two

free

so

I know

because
know

Simply

any

of the

moment

of what

and

three

will, of

you

my

merely
perfectlytheir

it is their structure, and

that

I count

when

because
from

so

part of the appreciativecontent

is not

be

of

and

three

appreciativeelements,
precisestructure, and

may

of

sure

so

401

FREEDOM.

AND

of the

My

two.

of music

notes

feelings
feelings
of

or

chalk-

as
bers
numenough. The numbers
are
producibleand reproducibleat my pleasureby my
of my feelings. They are
not
matters
counting, and are
then indeed
in my
experience,but are not of the moment.

I count

marks.

is

that

is no
there
geometrical axioms
present. Let us pass immediately to

time

Of

Take
men

induction
are

so

This

mortal."

are

told

us

who

had

If

of it ?
in

that

his

lived

to him

of

case

the

to be

#., the

experience there

hundred

e.

It is

why
of

cases

and

years,

immortal,
essentially

all

"

an

we

angel aforesaid,

were

thousand

stances.
in-

principlethat

is

anybody,

at

concrete

more

confessedlyno axiom.
is the reason
experience. What

from

sure

ancient

the

speak

to

who

men

peared
ap-

should

what

we

reply? If we thought already pretty highly of the angel

in question,we
first
might not respond according to our
tate,
impulse,but might reflect a little. If we did thus hesiaxiomatic

what
soon

were

some

we

very

Very obviouslythis : That if this indeed

the people that he called men
be in
must
so, then
fashion of a very differentdescriptionfrom the people
whom

If

any

dream, then

accustomed

are

we

would

answer

the

express
is

man

he

must

scientific

real

have

limit

to

some

sort

this

descriptionmust

all his fortunes

to

the

be

end.

such

The

as

the

That

name.

postulate'very

and

man,

description,
capable of being put
and

could

suggest ?

to

his assertion

to

answer

not

of

in

creature

public and

into universal
to follow

cisely.
pre-

him

descriptionwill

involvingsubstances, and changes in the relations

aubstances, the changes having a definable type.

nite
defi-

terms

through
be

one

of these
If

this

402

of

death

the

corresponds

man,

this

same

to

of

in

far

so

typicalprocess
offspringof men
therefore

be

of

take

describable

be

be

universal
about

the

tality
mor-

it,except

descriptionof
to

us
as

doomed

that

say

and

man,

the
must

his fathers.

as

illustration

another

know

we

knowledge of
heredityenables

must

mortal

as

also

story of the

whole

day

some

then, anybody else who

descriptionmust

our

as

involve

to

as

well

is all that

That

man.

the

To

is such
"

is the

That

death.

indeed

the

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

type of change

definable

to

SPIRIT

THE

Paul

the

of

Acts

xxviii.

fire, and thereupon the

a
gathered sticks to make
of the heat, and
The
rians,
barbaout
viper came
stung him.
looking on, anticipatedhis death, and made appropriate
but
rather
But
narrowly appreciativecomments.
2-6

"

he

So,

shook
"

harm

off the

after

they had

come

to

he

the

narrative,

of

fire,and

felt

great while

their

harm."

no

and

saw

no

said

mincls, and

The

reasoning,granted the facts of

dently
crude, but not extraordinary. Eviused, after their fashion, the principle

was

of

harm.

eyes ?

what

this

was

and

dropping
descriptionwas

Well

then, what

Paul.

with

Paul's

sub-class

dead

down

did

followed
but

man,

described

as

Not

that
one

apostles,who

touch

of

deadly things."
"

god

of

"

was

both

To

from

by

served
He

for

felt

looked

were,

no

changed

one

description,wherein
companions already had in mind

general characteristics,exempt
as

this.

that

other

fication

it

do

not

stung

for

another

of men,

"

when

inexact, but

Paul

Now

descriptionof
class

the

was

general characters, possessed that

other

better.

It

And

nature.

versality
principleof the uniand consequent permanence
of descriptions. A
described, according to their notion, as a being

swellingup
viper. The

one's

was

their

who, amongst

lack

god."

uniformity of

the

principlein
man

looked

barbarians

these

the

him, they changed

that

was

into

beast

place

to
a

other
an-

certain

amongst

injury by

the

them, therefore, the classi

superfluous and

excluded.

LAW

PHYSICAL

The

real axiom

is

AND

403

FREEDOM.

events, in

things and

then, that both

and
have
universal
objective,
nent
permain whose
unity all that is real concerning
descriptions,
acteristics
is so bound
the events
up that a given grouping of charbe
sponds
can
predicted for any object that correto the given description. All predictionof natural
of
is therefore
events
necessityhypothetical. The sun
rise to-morrow
will certainly
if in this part of the cosmos
bodies
the same
Jteep moving in the present ways ; and
describable
this they will do unless
strophe
some
physical cata(e. g., the blowing into small fragments of the
far

so

they

as

from

earth

are

some

internal

enormous

takes

tension)

place

catastrophe,again,will not
take
place,unless describable physical changes are now
going on in the earth and in the universe at large that are
such
an
tending towards
explosion,and tending in such
before

to-morrow

always
the

to

lead

to

as

manner

that

terms,

accelerations

that
you

when
find

and

leading to
causation

is then

the

of
descriptions

possible,whether
the

that

genuine
only by
do

we

is not

must

and

conditions

of

belief

belief

that

have

thus

found
of

foundation

lay

stress

of the
that

this

able

to

categories.

much

belief

make

of it

of

the world

yet

or

is the

its

as

bodies

description,
is physical
there
act
mathematically ex-

as

later

so

such,

whole

events

them

of

ton

are

And

not.

observation

categorizingand formalizingour

upon

chanical
me-

are

system

thought,or for
it is
reconstruct
or
my experience,
universal, is not impersonal. And
our

exact

bodies

such

things and

find ourselves

property, for
must

we

lead

causes

same

mathematically and exactly,

The

the

must

one

motions, velocities,

definite

involving,as part

later states.

certain

definable

them

certain earlier

the

interpretedin

certain

of

describe

you

when

certain

So

to-morrow.

predictions. That

effects means,

same

and

it before

to

one's

state

this

and

tent

experience
public

neighbors.

our

not
to

publiclymine,
reconstruct

exemplifiesforms

it

404
One

this
of

sake

of

the suggestion that the

to
description,
set.
of the rainbow
alreadybrought before us at the outMy neighbor experiencesthis or that. He says that
his alone, but was
not
an
experience
experiencewas

In

was.

far

so

we

say,

this,with

does

he

as

of

conditions

then,

Well

truth.

tells us,

he
successfully,
permanent things,in space

and

have

say, you
bach

zoitil
Does

observer

our

exactness, with

reply :

now

any

is n't

our

final

answer

objectis n't
Geivuhl

von

Kant.

an

in definite

fail of this

itself thus:

reached

Then,

is

All,

as

we

I can't

But

reach
the
in

laws, behaves
definite

"

object

well, if this be

your

Erscheinungen

exactness.

study,because

very

object,but

It is the
very

"
"

to no

lastingor
:

mathematical

of

amount

it'selfis n't exact, conforms

way,

behave

and

yet

have

you

If he

experiencedenough of your object.

jects
study it and its relations to other ob-

not

it, and

to

under

describes.

time, that

that first voices

one

and

it

of
rigidity
is continually
failing,
clusion?
departments),what is our con-

its mathematical
It is

what

us

then, of definite

Does
he
permanent ways.
description(as our imperfectscience
and

in all but

tell

exactness,

he
rigidity,

scientific

describes

Go

this
characterizing

of

world

universal

the

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

then, for the

returns

whole
case

CF

SPIRIT

THE

of

object
no

heard

so,

of before

manent
per-

Then

"

your

privatefeeling.

have

we

such

This
from

privateand personal
experience,uncategorized,incapable therefore of being
shared
by anybody else,and therefore not objective.
So much
then for a sketch of the world
of description.
So much
for the gistof what
I take to be the only possible
deduction
of the categories of physical nature.
Therefore is this our
physicalworld one of rigid law, of
essence

"

the

"

immovable

order, of

conserved

energy.

human
Self

as

who

never

but

and

atoms

ether

vibrations

Therefore, moreover,

world, the world

such, in his eternal

communicate

with

those of abstract

is it

and
an

welltially
essen-

fullyconscious
completeness,but of beings
vices
exactness
through any denot

of

the

description.

PHYSICAL

LAW

405

FREEDOM.

AND

V.

It

needs

hardly
of

this world
for

be

It has

science,

for

defined
of

world

indeed

has

boundless

surelya part or at all

real world.
But our
assumption
of one
adequate to the account
which

all

we

of

events

has

that
fined
de-

Our

thus far very

us

world

natural

exact

to

concern

us

aspect of the

an

be

not^pretended to
of

in
reality,
continuallylong to

sort

which

believe, and

real world.

intellectual

and

men,

the

aided

the

us

proof to show
at
length been

now

of

whole

the

provisionalassumption
well.

it has

descriptionas
cannot

us

elaborate

very

we

outer

know.
in

Here
In

what

sense

describe

him

and

world

"

habited

of

daily experience is my friend.

?
is he real to me
Very imperfectlyI can
of such height,so or so conditioned
a
man

my

to

as

this space

Science
things of my world.
closer descriptionof him.
If
through, as with my poor eyes
ultimatelyexperience as the
about
him,
a
quivering mass
"

go

further

to

as

the

would

trillions upon

trillions,

of

their
of

energy
them

their

mutual

would

swift

be

and

would

place of

the

with

molecules

like

lost.

would

of

cells of

the

astronomer
were

Thus

I
my

with

the

be

each

his brain.
in

acute

had

the

enough

In

of
this

"

boundless
to

witness

of

lost.

many

"

of

breath

every

streams

the

not

pent-up energy

Multitudes
he

facts

swarm

positions,and with the

ceaseless flight. Multitudes

what

and

molecules.

together, a

spiralsa"d

intertwined

I need

these

would

one

physical

molecules.
of

at

guess

not,

describable
of

all the

through

him

see

restless

I call his.

that

complex

him

saw

to

me

perpetuallyleaving, at

draws, the form

take

one

flyingabout

be
"

unstable

teaches

constitution

Enough, they

I find

form, wherein

new

live
of

he
ones

Especially
of

dinous
multituof

tens

lions
mil-

system of systems,"
heavens, I the
all

this, would

friend, however, might be found,

as

server,
obbe

fact

406
and

in space
far

time,

they

as

too

I did
meant
me

not

him.

view

to

and

men

Thus

have

as

yet found

maze

of

molecules

angels in

by

been

is often

His

wiser

not

"

I think
them

world

my

be,

knows

all

absolute

things,is
the

knows

facts

my

space

and

They

it not

sort

kind

nor

time.

The

most

the

of

them.

think

the

true

thoughts

my

me

Self, who

true

in

place

as

and
pies,
occu-

The

forms

of

categoriesof
them.
the

amongst

And

tain
con-

understanding,

my

yet they

are

real.

vitallyreal objectsof

most

of

world

my

my

will.

of

realitythen is this ? Is it not a most

of reality,
in which
human
social conour
sciousness
ence
referconstant
absolutelybound up, without

which
a

"

accessibl
reallyconstitute that to me inthey are for me ; and they are
yet are they describable facts in

thinking,and

my

is
to

Facts

in my

in truth

faith,of

familiar

to

speech,

real

are

error,

of what

impressed upon

are

What

me

facts

nowhere.

be

cannot

transmits

speak

to

mean

they

in

am

aware

what

loithin

them

friend.

my

approval,which
Are
they for

genuine object of

object.
not

for I

either

else,if I

or

order

and

Yes,

all these

are

them, and

about
to

all.

at

admire, his will, which

so

mine, his

than

where

prizeso highly,
facts in

ideals,which

much

so

might

all,I value

life,but which, after

inner

his

him.

about

so

appreciationsthemselves, which, as I have all

saying,are his,and his alone, purely private

his

of

facts

he

him

which
he more
less
or
intelligence^
descriptivegestures and
through his own

along

is

all

his

this and

my

able

this

mean

PHILOSOPHY.

public before

were

Nay,

found?

be

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

w"

speak hardly a waking

realitythat

word

And

such

absolutelytranscends
absolutelydefies our powers

as

private consciousness,and

yet
our

of

physicaldescription
?
And
the

whatever
and

still all

in trying so resolutelyto
along,even
consciousness
the
objectiveconsciousness
to
is

describable,were

appealing to

this

we,

not

meanwhile

objectiveother

fine
con-

of

ing
recogniz-

consciousness

of

408

it mast

how

describe

of

things

the

OF

SPIRIT

THE

true

and

Yes,

in

sense

in

as

of

then,
spirits,

so

far

is

world

of

have

as
as

cannot

only

in

one

all

various
in

the

be
must

yet

far

so

inner

of

this

essentially

other, did

of

fact

could
we

in

expresses,

identifyour

we

sciousness
con-

finite

other

are

but

no

experiences as
But

each

communion

not

our

with

communicate

can

the

step,

every

have

we

universe

we

common.

with

facts

objectiveand

The

of

so

know

whose

at

if the

aspect

one

can

we

our

truth

of

world

same.

the

Because

possiblybe

in terms

together

this

the

tive
descripto

know

not

even

pose,
presup-

organic spiritualrelations
expressed in any physical terms, but
assertion
that all the spirits
truly
are

objectivefact, such

an

world

description itself

truth,

and

organic universalityof

with

of

communicate

to

mean

stitute.
con-

lives

time, and

genuine, although

other, therefore

we

human

spiritualmind-reading

accounts

that

and

one

were

spiritual intercourse.
each

and

presupposed

it is the

as

can

private life,cannot

my

space

in the

relations

The

social.

friend

limitations,I

appreciation,a

my

united

describable

Our

knowing

as

Self,

my

nevertheless, real

are,

spoke provisionallyas

of

me,

inclusive

the

life,nor

beyond

of

terms

the

beings.

of

fast, are

And

while

and

which, despite my

world

and

Self.

even

inner

objects. They

to

in abstractly
experience I try to re- word
in my
descriptivescience,are themselves

present and

one

relation
the

not

conscious

same

reflection,both
know,

can

friend's

terms

expressed in
be

he

only

whose

hard

whose

whose

describable

are

the

for

universal

myself

in

thought,

my

is

fact

me,

then?

definite, although

fact

I describe

as

by him,

mean

thought, only

Neither

there

my

"

me

do
most

mean

with

exist,

about

beholders,

object of

whose

in

all

What

Anything definite?
I
a
physical fact.
the

to

seem

nature.

spiritualrealm

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

Spirit.

PHYSICAL

AND

LAW

409

FREEDOM.

VI.

The

of

facts

world

the

in

alter

forced

us

to

nature

of

this world.

of

appreciationhave

respect

one

At

the

already

definition

our

it

outset

for

was

of

the

us

the

that is,of what

privateappreciations,
essentially
far as we
called feelings. In so
we
regard ourselves as
and
in time
beings bounded
space, the appreciativefacts
do indeed
still retain this privateand
But
inner nature*
of

world

what

of

have

we

this

world

of

friend

only
as

and

space

of

far

so

his

as

time, they
of

fact

yonder is, as
in

truth

that

appreciativefeelingsare
to be, or
outset
they seemed

the

at

is the

of

universe

as

found

further

now

inner

life is

with

truly communicate

him,

foreign.

we

as,

lated
iso-

in

the

My

But

to

in

members

are

as

seem.

time, real

and

space

not

still

must

the facts

me

so

far

of

the

he is real
appreciation; and in this sense
Self.
to me
by virtue of our organic unity in the one
This organic unity,whereby the monads
of the spiritual
world
has already introduced
to be merely monads,
cease
that form
of universality
into the world
of the appreciations
which
have
is one
we
just recognized. This world
become
whose parts never
public property for one another,
same

in

so

world

of

far

you

as

of another

are

said

of

the

Monads

another's

reflective

Self,in

our

own

the

Self.

in

time,

finite
For
"

in reflection
one

moment

they

the

so

far

as

the

we

commune

the

meanimj

as

and

of

the

lightof
have

finite

all

are

selves

ourselves, and

thought

the
their

already with

individual

lives

time

and

and

it is
are

our

various
within

to

verse
uni-

only to

space

move

as

we

of

moments

of

open

relations

their

isolated

are

the

up

windowless

are

ties

(as Leibnitz

made

world

they live

whom

lives,in

they

in the

above

It is with

but

"

windowless

"

are

Their

without.

in his doctrine

finite view

From

being.

that

beings) ;

relations.

from

them

They

sort.

of finite
one

observe

that

was

bits

in,
of

separate
are,

yet

catch

in

only half

410

in another

articulate

the

reword

already,then,
of

the

join in

after," and

upon

of

moments

larger Self

find

we
objects,

inclusive

The

small

"

would

instant

of

the

inclusive

look

consciousness

one

my

Self, for

to

seem

bit

of

and

before

and

of

time

more

And

possess.

self

the

as

finite

my

own

my

review

I reflect
thought are to me when
meaning, and upon the relations of many
to the
life,so my neighbors and I are
my
the same
when, discoursingtogether about

of

moments

otherwise

something

possess
true

the mathematical

than

or

However

forever.

dead

transcendency

correct,

or

that, left solelyto time, would

ideas

be lost and
I am,

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

ourselves

it

as

but

were

iu

moments

his

unity.
of

of a sort
of
appreciationis, then, one
such
reflectivepublicity and interconnectedness
; and
interconnection
and
an
publicityis,as we have seen, the
of any genuine truth
of the existence
very presupposition
world

"

"

in the

world

of

cate
description. If I cannot
reallycommuniwith
neighbor,and think of meanings that are
my
like his, there
is no
in any
of our
truth
descriptions,
Without
the multitude
of genuinely interrelated
riences,
expedescribable
true
no
similarities,no
universality
of experience ; without
the facts of appreciation,
laws
no
of description without
of witnesses, no
the cloud
stract
ab;
and
bear

can

unity of

truth
to which
epitome of the common
they
witness.
Destroy the organic and appreciable
the world
of appreciativebeings, and
the describable
and
objects all vanish; atoms, brains, "suns

milky ways
destroy our

naught.

are

On

describingkind

least conceive

at

can

"

of

of

the

other

beings,as

we

were

of

those of mother

bird

and

nestlingsnow

The

world

as

we

look
the

Self is

at

them.

world

through

appreciative.

direct

and

of

through

His

did

you

you

before, whose

appreciativesort,
often

seem

to

as

be

science, then, presupposes

of spiritual oneness
and

if

intercommunication,

communications

hand,

Own,

; the

unity

and

is in

of

the

so

fai

PHYSICAL

Nor

all

are

World

LAW

this mutual
when

the

never

moral

Reason,

life

the

it

assure

and

only

AVhat

begin.

moral

aid

may

of

nature

Kant
is

man,

and

physical sense

no

its facts
and

as

those

; but

the

none

truth, namely, of the

"

describe
reality.You cannot
of gravitation,
by looking on

outer

an

can

you

computing

truth,
the

can

phenomena

the

but it is not
that
through appreciative,
on
It is like the true Self,thoroughly
merely emotional.
and reflectively
moral
law itself is
rational.
The

account

in

does

Practical

the

through

Describable

preciatio
ap-

"

"

realization,but

it is assured

called

Moral

sharing of definite and express

moral
realization
of
beings,1a

another.

by

whole

The

amongst
one

411

FREEDOM.

appreciations dumb.

presupposes

life of

AND

world

of finite ideals

facts,but,

and

is the

less

universal

moral

law

appreciationof

all
strivings,

of

them

inner

in their

universe
of genuine objecan
totality,
tivity.
The
world
of appreciationis, then, the
deeper
is the result
of description,
reality. Its rival,the world
of an
human
and finite outlook.
essentially
Not
is

that

on

simply the

in which

way

world

of the

true

vshen

viewed

by

is

and

universalized

the permanent

of

of

world

of

account

how

to

pass

closer

study of

modified

view

that

world

appreciation?

of

categoriesare
but

are

Categoriesof
See

sight,p.

The
131

have

we

not

As
not

the

gained
we

those
less

of

the

Here

is

of
true

Self-Consciousness

relations

restate

of

nature

the
the

it,it is the world

view

now

the

not

we

abstractly formal

scription,
de-

categories. They

are

as

such.

Aspect of Philosophy, chap

Relif/io"'s
sqq.

it.

doctrine.

of Kant's

we

views

he

shall
aspects of reality,

appear

two

the

needs

Self, must
spiritual

and

truth
ere

now,

these

whose

the
appreciation,

consciousness
finitebeing whose
riences
expeand
in the forms of our
time, and
of our
space
interested in giving to his fellows a dispassionate

who

But

the

It

latter unreal.

however, is the

account,

vi.

When
The

Moral

one

In*

412
is

object of physical science, he is

of this object,that
the structure

describingan
with

concerned
business
in the
upon

is

he

says,

whereby
the

contrary

it,a

little bit

each

Now,
The

way.

the

is like

in the

of

truth.

It

the

His

for he is alone

Categoriesthe
they ? They are
of

and

for

universal
is

its own,

binds

less

rejoiceth
sciousness
self-con-

things

inter-related

in them

together.

us

universal

interests,and

finite consciousness

and

meaning'.
objectsbeyond

In

of

and

mutual

others

upon

this realm

them

the

it

are

and
of
of

dependence

for

its

truth

own

is,too, that thoughts have

relations

true

and
his

indeed
Yet

him.

more

the

and

all finite

not

ciation
appre-

none

unity of

the

beside

tongues,

learned

appreciationsare

fact is what

It

appreciationhas, and what

the categoriesof the self-conscious
world, the categoriesof the realm
significant

the

each

not

none

seizes

he

himself, but

have

Spirit,whom

one

solely

self-consciousness.

edified

we

stands

live

to

whereby

trulyobjectiveand
Pauline
charity. It

all share, for that

we

self

however,

experiences presuppose.
;

it is his

speaking with

of

sort

it seeketh

of

own

much

so

he appreobject. When
ciates,
So this thing is for me.
appreciationappeared to

of each

because

self-conscious
rather

this

privateexercise

brethren.

excellent

the

on

first found

we

as

was,

imitation

that, at the. outset,

was

of

sort

himself, and

say,

about

enduring

what

it

we

constructive

of

process

Hence
us

forget,as

to

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

to

these

objects.

Here, also, the

categoriesof objectiveworth and of purpose

have
that gives
validity; for it is self -consciousness
worth
to things,and
that reflectively
the worth
compares
of things seen
from
one
point of view with their worth as
estimated
the

otherwise.

world

such

of

ideals.

thingsas

facts.

The

The
In

worth

and

consciousness

and

judge the things

the

transient

worth

of

which

world

of
and

space
ideals
of
space

us

and

appears

appreciationsis,then,
time

in

there

you

finite

to

find

beings

time
us

find

you

only

here

hard

know

who

is the

source
or

no

there

of
in

PHYSICAL

LAW

413

FREEDOM.

AND

Only the eternal consciousness, in its timethe reallyabiding

know
transcending completeness, can
our

world.

and

eternallytrue

On
of

description have
in
is

links

together

no

to

parts

communicate

of

each

inner

is the

In

causation.

each

find

must

world

in

of

and

far

so

existence

of

and

is

describe

outward

the

appreciationsof
that

the

of

experience

is that

of

physical

considers

what

here

B, but

of

he

gories
cate-

by

means

fact,to wit, another

real.

as

the

never

to

say,

This

He

describe.

cannot

It is useless

can

inner

therefore,

and

A.

appliesto the true

body, indeed, by virtue of its
the body of B.
So far physical
B's body
; but A's body and

A's

changes in
reignssupreme

changes, causes
causation

and

of

category of physicalcausation

the

relations

are

time, are

one

he

such.

two

as

the

seeming

as

physical

to

B, he finds

that

one

present,

rewording

self-consciousness,recognizedby him
fact, however,

at

submit

that

these

as

in

present

of facts

causation

far

abstract

by

ciation,
appre-

real,but

of

so

with

other

is

nature

B, separated in space

them

necessity. But
the

of

this,

and

science

of

know

we

what

natural

of

beings,A

and

found

have

we

experience, they
of

this world

it is

as

its

necessity and
finite

applicationto

no

regarded in itself. It
physical necessityin it,no natural
far

so

there

because

of the world.

hand, the specificcategoriesof the world

other

the

value

describable

phenomena

only describable

in the world

of space

and

time,

have

physical relations.
A
and
in their actual
and
B, however, are
appreciable
relations by virtue of the part they both play in the inner
of the organic and
self-consciousness
inclusive Self, who,
his personality
in numerous
being what he is, embodies
finite bits of selfhood, whereof
B
A
and
are
examples.
In

him

they

of

the

other.

such,

not

thoughts.

together, in

are

the

phenomena

Another
cause,

Where

so

person
but

real

the

things

far
of

as

each

whom

of them
I

think

appreciable object
are

in

this

thinks

is, as
of

my

relation,they

414
in

not

are

world,
spiritual

The

effect.

and

thoughts. I think of it
place in its organic wholeness.

my

the

am,

it is

what

its

reflective

the

by

of

virtue

by

cause

in

causes

virtue

by
of

more

I know

of

self I

its truth.

And

is caused

self

the

thus

or

The

do

deeper

of

world

the

whole

as

the

and

more

of

that

such, then,

as

thus

no

me

called

relation

describable

the

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

by nothing,is
is constituted
self-knowledge,

own

in and

self -consciousness

for which

It is,then,

through and through, a

is what
occasions
of Freedom
world
significance
; its own
itself.
it thus
to
or
Nothing causes
explains it
express
It is its own
from
without.
for being.
excuse
As for the proof of all this, I can
now
only refer you
of objectivetruth,
again to the argument as to the nature
and
relation
to
as
our
thereto, that I so imperfectlyset
it has

its

own

forth

at

the

relation

of

least

every
believe

in

being.

last

thought

outer

these

our

and

then

them, I should

objectsof my
thought,but the
coffee

increase
think

of

of

our

may,

as

the

It is not

validityof
of

talk

thought
truths
I

"

are

set

say,

activityof

may,

then, be,
the

laws

that

the

fellow-men, or

lives.

true

that

I first believed

contrary, unless

in

never

The

of

its

the

objects,and

outer

problematic but real

implied in
object is the one
we

we
somehow, a
objects because
suppose
inner
have
experiences must
adequate
make
of
hypotheses as to the nature

On

causes.

this

Just

to

assertion

2)riori,that
causes,

time.

my

not

thoughts

my

and

of

about
all.1

at

causes

in

producers of my
A cup
correspond thereto.
me
thinking,"that is,may
not

the

nerve-centres

the

coffee,but

the

but

what

feelingsof

things,or the preparation

of this lecture.
The
relation
of object to thought
is here, you
a
physical,but a logically
see, not
appreciable
that
one
one,
only my relation to the inclusive Logos
can
And
this case
is typical. Relaexplainor express.
my

nature

of

"

fuller

exposition

of

these

ReligiousAspect of Philosophy,pp.

considerations
354-360.

will be

found

in

the

416
this

unity justin

and

rationallyenter
in

far

far

so

with

ourselves

we

fore,
There-

unity of thinking,in
in

fellows, and

our

consciously

part of it.

form

inner

have

we

as

as

it and

into

commune

we

as

far forth

so

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

far

so

as

universe, we
significancein the outer
of
world
the
appreciation that embodies

rightlysee
of

and

thought of
On

different

them

from

our

as

other

men,

and

to

us

know

in

our

Then

far

as

our

the

universal

the

truth

of

what

comes

the

of

other

answer

little while

ago

So

the

of theoretical
continued

common

the world

of

upon

us,

The

In

be

only

truth

an

namely,
terms

of

science.
sense

as

the

be

can

space

in

time

perience,
ex-

of

content

far

as

Logos,
finite

forms, and

scribed
de-

the

our

gories
cate-

description real

of

so

of the

expressed by
and

at

is this world

aspect of the world

be

can

longdescribing things,
question returns

the

again

is,It is real

answer

it is in very

such

an

aspect,

consciousness
of

the

in

categories

empirical science.

physical world
its

But

also

can

forms, and

humanity

"

regarded as not
Herewith
began a

the

time

as

revelation

get, as the result of

science, we
effort of

what

and

space

arises

then, in their

and

describe

to

dered
sun-

ing
all-know-

selves

much

universal.

as

effort

our

experience.Using

of

but

private content,

and

the

is

ours

finite

finite selves

other

of

question then

new

private truth

finitude

are

we

all

are

appreciatively
verified,
may
our

as

as

only bits of the

privateworld of inner
truth as experienced by

we

of

aware

this

these

to

far

so

so

from

of

much

in

in

world-consciousness.
How

fellows

from
distinguishable

truth

the

having recognizedourselves

appreciativeconsciousness,

become

Self, we

in

are

once

of

centres

from
true

hand,

beings, distinct

finite

we

Logos.

the
other

the

so

Only as such an aspect has the

reality. Consequently all its laws, all

its causation,
necessity,

its inner

nature

nature.

If

we

as

its

such, but

could

grasp

uniformity,belong,not

to

the

the

external

whole

truth

to

this

show

of

at

glance,

PHYSICAL

as

the

Logos does,we
and

namely, why
viewed

under

thus to

seem

how

should

see

the

world

the conditions of
a

world

of matter

what
of

is,in

finite experience,
has

our

in motion.

to say that my

is

simplythe

As

friend's

in motion

and

appreciable

our

cal
philosophi-

Therefore it is perfectly
true

brain,with its countless molecules,

aspect of my

outward

it is,however,

matter

substance,the whole of

into the matter.

insight

us,

when
appreciation,

alreadyknow that the world of

is simplyan external aspect of the true
That

is dark to

now

we

world.

417

FREEDOM.

AND

LAW

friend's inaccessible

in so far as this life is expressed,

life,
symbolized,
of
the
i
nto
translated,
language
my personalexperience
he is in himof time and space phenomena. My friend,
self,
as
inner

is therefore not

new

sort of

called
thing,

soul

or

mind, existent somewhere

yonderin space, in amongst his
in his body. No,
brain molecules, a thingimprisoned
he is himself the reality
that,when I look at his body,I
"

vainlytryingto see and describe. What I see and

the phenomenal aspectof
describe is simplythe physical,
life. That he does appear at
his inner and appreciative
ther
all in my world of phenomena is due to the fact,not furfrom the human
pointof view,that he and
explicable
ual
I,by virtue of our placesin the world-order,have spiritam

think of each other,and

relations,

do

somehow

rectly
indi-

together.That this relation of his inner

is symbolizedby the describable facts of his
life to me
organism,is due in generalto my nature as a
physical
and describe onlywhat appears
beingwho can perceive
That justthis particular
set
in space and in time.
to me
his
inaccessible
to me
of facts,
however, should symbolize
ultimate
an
for us human
is once
inner life,
beings,
more,
The Logos knows, not we, why inner feelings,
datum.
tions,
outwardlysymbolizedin space and time to our percepcommune

made up of countless
should appear as nerve-centres
flyingmolecules. The twofold aspect itself is,however,
a

certain truth of

our

experience.There

is my

friend.

418

conscious, i.

is for himself

He

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

appreciative. The

e.,

life that
aspect of this appreciative
to

actually appears

me

to

this is describable.

Herewith

double

aspect.

the

of

fact

regarded by

this fact is

not

for

so

for

is

us

does

world,

in the

substance

physical.

the

Logos, whereof
I too

am

conceived

so

Xor

him.
that

yet do

friend

my

effects

upon

contrary, for
to

me

He

is

that

our

are

causes

we

of

mass

kind

of

uudertakes

tially
essen-

mental
know

to

life

conscious

mind-stuff

mind-stuff

of

the

whereby
to

theory says,
which

atoms,

mind-stuff

of

mass

my

curious

appreciable relations

in
the

as

say,

finite instance, and

be

to

as

duce
pro-

On

atoms.

the

theory,my true friend stands in relations

appreciable,not physicalat all.
essentially
effects

no

is

of

aspects, the

two

It is the

friend

forms

mysterious and

theory

our

is.

my

the

has

other

do

as

is

substance

For

substance

this

what

derstood
un-

declare,

not

inscrutable, that
and

us

aspect theory, that there

double

the

be

must

fragmentary.

so

theory, then,

Our

the

only

problem ; but is
completes the insightthat

is for

Self, who

true

our

that

something

It

Logos.

the

by

And

of
intelligibility

inner

The

as

us

however

have

we

motion.

in

matter

as

me

manifest

become

can

only

in

whatever.

me

His

affects

body

body ; but that is an affair of physics,not of inner life.

I am
genuinelyrelated to him in so far only as the insight
of the Logos reflectively
mutual
constitutes
concern
so
our
my

for each
then

is

all.
move

no

other
no

that, as
in

cause

the

world

He

is neither

matter

no

molecules.

His

muscles,

set

in motion

But

energy.

his

his

describable

feelingstowards
no
bodily limbs,
and

is his

of

our

friend

My

His

energy.

symbol
and,

even

upon

innervate

release

of
so,

mine

at

thoughts

me

it appears

as

organism produces
show

it is.

physical phenomena,

nor

show

appreciable realitythat
effects that

of

organism,

time, is the describable

the

fact, it is what

no

sical
phy-

in space

and

inner

and

the
the

are

physical
merely

and appreciableinter*
spiritual

His

relationships.
effects

the

are

His

world-order.

body

is

into

the

merely

phenomenal
does

that

attribute

him

to

is

the

only

things into

in

forms

human
bound
of

to

wise

no

the

and

in the

see,

causation.

the

deeper truth, and

deeper

truth

as,

that

the

in order

in their

true

thus

as

laws
the

not

to be

of causal

cause

world

in

causation

meaning
The

of

tions
rela-

world,
fore
there-

and

effect.
of

terms

theoretical

our

science, am

rigid laws
interpreted,

thus

seen

this

is

the

of

truth.
such

only

show

describable, must
in

of

It

causal.

connection

symbols

are

physical effects

itself is not

truth

laws

inner

of

relations

categoriesof

world

But

This

attributed,

bodies.

amongst

the
observer, interpreting

as

be

physical

of the

mind

physical

is the true
which
appreciation,
which
is its show, are
description,

themselves

his

of

of

world

the

relations

of

terms

of the world
to

translation

describable

all

His

body.

The

space.

sical
phy-

part of the

of

should

For

therefore, solelyto this body.

his

translation
of

language

their

his

influence

not

mors
tre-

nervous

and

of

aspect

imperfect

very

describable

causation

his

energy,

muscles, his deeds

mind

419

FREEDOM.

and

matter

his innervated

and

AND

LAW

PHYSICAL

aspect

pret
experienceinter-

our

imperfect way.

own

VIII.

Three
this
of

and

further

connection,
the

these

doctrine

closing considerations occur

giving fuller expression to

as

of

the

is

the

suggestedby
inorganicworld to our
is

evolution.

freedom
The
of

the

suggested by

the

The
of the

theory

double

"

problem

human

problem

third

aspect."

has

of

the

to do

the

first

The

real nature

with

The

in

form

our

relation

consciousness.
of the

to us,

of

of
the

second

of

physical

problem

of

the

will.
of

the

"double

aspect,"applied to

the

facts

that they, too, in

inorganicworld, suggests at once
far as they are
their own
inner and
so
real, must
possess
have
no
appreciable aspect. Upon this suggestion we

420
time

dwell

to

all that

I think

When

of

therein, I think

have

we

the

that

the energy

of

great length. In general it is

at

corollaryof

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

saying.

and

stars

of

forever

appears

of

been

cold

be

to

In

for

and

itself,we

the
reality,
of

sense

of

as

the

now

be

the

to

which

due

time

and

introduction

themselves

as

into

We

stellar world.

The

"

the

of
have

now

stars

this

hot

realitybe

be

in

an

Will

well

as

Universal

an

assumption

the

ciable
appre-

to

commit

the

ing
seem-

lecture.

tenth

our

and

of

real, and

infinite
their

to

physical processes

reached

Schopenhauer's

called

in

outer

account

our

these

paradoxes of

forth

to

some

say tliis is not

to

set

we

paradoxes were

space

be

may

But

in

assuming

World-

acceptance of those

order

outer

These

Thought.

for

must

vate
pri-

experience

common

what,

called

sense,

merely

it must

of

expression

what, in Hegel's

ourselves

sort

answer,

word, may

Self-Conscious

the

what

aud

space

itself
dissipating

else of

something real, or

interspaces,of

of

matter,

If,now, the
experienceof mine.
sufficient warrant
of humanity is our
universal
realityas actually embodied
and

obvious

an

of

deeper insight.

physicalorder no longer terrify

the whole
due
to
us.
our
They are
trying to express
forms
of space
appreciable system of things in our human
antinomies

"

and

time.

Here
We

Logos.
the

task

of

the

before

try

to

is the

us

describe

it.

order

Our

of

the

science

embodied
undertakes

congruiti
inhighestdescriptivesynthesisencounters
What
do these mean
?
They mean
simply
that our
science is,indeed, in one
descriptive
aspect of its
For
beach."
the
the
work, playing with
pebbles on
our

"

fashion

give

us

process

of

this
united

no

in
;

"

and

and

of

and

time

definition
intelligible

is such
of

the

as

to

world-

telligibl
Only the self-completedis inand
in endless
time
our
physical world
that is,
being no world of self-completed,

"

cyclical
is

and

space

its wholeness.

in infinite
space,
of

world

also

processes,
an

aspect

is

aspect of the

mere

that

must

be

but

true

world,

fragmentary.

PHYSICAL

than

Higher beings

science,based
form

of

space

of

we

of

forms

tive
descrip-

time

of

or

that

clear

how

Such

itself.

into

returns

other

"

"

still makes

that

have

dimensions,
of

421

FREEDOM.

other
consciousness, say, of some
non-Euclidean
time, e. "/., of a

and

three

AND

may

upon

space

dimensions, and
and

LAW

of

space

includes
the

four

or

the truth

of

world-process

higher

forms

more

ours,

somehow

of consciousness

view
as
possibilities.They may be
speculatively
of phenoworld
adequate to a descriptionof the whole
mena
viewed
as
by such higher beings. We, however, in
have
limitation,know
our
only that the Self must
unity
in his conception
in himself,
an
appreciable wholeness
can

we

"

of

the

that

mean

of

his

Otherwise

he

of
able

one

On

the

would

be

and

space
are

limits

things in space
knowledge
Such

"

It is

"

On
thus
of
of

our

an

laws

to

say

that

got in the

about

"

of

the

is not

energy

of

world

friends, the well-founded

the

but

stars

show

appreciativeconsciousness, and
of physical nature
is the outer

spiritualunity

of will and

plan in the

truth.
selfas

we

phenomenal
tive
descrip-

our

of

the

truth.
order

outer

not
a

it

perfect right

space

that the

brains

and

unity

aspect of
world.

seems.

final truth.

is,like the
in

of

stars, then, and

have, indeed,
of

his

really what

phenomenon,"
we

the

the

finities
in-

explor-

soon

translation

study

world

whole.

mean

so

as

vague

of

get warnings that

to

inadequate

hand,
the

our

embodiments

science

our

The

down

finished

expect, therefore,

of

an

we

other

not

himself

it is constituted, must

well-founded

the

do

finished, never

never

poor

time,

since.

running
a

is

warning

little while
the

and

as

"

Therefore

self.

no

very

however
infinity,
completion. We
may
the

contrary, he knows

time,

His

approach

infinite; we

as

eternallycomplete,

wholes,

as

him

much
vaguely infinite,so that however
might consider there would always be

is

as

so

of

speak

consider.

and

one,

he

thought

to

more

We

world.

time
of the

deep

some

We

have

forms, as
right to interpretthis unity, in hypothetical

well

422

plan

the

contrary,

in

are

On

world.

show, in

part of the

They

any

Only we must
physical sense

able.

are

we

as

in natural

and

energy,

The

moves

at

the

of

assert

the

far

it

unless

in

so

reason

no

will, infinite

as

The

physicalworld
far

so

the

as

shows

us,

time

and

space

creative

matter

fiat

To

physical
more

ing,
physicallyspeakproduced
that

say

in time

of

preciselywhat
this

be

utterly

nobody
is

For

by

the

would
an

world

finite,ever,

or

of

of

describable.

is

aside

interference,turned

not,

time, since

of

world

No

is

event, which

indescribable

do

as

Will, being

form

no

laws

but

is itself

deny designs

The

somewhere

existence

show-

our

is describable.

World-

true

past time.

in

moment

any

assert

to

show

time, is

matter.

no

completely portray,
the Logos.
result from

world

the

as

and

less

or

of

causes

physical causation

processes.
in space

phenomenon

no

this will and

that

say

the

all
far

so

not

perfectlyright,therefore, who

are

factors

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

can

nothing

the

same

temporal
in its flight.
single atom
indeed, a plan,but only in
phenomena

any

and

symbolize

poorly translate an unity,that, as it is in itself,is an

unity of will,of self-consciousness,of a divine interest in
of an
eternal
truth, of an
equally divine self-possession,

very

in the

rest

fullness

finite wills
since

of

unity includes, knows, and

of the whole
universe
relationships

Turning

to

the

other

we

now

The

that

contains

that

world

are

of it, we

of what

of

us

the
be

that

human

they are
the
justifies
of finite

ized
organ-

world-

of this will.

world

order
of

point
so

to

"

evolution,

of view

observers

temporal

part,

tions.
apprecia-

such

natural

evolution, in

detect

will,the

also
world

far as, in

series of

this

mena
pheno-

merely describable,but that, regarded

not

wholes, suggest

of
to

seems

is for

processes

portion

that

this

something

see

means.

aspect

this

it

physicalworld, then, expresses

not
subjectto the interference

the aspect in which

or

share, and

this

will,but is

In

perfectedbeing.

themselves

The

"

of

to

us

something significant,
"

as

tale, an

424

of

mask

the

and

be

may

In

wrong.

have, however,

We

misread

interpretationof

such

every

signs appear

I often

As

evolution.

of

Such

them.

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

this

to

nature's

facts

we

mind,

is

but

can

mentioned

now

processes

friend's

my

sphere

as

us

tentative,
guess.

somewhat

so

novel

and
tude
our
descriptive
appreciativeattitowards
at
a
temporal series of events, a contrast
still to glance a moment.
which
it is necessary
When,
namely, I physicallydescribe, that is,explain events
by
between

contrast

I first seize

their causes,
some

event, and

one

world

now

of

our

series

of

condition

of

result

What

is the

found

Having

moment

one

temporal

ask

the

this

the

ask

this

time,

How
of

state

of

did
the

moment

one

series

friend,or

it,say

it were,

So

take

before

(to

in

so

all

much

and

such

parable

all

act

an

the

these

not

One

thus

conditions

does

rather

one

looks

inner

don't

thus

whole

the

world

but

whole.

of

the

cal
physi-

dwell

or

my
the

on

series

on

the

Or,

of
he

his

once

he

estimate

the

whole

of it.

I don't

dwell

sequence,
to

good Samaritan

kneels, now

good

mate
esti-

in

the

tions
configuraindeed
rises.

molecules.

Samaritan

story of his deed

he
And

causally explained
his

attitude

our

more,

Now

ments.
mo-

story.

whole

body.

be

of

the whole

melody,

configurations of
the

world

life of

as

grasped

I follow

might

at

world,

study his single attitudes,as

stops, now

series of described

the

already illustrates

that

as

molecules

he

now

to

as

of

I have

single note,

sequence

is not

of
comes,

the

the

on

that

the

glance

one

evolution),as

on

estimate

this

configurationof things,but I,

portion

case

I view

when

action, or

after until

evolution,I

at

some

and

take

towards

of

process

I treat
look

kind

descriptionor

momentary
as

But

when
appreciatively,

part of

any

another.

to

the

world

or
Descriptively,
then, I study the
contemplatively,

from

the

tion
descrip-

section

cross

myself :

previous

of

of
configuration

measure

world,

events,

from

in

instant

one

some

upon

as

But

ideally.
as

one

PHYSICAL

LAW

story, just as

whole

chords,

of

considers

one

or

drama,

425

FREEDOM.

AND

melody,

or

or

sion
progres-

sequence

of

terms, then,

to

such

any

events.

appreciate the

To
find

of

processes
forsake

to

which

in

historical

evolution

in

it,we

naturallyfind

we

limited

and

purely temporal

ourselves

in

must

some

sure
mea-

point of

confined, and

to

view

which

scientific

is always confined.
explanationof nature
appreciateeven
hypotheticallythe meaning of a process

every

To

the

world

in

time,

this

And

once

of nature

An

processes.

in itself

series is

as

in

occurrences

into
nation

emerges

from

poet grows

and

space

barbarism

we

find

lution
evo-

series of events

set of

"

of

that

physicalfactors

as

purely physical,

the world
chick

is

time.

interests

wherever

serve

evolution

ideal

the

be viewed

themselves

cannot

to

seem

transcend

measure

some

suggests how

more

the processes

these

in

must

we

from

up

that

necessary

An

time.

in

velops
de-

egg

infancy;

from

planet condenses

develops the life that for millions of

it so wondrous
a
place. Look upon all these
years makes
and you shall see
nothing but matter
things descriptively,
moving instant after instant,each instant containingin its
the

fluid

state, and

into the next.

of passingover
the necessity
description
Nowhere
will there be, for descriptive
science,any genuine

full

But
look at the
admissible.
noveltyor any discontinuity
cian
musiwhole
a
as
synthetically,
historically,
appreciatively,
listens to a symphony, as a spectator watches
a drama.
Now
in phenomenal form, a
to have
seen,
you shall seem

interests will have

Passionate

story.

will of the

you.
nearer

growing animal,
of the evolving races,
In taking such a view
to

the

inner

of the
our

we

view

own

truth

Logos
natural

sequences

in

the

these

of

must

are

will
you

passed before
likelyto be coming
have

things ?
be

one

Yes

wholeness,

for

the

sciousness
con-

scends
essentiallytran-

that

in

and

time-limitations;
their

tory
poet, the his-

of the

ideals

The

realized.

been

we

are

SO

far

as

therefore

426

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

likelyto be approaching the unity of his world-possessing

not
are
learninginsight. In doing all this,however, we
ideals

how

nature's

describable

world

the

finds

world

mechanism,

temporal

of ideals.

sequences,

The

student

mechanical, because
But

processes.
is

he

logical,because

nature's

its

in

mechanism,

it must,

as

with

interfered

have

how

he

finds

viewing

he

the

is

world

but
bolizes,
sym-

of

lution
evo-

watching
also

teleo-

merely the sequences

not merely
as
such, but the wholes of sequence
; is listening
of nature's
for the notes
music
of instant
(the passing events
after instant),
but for the melody (the appreciable
total

of

life that

the

And
the

call

eternal
the

of

student

the

to

of

interests

for

contend

the

realization,is coming
is

he

who

time.
is

It is true

of

centre

of

half

of

successive

many

that

our

finite

own

viewing

the

that

in

the

mastery,

of

ideals

the

truth

to

nearer

describes

merely

stants).
in-

every

the

lives,so

world

world

of history,

of

ciation
appre-

that
of

necessary

long for
things than

of
interpretation

such

of

sequence
nature

dwell
not
at
hypothetical;since we
finite isolation
the truth of the Logos, but in our
-conscious
temporal insights. It is also true

fragmentary

the

isolation

evolution, in thus

world

the

of

up

appreciableis deeper and truer than

the insightinto the whole
of what
we
is logicallyprior,in the unity of the

time

Logos,

is made

the

as

describable,as

mortals

not

and

friend's inI make

of my
ner
which
interpretation
less
life is fragmentary and
hypothetical. It is neverthetrue
that in both cases
interpretationin appreciative
is deeper than mere
terms
descriptionof phenomena, and
is more
likelyto get at the truth of things.
And
eties
vain
the anxihow
are
see
surely,we may
now,
that every

of

have

those

been

evolved

conditions,and
the

of

energy

stage of

who

our

wonder
on

what
the

how

conscious

planet

our

will

stars

runs

argument

we

become
down.
know

under
of

life could

purely physical

all such
For

that

ever

at

there

life when
the
is

present
no

real

PHYSICAL

of

process
to

real

be

not

that

nature

AND

must

427

FREEDOM.

have, known

not

unknown

or

it could

inner, its appreciable aspect. Otherwise

its

us,

LAW

in

since

far

so

it is

as

merely describable, it

merely show, is merely abstract, like the numbers

fullness
of
and
the geometrical figures,and has no
true
ture
naliving and inanimate
being.1 The difference between
the nais for us
ture
now
merely the difference between
is also

face

that like the

friend

is

to

us

like the

get

from

remote

our

series of

events

as

to

suggest their

so

what

products
of

our

of

range

enough

near

to

ciable
apprenature

this fashion
for

are

our

such

were

as

at

can

interests

human

present

appreciativeinsight.

our

"

And
as

ture's
na-

within

come

The

ited.
limsuch

us

stories.
as
probable interpretation
life appeared on
our
globe as soon

call

we

are

evolution

of

processes

so,

be
of

power

our

Even

to

own

But the
point of view.
embody divine appreciationsis not in
from

the

to

is too

spaces

to

enough

near

sympathetic suggestion of what appreciative

that
truth it probably embodies, and the nature
which
planetary
fill the interinfinitely
complex ether waves

for

own

of

miracle

"

the

beginning of life is merely the subjectivemiracle

of our
human
own
point of view. Beyond that beginning
have
we
no
appreciativeinsight. This side of it we have.
The
discontinuity exists in us, not in the truth.
"

"

"

Animism,"

to be

the

tendency that we formerly

also called
anthropomorphism," the tendency by mere
stones
or
analogy to endow
planets with a quasi-human
life,remains
a
misleading tendency. For it is not ours
to
hind
speculate what
appreciative inner life is hidden bethe describable
but
seemingly lifeless things of the
sure,

"

But

world.
in

far

as

place for

it

so

finite
The

what
the
and

know

we

is that

self -consciousness
this

place

must

consciousness,a place

rest

is to
1

us

Or,

mortals
as

Hegel

as

in

it must
of

the

be what

Logos

be, like that of

the

world

of

yet wholly unknown.

would

say,

Wirkltchkeit.

it is

finds
our

own

appreciation.
But

this

428

consideration
consciousness

its

appreciableaspect.
this boundless

of

shore

this

know

that

otherwise

since

meaning,

resistless tides and

If

only

after

wave

and

breaking
thunder

call
to

us

the

of

as

filled with

such

knowledge
and

clear

ours

time

its

Do

transcended

the

we

what

men

appears

there

is truth

imperfect experience of
have

we

problem

insightof

of

whether

all this

The

wave

neighborhood to be
herewith
our
empirical

doubt

we

answer.

by

infinite

an

our

And

question,as

very
own

of

new

world

in

seems

insightbehind

The

The

processes.

ends.

Each

life.

evolution.

endless

is full

ocean

this

of this restless

process

the

on

meaning is,we see again

approaching, curving,gleaming,
hear
beach
nal
we
only the eter; and

wave

on

stand

its

what

ask

we

ourselves

had

merable
throbbing billows and innuits depths and
unexplored solitudes,its
its divinelymighty storms, would
not

currents,

real.

always

rise

and describing
appreciation,
looking at this or that breaking
little of their meaning.
"We
a

limitless

whole

the

has

the

to

as

of

world

understand

to

seem

world

mortals

pebble,or

that

or

wave,

be

We

question

The

general.

in

of

PHILOSOPHY.

anxious

the

aside

sets

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

Solver

the

already
can

of

volves
in-

seen,

exist

only as
problems.

IX.

The

third

relates
If

and

the

to

problem

asks

one

What

last

to

as

first

understood, relates

of

seek

can

sense

against any
The

world

time

as

freedom.

to

the

other
in

It

cause.

world

of

sequences.

it to
For

of

ness,
its whole-

exist?
cause,

the

its wholeness

tion
ques-

usually

as

and
description,
The
only cause

appreciation is

in

of will and
appears

to

the
that

very

for
is,namely, a justification

fashion

describable

appreciationin

meaningless.

in the world
a

of

caused

power

explanation of temporal
you

concluding considerations

our

the world

efficient

is for the

of

ferent
dif-

this

as

of self -consciousness.
to

us

in

system of phenomena, bound

space

and

together

LAW

PHYSICAL

by rigid law.

this

"

of

the inner

of

the

"

from

Logos,

the

about

still ask

world.

"

For

"

Freely,and

we

reason,"

no

but

in

solelyfor
of

consequence

the

his

fathom

can

fair maiden,

the

"

So

will.

mediacy
imthe

Yet

choice.

and

as

problems,

choice?
but

none

Will

is

The

Self

the

far like

so

eloquent,"who chooses
the caprice is,in the

silence

in her

necessary

own

eternal

World-

self,
him-

untrammeled

an

far

so

is the

all his

this

idealists,

pleasing to

such

solves

The

rational

most

conception of

the

is her

such

or

it is.

what

For

reason."

own

"

is

all

capriceis there, in

of

get rid of

Unmittelbarlceit

reason

Self, who
fullyself-possessed
including the problem, Why
element

indeed

not

of

and

one

with

but

without

not

its other

organic all-embracing
If we
system of appreciativetruth.
with
must
not
Schopenhauer,
answer,

his
?

why

do

It

eternity,and

act, constitutes

types of

caprice in

same

Logos, we
Hegel called

aspect of what

other

fact,the gigantic caprice

mere

this

of

equally

system of appreciable truth

as

ideals

and

nomena,
phe-

order

other

some

atoms

the

us

Viewing

nature.

aspect, namely,
the

other

to

seems

than

of

this

physical laws,

there, rather

be

system, with

describable

motion,

these

atoms,

should

nature

429

FREEDOM.

however, just this system

That,

these

AND

cause
becase

completely self-conscious Will, a necessary element

has no
The
of its reason.
reason
beyond
highestReason
it includes
all
far it is capricious. But
in so
it, and
all finite points of view, and
and
lower
so
as
reasons,
baser
less capricious,in the
is infinitely
against them
of the

of

sense

word, than

the

of their

aware

It is for

meaning

own

this

of

related

place

our

of

the

this

game
In

so

in

to

the
he
far

we

world-order

plays ?
we

"

are

?
The

Are
answer,

their blindness.

called

have

how

Are

freedom?

less
infinitely

are

it lacks

But

freedom.

this

as

and

that

reason

appreciationone
wills

they, since they

are

we

we

the

"

world

our

of

finite

predestined to
impotent pieces

as

clearlyconscious

conceive, is
of

our

own

430

choices,

ourselves

we

We

in

far, however,

so

choices, but

our

only

impulses,mere
of

mood,

momentary

Some

good

evil

or

not

us,

But

facts

of

do

we

how,

one

all, is

bits of

ourselves

blind

mine

involves

and

into

enter

who,

not

ask,

of

scious
uncon-

have

or

freedom.

his

ancestor,

some

chosen

these

volition

is

I be in any

can

some

things for
fragment of
thus

sense

consciousness, viewed

my

The

are

hereditarytemperament,

time, tied hopelesslyto this describable

of

too

we

conscious

not

are

Self.

the

hereby

we

not

then

tion.
apprecia-

of

World-Will.

may

not

as

conscious

our

of the

the freedom

After

in

angel,may

we.

But

find

know

else, we

one

world

And

part of his freedom.

are

Only

free.

part of the

are

then, ourselves, conscious

are

wills

Our

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

fact

as

free ?
in

mechanism

nervous

world, in its divinelyfree capriciousness,

physical order that necessarilycontains

just
this organism. What
the organism itself will do in given
determined
circumstances, is therefore
by
physiologically
a

the

whole

And

my

its

order
will

moves

and

of

inner

And

be

sense

In

the wrorld
the

what
we

we
are

obligedto

How
afresh

to

that

that

be,

the

order

as

they
of

all of

it express

are

nature,

one

paradox

us

insist,because

the

infinite Self

the

world

of

time

is there
can

and

it is all
to

know
must

one

true

known

facts about
to

from

what

infinite

Self,

the

are

we

future, just
it

law, just because

truth, and

all truth.
thus

in

spoke

we

as

all be

present,

the

absolutelyforeknown, is present in one

transcending instant to the insightof the Logos.
must

just

aspect which

to

the

is

I shall

"

double

Whatever

call the infinite past to the

it does

already presented

may

will

mechanism,

explain such

from

aside

constitutes

appreciationas

evolution.

call time
sure

because

of

has

past time.

of

whole

yet I, wrhose

describable

appeal

of time

facts

of

free ?
I

answer

world

of this

aspect

some

of

the

the

by

of this mechanism

atom

no

predestined course.
much

so

of nature

form

But
to

the

timeIt

is

because
how

all

infinite

432

ourselves

to

seem

this side of

part
forming spiritually
appreciationthat

and

and

that

the

Self

possesses

although,
hold

inclusive

an

the

upon

physical series

eternal

far

be

events, and,

as

transcendent

if you

have

consciousness,

dependent on
sure,
already,in its mea-

world-estimate, which,

is

whole

the

thus

me

world

of

far

as

of

in

event

no

estimate
spiritual

followed

of

indeed

deeper realitythan

itself,and

nature

But

past

time-transcendingestimate

wholes, may

as

learned, is

act

of

Such

in time.

distant

part of the

all,but

of

moment

one

series

whole

it is
brain-states,but in significance

have

in

possess

of

capacity,it is dependent on a brain

in this its ideal comment,
it
significance,

therefore, being always

in view

in its finite

in its
state, still,
takes

estimate

future, does

all the

are

of

choice, in fact, does

conscious

we

are

yes,

Such

physical order.

whole

the

On

physicalevents.

taking hold upon

scending
absolutelytime-tran-

truly transcending time,

while

such, since

as

consciousness, then,

twofold

our

conduct

series of

this whole

approving

are

we

choosing the

be

to

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

we

sical
phy-

time

at

all time.

into

this

rather

breathless

region of speculationyou may now

finallyask,
But
I answer,
does
all this make
us
morally free ?
in a very profound sense,
For gather once
it does.
more
"

"

into

the

one

regards
of

its world
in

events

later

threads

(2)

in

which

As

of

twofold

the

The

argument.

our

earlier

events

As

series

fatallycause

the

eternallycomplete world
it ideallyestimates
and chooses.
significance

so

too

far

as

make

second

we

mere

are

sense,

estimates,are

living not
time.

indeed

mere

of

creatures

And
and

morally judging beings,in

ideal

time, beyond
we

an

are

necessary

now

in

In

part of the

merely
far

so

as

descendants
But

nerves.

remember:
is
itself,

it not

we

of
we

total, whose
And
so

are

as

in

also

in
we

this

above

temporal facts,

are

an

we,

far

Self

time, but

in

say,

time

(1)

way:

Self, we

animal
far

more

ancestry,
than

poral.
tem-

temporal order, rigid

of infi*
after all only one

this

PHYSICAL

be conceived
of

point

eternal

view,

of the

unreal, because

of

one

any

which

Self, but all of which, from

the

by

433

FREEDOM.

AND

possible world-orders,

nitelynumerous
could

LAW

the

left unconceived,
deliberately

are

ideal

estimate

which

Self makes

the

then, though we are bound

choosing this world ? What
indeed
be free,
in the temporal world, may
not
we
yes,
and in a non-temporaland transcendent
effective too
sense
in the eternal world ?
May we not in fact, as parts of an
in

"

time, but helping to choose

fatal temporal world

This,
of

as

of

some

he

what

freedom

this

the

we

facts of
no

transcendental

been?

doctrine

extra-temporal

or

all

actions.

our

already in part
spiritualorders, the physical and
as

may

you

and

the

the

human,
If

this

Csesar

and

it

this,I

once

presented, very
untechnical

will

indeed

more

admit,

discussion

permit

limits
I

thus

of

close

only
deepest insightsof

as

into
a

are

with

creature
to

fact

the

in

conduct.

absolute

two

from

doomed

But

Self, of whom

In

ways.

time, descended

just this brain,

preciselythis

is for

in

order

the

tively
rela-

enter

divine

ture,
na-

when

from

the

the

not.

still seem,

The

unpersuasive.

think

of the
suggestion of one
philosophy. If it is right,your acts are at
the temporal point of view
absolutelybound,
the eternal
point of view absolutelyfree. For

you

and

reconciled.

become

must

dim

from

the

then

so,

no

hypothesis after all impossible?

rather to be the deepest truth.

all

modern

see,

fatal

be

an

But

this

have

famous

in

this

longer fear fate, no longer dread

nervous
physiology,no longer be appalled by
to
save
longer appeal to temporal miracles
God

I hold

thus

Kant's

finallyreconciled.

be

shall

ideals.
Is such

was

divine

orders, the

indeed

know,

thing

world

what

out

eternally be and

the

the

free, may

and

out

that

or

temporal necessity of

the

and

this

shall

point of view,

natural

moral

you

called

and

From
the

indeed

order, be choosing not

eternal

temporal
are

and
you

world

animals,

for countless

the whole
you

the

this

once

agea
order

part, only

434

one

hini

at

all

share,

this

chosen

world

that

estimate

for

But

sense

made
of

the
this

constitutes
of

moral

are

you

truth.

part

world

at

describable
the

free

to

free

of

worth.

of

its
in

are

time

in

appreciation,

its

but

in

in

world.
the

who

choice
is

is

nal
eter-

never

whose

wholeness

which

the

also.

part

this

"World-Creator,
time,

has

scending
time-tran-

your

you

of

He
And

laws

in

yourself

you.

has

because

but

you

will,

change

moment

any

its

your

eternal

the

which

contains
of

before

temporally,

consciousness

your

world
world

sake

chooses,

and
of

which

the

morally

not

are

in

is

eternity

not

act

an

world

eternally

personality,
You

yet

this

conceive

to

All

chosen

has

time,

PHILOSOPHY.

truth.

at

He

glance.

above

act

an

looking

of

way

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

the

what
world

LECTURE

OPTIMISM,

Too
with

the

PESSIMISM,
I have

long

suggested

to

return

more

our

historical

the

idealistic

of view.

of

latter

doctrines

the

not

may

which

this

is,to

doctrine

than

scrutinyof
as

limited

our

something

of this

Self
in

our

world.
to

seems

whose

because

lectures, but
the

whole

theoretical

do

We

the

whose

history of

outcome

could

value

for

modern

question has

been

world

the

of

may

to
or

trine
doc-

Self

absolute

of

cool

and

moral

critical

already tried, so
from

remove

mere

of moral

poem

world

idealism

of the

lute
abso-

something spiritual
I conceive

as

only

outcome

for

the

the

have

doctrine, such

The

in

idealism, in that

in the

believe

not

the

fact

of

merely long

we

indeed

nature

the

permitted,to
reproach of being

rather

me

of

to

spiritual. In

the

time

We

enthusiasm.

defect

it is.

form

attractive

the

of

terms

rather

as

nature

considerations.

ethical

embodiment

an

world

the

them

to

appears

of

prominent

minds,

many

the

course,

most

seems

study
points

to
two

give

is, of

theories

realityin

make

to

enthusiasm

far

by

defines

bound

seems

usually

Other

influenced

be

It

of

course

from

to

attempts

as

the

explain

to

evening

occasion

thinkers

efforts

as

This

had

humanity.

idealism

reader.

general

previous lecture,

During

have

of earlier

of

the

ORDER.

speculative problems

issues.

discussions,we

that

sense

in

intricate

practical

spiritualinterests

MORAL

physical world.

They appeared
knowledge, and

of human

THE

yon,

the

the

by

us

AND

detained

discussion

to

XIIL

it to

be,

rigidlogicalanalysis,
sketch

in

philosophy
thought.

brief

is indicated

by

that

the

Yet

considered,

these

we

now

have

right

436

THE

in conclusion

draw

what

from

interests

You

OF

to

the

idealism

pretends
inevitablythe

has

We

Self.

the
clear
so

far

as

we

as

we

In

purposes.
of

possible
deduce

can

estimate, of
far

as

are

will
From

view
do

of

contents

value.
values

ciousness

of

onr

the

and

infinityof

"

descriptive

the world

which

for

makes

can

reason

it

good, that

can

the

first

theoretical,

than

more

"

or

"

descriptive point of
vain

by merely describing the laws

things why they should possess this or

and

show

to

of

only

the

ideal

proves

such

when

values

that

adds

self -justification,
and

judge

wills

the

be

can

say,

otherwise.

and

world

theoretical

purely
to

presupposed. Yet this capriwill is not, as

Schopenhauer thought,
rational
will is one
that to complete

own

for there
accustomed

own

into

enter

far

already been

that
the

so

in

its

chosen

conscious

this from
"

thought.
purely theoretical

self-consciousness

from

in

as

The
irrationality.

choice

choice,that is,in

appreciative,are

Deduction
have

be

cannot

we

will, all appreciation,is capricious; for

try

you

world

decree, except

ourselves, we

abstract

We

this

life,are

chooses

are

the

all

The

world.

choice,

of

in the

Self who

well

as

little this

only say, So it
comprehend the significanceof this worldthis appreciativeaspect of things,only in so

too

we

this

for

choosing.

We

active

it is about

what

is

share

No

the

how

relativelycapriciouswill
from
fact, chosen
eternityby

choosing

the

itual
spir-

our

of

fathom

own

worlds.

is,worth
is.

our

and

much

about

moment

too

for

can

we

theory has taught us.

that

precise meaning

men

too, in

partake

know

to

cannot

the

to

as

truths

Its existence

it.

about

advantage

already how

aware

are

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

SPIRIT

its

side

this

nature?

it must

appear

merely theoretical,or,
logicalreason,
why it might

But

no

regarded

as

the choice

of

cordingly,
is, ac-

Is

vindicator.

own

of

that

the

Regarded
as
cious,
caprias

not
an

we

are

have
eternal

World-Self, the world

of

dissatisfied and

does

he

that

itself defeated

finds

but

either

one

is not

the

We

really wants.
with

by

will is

the dissatisfied

That

to

dissatisfied will

the

who

choice

world
of

instead.

two

For

(1)

causes:

only one concerned,

foreign opponent ; or (2)
of

bits

knows

Self

the

what

not

well

are

it
quainted
ac-

of

grief; and since the

is simply the self-conscious
World-Self
organism of all of
the nature
of
us, he too is inevitably well acquainted with
these

our

with

of

the

it is of the

and

how

us

is the

both

One

of

members

They

each

the

of

his

events,

of consciousness

has

alreadysuggested
victorymay live. It
give to that thought

conflict

great

to

Yet

"

the

start.

form

in

antinomy

"

of

both

they must

be

Their

fact

the

ual
spirit-

the

is,in sharp apparent

that

are,

other.

conflict

true, for

they

demonstrable.
of them

of

evil

is the

joyous to
longs always to
lives in

finite life.

principlethat

present wherever

is not

be

all

One

finite,in

know
sorts

lives

form

of

one's

finitude,and

there
so

in

far
and

more,

of

there
is

of

time,

so

time,

or

to

endless

sort

the

is finite.

one

to

possess

in

other

of

some

and
cares,

reference

some

finite will.

such
one

It
One

; and

more

paradoxical relations

one's

some

be

must

as

appreciative consciousness,

strivingwith

moments

time

moments

propounded at
difficult.
They

be

may

world.

and

be, the

cannot

all the

his

But

organism

be

must
principles

opposing

one

includes

Hegel

endless

be,

whole

the

temporal
But

them.

not

of this final lecture

reconciliation

sort

of

the

shares

illustration.

Two

with

of

choice

essence

above

purpose

further

are

That

be discontented.

to
to

failure

entire

far

so

griefsneed

our

choice.

timeless

sources

in

and

woes,

acquaintance
sense

these

the

eternallysorrows

foolish,and

finite

both

other

some

be

speak,

to

so

437

ORDER.

MORAL

peevishLogos,

due

is

THE

cannot,

choose

not

dissatisfaction
That

AND

PESSIMISM,

OPTIMISM,

to

other

imperfect
preserves

by wondering
to

the

appreciationsthat

other
lie be-

438

yond

far,

so

its

be

To

one.

there

flnitude.

Most

is

be bounded

to

is of the

well

as

far

they

as

In

temporal

with

is content

who

Fitzgerald are
true

Earth's

from

Up

I rose,

and

And
But

"

"

dreams

finitude

in

so

in

world

the

nobody

Omar

The

the

Door

to which

There

was

the

Veil

through

There

was

Earth

could

of their

rolling Heaven
hidden

by

when

viewed

the

inevitable

of

or

be

therein.
satisfying

of their Lord

forlorn.

whether

moment,
not

look

to

God,
and

not

say

that

not

in

one

for

the true

the

God

not

and

Seas

that

forlorn

Night

;
see

Me.

mourn

Signs

revealed

Morn."

and

given of the temporal order

finite
at
appreciatively,
any
result of seeking the divine

So

viewed

Lord

he

the

is found

indeed

are

seas

in

no

temporal
"

seventh
through the
gate
is speaking of the complete
one
is using the temporal
if one
"

passes

him.

If

Logos, and

eternal
is

As

might

of Thee

all his
of

sleeve

Key

no

Thee

and

Lord

with

could

account

it appears,

the

the

nor

Fate.

which

more

no

answer

flowing Purple,

better

the

not

then

Road

the

by

I found

of Me

awhile

and

"

sate,

of Human

was

And

moment,

'd

unravel

Master-Knot

little talk

Saturn

of

Gate

Seventh

the

through

Throne

Knot

the

not

Nor

or

bad

that, speaking in

say

is

There

In

or

have

to

well

can

Centre

the

on

many

Some

as

and

opinion.

"

"

No

finite than

of
Khayyam stanzas
philosophicallyright,and forever

far

so

be

rather

our
necessarily

just now
it.

finite life than

our

such.

one

there

terms,

joyous side, in

temporalityand

regarded as

of this truth

view

is not

of

essence

are

had

nut-shell

its

too

about

us

that

in

has

more

of

nothing, although even

But

PHILOSOPHY.

all this

sure

namely, as

mere

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

sense

of

is,it is perfectlyaccurate

not, say in the year

fire and earthquake.

Elijah's

he

was

affair of

con-

1892, justas
He

is

no

to

440

into his

foreignelement

indeed,

is,is then

that

The

worlds.

interferingwith

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

organic nature.1

own

Leibnitz

as

The

said, the

world

best

of

sible
pos-

this be, without

can
problem is,How
the foregoing principleof the essential
?

evil of finite existence

ii.

Let

begin

us

Self

of the

world

who

One

evil.

of moral

of

this

ancient

problem
the probillustration,
lem

obvious

immediately

its most

with

discussion

our

first

the

sees

truth

be, in its wholeness,

must

that

the

good world,

too
easily in the notion
likely to rejoice even
indeed
through this insighthe has come
very near
have sought. Yet one
who
goal that all the religions

that

is

himself

thus

the

to

he

considers

how

perfectionof

God's

things about

the

it is to

concreteness

give

of the

good,
order.

and

can

And

moral

so

the fate of
poor

and

stern

mentioned

we

of course,

unconscious,

foreign-toeach
has

own

suggested

readers.
from
science.

the

views

to

Like

those
I

of

I must

Von

at the

Hartmann

from
idealists,

worked,

for

studying

were

the

the

draw

that

time

same

be
a

the

ture
lec-

these

two

are

opposition of

obvious

to

many

synthetic conclusion

Schopenhauer,
his

nature

former

The

some.

holding

him

being essentially

two

will

to

most

acknowledge

to

twofold

of the

these

for

reason

endeavoring

am

ress,"
Pilgrim'sProg-

"

we

doctrine

Wisdom,

parallelism and

him

I have

own

my

post-Kantian

his influence.

and

Remember

Ignorance reached
city,yet the angels carried

Hartmann's

Will

as

temporal

moral

Poor

other, will suggest itself

inseparable. The
my

Von

tions
abstrac-

than

thing

when

hard

ing
world, in be-

serious

such

how

mere

God's

Ignorance,in Bunyan's

gate of the celestial

Here,

the

weight to

Schopenhauer'spessimism.

of his

world, and

order, regarded from

grave

the fate that

it is to say

easy

consciousness.
religious
surelybe nothing less

point of view, is

gate of the celestial

nevertheless, when

very

the

to

finds

glimpse of the golden glorieswithin it,nigh

palace of the king, does, after all,well to tremble,

cityand
to

it were,

close, as

the

to

and

from

modern

part, quite independently of

great

value

and

his

priority.

bottomless

the

to

away

indeed

run

risk

the

despairare

not

is not

they

until
the

of
until

the

of the

have

real

world

for

order

secures

the

fashion

at

the

at

this chances

the

who

all

forms

them

that

of

the

that

defend

that

triumph
this

years,

the

been
old

dogmas,

the

this

moral
and

cause,

heart.

pure

times

to

such

that
this

be

heathen

During

and

the
of

the

noticed
all

upon

other

before

been

I have

as

only

not

as

man

in

race

our

given

reason

to

attempts

depravity of
all

the

an

its

matic
axio-

disapproval has usually been a

People who
pretend at other

agnostic,become

It would
the

for all my

; and

have

frown

condemnation

very

very

to

customary

for
justification
optimisticreason.

where

in

well

good

with

light

too

popularity of optimism.

past few

Confident.

the

cause

which

be

of

in

saw

curiouslyenough, despiteall
day, such easy religiousoptimism as

condition, but

unsaved

God's

will,and

we

concerning creed-revisions

universal

the

offers.

far

after

man

religiousprogress

stern

will

they

idealism

great popular favor

in

be

to

it has

; it is

present moment,

public during

world

element

universe

the

be

serve

controversies

these

its

as

necessary

everything will

do

idealism, I regret this

and

well

life,as

to

comfort

that

once

skepticismof

that

; it is not

plain.

who

those

of

joy

Just

as

lecture, by assuringa
a

easy

the

this fact

order

they have learned to

hard
a
master,
essentially

home

the

It

until

as

come

and

ness
serious-

the

popular religiousfaith usuallybegins,as

earlier

and

divine
of

fashion

they think.

as

of
significance

has

tion
perfec-

Pessimism

somehow

finite world

right to

make

to

All
an

of the

all this

any

want

order

severe
essentially

until

not

them

tragedy

; it is not

the

first abstract

learned

the

moral

misery

from

view

fate.

aspect of the

faced

the

recognize

this

441

ORDER.

who

similar

have

consummation

divine

and

shall

moral

have

they

of

far away

so

in

merely

MOEAL

THE

Those

pit.

world

God's

of

AND

PESSIMISM,

OPTIMISM,

here

of

melancholy,they
had

not

as

fair

say,

sudden

very

to live in

chance

for sal

442

vation

of

consequences

the
when

the

sin

to

were

would

be
too

prove

if the

atrocious
If

grave.

we

not
can-

given suppositionwith the mercy of God,

And
all this reasonbe false.
ing,
suppositionmust
in
to mean,
more
fully analyzed,usuallyproves

reconcile
then

It

else.

anybody

as

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

of

minds

who

those

it,a

use

that

sense

if there

is any

it must
be an
order
that
spiritualorder in this universe
does
all, does
not
ills,and that, above
permit very many
Thus
reward, quickly, all good efforts.
reasoning,the
in an
surance
asreligiousoptimist of the day finds his comfort
of God, of the earlytriumph of
of the kindliness

morality and
an

of

generalpeacefulnessof

the

I say,

assurance,

which,

whole, I

the

on

believe,indeed, that all the evil is part of

I believe

in the

during

those

found

myself, as

observer,

the

moral

rather

to

irrational

of the

essence

with

the

be

of

with
sure,

form

modern

fashion

recent

order.

good

yet often

years,

details

of

advocates

because

which

I have

tradition
I

I have

may

knew

as

of

how

had

confesses

in

at
a

given
loss of

conceive

to

not

to

as

weary

unfruitful

and

well

the

accepted

regretted the

well-known

too

which

poem

once

most

remind
ing
interest-

have
religiousoptimism as I now
in mind, and as I do not accept.
I am
undertaking at this
point a study and criticism of such a fashion of conceiving
the world
of spiritualconcerns
glad to be able to
; I am
let it
itself so ferventlyand skillfully.The
express
poem
which
I refer to is one
of the few reallystrong productions
of the interestingSouthern
poet, Sidney Lanier,
whose

death

just such

the

truly spiritual. But,

theologicalcontroversies, I
you

share.

cannot

relativelydispassionatemetaphysical

dogma, but because

rigiditywhich our fathers

very

you

of

that

or

universe,

spiritual
; and

controversies

creeds, not,

sometimes

to this

the

popular

sympathizing

old

sterner

of the

supremacy

the

promising, but
The

poem,

few
so

entitled

since

years

far
"

deprived

our

country

comparatively undeveloped

How

Love

looked

for

of

man.

Hell," is in-

the

existence

of

matter

many

that

To

"

his

heal

One

day

Now

the

Where

'

his minister

Sense

latter,there is

were

All

be

may

shadow

of

see,

"

rode

out

about.

man

above

hangeth
'

Come,

't is here.7

come,

Love."

quoth

proceeds
the

to

in fear

spurreth

Prince

describe, Love

to

flowing,and

stream

the

beyond

somehow

has

of the

is of

course

I have

he

stream

to

there

in

the

the

only

somewhat

Of

lakes
woods

Doth

of
and

lilies

grass

ravish

the

soul

yellow grain
and

sense

search

in use,
for

The

black
of

the

by this change

pleasantplain

and

goes

growing.

disconcerted

pain,yon

Love

instead

scene.

"For

can

spot in question,

transformed.

are

where
one

found

living rill,and

to

skeptically,
possibly too crudely

sometimes

reaches

become

has

changed
beyond

flaming lake
Sense

scene

and

light engaged

lo ! when

the

stream

modern

that

lows
fol-

place where, according

black

certain

electric

; and

'

thingsabove,

souls

an

"

Sense.

Sense

ways

very

optimisticcomparison
he

blows, while

if,to borrow

fain

was

struggling in burning lakes.

curiouslyto the place,hunting somewhat

very
as

cold wind

lost

see

and

hill that

the

plucketh

Lanier

very

case

these

frightfullygroaneth Sense,

Accordingly, as

in

world

Love.

top of the

the

is

their

state

strange

in and

rode

searched

And

the

Mind

'T is here, 't is here,' and

To

their

thing I first would

Mind

First
*

all evil

to travel

Sense.

Hell,' quoth

They

for

most

and

curious

"Then

443

ORDER.

long-time pain

Love

thee

to

Mind

Quoth

of

heart

Ministers

what

One

where

let Lanier

Prince

With
*

MORAL

idealists,conceive

I therefore

And

terms.

THE

sory,
purely illuthe spirittriumphs by simply denying
all its opponents.
Many people, and for

where

and

world

the

to describe

tended

AND

PESSIMISM,

OPTIMISM,

444

Such

Aud

never

And

folk

smile

that

the

and

Love

Then

Love

has

wrought by

caves

But

I cannot
Hell

find where

'

Came

'Tis

of sin doth

sit

man

fleshlydole

Hell

's not

'Tis

fixed in the

"'Fixed
He

by

Now

'

to his mind

sinner's

soul'

thou

willow

yon

at

"

Love.

would'st

to

goal,

damned

ever

me,

remorse

yet above,

quoth

see

breast

nor

piteous

shall

begin

above,

corse

his

they passed,
the

Good,

within

is the

chained

soon

Where

other

wood

green

his mind

under

weepeth

Full

'

follow

"

quoth Love.)

below,

Fixed

Fast

'

clamored

Not

'

found

Mind.

hell

's in the murderer's

Thus

Minister

within, it lieth

Hell

in

below, 'tis not

not

saw

ground,

hast

111 and

on

suddenly

("Where
*

stood

still

heart

It lieth

the

having failed, the

they

marveled

*In the

thou

willow

see

tree,
!'

corse

for

but

Mind.

quoth

they

rode

bent

above.

fast,

last, at last,

Hell,' quoth Love.

"

There

when

These

be

they

the

Mind

came

and

same

not

suffered
the

A-wondering whispered
Lo,

face

Where
One

by
the

saith

face

('Grace

'

Do
!'

me

shame

;'

same

Mind.

spiritspace

two

blissful willow
:

mere

wonders.

"

There, while
And

searched

his

Love."

quoth

Sense

Hereupon, however,

"

also

below, the hills above

The

appealed to

he

round, and

rode

sky,
above.'*

gaze

in his unconsciousness

"

"

PHILOSOPHY.

beneath

sigh

transformation

coming, and

is

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

waves

above

friendly grace

quoth Love.)

:
*

"

ter
minis-

OPTIMISM,

AND

PESSIMISM,

THE

MORAL

445

ORDER.

"

Read

'

Dim

That

I struck

(how

deep

In

thee

Yea,
'T

was

need

In

dreams
'

Now

'

We

of

saw

But

Stretched
Of

the

But

'

piteous

I cannot

power,

mind.

medicine
Above

willow
where

and

above,'

found

have

ye

Mind.

crowned

wreathed

that

find,

to

beautiful

ground,

Mind

Strange,'quoth

'

it,'quoth Sense

find

begin.'

and

't is hard

saw

the

on

Love.

yet

we

and

Loves

strange,'quoth Sense,
it,and

with

stung

body

true

True,' quoth

"

'

and

of it here

Hate

'

weep

flower

of sin, 't was

seed

nor

dreamers

plucked

me,

nettle

above

Love.

pain

nettled

the

No

'

with

sleep !)

stood

but

mind.

in mortal

Dreams,' quoth

clung

song,

the

then

none

dreams, again,

That

"

dead,

that

lingerlong,

old-time

about

tears
'

'

that

flicker

I dreamed

"

of

returns

as

With

dreams

two

me

Hell,' quoth Love."

Once

then, Love

more,

approached Remorse,
Love
Sense

find

show

such

ideal

all

things

evil is but

but
faith
of

denying
you

more

contains

in

our

the

all

age,
very

the

very

you

things,the

how

of
to

deepest
can

of

will

the

existence

immortality

depicted

Mind

there, but

they
is

Abiding

and
cannot

only

the

to

the

by

hardly

tell

religion.

soul, the

unreality of Satan,

world

such

work

easy

the

need

minds
of

the

ern
mod-

prevalent agnosticism

spiritualin
evil.

be

to

of that

"

essence

the

form

recognize,

many

make

in extreme

"

contrast

defends

they, we

Lanier

he

as

illusion.

that

length

at

even

universe.

master.

embodiment,

an

since

Thus

own

mischief

which, in curious

world, think
the

the

see,

fled.

his

their

to

form

in
of

sorts

Here, then, is
sure,

too, has

wandering'

as

fails, you

final

doctrine
In

such

of demonstrating

restoration

triumph

of

of

every

4J:6

good
such
and

den
gracious perfectionwhich is hidbehind
apparent and illusoryevil of life. To
every
thus to deny ill is to have
spiritualinsight,
persons
is indeed
Love
ignorant of hell just because Love
all

this

as

Extremely characteristic
minds
optimism is in many
science

will both

so

selfishness
With

as

is not

mere

ignorance ;

it is

of

the

all artists

the

of

day

favorite

only

an

is

the
of
the

trust.

of

sense

of

of

sorrows

our

world, there
should

sorrow

hope

of

such

Meanwhile
once

in

lower

of

functions

or

ized
national-

and

mankind,
of

end

human

form

one

woe

Evil

in

being
is

no

transformation

being

complete
why

reason

be

not

another,

or

optimists.

they expect
for

it is

is at hand.

fact, in

romantic

only

of false theories

system,

Lord

many

limited

invention

The

social

is not

the

in

in human

have

Sin

one

nation

defective

more

spiritualpowers

entire

and

an

loving

the

should

still

theory

the

is in

of

of

are

poverty, which

have.

now

the

of these

mind

order

there

fall to

labor, we

patriots.

Lord

science, which

natural

anything deep

singletax

end

day

mere

of

we

illusion,the

In
and

of

mainly

and

the

hope

ownership of
day the scene
wait

the

of

proper

would

army,

is n't far off

The

is

he

religious

his mind

property

something

politicaleconomy.
labor

such

and

incident

mere

hours

Satan

government.

us

the

that
spirituality

ignorance

make

To

chance

by

we

result

is

fewer

the

in

of

of the

dread

facts.

owning

times

mere

soon

to

Crime

system.

for which

mood

the

for economic

cease

common.

of

society except competition

another, and

nature

treat

optimist of this type, if he

politicaltheorizing,has a peculiarly

to

dislike

evils in

no

conclusions

moment

Your

it.

knows

himself

violent

for the

us

regarded

responsible.

not

devotes

let

further

draw

far Lanier

how

know

But

doctrine.

such, and

indeed

I do not

things.

final

as

as

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

in short, the

cause,

knows

it

SPIRIT

THE

any

formed.
entirelytrans-

faithful

the

little

help

from

world

of

of

the

all deals

with

the

sphere.

The

truth

448
is

SPIRIT

THE

darkness, and

lion, and

assure

who

to

believe

to

rise above

in the

have

the

most

modern

and

woes

rightwith
romantic

serpent bit him."

of the
feel

to

in this

good

of the

secure

of

nature

science

as

the

horrors

of

world

the

forsooth,since

the

world.

idealism

traditional

Utopias,that
of
the

Thus

that

of

Lord

the

the

on

loves, with

have

denies

the

phenomenal

once

order

optimism

and

that

not

religionthat
something

"

it, remain

life

human

higher

sense

been

vanity

of

Darwin

and

ills of
that

reigns,all
hand

one

false
the

must

have

we

liberalism, to

dogmas

graver

social

and

edness
wick-

refuses

life ; while
refuses

of nature.

of

invents, meanwhile,

that

for ail there

and

is

in the

believe

mischief

much

hand

other

the

on

to

so

grapple by

to

itual,
spirin the

genuine synthesisof this

its opposing pessimism, a spiritual
idealism
deny the realityand the gravity of evil,a

looks

very

this is what
In

of
rationality

profound waywardness

nature,
real

because

accepts

the

agnosticism

an

does

creeds, that

human

throat

we

world,

our

shows

faith by ignoring all

cheapen religious
of

house, and

"

science, because

the

into

spiritualrealities of the world, and

as
who, on the other hand, believing,
they say, in a
and
refuse to look
order, remain
gently optimistic,

the

be

men

and

studying the order

agnostic about the

at

flee from

of
speaking thus, I still regard as one
and
lamentable
disheartening features in our
life the
those
who,
dreary opposition between

universe,

divine

did

speaking as an idealist,
order,
recognizethe spiritual

supremacy

sense,

the

those

man

went

or

in all earnestness,

longs to

one

if

wall, and

the

on

you

as

him

met

his hand

leaned
I

bear

As

light.

not

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

forward

great and

the

day

therefore

very

to

something

as

we

valuable

Lord

of the

as

that

serious, and

enough

to

be

to

tragic

need.

history the
of what

schoolmaster

genuine

to

idealism

just that bitter sense

religiousoptimism which

of

the
Amos

bring
means

us

to

has

unreality
so

the
ways
aland

fervently

OPTIMISM,

expressed,and
for

which

Swift, has

in the

which,

the

divine

is called

sin is

of
of

find

the

no

aging
encourare

for the best

of

the

the

exist,

to

ceases

in

of

presence

itself

medicine

the

religiousoptimism

remorse

mere

or

cynicaldespair

If all is ordered

the hell of

form

the

nature, could

possible worlds, if, in

of

Voltaire

supremacy

of

shape

difficulties of

enough.

love, even

if what

the

449

ORDER,

either

in

else the

in man's

The

manifold

best

MORAL

thinkers, for

all faith

universe, or

feature.
indeed

for other

upon

all events

at

THE

frequently taken

skepticalassault
good

AND

PESSIMISM,

soul, a

tle
net-

that

in order that we
be the better
stingsa trifle,
may
for the experience,if in a higher state we
shall
spiritually
in this
that there was
see
positivelynothing to lament
mortal
its

indeed

life,then

gravityand

since

sin

sting of
If

all

its earnestness.

also

is

universe

Why
Why

illusion ?

an

the nettle of
is

the whole

of action

is there

to

sin,

not

experience

not

crime, since that also is

well, what

should

loses

resist, to

the

medicine

?
to

conquer,

lowest, equally in

courageously,to regret, to avoid ? If

present equallyin the highest and the
the good and
in the ill,then why resist

the

Whatever

change,
divine

to

meet

wisdom

evil ?

unreal

surely not
him

is

as

vessel

of

am

I need

dwell

not

In

scheme.

its

us

the

difficulties of

such

on

as
spirituality,
you

world

fundamental
abandon

no

altogetherthe
a

see,

Nor
the

the

but

would

either

something
a

in

wrath

optimistic

it is in
need

apparent ills all about

of

in

our

danger

consent

seem

at

sight to

resignedacceptance of

to

be

to

such

conceived
a

only

pessimism

as

which
these

us,

to

many
any

itual
spir-

And, in fact,for

world.

first

of

point out

empirical facts

optimism have led

hope of vindicatingfor

supremacy

thingsthere

open,

and

me,

who, like myself, accept a generalidealistic;

those

else

full of

difficulties

order

as

is

wrath, for there

becoming out and out immoral.

how, along with the study of

of

chooses

all,only gentleness,love, peace.

at

show

God

be

no

scheme

resource

the divine

order

mysticalterms, or
Schopenhauer's.

in

450
The

first

which

for

once

supreme,

which

evil, and

which

of

favor

all

that
its

solves

order

as

finite world

the

real

all clear

from

of

and

is full of

problem by simply

by surrendering
helplessadoration

rapt and

divine

the

still admits
then

wit, mystical resignation,

to

accepts

it,and

face

to

here,

resource

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

ing
refusin

thought

God,

this

"

source
re-

study of Spinoza,
Imitation."
Your
and, still better, of the
mystic is never
an
optimist of the type suggested in Sidney Lanier's
is

already known

to

us

our

"

He

poem.
finite

rather

life.

The

These

our

thus

become

are

absorbed

What

is

he

The

Ball

But

Here

And

he

He

it be

can

submit

this, as

to

finite.

There

or

that

makes

as

toss'd you

about

wisdom

it all

of

the

down

into

He

knows

"

for

and

Ayes

strikes

is existent

of

of

moment

rance.
ignois

everything

Player
the
"

Noes,
goes

ecstasy, when

vanishing, seem

my

He

knows."

itself,not

shall, as
to

practicallife

upon

Are

we
as

now,

for

catch

it
a

this ?

If

we

are,

is not

Schopenhauer's pessimism
life that
from

we

one

It is

me.

as

I remain

there

may

the

at

were

glimpse

of

little ; it will

bearings

no

in this world.
condemned
idealists,

as

Field,

meaning. But the glimpse will mean

divine
a
inexpressible,
suggestion,with

remote

I, why I
finite

to

God's

of

made

finite

foreign,impenetrable,so long indeed

If I consent
lose myself indeed,
to

moments

come

to

not

become

by lettingme

question

no

knows

divine

remote,

be

the

"

"

The

clear,nor

never

means

utterlymysterious.
:

of

him

mystic. It is God who knows,

imprisoned in the fatal misery of my

thus

else

for

miseries

the

on

for the

clear
am

dwell

to

perfectlyreal miseries.
of them, however, is simply our
own
tion
absorpfinitude.
Why the divine order permits us to

source

in

loves

have

the
In

just been

another

in

way

to

such

indeed

cism
mysti-

short

one

fact, all the three views

considering are
their oppositionsas

not

so

might

OPTIMISM,

first

at

seem

finite world

optimism
actual

is full of
of

the

They

All

The

above.
world

n't

of sense,

evils

of

evils are,

remain

you

God,
remain

the

The

the

of divine
finite

the

their

have

proved

them

content

On

the

from

crimes

of

of view.

them

they

to
to

between
the

such.

as

be

here,

remain

as

sins

imposed

certain

with

other

in

their

past sins, in these

own

medicine

joy

the

This

them.

to

flowers

and

we

separable
inus

upon

apart from

views

two

sions.
illufinite

long

The

of

long-

so

our

so

him.

Sidney

in

in

here

the

The

necessary

be

are

these

believer

are

the

cal
Mysti-

is, that, on

Lanier's

quest
con-

Love, the higher insightbrings with

beings

delight in

tially
essen-

illusions,only

more

consenting to

our

for

are

viewed

when
the

absorption in

difference

hand,

one

their

excludes

says,

order

finite existence

penalties of

him.

divine

the

wills them

our

it

point

finite world

the

from

from
as

in

even

remote

clear

God's

too, knows

world, doubtless

simply denies

sort

and

mystic, once

in

Religious

assertingthat
genuine existence, deprives them

for the

evils.

the

contrary, while

place
significant

any

as

from

the

life have

fact is that

apparent

life,includingeven

vanish

on
resignation,

The

perfection,

light

451

ORDER.

anything positive. They

is

ills of

MORAL

case.

least

at

God's

are

unreal.

the

simple-minded

existence.

them.

be

sight to

THE

AND

PESSIMISM,

it to

finitude,a

very

experiences that
to make
joy seems

caresses

of their world.

hand, the mystical resignationnever

sees

in

the finite world

anything but dust and ashes, and to the

end
from
it scornfullyto God, who
is the
turns
only
views
in this, that they both
good. Yet the two
agree
alike
of all gravity and
of all
deprive the finite world
do here, our
work,
we
deeper ethical significance.What
our
battles,all
our
doubts, our
problems, our
purposes,
these
things have for the mystic as for the optimistno
essential
world
there

for
are

There

meaning.
either
no

true

view.
issues

And
in

are

no

this
the

issues

in

the

finite

idea, that jus! because

finite world,

just because

452
is

there

it, nothing stern,

gravityabout

no

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

nothing worthy

good fight,no salvation that may be lost,and is hard

toil that ought to be entered
to win, no
significant
upon
and that is callingfor us with the voice of a positiveduty
life is essentially
of all this our
vain
that justbecause
the very
of pessimism
idea but
what
is such
essence
an
of the utter
itself ?
Pessimism, then, the sense
vanity of
of

"

life,is the necessary

of

the

evils of

the

escape
find

some

order

they

to

return

we

facts

our

sins

clariug them
and

part.

If,then, the only escape

the

so

ills of life lies in

part, then

For
of

of

is

the

one

once

who

and

good

narrow

it

this

is the
to

been

path

of

substance
wins

not

of

free

Lanier's

does

hatreds

very

spirits
"

of

we

will

not

There

not

vour

de-

them,
all the

more

are

organic

an

the

all

if the

And
the

essence

matter

the

erable.
mis-

most

men

world
is

last word

the

after

sin, doingfor

little way

finite

world, if such
him

as

If

steep

in his

to

the

concretely:

more

truth

the
an

the

all-conqueringLove, who
ill,but by a simple ignoring of

vision

germs

destroy

of
insignificance
of pessimism.

and

revealed

crimes

the

is

moral

philosophy from

our

virtue,fightingsin

with

presence

the

toiling courageouslyup

suddenly

by warfare

ill,in whose
soul, and

of

fact

of

given him, aiming

has

the

remove

show, then

the

put

long

was

say,

can

they

are

vain

victory of righteousness in
one,

you

which

illusoriness

utter

more,

had

as

case

and
denying their significance,
whole
seeming world whereof

indeed

only

issues of life which

Or

not

life is in this world.

our

experience

sense

does

life of

the

empty

of
significance

they are

can

utterlyinsignificantonly makes

hollow

individual

you

life themselves.

denying

"

scheme

says

For

scheme

of

illusions

calling them

them,

the

ills and

our

are,

existence.

half-hearted

such

every

which

all,only in

at

their

deny

half-hearted

scheme

every

finitude,if

to

way

from

that

order, of

moral

of every

outcome

of

become
of the
moral

the

medicine

of

the

glorifiedfriendships of
hero

of the

finite world,

OPTIMISM,
scarred

with

fondly

his

patient

had

conflict
such

of

with

bitter

"

Will

what

'T

is

wild

he

say

in

wrapt

us

beasts

It

see.

bitter ?

more

virtue, and

cause

whole
upon

not

What

of

vainer

the

than

there

all in

us

cheat

the

see

he

as

are

and

new

no

visions

gloomy

keep
"

after

all

could

"

We

There

dream,

have

of

manner

Ephesus?

at

was

the

are

no

morality.
irony of fate
our

any

offered

men

little all to

our

the

call the

blind

world-will

so

worthless

of life be
mysticalinterpretation
is indeed
finite world
simply banished
the

him

in

share

the

at

except

is

itself,the pessimisticresult
All

which

rows,
sor-

vain ; for in the

world
of
offeringwas
there was
the
no
offeringto bring to virtue. Thus
moral
of finite beings proves
conduct
be based
to
penhauer
Schoirrational
makes
as
a
strivingas that which

truth

no

toils and

hell, when

that

profitus

fought wild

to

good

453

ORDER.

unprofitable strife

an

optimistic awakening,

seem

with

?
of

not

worn

will he

"

warfare

phantoms

beasts, you

This

him

powers

who

we

shall it

have

we

the

MOKAL

"

With

Nay,

needed

all his

sense

of

servant

all the

powers

THE

long warfare,

hoped

delusion

and

AXD

PESSIMISM,

these

resolve

into

themselves

And

yet they

insights

optimism declares
and

only

moment,

joyous

omnipresent,it
with

It is

the

as

is

his eternal

in

the

the

drama

That

being,however

the

evil

lamentable

to

the

world

world

changes,

evil, strife,and

worth

divine

trying

temporal

dialectic,

When
be

to

from

that

ing
all-conquer-

Self

divine

cannot
moment

satisfied
Disbe.
to

lessness,
necessityrest-

is of

business

serious
real
from

partial
religious

truth.

express

also, however
hateful

these

"

love

there

therefore

or

plain one.

endless

truth.

the

to

the

vanity.

same

without

approaches

as

"

the
not

are

their

has

it denies

when

more

once

if the

God, and

from

If

thing.

rightone,

moment

views, in

half-hearted

the

to

the

volved.
in-

the

finite

finite

point

451

OF

SPIRIT

THE

in tbe

of view, lias its

place
ojjtimism means,

what
truth

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

perfectionof

and

in

in fact will lie somehow

in

for all three

have

points of view,

far

so

Self, this is

the

it is

right.

synthesis of

certain

The

all these

relative

ity.
valid-

contain
that
genuine moral order must
fection
perin imperfection which
Browning, in his best and
vital poems,
most
was
always strivingto describe to us.
Thus
constituted
it must
be indeed
as
problematic,even
the mystics make
the pessimists
as
it,and tragic,even
declare
it, but also somehow
perfect just as optimism
The

"

"

dreams.
IV.

Can
how

we

the world

of

of the

one

issues, and

moral

world

of

goodness, and

place ;
and

world

moral

order

that

order
be

reconciled

and
fairly,

an

union

not

Is

Is not

on

from
of

made
ever

be

be

world

completeness;

where

evil has

these

its genuine

at

things,apparently,
divine

once

vain

as

in its

very

try

we

to

serve

contrary, if

the

point

of view

an

look

you

of

the
moral

they should
absurdity? I

that

attempt

the

tion
perfec-

great in its needs

it conceivable

the

an

at

the

idealist's

matter

pretation
inter-

possiblethan just such

apparentlyconflicting
requirements of the

religious
conception of
Consider,then, that
and

All

life,nothing is

of the

paradoxicallyopposed qualitiesa

that,

once

moral

worship it, and

contain.

must

answer

is to

may

all these

"

is

can

life

our

world

at

where
at every
spirituality,
something for moral agents to do,
the spiriteternally
triumph, where

his labors

we

of

thus

restless

supreme

which

that

so

good

of

of

be

can

world

point of view,

idealistic

an

Self

yet

there

from

rests

so

world

of time

moment

suggest, from

now

the

more

world.

problem of practical
dailylife with whose
torical
hisphilosophicalbearings our
study of Hegel and of Schopenhauer has now
us
acquainted. All living,in the first place,how.
commonplace

more

familiar

its aims, however

accidental

its ideals,

456

in

itself

express

is limited
also

but

to

be

enough
in

an

share

that

the

and

this notion

of

at

the

we

saw

world

and

bitterness

stern

in

its

the

entirety,must

as

Or,

world

and

the

be

world

will have
in

the

as

the
life

make

that, as

Self,looking

at

the

include, must

must

world,
spiritual
of

life.

not

clearer, remember

estimate

its

of

again,to

once

contain,

its whole

moral

will

have

of

suffer,

these

remorse

infinite

time, the

consciousness, in

chords

their

plete
com-

one

conflict

always

will.

moral

last

sounds, contains

sorrow

earnest

consciouslypossess

the

unreal

the

spiritualtragedy of
perfectiontheir failure

divine

the

to

be

each

persons,

fail in

consciousness

in the

But

illusion.

known

of

will not

errors

this

not

merely to strive
sin?
Many of

of

sin, will

life,wills

eternal

finite

not

danger

agents, then, will

Their

of

world

his
Must

consciousness.

moral

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

unity of

Self, in the

infinite

whom

OF

SPIRIT

THE

the

the

as

cal
musi-

succession

merely the single notes,

singly in time, but
they come
not

of

merely

not

the

whole

in the
thus be moments
symphony, whose dissonances
may
eternal
perfectionof the whole.
Regarded temporally,
music, which, as Schopenhauer suggested,does in this

respect resemble
unable
of

moment

from

its

which

worthless

give

to

Yet

chord, every

perfection of
know,

used
Yon

the
one
came

to

wherein
home

transcended

in

to

any

this finite

the

even

chords

final

composition would
and

be

temporal imperfection,

flightfrom every note, every melody,

ing
constitutes
the indwellchord-sequence,

the

whole

work.

say, in words

which

Hartmann

blessedest

satiable,
will,is restless,in-

any

And

strivingreaches
if alone.

the

perfectionat any single

Everything it gets only to flee

you

attainment.

this restless
every

life of

its progress.

own

its

the whole

Mozart,
the

as

you

German

may

pher
philoso-

quoted, that
significantly
the
of his artistic production was
moment
this significance
of his whole
composition
him

has

in

time, and

one

very

instant, wherein

possessed all

the

as

it

succession

were

he

of

rest-

OPTIMISM,
less musical

strivingsin

they will, I
I

them

don't

them

keep

in

letter to

head, and

457

ORDER.

glance.

how, all in

know

in my

MORAL

THE

artistic

one

in substance, Mozart,

says,
as

AND

PESSIMISM,

My

"

friend,

people

"

come

If

stream.

ideas,"

I often

that

say

I like

myself. Well, if I can hold on to them,

bits
another, as if they were
they begin to join on to one
should
that a pastry cook
joint together in his pantry.
And
soul gets heated, and if nothing disturbs
now
me
my
the piece grows
larger and brighteruntil, however
long it
them

hum

to

over

is,it is all finished

it

at

glance

I don't

they are hereafter

all at
fancy they were
ein Schmaus).
nun
like

fine vivid

the

(when

were

to

the

be

And

dream

it is

but

done),

is

if in

as

inventing,it
that

hearing

that

's the

see

another,
my

(das

revel

can

pleasing

after

one

that

I 'm

While

is

notes

that

so

played, but

once.

invention

mind,

my

pretty picture or

hear

as

me

in

once

if it

as

Then

person.

at

all

ist
to

seems

it all at

once

What

best.

forgetnot again, and perhaps this is

the best giftthat God
has granted me."
of
Well, such non-temporal grasping of the significance
have

once

restless

temporal

have

we

found

be

Self

realization
the

by

seen

of

compositions.
defensible
technically
If what

us.

upon

future

have

of

moment

one

any

of two

Self
must,

For

in the

the

past

in

or

to

After

whom

eternal

appeal
sense,

grasp

moments

of

which
a

life,there

world
is

has

forced

past and

there

true, then

now

and

his

saw

infinite

future

I talk

when

time

that

genuine truth, so

the

this fashion, then, the

by his consciousness
explain,the paradox of

the

of

dream, but the

idealism

our

instant

realized
to

is,not

to call

truth

Mozart

as

which

have

The

Knower,

that

attribute, as

logicalanalysis

our

truth.

all

result

this

at

whom

contradictoryassertions

in the

time.

we

even

in

absolute

whole

indeed

must

we

progress,

the

to

seen,

the

must

heard

so

past and

of

possess
very
we

are

in

only

the

nite
infi-

future

whole

paradox

where,

indeed

the

is

may

of
be

now

seeking

tin1

ual
individ-

evil, dissonai

458

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

the
struggle
tragedy, restlessness, imperfection,where
and where
the value of
with
these
things is not illusory,
in Sidney Lanier's
does
not
the whole
as
dream,
come,

through

through

whole

restless life of the

entire

the

of

knowledge

the

individual

ills,

physical or moral,
ignoring of evil, whether
through an eternal insight into the value of

an

rather

but

of

abolition

an

world.

temporal

this
as
perhaps you may say that such a vindication
divine
order
does
of the perfectionof the
not, after all,
world.
do justiceto the gravity of the moral
sufficiently
it to us, is not
The
moral
world, as experience shows
But

symphony,
of

world

moral

said, and
as

isn't

of

crime,

it is

either

darkness,

Amos

as

ing
light,or else our conscience, in condemnclares
deConscience
absolutelyhateful, is wrong.
Moral
moral
evil simply ought not to exist.

that
evil

of

agony,

but
artistic,

of

not

sin

else

anything

nor

dissonance

in

the

world-symphony, any
than it is,as Sidney Lanier's
made
more
optimisticdream
for the soul.
Sin is through and
it,a gentle medicine
exist.
It ought not
to
through regrettable,diabolical.
No

mere

of

contrast

So, in its

the

divine

paradoxes

Well,

truth

that

problem

of

is related

these

this

after
are

Sin,
and

idealism

of the

the

all,we

world

without

have
for

existence

the

to

problem

of

consciousness
to

be

sure,

of
other

in

us

ciling
recon-

so

formulate

to

giving

it the

hands

our

genuine

sin, in

ness
conscious-

hard

in

now

aid

here.

us

dissonances, with

such

moral

save

moral

our

wrong,
our

necessary

Spiritualevil has,
more

the

Can

will

eternal

perfectionwith

as

to

as

elements

yet

and

admit, indeed, that it is very

Yet,

accent.

of

declare.

to

the
such

hatred

stern

seems

temporal

solution

far, at

the

false

all the
of

the

least,as

it

himself.

sinner

aspects that will need

study.
says

ought

consciousness

moral

our

not

to

consciousness, is utterly hateful,

exist in

is wrong

in

perfect world.

If

assertingthis, then

our
one

moral
appar-

OPTIMISM,

ently

Lanier's

to

returns

But

only illusory.

in

THE

AND

PESSIMISM,

in

it exists

that

as

case,

the divine

can

world

where
to

order

by

but

of latent

our

own

be

is

there
us

we

so

soul, is

at

much

not

have

we

the

to

now

sin

as

In

the

world

is very
of

the

world.

studied

such,
of

ening
enlight-

saw
Only the tempted, as we
only the tempted can
Hegel's doctrine,

moral

in

of

constitution

paradoxical

how

is suggested

answer

experience which

an

evil,

triumphant,

The

sin ?

consideration

and

good

once

moral

then
illusory,

not

is

world

the

saw,

sin, namely, of temptation.

acts
as

sinner's

the

Evil

superficialoptimism.

utterlyloses deeper significance.If, however,

as

459

ORDER.

MORAL

whole

when
be

"

we

holy.

impulse,I find
what
in itself considered
is, indeed, something hateful,
lamentable, possiblyhorrible, something which
regarded
for itself can
no
apparently form
part of a good order.
If I tolerate the impulse,if I declare it to be justthe nettle
of sin, if I call its evil illusory,
moral
then
optimism
my
For

instance, if I find

is indeed
woe

all such

upon

resist

suppose

vindications

the

it /
The

make

it

the

at

and

good

in artistic

good

in

but

world

which,

there, which

are

objectof

wrath.

the

will

good

is the

But

it

down,

ing
condemn-

goodness.
impulse comes

condemn

it part of

makes

of all will stated

paradox

There

terms.

justin

they
so

far

not

now

in

elements

are

not

to

be

the just
hateful, regrettable,

part of the

become

they

as

The

overcome.

ignore

demning
Con-

it.

individuallyregarded, ought
Yet

not

and

evil will

the

in themselves

subdued,
It does

moral

order.

moral

evil

of my

I hate

conquering
Here

will.

divine

cries

who

Amos,

larger

existence

when

instant

of

of the

part of my

of the
justification

just

evil

an

impulse, hate it,hold

of hating and
moment

evil

it,then, in this

overcome

myself

condemnation

the

to

open

in

evil

in fact

are

good

hated,
is not

world

it possesses

world

and

of
demned,
con-

cent.
inno-

si ill conquers

evil.

Well,

then, if this

is true

of

our

latent

sins, of

our

460

temptations,if they

resisted

order, in

moral

larger

by

our

the

same

and

be

far

so

all in the

condemned

are

n't

there

said

glory of God, but that God's

through an ignoring,but through
sin?

Therefore

is open

God,

which

we

which
as,

the

to

say

bears

in

willful

of just

holy. God
wise worthy

loves
;

the

divine

virtue

into the

far

so

moral

courage,
bear

to

brave

just the
the

weaknesses.
Self which

fears

relation

that

which

scorn

Just

idealism

all the

his

because

eternal

evil

of

that

the

perfection beyond

the

evil

and

his

the

to

tion
rela-

triumphant
weaknesses
such

towards

of

the

infinite

dicates
organic perfectionvinit

the

finite

in any

you

man's

unity

God

your

his

feels

demnation
con-

rebel, you

to

so

impulse

are

hate

to

conscience

teaches, God's

ills of

bears

good

by scorning it,makes
only by hating it,binds in
countless

God,

sinfulness

are

to

you

of

good will,

because

not

bear

sin

order

reason

sin and

In

you

you

order,

man's

as

for

order

your

the

far

as

but because
God
knows
illusoiy,
Your
evil will
triumph over
you.
a

moral

to
to

so

is

that

this

part of

the

and

morality.

bears

of

gravityof

relation

indeed, in

just in

perfect

makes
whom

the

illusory

not

justfor

the

are

perfect.

goodness. The hatred and

makes
life and character

your

you,

but

of

upon

organic
his

man,

acts,

once

part of his

and

sinner, you

just such

good

that forms

enter

of

perfection

in

person,

all my

is

answer,

idealism

vindication

us

will insist at

the

upon

to

in

order, which

not

ing
triumph-

"am

say,

our

things,persons,

is vindicated

hating and

after

sin exists for

even

glory

illusory." We

transcendent

one

all

are

there

divine

truth

deep

that

may

Only, just because

Self

whom

sinner

is

sin

my

is this sin.
divine

"I,"

part of the

hated

not
consciousness, then, I ask, may
actual
of our
sins, only in a yet graver

true

wickedness

and

moral

the

over

of

permissible parts

are

they

as

Is
?
tragic sense
stern
theology that

more

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

part of

chains

world, and

moral

of

his
his

rests

dissonances

moral
hatred
in

his

of

the

OPTIMISM,

AND

PESSIMISM,

THE

world, just because

temporal
world

each

of

Are

part ?

by

the

in

such

of

its

there

we

and

scorn

exists

by conquering

the

by

Self

very

then, assist,but only

also

but

serve,

ourselves

choose

divine

the

of

the

not

as

suggest
the

ages,

and

heart

both

of

of

both

this

All

explanation

of

of

of

the

evil that
this

one

is much
;

and

to

existence

There

evil-doer's soul.

do

the

of

this

in

right

is true,
sin

religious

truths

in

the

it exists

as

from

our

finite

aspect I

other

that
moral

morally
eternal

temporal

far

so

of

God's

to

the

within

the

as

aspect of the

is another

darker
to

of

faith

the

remember,

this, you

the

optimism and
mystical and of the

desire

the

exist, is able

moral

the

workers
co-

organic personality,

amongst

one

as

scorned.

as

one

all

we

synthesis

religiouspiety,both

world.

than

of

whom

isters
min-

as

idealism, by its

the

as

we

into

enter

enemies,
not

how

way,

do

honor,

as

and

you

Self

for

the

perfection and

of

show

and

not

beloved

divine

the

solution

pessimism,
active

of

and

our

But
we

of

we,

saint's

the

more

vessels

order

despised

then, in

we

once

as

rebels, as
to

phasis
em-

holiness

his wrath.

Then

servants

as

whom

of

problems
at

good

tried

have

in

are

good,

definition

very

to

the

of

vessels

as

God's

glory

order, but this time

and

Thus

only

be

to

dicated
vin-

whatever

so,

impulse serves

God's

triumphant higher self.

only

us.

evil

the

If

be

and

courage

us?

live

includes

as

very

we

is

question is, what

order, only'themoral

and

that

poral
tem-

indeed,

are,

perfection will

for

hatred

us,

this

scorned, despised, condemned

the

through

we

are,

the

be

to

sin, it is part of the moral

our

we

organic Self, whose

case

in

resolved, is condemned,

Whatever
transcended.
restlessly
a
perfection. But
part of God's
sort

461

ORDER.

everywhere
is

dissonance

MORAL

problem

point of

must

pass

view
as

close.
Y.

For

I do

full force of

not

the

feel that

I have

yet quite expressed the

deepest argument

for

pessimism,or

the

462

of

full seriousness

widely

deeply, I

and

have

always

In

evil.

fact,

considerations

these

over

fellows

my

of

problem

gone

of

those

with

company

PHILOSOPHY.

eternal

the

past, I have

in the

when,

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

who

have

found

that

in

experienced
whether
they

themselves

naturallydisposedto be pessimistsor not,

of looking at our
to
they declined
recognize this way
question about evil as really exhausting the meaning of
mood
that genuinely questionsthe value
it. The
of life
Its dialectic
is after all a very gloomily ingenious mood.
were

is endless
with

its reflection

; it turns

from

to

sorrow

sorrow,

remorselesslyindustrious
scrutiny; it refuses easy
comfort
formulas
tic
pedan; it readilyfinds the philosopher's
and
in fact no
unspiritual
lighterexperienceof
; and
wounded
mere
grief,no superficialdisappointment, no
a

sentiment,
a

true

yet

nor

of what

sense

whether
to

its seat

And

that
insight,

clear

doubt

of

above

and
our

the

and

of

such

Many

and

who

of

worth

every

cheerful

men

Even

is.

that

In

universe.

life lie is

human

fact,
black
love

reason

who

man

very

press
ex-

alive

was

to

souls

still

life,and

scrutinyas
I

persons

know,

well-knit

and

strenuous,

often

to

whom

condemn

that

as

in which

and

honor, too,

purposes,
every

we

high-

ultimate,

all every

of
philosophicalinquiry as to this matter
of life,seems
tially
essenmeaning and the final justification
either vain
live, they say,
or
dangerous. Why we
what
our
duty is,and why it is a worthy thing to do
this
to ask
duty, and how evil is to be explained,
"

ivhy f
The

to

engaged.

now

minded

the

as

this

does

met

never

evil

repented him of his

the
not
strong and hearty beings who know
of all higher truth often wonder
how
men

morbidness

men

"

The

bitterness

mere

are

have

in

much

so

deepest problems,

insight.
can

yet,

of

give you

depicts is ill-adaptedto

problems

worst

can

remorse,

problem

hell has

experience.
these

the

transient

poem

the

where

see

Lanier's

which

remorse

even

is to

best

hesitate,to dream,

thing is

to

work

and

to

not

speculate,to poison
to inquire.

life.

464
want

This

tune.

not

is the

despair

truly

devout

know

what

the

he

longing for

has

who

mind, this

his
and

in

of dark

waste

in

broken

than
spirit,

find

the

flood

rience
expe-

it,for the

Better,

than

tossingwaves

be

to

not

may

the

to

with

vainlypuffed up

to

blind

better

this

for worlds

optimism.

before

world

of

natural

would

volve.
in-

must

possessed

life than

unchastened

of

misbelieving

felt it does

never

become

once

find there,
give or can
exchange his insight,gloomy as he
cheerfulness

hearts, of

deepest religiousexperience

can

vain

of for-

creature

mere

has

who

deeper meaning

ordinary and

our

voice, in many

first

spirit. He
the

And

how

see

planless,accidental, a

life is

natural

who

life,and

in

plan

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

be

able
miser-

finite conceits.

Well, it is justthis absolutelyinquiringmood,

thorough-goingdoubt, that we shall not yet

by all the foregoing. Easy it is,such doubt
refute

it is to

it is

easy

mood
the

to

of

the

less

have

we

world

there

is still one
the

found

will

judge

that

must

conflicts.

If

eternal

and

As

for the

willingsinner

case

that

played

the

of

game.

the

game

world, if only

there

are

The

the

still doors

insight of

eternal

of sin

The

be

met

But

good.

as

by

the

obviouslyto conform
They must, namely,
so

and

his

feel

deeply

he

awakened

is

there

strugglesof
be

cant
signifi-

far, the difference

just remorse,

aid

concerned.

may

of
us.

it is n't in
He

only exemplifying the

sinner

this

to

temporal aspects does, indeed,

need

one

it all

they are, then,

the

his

are

problem.

our

finite

in

may

world, if they
of

Only

key.

no

look

he

condition

finite

solution

will say, easy

less
loftypeace upon the resttime -moments.
Everywhere in his
be change and
dissatisfaction
; yet in

our

completeness

evils in the

tragic type.

may

flight of
his

countless

All-knower

the

shaken

religiousoptimists of Lanier's
type ;
to get past the stately
mystiresignationof the cal
will,for an idealist,to justify
; easy, too, if you

have

which

have

the

existence

they

justthis

sometimes

has
rules
ban-

OPTIMISM,

almost

ish himself
stern

contempt

moral

defeat.

No, the

which

to

so

us

evil is indeed

to do

fatal

the

world

the

lament

is the

of

tragedy

among

the

of

foes

of

whatever
The

be

to

diabolical

face.

can

you

the

his

tragedy of

seems
everythingspiritual

that

misunderstandings
mistakes

chance

lovers, the

bitterness

the

tionality
irrais

nifican
sig-

temptation

necessityfor spirituality.But one's

ease,
ignorance,the cruel accidents of dis-

foolishness,one's

own

of

465

ORDER.

hell, bearing,with

sorrow,

enemy

open

MORAL

that

the

"

many

An

own

tragedy

subject amongst
of

his

for

chance

THE

cheerfullyto

worst

the brute

AND

PESSIMISM,

that

part friends

wreck

nations

and
these

"

because

not
bitterly,

ful,
they are painbut because
farcical, distracting, not foethey are
nor
worthy of the sword of the spirit,
yet mere
pangs
finitude
that
learn
face
to
we
can
our
easily
ously,
courageindifferent
be
to
as
one
can
physical pain. No,

things

we

most

"

men

of

these

things
it

make

knights

that

beat

in search

wandering
of

ago,

and

quoted by

the

years

The

valued

from

his

Grail.

know

himself,

circle
a

friend.

heart, and

of

adviser

words

The

The

royal

Sought
And

Kneel

out

""" his
now,

feast
Some

was
new

done

sport

jestercried
and

make

; the

for

to

king
care,

'Sir Fool,
us

well

prayer.'

and
so

repeat the

banish

often
mirers.
ad-

altogether

own,

"

"

some

and

problem

our

to

venture

may

printed

not

sprang

The

"

rather

him
my

mean

hopeless

readers

of

knew

they suggest

of

man

dead.
and

first

they

;
u

called

recentlybeen

more

us

his

during

was

to

the

little poem

growing

now

like

are

that

verse

has

teacher

thoughtfully,that
them

the

author

intimate

an

of

author's

happy destiny, is
first

They
Lancelot

bit of

that

merely painful

down

may

you

Prayer," a

Fool's

life

make

not

hideously petty.

"

Some

do

he

was

wards
after-

earnestly
here
most

so

of

466

jester doffed

The

"

And

could

Behind

He

His

'

Be

merciful

No

pity, Lord,
red

The

rod

Be

'

Tis

We

'

by
hold

These

Go

The

how

faults

not

it

end

grandly

should

chasteuingstripesmust
blunders

our

Before

the

Earth

bears

no

the

did

his will

you

the

wiselythan

will
burden

Lanier

of

we

and

; but

see

"

rung

ask,
them

all ;

fall.

for mistakes

knave,

say

stung ?

cleanse

heaven

to me,

kept

and

oh, in shame

"

balsam

crown

merciful

that

of

eyes

thrust

we

have

to

for

friend

it had

But

where

mire,

pierced

sense

tenderness

no

away-

the

might

The

That

more

heaven

we

sharp

had

we

knows

Men

I think

how

word

Our

Be

Lord,

stay

without

truth

sweep
we

of
heart-strings

knows

Who

the

ill-timed

The

'

wool

hard, well-meaning hands

Who

"

blossoms

crushing

Among
'

from

earth

as

long

so

clumsy feet, still in

These

"

the

heart

onward

follies that

our

the

sin ; but

right,O Lord,

and

Lord,

white

fool

me,

change

the

heal
to

stool
'

to

by guilt the

truth

'T is

could

his knee

bent

fool

wore.

wrong

must

not

he

arose

me,

with

merciful

Of

"

to

before

bitter smile

silken

voice

pleading

From

"

monarch's

the

bells

court

the

see

and

head, and

his

bowed

his cap

painted grin

the

Upon

"

not

PHILOSOPHY,

MODERN

mocking

the

stood

They

"

OF

SPIRIT

THE

scourge

thou, O

fool.'

how
the

did.

the tool

Lord,

"

my

old

problem
For

my

friend

here

of evil

lies much

friend, who

gested
sug-

wrote

of

touched

words, thus

these

life which

does

As

sensitive

obviously

wounded

and

used

even

as

surely. Once,
that

hatred

in
a

he

had

met

he
a

good

very

"

once,

of

Why

do

fulness
willnot

of

any

because

of

pieceswhatever

to

our

nized
unrecog-

ineffective,sunders

bitter

brother

with

war

confusions, defeats

ideals.
fact

the

friend

My

times
some-

defeat, I remember,

of

spiritualityof things. Were

when

of conventional

sort

at

the

said, willfulness

he

good,

of

of test

sort

fateful

this

motives, but

sacred

most

liarly
pecu-

that

yet because

lovers,makes

society into

the

over

of

fellows, which

our

and

dies.
trage-

was

children, leaves

neglected

of faithful

hearts

brother, plunges
over

infant

our

verses

world

tears
stupidity,

or

die

of

of

discord

accident

to

and

the

caprice

in all its

poet of these
in

of that

note

sinfulness, nor

necessary

heroes

cruelest

467

ORDER.

element

one

presence

fortune

kills
spiritual,

is

the

to

conscious

brute

mere

him, the

of

of

because

the

MORAL

THE

upon

prove

knew

both

AND

PESSIMISM,

OPTIMISM,

would

was

you

during
I

cause,

comfort
work

them

little weary

with

assail

said

and
so

of
hard

because
of

some

to

the

they
more

of

his

the

takings
under-

him, by way

of

friendlyadmonition
as

for

do

you

the

after all?
only misunderstand
you
the good things that you
offer, for
They don't deserve
won't
and
can't appreciate your
they are
people who
trouble.
Why cast pearls before swine ? They only turn

good

and

rend
does

one

he

Ah, Royce," replied my

you."
n't quite surely know, that they were
"

until he

cast

who

people

feels the

friend, " but

pearls that

tusks."

perhaps you will say that, thus put, the problem of

of our
fortune
and
the
human
nature
stupidityof our
rather sentimental
seems
a
problem, after all. Is not this
capriciousness of life simply part of its painfulness ? Is
to
it manly to lament
so
deeply? I answer,
just this woe
But

the
nesa

drive

enlightened soul it is n't ever

of
the blind
irrationality
ns

God

out

of

our

thoughts when

so

much

fortune
we

painful-

the
6ha1

look at

seems

our

to

world.

468

pain

Mere

whine, but

it is

in

fatal

the

of

wrong-doing

the

but

one

often

person

dream.

hereditary

baseness
in

way

entails

inevitable

and

utter

in

unearned
the

ment
la-

not

evil

an

involved

Consider

therewith.

goes

and

may

capriciousnessof

like

seem

and

end

this

horror

that

more

once

disease, and

pain,

But
it

the

to

One

fairly.

very

out

over.

once

really makes

life is what

often

cause,

still hold

can

one

it when

Consider

borne, for

be

can

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

which

which

the

not

the

physical
and

corruption

less
end-

Consider
how
degradation of another.
transient
but
mistake, may wreck
a
disloyalty,
after years
of
devotion
spiritualof causes,

moral
mere

most

built

its fortunes

up

These, alas !

Is it easy

order.

part of the
don't

the

rather

insane

sinner

himself,

too

say,

he

foe ; I know

condemn

him, and

in

the
for

room

Well,

Shakespearewrote
"

And

this will

long as
as

Tired

the

mainly

wherefore

in the

place only for pity ;

things,and that always

of

our

its order

is the

cry

restful

of

world

tragedies. Nay,

prey

there

?
works

whose

of

enemy

that

is

where

nature,

the

of all these, for

tragedies of

as

its worthlessness

sonnet

the

even

or

is the

find

we

always be

moral

is and

he

can

you

speak comfortably

you

pity for

but

indeed

Here,

that

accidents

anything
here

what

things,so long

mechanical

defy,and

sinner.

is full of such

that

wrill be full of such

of

the

Here

that ?

world

evil in the willful

rejoicein defeating him.

helpless degradation of the sinner's

shall

how

defiantlyafter

Moral

in the face and

yourself

are

passive victim,
and

look

can

hopelessand

the

things are needed as a

the spiritual
world
?
No, for they
!
it
spiritually
They make
grave

contemptible.

you

have

these

natural

is my
is.

But

and

that

say

world

if you

even

to

gravity of

make

the

nearly to the heights of success.

mere
temporal
commonplaces of our

the

are

not

begins
death

our

cry."

darker

decline
if it

were

to

moments
to

appear

only

so

our

us

sin

OPTIMISM,
that

kept

his

The

often

tragedy, too

this farcical

see

time

to

to

come

of
a

doubt

to

us

farce

of

sense

the

and
in

and

action, that

aspect of the

hope

to

crime, then, but

isn't

mere

469

ORDER.

often

not

everywhere

world

our

MORAL

men

teaches

God

denies

; he

makes

to

devil

true

this devil

For

chance.

THE

AND

God, might

from

us

face?

of heart

PESSIMISM,

before

be

tures,
crea-

ual
spirit-

And

eyes.

is for
of

gloom

true

cold

all his

our

universe

brute

grow

to

was

see

the

first

life.

VI.

Well, then, if this is the final and

comfort

what

doubt

of
of

fortune

sinners

penalties of

the

heroism

God

from

; but

who

by jowl with
Well,
in

farce
this

mocking
still

unknown
make

to

to

the
somehow

his
possibility

any

his

foreignfacts,forced
know

we

do

them,

knowing

the

want

most

get rid of

to

the

spectful
re-

petty pains

lament

most

and

world

der
won-

just

are

them

as

he

he
we

this weary

dwelling

of

and

chance

plausibly insist
infinite

the

us,

the

and

his

horror

home

come

as

from

and

to

does
him

upon

condemns
in

if

us

our

wills these

that

not

from
them

finitude
horrors

somehow,

Self

is

his

as

that

cannot.

for

even

he

things

at
as

lie endures
must

we

be

order, our
Yes,

these

without.

even

chance

our

remember
find

strong

of

?
spirituality
we

cheek

ity.
absurd-

endurance

significant? Can
chaos
rationality
; our

least,in his absoluteness,

them,

who

demons

facing

tragedy, our

may

they

endure

one

can

demons

these

shrink

sentimentalists

but

cannot

the

fashions

enough

less
hope-

at no
gentlestof souls, who would
pause
its warfare
only a significantone, who. would
if only by enduring it one
served
no
pang,

were

shrink

sin

in

and

noblest

the

and

tenderest

of
capriciousirrationality

this

over

by

Cowards

terms.

who

one

defeated

in the

only speak

can

one

for

of pessimism,

still
spirituality,
Surely concerningthis sort of

for aid ?

truth

the

to

of

in the chaos

affliction,
or
looks

still remains

deepest truth

but

And

himself, must

so,

he
if
he

470

when

Can

face them.

we

have

surely we
is

there

It is Satan's

order.

moral

in

presence

thing

that

him.

And

He

life.

our

do

can

we

indeed,

so,

Logos based upon any

would
surelyfail us here.
the
our

chaos

to

can

hear

from

"

grievein
finitude

of

Your

we

in

our

natural

our

who

flesh
is

I suffer

the

yet

to

no

remove

it

it

have

we

from

turn

this

of

self,and
word

one

Yes, it is I who
No

of

pang

your

all,for all things are

This

of

word

the

final word

one

thought of the
self,who actually

It is this

insight.

bears

here

divine

of, for it is the

justour

mocking

can

you.

triumph."

is

stern

is,if

assurance

is mine.

sure

idealistic

we

and

true

absolute

it

as

now,

own

yet I

be

can

sufferingGod,
and

But

too.

it,and

whole

our

sort

sorrow

is mine

I bear

Self, I say,

with

him

you.

but

is

this

and

chance

any

despair,I grieve with

who

ye

mine

him, who

be

to

insight of deeper idealism,

true

view

insight into the truth

of empirical assurance,

our

the

not

have

were

of

irresistible

ought

will

fort,
com-

of

point

embodiment

own

one

for
justification

no

eyes

also ?

one

but

finite

discoverable

our

this

have

our

He

strength?

solve
we

walk

cannot

in his

not

From

that.

is to

This

caprice.

he

finitude

our

remotely

no

walk

not

we

thus, indeed, if in

And

strength we

our

problems, shall

all

solves

who

In

wherefore?

know

not

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

true

own

sins of

the

world, and

whose

that hateful
capriciouswounds
fools inflict upon
him
it is this thought, I say, that
traditional
Christianityhas in its deep symbolism first
istic
idealtaught the world, but that, in its fullness, only an
interpretationcan
really and
rationallyexpress.
Were
the Logos our
not
he other
own
fulfillment,were

body

piercedby

the

"

than
our

to

our

own

the

look

to

own

flesh,were

very

selves

in

foolishness
him

indifference

unity, were
of

in vain
and

he

our

he

for then

the horror

foreign to

chaotic

eternal

cruelty,his perfectionwould

his loftiness

would

be

our

remote

would

peace

and

and

indeed

should

lives,we

his

he not

god, were

remote

be
dismal

our

be
spair,
de-

help

APPENDIX

resembling

Anything
treated
A

in

the

syllabus,

these

lectures,

and
the

occasions

much

of
here

revised,

tariness, the

nature

explanation.

It

Of

the

the

extends

to

lectures

of

hearers

the

of

course

sides,
broadof

syllabus,
fragmenbe
the

some

course.

suggestion

brief

ther
fur-

some

on

may

lectures
a

work.

of

its

For

undertaking

historical

the

This

lectures.

gives only

it

the

topics

for

series

appendix.

present
the

in

the

in the

considered

the

an

of

plan

suggestions

hands

as

of

doctrinal

single

follows

the

printed

of

delivery

the

few

was

the

into

put

by

thinkers

prepared,

was

then

was

and

problems

of

bibliography

is excluded

containing

notes,

of the

study
of

with

exhaustive

an

book

present

A.

in

statement.

summary

SYLLABUS.

The
1.

general
To

To

great
3.

To

course

are

of

"

of

some

the

worthy
note-

more

thinkers.

suggest,

clearly

as

of

details, something
the

this

characterizations

give personal
modern

2.

of

purposes

the

in

illustrate,

of

spiritual problems

the
our

be

may

of

nature

issues

and

concerns

as

of

light

possible

their

various

without

technical

attitudes

towards

humanity.
of

such

study,

certain

significant

day.

own

I.

LECTURE

INTRODUCTION.

I.

The

general

business

II.

The

variety

and

III.

The

positive significance

IV.

The

many-sidedness

V.

The

skeptical
purpose

VL

The

limitations

of

philosophy.
failure

seeming

of

element

of

the

of the

of

of

the

philosophers.

philosophy.

truth.
in

philosophy

in

its

study.
presenl

undertaking.

relation

to

the

tive
posi-

474

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

LECTURE
PERIODS

THE

I. The

III.

observations

Spinoza

OF

THE

THE

RELIGIOUS

philosophy.

of modern

periods

General

II.

MEANS

BY

OF

SPINOZISM.

OF

ASPECT

CHARACTERISTICS

; ILLUSTRATION

PERIOD

FIRST

PHILOSOPHY

MODERN

OF

II.

as

of

illustration

an

first

the

on

period.
first

the

period ;

his

fortune

and

character.

IV.

Spinoza's relation
forms

called
V.

Spinoza
but

His

religiousconsciousness

from

various

system

as

present

are

of

Naturalism

of

in outer

nature

of
know

to

reason

methods
II. Period

in

of the

(1)

period is
fresh

at

the

Its belief

it

the inner

The

of

life of

our

of

all

philosophy
to the

science

and

of

ods.
meth-

of God.

for

the

the

type
truth

addition

whole

(2)

Galileo to Spinoza.

Its

faith

(3) Its

; and

order

of

in

general

its

to

the

fondness

is

nature

of

power

matical
mathe-

for

of

(1) A

From

end

the

Kant.

to

the

of

powers

towards

tendency

doctrine].
Kant

From

the

to the

nature.

by the

It

throughout

study
Its

of

problem
with

nature

much

history.
is the

our

the

is later

life, but

is

time.

period,

inner

newer

of outer

present

critical

previous

of evolution.

knowledge

Locke

analysisof

critical

study of the

outer

and

idea

Life

In

third
led

to

enced
influquence
conse-

synthesis and

understanding

of

man.]

principal

dates

from

of Cartesian

tion
concep-

Body

distinguished

as

in

are,

skepticism ; (3) In

culmination

develops the

reconciliation

His

of

love

From

that

Inner

are

comprehend

by natural

of the

of Rationalism

study of the

of recent

to

that

philosophy.]

first devoted

efforts

and

mysticism

Order,

philosophy,

absolute

(2) A growing

[Beginning at

and

man

mechanical

revolutionaryreconstructions
Period

his

Eternal

characteristics

[Itsgeneral characteristics

III.

book

religiousinterest,

religiousinterest.

the

wise

and

the

mind

devotional

"

subject to rigid laws

man's

of

sorts

between

of his

modern

[Its specially noteworthy

human

two

Parallel

of the

periods

purpose,

interest

trated
illus-

Mystical experiences justifiedby geometrical

The

I. Period

these

Substance, of

Spinoza's ideal

Notes.

of

outcome

an

the

Mind.

VII.

distinguished, and

Imitation."

"

of

general

of Christ."

one

other.

the

not

religion. Two

including the

sources,

Imitation

The

possesses

of the
VI.

of the

"

of

problems

the

to

of

Spinoza's

synagogue,

1656

Philosophy)published,

life
;

are

first

1663

as

follows

birth.

1632

communication
; ex-

(Principles
philosophic work
Theologico-Political Tractate

1070

published

1077.

death,

refusal

Spinoza's

in 1077.
and

towns,
His

He

died

the

at

1880), Martineau
1888).
(The

The

comparison

in various

best

Dutch

minor

is that

edition

English
and

accounts

and

John

Sjnnoza), and

complete

into

(Spinoza'sLife

Pollock

of

in Bonn's

ries
commenta-

don,
Lon-

Philosophy,

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burgh,
(Spinoza, EdinVloten

of Van

and

Land

vols.).

added

the

OF

REDISCOVERY

THE

then

The

volumes.

(Study of

are

1073

Ethics, published posthumously

is the

recently translated

been

in two

best

Hague, 1882-83,

For

professorship in Heidelberg,

Hague.

those

are

to

Amsterdam,

first in

have

Philosophical Library,
English

call

principal treatise

lived

principal works

in

of

475

A.

APPENDIX

of several

dates

THE

other

LIFE

INNER

early modern

FROM

"

ers.
think-

SPINOZA

TO

KANT.

Introductory

of

characterization
Inner

of the

period

this

as

of

one

analysis,

Life.

skepticism,and study
of skepticismin philosophy.
I. Value
II.

the

origin and

early

indirect

and

its value

of

consequences
for

the

study

of his

Essay

Life.

Inner

Berkeley's idealism.
Hume's
skepticism.

IV.
V.

VI.

(1032-1704)

has

often

been

Understanding,

the Human

Bobn's

of Kant.

transition

The

Locke

The

its

historical

question

the

direct

controversy,

of the

on

of

treatment

Locke's

discussion.

stages in modern
III.

Ideas

Innate

concerning

problem

The

for

Philosophical Library,

best

life is that

by II. It. Fox

bom

1684, died

of

purposes

in

the

good

edited.

edition

actual
of

study,

is the

in

one

Works.
liis Philosophical

London

Bourne,

edition

New

and

York,

1S70,

2 vols.

Berkeley

was

Dublin,

Essay
the

towards

in
a

1700.
New

Principlesof Human

took

bis

Theory of

1753.

lb'

Master's
Vision

Knowledge

in

in
1710.

Trinity

lege,
Col-

1707, published

his

matriculated

degree
L709, and
From

in

his

at

Treatise

1729

to

conn

ruing

L731 he lived

476

Island,

in Rhode

The

Bermudas.

the

best

The

He

1732.

in

land,
Eng-

to

Cloyne

1734.

in

(Oxford. 1871). The

of Fraser

life, published

his

returned
of

bishop

became

is that

of his works
written

also

has

In

established

be

to

was

nothing.

to

came

Alciphron.

his

edition

recent

editor

same

plan

published

he

university,which

bis

planning

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

the

at

time

same

the

as

works.

Hume

Xature,

Human

Green

Grose.

and

Leslie

was

On

1S74-75.

London.

this

volumes

four

period

one

by
read

may

Eigkeenth Century.

in the

History of English Thought

Stephens

on

Essays appeared

in

whole

England

Treatise

the

His

edited

been

of

History

treatise,

1737.

and

have

philosophical works

The

1748.

in

1734

between

written

His

1776.

pkdosophical

first

His

1754-1762.

in

appeared

died

1711.

Edinburgh,

in

born

was

IV.

LECTURE
KANT.

I. Difficulties
II.

Kant's

III.

Kant's

of the
and

person

of Kant.

study

character.
and

religiousviews,

ment,
early philosophicaldevelop-

his

in outline.
IV.

His

doctrine

V.

His

doctrine

VI.

The

Kant

Moral

of

published

the

works

between

translation

Watson's

appointment
(in far

Pure

this
the

Reason
and

year

in

Kant

of

that
is

Maemdlans.

Critical

1886),

Putnams.

German

1882),are

literature

the
the

on

J. H.
best

subject is

in

Kant,

(2d

York,

ed.. New
to

(New

Kant

study of Kant

English.

in

embracing

enormous,

best

tion
transla-

Wallace's

Kant

the

to

The

superseded.

as

Stirling's Text-Book

aids

cipal
prin-

Philadelphia. 1882),

and

Philosoj)hyof Immanuel

177'*;

own

The

Midler.

regarded

now

his

1^04.

in

died

Max

(Macrnillans.

1SS1.'. 2 vols.), and

Prussia),in

published

and

179S;

Critique is

from

17S1

the

professor in

as

eastern

Philosophical Library (Edinburgh

Caird's

York,

his

received

Library, by Meiklejohn.

Blackwood's

The

world.

in Kant's

truth

city. Konigsberg

of

Selections

Edward

1724

Xature.

of

central

the

as

Critique of

Bohn's

in

Law

Time.

of

Laws

the

to

his native

university

and

Space

as

in

born

was

English

of

dreds
hun-

some

of works.

BRIEF

The

1.

the

origin of

eighteenth

How

the

can

natural

OUTLINE

century
truth

science,

skepticism '?

Our

genuine truth

of

2.

Kant's

Kant's

first

philosophy

had

developed

which

pretend
human
any
answer

sort

not
to

know

is

problem

this

problem.

about

being

DOCTRUSE.

is the

only theology,

powers
be

KAXl's

OF

SUMMARY

once

for all

known

Things

in themselves

are

problem

how

of necessitv

was,

and

sense

defended

limited,

as

reason

common

be
so

human

The

also

but

world,

our

of

against
can

any

unknown

APPENDIX

to

We

us.

our

that

senses,

science,

the

beyond

us

world

theoretical

Phenomena

is, the

nor

sense,

in

know

can

it

as

to

seems

World

the

with

can,

that

things
Show.

of

mon
com-

assurance,

of

powers

to

appear

Neither

theoretical

human

our

the

only

sense

of

theology,

nor

477

A.

carry

observation

and

experience.
In

3.

The
in space

unknowable

nor

4.

But

we

space

For

in

nature,
the

say,

understanding,
to

of

Unity

Such

senses.

hold

They

Self

our

of

laws

only

our

all theoretical

as

time,

we

world

of

the

things

bound

to

act

as

thinking

it were,

in

all ;

at

laws

of

our

selves.
them-

only

we

are

of

to

the

all

real

and

by its
Kant

which

observed
science

world

experience.

of

world

Order

Moral
moral

order

all.

at

standing
under-

for

are

we

understanding
that

postulate

to

our

truth.

as

and

sense

of

own

rational

truth, confined

as

studies, are

Our

all knowable

absolute

facts

real

upon

own

would

unknowable

Divine

is bound

data

yet morally bound

is

causation.

the

absolute

seeming

in themselves
a

us

of

law

all

regard

our

of

seeming things in

sanity (or,as

very

the

of
for

source

are

if such

as

Nature,

of

of
the

world,

our

our

laws

the

knowledge

and

in

show-world

we

world

our

understanding acting

not

are

Yet, ignorant

space

exists

laws, such

rigid

these
own

for the

that

sure

-Consciousness),to

Yet

is, therefore,the
5.

things

to

of

exists,therefore,neither

us

this world

to

as

preserve,

laws.

to

creation

very

be

conform

must

order

conforming
the

without

forms

mere

relation

no

how

not

nevertheless

can

active

our

know

be

to

it exists.

time

and

have

to

shown

be

can

real world
We

in time.

recognize that

to

and

sense-consciousness,

human

in

Time

and

particular,Space

that

the

real

is,we

known

were

are

to

us

exist.
6. In

this way

practicallycertain

are

world,

it is

because

divine

and

as

that

the

duty

our

and

sense

common

and

divine

world

is

in ; and

believe

is

unknown

that

treat

world

seeming

science

real world

unknown
to

the

that

theoreticallycertain

are

orderly law, such

of

world

we

as

we

moral

if it

were

moral.

V.

LECTURE
FICHTE.

I. Restatement
II.

Idealism

its relations

Fichte's
and

V.

VI.

His

book

Johann
Jena

from

poverty,
result

of

on

L780

his

to

the

and

Fichte

thought.
of

statement

Hegel,

of

and

character.

Vocation

was

L784, was

hook,

First

Fichte, Schelling, and

Idealism.

Subjective
"

1794, when
first

modern

Christianity.

Fichte's

Gottlieb

until

to

fortunes

IV.

to

common

world

of Kant's

possible transformation

tin;

III.

in
general significance

of Kant's

born

of

in

Man."

1762, was

w:is

published

called
in

Btudenl

thereafter,and

private tutor
he

to

IT'.'L'.

:i

In

Leipzig and

in

lived

professorship
lie
IT'.''.'

w;is

in

in

great

Jena,

removed

as

from

478

professorship on

his

the

at

numerous.

were

have

Smith,

useful

very

vol.).

one

the

works

best

several

On

this

ROMANTIC

THE

Introductory
I. The

professor,

publications

translated

liam
by Wil-

by Triibner

period,

in

its

"

Co.

(3d

general

pects,
as-

History of Literature by

is the

this

arbitrariness

to

the

referred

to

for

Heine's

the

of

in

the

principal

Romantic

the

Caroline.

view

of

Romantic

the

bibliographies

Carlyle

writings are
recent

is that

of

the
are

still

School,

form

readers

they

as

Sketch

the

sketches

best

of

of

English

suggestive

the

and

relation

to

the

trines
doc-

German

literature.

Romantic

term

members

of

School.
Romantic

the

proper.

Concerning

value

and

School

School

use

narrower

Schelling and

essays

doctrine,

of

life

Friedrich

Schlegel

Novalis.

and

early

"

Romantic

Romantic

the

and

Illustrations

IV.

day.

our

Characteristics

III.

PHILOSOPHY.

Fichte

and

Fickte's

place

School

IN

in

of

Wider

SCHOOL

element

of
The

VI.

of Kant

summary

arbitrary
of

The

His

popular,

whole

LECTURE

be

active, as

1814.

Schmidt.

Julian

II.

in

editions

German,

is the

book,

later

was

most

in

published

been

1873, in

ed., London,
a

his

Of

but

his death

until

Berlin,

of

University

new

of atheism,

charge

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

here
;

and

charming

technical

by Professor

the

literaryside,

German

his

translations

are

German

Thought

has
of

part

Watson,

only
of

's
Schelling'

must

well-known

yet lost its

not

worth.

Literature

are

as

nous
Schelling's volumi-

accessible

exposition

reader

permanent

and

untrustworthy.

and

the
The

literature.

introduction

critical

John

Schelling'sviews.

an

most

and

the

on

of

some

which

of

History
for

of

of

in

the

portion

of

original.
his

Transcendental

trine
doc-

ism
Ideal-

(Chicago, 1882).
For

comparison
and

English

are

added

Literature

number

"

of

biographical dates,

in both

man
Ger-

480

OF

SPIRIT

THE

or

all of liiswritings. His

so

fine

of

master

in his

read

be

by himself,and

tongue, although he is

own

His

translations.

English

in

biographers,

two

s
(the latter's Schopenhauer1
Leben,publishedin

G winner

and

Frauenstadt

philosophyis "best expounded

styleshould

extremely accessible

now

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

with much
best),have told the story of his eccentric career
detail.
Life of Arthur Schopenhauer (London,
Very useful is Wallace's
Great Writers series,1890).

1878,

is the

LECTURE
THE

I. The

order

the outer

Romantic

III. The

DOCTRINE

THE

OF

to

return

II. The

IV.

RISE

School

Historical

OF

EVOLUTION.

initiated

by Schopenhauer.

in its relation to historical science.

School

The

IX.

and

idea of evolution.

the

of Evolution.

of the doctrine

problems
and philosophy.
Empiricism, skepticism,
The position
of Mr. Herbert
Spencer.

V.
VI.
VII.

The

VIII.

Monistic

Outlook

movement.

towards

positivecreed.

LECTURES
GENERAL

SUMMARY

I. The

OF

THE

problems
(Lecture X.)

discuss

with certain

(2)

The

TO

POSITIVE

positivelectures
connected

X.

that

OF

LECTURES

The

(1)

aspects of

general doctrine

the historical movement

XIII.
THE

COURSE.

general cosmological
of Evolution

doctrine

the

of Idealism

the result

as

of

the

previous lectures have traced,and

of philosophy (LectureXL) ; (3) The
of the doctrine of idealism to the explanationof the fundamental
application
problems of science,in so far as they concern
the relations

as

the fundamental

between

natural

and

external

the

doctrine

law and

moral

freedom, and

world

between

the

inner life

(Lecture XII.)
concluding
(4)
issues that centre about the proreligious
blem
of optimism and pessimism
(Lecture XIII. ).
II. The
doctrine of idealism itself has two
here
called
portions,
respectively
of
AnalyticIdealism (the doctrine with which the name
Berkeley is especiallyassociated),
and Synthetic Idealism
(or the
doctrine of the universal self as the world
thinker).
III. It is the province of
analyticidealism to show, by a study of
discussion of the moral

the

elements

and

whereof

world

is to be

world

of

all

knowable

ideas,that

our

at

beliefs

words, the knowable

minds

actuallyknow

it to be.

consist,that, in

all,it must

is,of facts that

other

The

; and

world

be,
can

its

in

case

the

deepest nature,

only exist for minds.

is,only in

so

real

far

as

In

beings with

APPENDIX

IV.

There

remains

as

something

existent
Herbert
XI.

is there

final

in

appears,
know
is

his

that

finallyanswered

beyond

self

the

beyond

its

VII.

The

doctrine

of

actual

of

world

doctrine

of

in

should

of

depend

upon

The

point of

view

The
is

discussion

in

those

by

sible
pos-

The
it is

one

regard
tion,
asser-

very

fulfillment

to

self

one

finiteself

in the

knows

truth

organic part

an

sense

who

brings
is but

there

of

the

about

the

truth

of it.

The

sentimental

And

things,but
this

Appreciation,
This is the

what

is

our

sense

no

their

to

but

of that

own

that
truth

We

(2)

which,

truth, just because

outer"
bits

own

the

of selfhood, and

is

"outer"

really

experience
be

to

to

is "inner"

what

the world

is then

something,

of universal

sort

and

private

our

exact

shall

presuppositionof

is such
and

as

seizes

on

all

give

you

must

of

what

at

get

the

things

justification.Not
yon

natural

universal

transient asp

to

account

your

idealistic

thoroughly

place, that

is,that

of
descriptions

in your

Description

then, bui

in

first

in order

realism

But

of Facts.

in the

terms,

emotional

otherwise

rather

momentary

and

"facts,"

principle of ordinary
or

experience is, then,

of

facts.

some

characteristic

to

fast

"

thought
and

interpret experience
;

revelation

philosophy

the

principlehas

descriptivethinking

opposed

of

It appears

fact ?

selves

should

we

the

than

is in

idealism
finite

the

on

intelligences.

the

describe,in

of

mind

of outer

world

in its abstract-

contents

world-mind

the

the

to

that

That

(1)

remain

clue

leaves

for

all

discussed

thus

experience, that is,between

must

as

that

us

and

experience

problem

one

truth

truly

every

objectionis

knowable,

any

which

one

other

for

finite

our

us

of

distinguishbetween

are.

is

once

doctrine

the

of

content

VIII.

give

can

beings, must

universally true

be

doubts

depends throughout

demands

terms

it is the

idealism

illusion, or

finite

us

not

the

world-mind.

or

this world-mind,

Idealism

caprices.

what

does

ever

previous

our

understood

truth

no

remaining argument

only experience

IX.

that

limitations,just because

own

the

about

all, nobody

Self.

complete

for

idealism

that

imperfectly

world, namely, the Logos

that

for

skepticism, which

synthetic idealism, by showing

ness,

foregoing argument

truly skepticalobjection. Properly regarded, this

our

Lecture

self,so

own

stubborn

it is

as

in

reality.

it is

founded

well
as

about

this

is

considered

is

that, after

asserts

one

helpless as againsta
To

world

(as, for instance, Mr.

doctrine

whole

the

realitybeyond

any

VI.

it

This

real

the

aside.

set

case

that

essentiallyunknowable

objection to

assertion

as

alternative,however,

Spencer asserts).

and

V.

the

481

A.

outer

science.

aspects

of

truth.
And

tilings,

482

But

X.

does

what

in

developed

as

of

of

laws

the

possible

only

Space

and

in

mechanism.

amongst

things,

without

free

XI.

been

Mechanism,

by

Moral

us

one

Order,

of

two

Law

and

of

part

special

It

rigidity

such

things
of

are

are

as

on

go

of

part

view

is

thing

but

mechanism,

nervous

that

the

of

one

suggestions

and
and

consideration

as

to

the

problem

in

must

an

turns

of

part

morally
that

other

the

is

also

must

Self

then

than

nature

which

Order

the

of

worth.

absolute

Man

mechanism,

this

the

deeper

describable,

idealism,

our

temporal,

Worth.

determined
is

to

Natural

the

world

of

possessed

first

types

be

must

true.

has

what

universal

relatively

return

we

aspects,
one

be

so

be

must

be

partially

describe

Ideals

to

is

it

as

only

can

one

therefore

and

of

inadequate

as

order

thought

nature's

temporally
XIII.

forms
con-

descriptions

point

with

consequence

result

that

having

as

once

to

this

is
that

in

that,

the

view

in

purposes,

With

enriched

this

nature,

there

that

so

embody

of

that

and

appreciation,

XII.

of

shows

analysis

appreciated,

must

from

too,

product

point

this

closer

assumes

which

type,
all

only

can

and

exact

that

the

one

universality

mechanical

involves

that

orderly,

most

place,

will.

Yet

For

the

of

science
Man

assumes

processes

Time,

in

nature's

of

the

first

the

But

describable.

the

because

In

presupposition

well-knit,

science
And

case

the

essentially

the

terms,

nature.

in

involve

science,
is

Hence

Law.

to

world

general

in

describe,

of

work

the

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

presupposition

this

the

that

assumption

OF

SPIRIT

THE

out

Moral

now

be

to

appear

eternal

to

aspect,
be
Order

at

once

free.
the

of

concluding
evil.

lecture

leads

at

APPENDIX
TRANSCENDENTAL

KANT'S

ON

B.
DEDUCTION

OF

THE

CATEGORIES.

The
126

of the

statement

is

sqq.,

the

which

of

have

of

written

1772-80.
diverse

As

originof

d.
1

Immanuel

und

Op.

"

Kant's

Anmerkungen,

widely.

Philosophic,"3

neueren

cit. page

versucht, dass

Kritik

hrsg. v.
683,

was

lines

Verschlingung

seben

Tbe

ist."

ingenuity, was
raann,

Auflage

der

rendered
the

an

im

Blatter.

in

As

book,

der

in

first edition

the

the

of

evidence

special

results

of

in

der

notion

in

Adickes,

Erdzweiten

is to-day

evidence

method

Kant's

to

as

and
Rejlexionen,

the

by Benno

und

internal

the

anzu-

critical

great

very

The

25.

of

Zeiten

1878

ersten

page

gross-

Zusammenstellung

with
as

Einleitung

einheitliehe

verschiedenen

in der
on

ultimate

nachzuweisen

ich

eine

early

combination

with

of

some

as

the

Geschichte

"

einer

habe

fur

aus

way

Vernunft"

edition

Berlin,

by Adickes

out

general

by

one

Erdmann's

Gedanken

years

1889.

mosaikartige

Kriticismus

reinen

inevitable

to

als eine

his

mit

Vernunft"

allgemeinen

the

general and

the

Adickes.

must

whole, opinions have

the

vorhergehenden

carried

Kant's

"Kritik

of the

text

presented

of

Reicke'a

of
work
Lost

opinionswill

of

differ.

COnrse
3

his

in

reinen

Kant

tion,
in this deduc-

thought

stated

versehiedener

suggested

of

difficult

variety and

the

has

"Ira

here

trains of

fashion

during

Falckenberg, in

Erich

bisher

view

times

tor
edi-

combination

which

argument

tral
cen-

recent

in

piecemeal

the

the very

But

artige Konception hielt, vielmehr

und

of

outcome

der

Dr.

note:

man

is in fact

different

important

differed

course

convincing,that

of

shown,

notwithstanding

Kant's

is the most
of

what,

to

has

text, page

few

doctrine.

decidedly different

at

in my

only

intricate

very

independent

down

of

Adickes,1

first edition

the
of

extremely
whole

the

on

number

this

Kritik," Erich

"

I find

deduction

Deduction

the

confessedlya paraphrase

thoughts of
of

of
spirit

Pages 268, 269, 272, note

halb

Dingo

der
an

iramanenten

Vorstellung des
sich.
.

(2)

3.

Die

doppeltesist

existiert.

was

(1)

nach
Die

Kant

ausser-

nnbekannten

BrscheinnngeiiBelbst,mil ihren erkennbaren

Breignisseder Erscheinnngswelt
Dinge

Die
.

Kin

[ndividuums

Gesetzen.
.

"

u.

484
of the

Kantian

of the

world

result

that,

fashion

gets its

which

"laws"

these

makes

which
of

lungen
time

and

wherein

all

sane

of the
of

dross

only

is that

the

as

of Kant's
existieren

vor

cit. page
that

Kant's

Fichte

an

sieh.

Die

others.

in the

and

of

in

of

progress

the

which

the

true

most

outcome

of
objectivity
sind

view

thought.

light of

for

truth

etwas

von

mei-

verschiedenes."

ist, ist deslialb

Bewusstseins

the

noch

Bewusstsein."

Erscheinung,

between

139

all to

philosophy,and

direction

in the

me,

the

of my

text

absolute

object, the Ding

I myself

tended

Falckenberg-.

says

gemeinschaftlichesProduct
p.

edition,

is above

to

Wahrnehinung,

geg-enwartigen

consciousness
unity of selfand

meiner

first

Vorstellung- derselben

menschlichen

stands

On

nacli

momentanen

269.

Subjekt,deren

Ding

als

nations,
expla-

comments,
the

come
out-

all the

personal point of

the

nature

is the

separated from

his

of

same

experience

then

Kant-philology,"indubitably

meines

allem

somethingthe

und

ausserkalb

Op.

"

the

Self, constitutive

one

to

seems

sciousness,
con-

subjektive Vor-

universal

introduced

Kant

study concerning the

sowohl

ausser

the

continued

said, this

of

subjektiven

nicht

of

sick,

an

"objects,"

at

Deduction

developing further

thinkers

I have

results

Was

notion

from

the

which, especiallyin
the

it is

gives the

of

which

This

doctrine,

peculiar limitations

him

and

agree.

it is which

latter

momentary

frequentlyinconsistent

This

post-Kantian

While,

ner

Kantian

experience, which

true

prevented

"

it.

This

recent

beings

proofs, with

confused

the

human

valent
equi-

subjehtiveVorstel-

the

the

or

my

is

D'tnge

my

between

Erfahrung,

imperfect and

prove.

of

from

eine

completed

and

which

the

This

world

the

objects independent

distinguishesthem

and

sense-data, which

constitutes

complete agreement

stellimgen

one

these

distinguish

which

unknown

empirisches Bewusstsein,

the

secures

the

to Falcken-

must

one

Bewusstsein,

from

which

"nature,"

to

which

he

data

sense

in

in the

proved

consciousness,

momentary

applies the categoriesto

which

be

to

According

is that

tution
consti-

is,for the fully

Gattungsvernunft.1

menschllche

die

thing

of Kant

the

knowledge,

what

arguments.

transcendentales

ueberindividuelles
to

view

subjective,or

my

reality and

human

our

important

most

final

the

berg, namely,
between

objects of

in its related

and

the

to

as

hold, correctlyrepresents
the

developed Kant,
Deduction

argument
of the

as

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

towards

ist,as

es

have
the

sort

pointed
later

out

for

is

Kant

sich, and

an

of

relatives

how

much

interpretationof

APPENDIX

us

the

men,

are

fact

developed

and

less

These
while
to

do

by

so

and

of

process

themselves

From

this

become

best

this

this

By

so.

consists
each

moment

asks

why

is
I have

the

only

treated

may

be

why

I thus

the

of

only

thus

moment

the

Dinge

book,

so

each

could

is the

nature

remains

they

as

the

doctrine
main

prominent

in the

this

that

many

on

p.

270

and

of

211,

op.

cit.

second

since
If

one

of experience,

moments

own,

my

If

and
asks

one

think

not

The

the

them.

If

only reply

product

of

the

nothing objectivebut

and

purely subjective

interpretershave
the

why,

Deduction

Falckenberg recognizesand

rience
expe-

and

be.

must

otherwise,

is

whole

experiencesthereof,

the
could

nothing

unknowable.

in

final view,

My

life

do

moment,

now.

series

there

each

is itself

my

apply

I must

gained

thought.

are

outcome

of

determines.

of my

difand

that

nature

of

think

not

the

moment

world

moment

subjective;

sich, and

an

each

experiences are

my
nature

own

my

why

Stated, it is not his

seem

is that

answer

view

ence.
qualitativediffer-

categorizemy

to

is, that otherwise

fashion, is the
his

right thus

the

total self,would

is, my

and

whole

doctrine, stated

Kant's

here

categorized,the
a

Erscheinungen

creating objects which

at

the

numerous

as

answer

is that such

view,

moments

categorizein

still asks

one

the

nature

our

together through

that

object thus

existent

Vorstellung,

my

gories
cate-

our

private Vorstellungen.

is of such

The

the

ited
lim-

we,

subjektivesBewusstsein

application I get, in

categorized object.

but

of

saying that,

it is

subjectivepoint of

Gemilth

categories. My

with

of

not
quantitative,

point

less

pretation.
subjectiveinter-

actuallydo apply

own

Bewusstsein,
a

there

require a

unknowable,

world

our

and

merely

For, from
my

the

up

eminrisches or

my

but

more

remain

are,

but

less advanced

at

categories,thus

the

transcendentales

my

as

"

Kritik

"

Vorstellungen,because

nothing

between

erence

bear

binding Empfindungen

instrumentalityof
are

we

build

we

only

the

themselves

and

are

of the

so

in

well

content

sich

an

the world
1

not

consistent,as

Vorstellungen as

our

to
to

which

passages

Dinge

the

that

remains

course

passages

many

very

of

485

B.

Analytik. If, as
ask, docs

found
I

in
have

it often

one

may

and

in
elsewhere, especially

brieflysummarizes

these

Inconsistent

sages
pas-

486

first edition

the

doctrine

true

proceed further

the

transcendentales

so

own

development.

was

forced

Gattungsvermtnft,

philosophy
worked

in

far

own

indeed

and

verstand,

limit itself to

brief

a
a

philology.
references

I
and

of
I

best

see,

the

and

of the

legung

des

read

falselyconsistent

of

the

Idealismus,1

nature

of

was

thought. Vaihinger
1

u.

Published

in the

of

Kant's
until

he

end

for any

besser
his

lengthy

Kantian

(if
als

to

as

one

it is
may

sich

er

discussion

real

the

whole

to

selmust

of

Kant-

few

mere

and

outcome

the

of the relation

matter

Bewusstsein

meaning

into

87-1G4.

He

doctrine.

of the

side

He

of his views.

statement

wholly

stands

it.

Deduction

myself, therefore,

actual

hold

Kant

of

summary

paper

the

of his critical

teristic
peculiar charac-

study by Vaihinger,
sl

His

unconsciousness

from

free

still

side

with

zur

any

complex

far

of

Kant's
Benno

as

Widereffort

to

doctrine

seriouslydevoted

tendency

by

is, so
Kant's

Zu

Kant's

StrassburgerAbhandlungen

Tubingen, 1884), pp.

the

consequently

yet

understand

to

"objectivity,"but

demonstrating what

to

Therefore, although

transcendentales

admirable

not

menschliche

stage

not

the

to

die
and

An

concerning

discussion

recent

empirisches
can

place

statements

gradual development

he

statement.

calls

quoted words)

confine

must

did

conscientiousness.

method.

popular

no

did

Why

Bewusstseins, equivalent

slow

and

comparatively neutral

present is

The

his

often

own

reference

of

was

knew.

remained

mind

again his

The

he

privilegeto-day

our

borrow

There

patience

consequences

des

certainlydid

wonderful

of his

ber

he

than

the

conditions

dogmatism

extremely

in his mind.

better

between

step forwards

Falckenberg
of

was

which

with

builded
his

and

what

substantiallyto

the

idealism

by

definite

no

perceive

Why

later

answered

objektiveEinheit

an

imperfect growth

the

Kant's

unconsciouslypreferred inconsistency

He

so.

of

doctrine

own

be

took

dangerous symmetry

any

standing ?

peculiarlycomplex

He

do

to

difference

Bewusstsein

towards

only

and

case,

fail to

he

the

passages

road

but

well-known

now

to

the

on

questions can

These

of

the

was

did

one,

assumption

inconsistent

the

leave

this

the

of

empirisches and
he

this second

not

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

again, if

Why,

was

consequences

OF

SPIRIT

THE

to

growing
Erdmann

Philosophie (Freiburg

488

Erfahrung"

"

We

"

human.

who

thus

gives

laws

are

laws

outer,

to

For

nature.

of

genuinely

my

the

its

in the

share

moment,

to

than

and

of

Kant's

from

all

"

of

the

fact

suspicion of
His

be

of

strictlyobjective discussion
leave

general fashion,
to

from

Vaihinger's

will often

difference

one

Erdmann's
weil
A

es

the

later

time

only

the

the

paper,

pondered

muss.

before

this

careful
such

over

repeatedly
Benno

of

thought

formulas

of

gelian
He-

tendencies
the

fact

refer

to

reader

phrases

"

is,

it in

dessen

Gesetzen

haben.

nothwendig

d. i..sie haben

eine

that

als

Wesen

die

Erscheinungen

zu

einem
Natur."

second

to

in

logy
Ana-

is drawn

Befl. 989

haben

stehen.

this note

startingly
of

Erscheinungen,
aber

sofern

allgemeingiltigen
Yet

those

is almost
I refer

vorgestellt

Dieselben

to

subjektive
as

the

the

refer

as

distinction

idealism.

werden

the

of

edition, vol. ii. p. 285,

expression

an

Dinge

"

Sinne

the

in

Erdmann's

constructive

gibt, die

1781.

quite
"

an

to

technically skilled

principleof causation,

Beflexionen

gives

Bewusstsein

stimmen

of

the

the

arrangement

Wesen

erstand, unter

liehes

to

of

himself
the

have

Experience, where
of

here

can

is

force

and
objektiveElnheit
such
Apperception, and over
statements

the deduction

near

sient
tran-

my

himself.

between

der

of

must

it for

"Kritik"

Elnheit

and

study

Apart

Kant

',repeat

himself

absolutely idealistic

any

this

In

privacy of

convincing

more

predispositionto

deeper,

my

pretation
foregoing inter-

the

Vaihinger

therefore, extremely persuasive.

the

of

in the

even

all the

that

any

or
interpretation,

Kant.

reader

of

independent

are

thus, by implication,more

am

will

outcome

in view

reader

upon

changeable.
un-

still know

objektiveElnheit

Yaihinger'sphilologicaldemonstration

free

who

purely subjectiveself.

my

the

an

and

original constructions, join

deeper selfhood,

my

of the

nature

its

reconstruct
activity,

Dinge

independent

not

are

rience
expe-

objective and

are

they

personality. I,

human

higher

private subject,can

as

caprice,they

momentary

my

I,

eine

private subject,these

as

me,

things because, although

outer

of this

tially
essen-

nur

Empfindungen,

categorized things

Meanwhile,
these

his

categoriesto

gibt

unknowable

the

by

something

"Es

together.

somehow

these

is

objektiuesSubjekt

It is the

applies the

sich,

it

possess

is affected

who

objektiueElnheit

this

Now

submit.

must

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

auch

ihr mog-

Bewusstsein

doubtless

belongs

APPENDIX

between

subjective succession

"

"

im

this

over

Gegenstande.

distinction
of

patheticearnestness
give it

to

final

of

Idealism

dawn

the

reader

upon
forth

in
whose

existence

notion

is that of the

in

of the

standard

normal

self.

uncertain

does

But

view

read

we

often

he

best

birth

and

wavering
their

between

of

obscurityas

to

the

whether

of the

text

the

promised

the

light of
of
a

land

readers, is

in

as

Kant

we

in

one

things

the

of

the

time

we

Kant's

at

the
a

stood

edition,
of

fashion
ture
struc-

inconsistencies
straint
self-re-

not

thesis

of

thesis

offense

of

the border

on

could

actual

coming

piecemeal

the

the

final

own

wholly

and

dim

very

Kant's

inevitable

how

most

deny

his
categories,

the

depicted in

before

rock

of

Erdmann's
Here

long

are

idealism, and

Becond

is producing.

doctrine

new

hints

himself, who

understand

or

all sorts

beautifullyconscientious

the

true

he

Benno

conscious

never

stumbling and
fact

for

Kritik," the

of modern

all this

of

"

and

patient

Idealism

stone

the

work,

great

the

of

us

the

unconscious

own

forth

Einheit,
a

of the world

objectiveinterpretation

and

reallyis

all these

"

to
intelligible

of

been

it

me

truly his offspring.

in

an

transcendentale

This

in fact does

afresh

ever

gradual

makes

that

deduce

to

subjective and

objective idealism,

of

novel.

Blatter."

Lose

"

old, but

what

and

to

accessible

in Reicke's

self at all, his

complete

relation

now

application,the

appearance

less is it

spondent
corre-

this is the

as

gives

deny,

to

the

Kant's

notes

he

ing
bring-

objectiveto

fullyknow
;

seems

none

of

the

throes

of

is very

highly

far

so

himself

not

endlesslypatient efforts

that

is

the

it will

notion, whose

doctrine

experience,in

of

Slowly

humanity

to

nearest

birth-throes

reflective

reflective

feels the

Reflexionen,"

or

edition.

is in the

of

seeks
est
clear-

wording

"

Kant

sounds

the

as

of

the

objectivelysubjectiveself,

offspring.

own

But

"

Kant

almost

again

approach
to

second

wonderful

human

He

get

the

that

and

that

an

constructive
private capacity,but subjectively

my

his

as

observed

again fails,his

which

above,

in

and

again

spiritualfaith

the

will have

struggles with

all those
as

and

new

quence
objective se-

reflection,that he again and

formulation

Refutation

"

and

me,

himself

after

being

in
reader

articulation,and

assertions

Vaihinger's

"

The

Kant

489

B.

to

outer.

In

tation
the Refuwhich

Ins

numberless

genuinely consistent

and

490

Die

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

einer

Anerkennung

im

unabhangigen

Korperwelt

und

unabweisliche

logischeConsequenz

Yet, of

fact

historical
of

does

of course,

the

unity of
The

sense.

for

meanwhile,
to

its

at

in

tant
hesiThe

ment
state-

said, a

deeper

Kant's

sequences,
con-

any

urspritngits

at

was

Dialectic

deepest

absolute

or

forbade

Kant

direction.

any

plete
com-

what

to

This

Gattungsvemunft.
later thinkers

to

Kant's

best, therefore, limited

preciselywhat

was

the

I have
the

that

sure

the

menschliche

sistent
con-

them.

Apperception
of

the

general

prefer,as

Vollstdndigkeit in

highest principlewas
calls

in my

me,

World-Self

argument

absolute

Falckenberg

while

der

true

between

points towards

all the

objektiveEinheit

or

led

expresslyembody

not

gezogen."

narrowly subjective.

text, to

my

auch

conclusions,and

so

has

formulation, which

remains,

look

in

results

but

never

conflict

this

of

final

own

nothwenclige

fundamentalen

Kant

conflict

the

is often

language

Kant's

neutral

liche

his

den

aus

hat

Consequenz
remains

drew

who
whose

Kant

It

there

course,

Kant

more

Diese

Kants.

Positionen

ist eine

Raume,

gen

Vorstellun-

empirischen

unseren

von

declares

that, as Vaihinger
so
propositions,

idealistic of Kant's
"

OF

SPIRIT

THE

tation,
limibound

were

transcend.
As

fact, therefore,

of the
if

sein, as

took

one

he

stated

of its

out

down

in my

text

Deduction,
stress

the

on

have

the

of us,

in

how
so

final, but

therefore

his

out

the

far

as

how

he

have

pointed

Einheit

der

I have
on

page
1

is,for

Qp.

This

able
Unof the

not

139

of
it

is

so

us,

by

cit. p. 164.

he

our

every

pealed
apI

true
one

far unquestionably

pointed out, except

of the

lay

to

Apperception;

to

notion

it

cal
equivo-

how

out

each

constantlymade

is rational.

What

in the
passage

is

set

misleading
somewhat

therefore

and

this Einheit

appeal

and

doctrine.

it least

deemed

views.

Bewusst-

environment,

his whole

as

ology,
phrase-

aspects of the argument

all the

present

of

sions,
suggestive discus-

and

advanced

most

transcendentale

Kantian.
as

Kant's

cautiousness

sion
impres-

transcendentales

of the

neutral
relatively
of

pointed

self,and

to

have

statement
to

his

unhistorical

an

all his admirable

his doctrine
in

give

obscure
characteristically

only

not

as

Kant, in

true

would

one

tally,
inciden-

text, is that the

tran"

APPENDIX

Elnheit

scendentale

it,

calls

berg

which

world

critical

is

in

order,

Kant

of

stage

attributed

llche

Elnheit

tlves,
But,

by

has

various

stages

in

book
of

reason

himself
the

of

that

the

which

aware

they

the

critical
before

complexity

wholly
to

in

growing
comes

of

of
of
obscured

of

his

philosophy
And

us.

his

of

marvelous

his

true

final

the

earlier

or

subjek-

which

edition,

own

are

actual

represented
Kant,

investigation,

thought.

all.

at

inconsistencies,

own

his

the

was

empirisches

composition

text

fact.

the

Bevmsstsein

fashion

not

ursprilng-

an

the
Kant

transcendentales
curious

of

empirisches

between

is

of

to

which
The

the

momentary

Kant

categories

agree.

for

world

the

philosophy

The

the

demonstrated

the
it

as

all

or

well

so

never

extent

distinction

of

reason

Adickes

the

clear

to

as

the

of

stage

his

critical

with

bound

objectives

and

of

gorized
cate-

Bewusstsein,

by

for

objective

him

view.

Apperception,

simply

no

the

application

der
is

while

Kant's

final

is

Self

objective

objectified
by

already,

so

large.

far

the

world

accepted

this

hold

is

idealists,

how

of

Falcken-

writ

empirisches

nor

stage,

yet
the

made

stage

earlier

not

Beivusstsein

his

properly

an

did

forming,

of

later

genuinely

this

what

and

text,

Kant

categorized,
is

effect

Einheit

the
is

that

product

nor

but

thinking,
The

knew

no

in

of

ale
in

The

philosophy

individual,

Self

nature

consciousness.

individual

set

doubtful,

physical

of

the

transcendent

left

deliberately

have

with

Kant's

only

is

is

Gattungsvernunft,

identical

implication,

by

Apperception

der

menschllche

491

B.

by
was

nor

of

C.

APPENDIX

In

the

theory

text,

the

to

as

Genus,

true

reality

according
Hegel,

to

This

place.

latter

be

to

have

of

use

the

The

the

has
to

as

the

correspond

truth."

in

the

is

"They

cannot

is

universal,

therefore,

offers
of
a

his

the

of

Absolute

that

the

is

Idee

merely

and

is not

the

tifies
jus-

matter

for

the

there

only

of

solution.

His

logical
"

exemplified

all

the

have

thing

organic,

is
the
nor

of

the

exists

The
vidual."
indi-

Hegel
world

the

allumfassend

objects

general
of

the

', is
Idee.

universal
a

in

dog

single

is

the

ity,"
valid-

dogs.

world

real

universal,"

as

cause
be-

"

truly

discussion,

traditional

individual

that

in

must

objective

individual

realized

is

is also

such

no

formulation,

abstract

by

is

The

truth

tion
ques-

said,

have

ideas,

only
as

as

course,

ancient

science

because

"

of

validity, they

all

general

world

antinomy

an

and

said,

exists

is, in

the

the

thinkers

some

as

For

in

Self.

the
of

objective validity
have

must

general,

have

characteristic

Totalitat,

Now

this

of
in

references

of

What

so

have,

are

of

intended,

solution

They

individual.

There

view

"

the

thinkers

general.

In

of

members

metaphysics

and

is

universals.

science

world

offer

objective truth,"

to

other

so

Universals

to

of

concepts

citations

viduals,
Indi-

shown

Hegelian

'dot

true

as

been

importance

few

of

shown,

reality

the

organic

Total

and

only

has

its

cording
ac-

student.

theory

also

general

all

of

technical

more

of

historical

addition

Hegelian

text

our

The

the

Universal,

result

necessary

Self-consciousness.
here

their

being

one

which,

the

as

interrelated

genuine

in

Idee,

Universal

the

The

reality has

individual

all

Hegel's

forth

set

universal.

divine

the

Organic

the

of

body

organized

text

of

"

concrete

is

him,

determining

which

"

genuine

every

briefly

have

the

of
to

theory
and

containing

the

222-226,1

pp.

UNIVERSALS.

OF

THEORY

HEGELIAN

THE

idea

world.

APPENDIX

On

the

and

have

in

contrary, they
their

and

being ;

far forth

so

they

as

its isolation,embodies

Only

the

in his

einzelne

Seyn

ist

noch

anderer

daher

es

ihrer

seines
aus."

the

which

these

To

versal.
Uni-

finite

embodies

the

is

real.

ist,ist

kraft

Idee
die

Hegel's

der

die

Idee,

Idee.

Das

fur dieses

bedarf

gleichfallsals

in ihnen

und

Das

und

in

Einzelne

Beschranktheit

diese

beson-

zusammen

realisirt.

Endlichkeit

this

the

theory it
With

of

seinen

the

and

have

way

to

Untergang

presented

to

us

in

understood

of the

forms

attention

amongst

without

what

he

higher

form

of

of

Begriffe in
The
in

manysided-

customary

relative

the

how

historical

and

insight,and

true

forms
the

show

to

of

as

the universal

phenomenal

universal, Hegel devotes

and

we

must

the

first

ances
appear-

clear

distinction

of

Universals

activityof thought.2

here

the

sense

given

at

in full

all,but
is referred

As
w

to

text, p. 224.

Encycloped. " 407, Werke,

vol. vii. 2, p. 355.

and

lower
the

form

true

or

AllgemehiJicit

or

to

such

hat

be

cannot

the

between

Understanding, according

proper

to

them.

Vernunft-Allgemeinheit

The

patient

brieflyrefer

Verstandes-Allgemelnheit, and

the

the

passage
the

calls

Begriffes.

first form

while, however,

endeavors

partly untrue

then, Hegel's theory

particular,

In

is worth

his

course,

universal
on

lower

lower

principalone

this true

finite world.

extended

lated

of

are

of the

der

Begriff

space.

stages

of

embodiments

forms,

of

Hegel,

treatment,

as
justification

des

und

individual,in

"

Begriffe nicht

seine

further

previous theories

of

erscheinen

macht

some

of

and

Seite

only

to

ein Wahres

es

eine

finite

the

Wirklichkeiten,

illustration

devote

ness

No

move

hand, is in them

Genus

is

and

To
to

words,

live

they

corresponds

allein durch

irgend

it

other

the

sofern

entsprichtseinem

Daseyns

in

it.

or

sense

ist allein der

Beziehung

sich

fur

in

sich bestehende

fur

ders

Idee,

own

Wahrheit

seine

first in

are

this

Wirkliche,

hat

und

the

it,on

the

in

theory, expressed
"Alles

it ; for

organic totalityof

And

Universal.

in

are

493

C.

it

Hegel,

is the

produces, not

II"L,r"'l
technically
in

larger part

tranfl

494

of

These

they

the

are

is

the

characteristics
such

it thus

makes

This

class, or

genus

sub-classes

to the

fashion

classes

the individuals

Arten.

Both

individuals.

shown,

In

Begrijf,which

turn

meinschaftliches.
Existenz.
of

the

For

PhdnomenoL,

Encyclop., WerJce, vol.

PhdnomenoL,
also,Werke,

was

er

ab,

"

to

ist der

be

gef asst
of

the

Subsumiren

werden.

the
method
des

and
universality

supersede.

related

The

the

thinking,
of

all

many

individuals
is not

can

yet the
ein

than

Ge-

has

no

Gedanke

subjectiveside, the

either

explain

not

the

under

understanding

does

in

Umfang

24-25.

vi. p. 324.
On

The

durchaus

in

soil."

Das

the

definition

understanding
"

Trennt

das

er

Rechte

seinem

the

Verstand,
"

is there

formal."
We-

Zufallige vom

und

Wesentliche,so

of

erscheint

Das

als

standingabstracted, the under-

its universals.

Hegel,
der

'

and

more

the

or

fang,
part of its Um-

Gattung

much

of

its

ii. pp.

'

this kind

Gesch.

d.

observation

den
unter

of

of

Fornien

in ihnen
in

occurs

Allgemeine."

subsumption

that

kann

It

said

namely,

is just this

Hegel's theory

nur

Walire

das
with

is there

Wissenschaften."

vol. xiv. p.

betreffen

connection

universals, which

endlichen
das

Philos.,Werke,

; ihre

einander, und

theory

"in

Besondern

his

zu

This

Aristotelian
used

in

verstandigen Logik

Endlichen

von

class

subsumed

each

of

subordinate

as

only

the

to

Abstrahiren.

seyn

define

Urheber

Verhaltniss

nicht

For

vol. ii. p. 26.

upon
er

"Aristoteles,"says

36S,

to

ist

so

in Wahrheit
uses

in

found

vol. vii. 2, p. 356.

activitydepends

sentlichen

das

Werke,

Out

for this stage of

Art,

and

far, on

WerJce,vol.

its

which

turn

observer, which, being formal,

Its

individuals.

Arten,

Gattung

it is thus

qualitiesor

understanding, is

in their

out

This

see,

universal

Ge~

The

logic originallydefined.4

Gattung.

will

it is

as

business

very

fall within

stage

tion
abstrac-

the

the
that

are

Gattung

and

Begriffe.*

experience,meanwhile,

the

not

of

Gemeinsame

das

only

express

is the

it,forming each

under

this

abstractlydefined

species or

subsumed

while
various

has

On

into

many

an

Aristotelian

the

namely,

are

of

individuals

and

that

Gattung,

be

each

individuals

Gattung.
the

in

present

It

embodies

animal.

or

thinking

our

of view.

Gedanken

transform

it is first reached,

as

of

beginning

higher point

philosophy to

danke,

the

in

necessary

from

untrue

of

as

house

or

abstraction

analysis and

of

product

man

as

universals

the

are

Begriffe,but wrongly.2

called

often

are

ideas

such

understanding,

the

this first sort

of

Gedanken

calls Gedanken.1

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

to

cussion
disvolve
in-

"das

sort

is intended

of

496

THE

is the

standing
is

applied

metaphysical

in his

Of

the

of

nature

this

haltingly.1His metaphysical instinct

He

uses

the

lower.

the

And

as

the

essence

it is

abstractlydenned

some

the

to

appear
from

the

why

we

understanding

individuals

in

accustomed

are

thought, that general

and

that

his

did

logic.

the

ing
constitut-

tively
Subjec-

is the
such

of

thought

class-essences

Existenz

such, apart

as

exemplified.

This

say,

from

the

point of

of

ideas

do

not

of

ing
understand-

are

individual

only the

he

thereof.

which

no

and

they

which
to

than

to

And

have

of

logicaltheory only

Bestimmtheit

to

But

individual, as

class-essence.

sure,

deeper

things.

it appears

Gedanke,

the

represented by

be

to

limitations

of

is truer

in each

only

icesentliche

or

has

for this lower,

objectivelyexistent

as

but

higher universal,

the

existence

the

implied

Aristotle's

himself,

theory,reallytranscended

universalityin

of

sort

truer

that

was

Aristotle

theory.

logicaltheory, and

his

it

latter

the

when

thought

our

universal

this

traditional

the

logicgave

of

first discovery

things.

to

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

view

nary
ordities,
reali-

concrete

represent

is

is real.

ii.

Principal Caird,
the
its

out

world,
the
the

proceeds,
of the

in

can

thought
rise to

inward

die

relations

of

capable

Logik.
zu

the

God

Page 229,

another

of the

truth

its
and

die etwas

auch

and

vol. xiv.

nicht

Wahrheit
sqq.

and

real

forth

set

applicationto
world,

the

as

ersckeint

so

"

Hat

its

ein

ist.''

ist. f iir die

Aristoteles

doch

Besonderes

Metnode

andererseits
an

ihrer Stelle

the very
an

unity

the

aber
sonst

als der
bei

of

necessary

own

logisch herausgehoben. (denn

Anderes

als

in them

movement.

universal

the

not

different, but

and

finds

p. 2S3

deeper

foreign to, but

is not

particular

in them

erkennen),

sie alle

of

things in themselves,

from

Gottes, selbst

obzwar
2

of

allgenieine Idee

in Alleni

the

of

d. Phil.. Werke.

sogenannt

Idee

is

is immanent

Gesch.

the

pointing

to
confessedly Hegelian spirit,

which
universality

nature

abstraction
which

expression of

scribing
de-

"

But

"

It

the

to

and
universality,

of

sort

Religion,"2after

of

"Philosophy

Vernunft-Allgemeinheit,and

comprehension

follows

his

foregoing lower

inadequacy

nature

in

auch
.

ware

eine

den

Begriff

Aristoteles

neben

seine

die

Andern,

APPENDIX

expression;

not

dialectic, the
in

but
.

and

deeper
ideal

or

the

and

element

common

their

stripping away
which

they

have

that

out

rather

just

is the

very
in

matter,

is not

case,

the

last

their
of

not

and

but

first.

of

organism

an

get

the

by

idea

It is it which
and

reason

and

or

at

kind

of
and
of

of

itself,
"

our

of

movement

own

Principal Caird

which

of

being.
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parts

the

notion

pose.
com-

it lies their

tions.
specifica-

or

diversity

ber
particularmem-

is its limit

and

within

Here,

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and

in

tion.
nega-

through

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and

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it,beyond
then,

altogether different

thought corresponding to

we

from

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the

cation
indi-

inner

an

have

tion
rela-

abstracting,generalizingunderstanding
to

of

thought
next

to

are

In

other

or

being, is

and

it.

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the

of

place, structure,

by itself,but

through

its

the

they

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this

thinking

notions

and
universalityof generalization,

formal

altogetherinadequate
of

that

outside

once

universalitywhich

the

to

and

portion of

things which

Applying

determine

reference

first

by

fulfills itself in their

them,

in

which

in order

universal, in

nature

they

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abstract

its manifestations

cannot

exist

are

yet part and

barren

is

by
than

which

organs

not

is other

what

does

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and

whole

they

living organism,

true

form,

which

which

that

of

differ is

in

and

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organism

are

itself in

save

organ

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You

harmony.

the

produces them,

ground.

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of

it

the

at

their

"

proportion,functions, relations,their
determined

the

universal.

are,

to

reach

not

but conversely,we
particulars,

members

have

you

do

the

bers,
mem-

notion

they

arises

of

Moreover,

We

particulars only through

in which

members

what

life itself.

parts and

organism

as

tion
abstrac-

by

forming

unity

the

This

designated

at

got

various

That

being

get it is the very

to

the

common.

exists

living organism

be

differences,and

they have,
dead

as

of

can

be

may

and

inner

unity,which

idea

which

of which

life and

common

but

in

the

expresses

which

The

generalization,
by taking

observing

objects themselves.

that

organic universality.

or

have

the

universalityis

truer

is not

that

of

the

towards

process

being

of

which

idea

an

movement

constitutes

and

...

arbitrary invention

an

classifyingmind,

497

C.

grasp."
universalitythus
to

the

proceeds, on

reached

realityabout
p.

233, Bqq.,

which
to

the

to
we

"

brief

tions
rela-

think,
con-

498

SPIRIT

THE

He

realities.

is the

problem

finite mind

between

of

God,

and

both

problems, the thought, the

God

or

ideas

ideas, but
of

mind,

infinite

the

belong

After

devoting

of this view, and

"

Organic Unity
of
the

organic

which

makes

individual

the

without

mind.

Rather
its

renounce

assert

must
itself,

attain

to

the

lose

of

of my

own

between
and

Nature

is the

On

of

is

truth

Religion,or

the hard

will

of

be

solution

the

in which

continues
the

relation
that

seen

impossible.

of

Finite,as
both

PrincipalCaird

the

exist,at
then

Divine

and

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or

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Nature
difference

isolated

reality
life of

organic

the

Finite

by

the

Mind

to

God."

distinction

further

clings

renders
.

can

Human,
of

an

plying
ap-

higher problem

side

solution

members

in their
as

which

their

true

gives

realization

true

truth

the

world, it is

individuality,

the

of

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either

once

to

attain

can

understanding, which

the

...

the

the

mind

his discussion

solution

independent identityof

only by apprehending
and

the

"

that

of

cease

it

of

idealism

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and

theory

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realityof

or

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figment,

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lem
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individual

own

find

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Mind

principleto

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the

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my

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the

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that

renounce

240, Principal Caird

page

the

to

and

exclusiveness

reason

that I

and

that

object,before

reason

tration
illus-

principle of

"

of

the

In

principlein

The
.

is that

the

the

to

illusorycreation

Nature.

life of

in that

manifests.

the

and

system

or

spurious

...

universal

reason

basis

of

irreconcilable

independence,

itself in

particularthought

my

"

isolated

indispensablecondition

an

only

the relation

solution

the

this

finite mind,

(p. 239)

is but

truth

the

own

knowledge

true

any

world

It

"

as

can

that

whole

on

the

on

opposed
mind

space

further

mind,

about

or

considerable

solved

itself.

the

organic

one

points out

universal

must

to

he

be

is to

knowledge

to

dwelling

(p. 238),

suggests,

discordant

not

which

knowledge.

and

and

shows

problem

Nature,"

"

are

minds,

the

dwells

how

to

as

He

and

separate

our

principlewith

in

same

two

matter

problem

outside

order

Mind."

between

are

familiar

the

states

natural

the

know

understanding,

the

for

which,

Finite

to

opposition

well-known

the

upon

PHILOSOPHY.

of Nature

relation

of the

sideration

MODERN

OF

any

be

reached

the

Infinite

organic whole,

and

illustration

their
of

unity."
the

true

APPENDIX

theory of universale, and

"

in the

"

But

individual

being

of

are

the

is not

relations
is not

It

are

by supposing in

individuals, that

first think

Here,

Yet

the

realityapart

from

from

its members.

both

together in

number

then

Principal Caird,
the

Finite, but

and

Finite."

it."

compose

know

the

"

which

that

social

is reached
at

the

individual

of

rather

the

ticular.
par-

having

as

the

any

body apart

only by holding
comprehends

once

the

of
the

Family

individual

fashion,"

same

tinues
con-

negation of

the

is not

Infinite

the

organic unity of

is the

of

individual.

prius
than

more

Infinite

true

limb

combining

the

conceived

In

"

which

Family

living integrationof

is the

of humanity,

The

of

the

to

higher unity which

that

stract
ab-

of

be

idea

The

individual.

of the

is the

particulars,
any
true

his

"

organism.

idea

not

from

amputated

himself, and

in order

must

The

which

members

the

the

universal

the

nary
ordi-

elements
spiritual

place a

the

Family

universal
the

of

in

reach

we

the

State, which

the

or

complete

individual

only a fragment

life,as

first

The

"

them, that organic unity,whether

transcends

and

the

elsewhere,

as

man's

other

to

is wrong.

part of the being

necessary

these

the

the

and

the vital existence

beings, each

we

but

organic

individual

the

author,

our

the moral

of

human

must

of

social relations."

our

trulyman,

of

essence

in
participation

of

this, says

devoid

as

relation

case

the

comprehending

self -identity
isolates

conception of
fellow-men."

aid in

an

"the

unity first mentioned,

individuals

as

499

C.

in.

both

to

give

excellent

an

is

novelty to English readers.1

no

of discussion
To

fashion

p.

of

"The

199:

generic
which

the

name,

unites

to

Hegel's
"is

Begriff

the

Edward

universal
under
and

which

Social

and
are

place
common-

neo-Hegelians.
the

of

place thought

thought
a

theory itself

the

become

account

first

is not

things

determines

of

own

but

Caird's

that

has

It

in the

of science

show

school

whole

understanding ;

Professor

them

one

Hegel,

says

stage, and
Cf. also

for

however,

pass,

"Thought,"
this

to

mere

serve,

aspects of the

certain

of

summary

of universals, and

Hegelian theory

will

Principal Caird

foregoing quotations from

The

does

not

matter.

after

remain

the
on

Verstwndesbestimr

of Auguste Comte,
Philosophy

not
merely a
philosophy is
brought together,but a principle

their relation to each

other."

500

THE

mung"1

The

higher

Bestimmungen,
and

discovers

die Einheit

"

straktes, but

ist.
hat

Mit

the

into

allein mit

carried

out

and
and

inseparable
the

finite world
total.

organic
for

is

Hegel

method.

is

Wahre

the

tit.,
p.
the

Hegel
its
4

own

d.

an

be

to

these

interrelated

above

The

been

interrelated
the

things
of

one

processes

of

his whole

equally,
"

in

which

pages

the

For

The

ticulars
par-

example,

contain

limitations

and

nature

right

aspects, characters,

following

of the

"

two

organically
joined."
147.

other,
an-

as

members

for him

means

one

have

means,

of konkret.

use

the

see

Philosophie.p.

neueren

Universal

of

tion
repeti-

the

standesVer-

that

has

the

excellent
"The

478:

Particular

in

of Falcken-

definition

Begriff

concrete

and
itself,

that

of

produces

particulars (sichbesondert)."

Logik, Werke,
"

the

is

same

been

157.

Hegelian

berg"s Gesch.

the

is the Universal

are

given
Allgemeinheit.

Loc.
On

truth

account

from

be

to

characteristics

prominent

vol. vi. p.

shown

shown

of

zu

wesentliche

or

accident,

relationshipof

union

individuals

have

abstractions

such

"

by

ist konkret

The

"

Encycl, Werke,
of

the

organic

an

and

of

one

qualities,"and

intimate

nicht

gar

processes

and

(2) When,
been

Gedanken

und

abstractions

another,

have

The

Das

truth

and

einfache,

gen
Bestimmun-

formellen

related

by organic ties,and

more

nicht

es

is, therefore,transformed

outer, substance

and
of

once

and

weil

ein Ab-

merely

understanding separates

one

Entgegen-

Gedanken."

two

the

to

opposes

left,inner

united

is not

oder

the formal

which

Bestimmungen,

the

positive result," namely,

Verstandes

When

(1)

in ihrer

Philosophic ganz

whenever

Begrijf

abstract

finite world,

unterschiedener

konkreten

des

Allgemeinheit

The

Einheit

iiberhaupt die

thun, sondern

Abstraktionen

blossen

darum

es

has

on

sundered,

the

Bestimmungen
"

the

has

of

zugleich ein Konkretes,3

"

takes

Individuen

or

der

Einheit, sondern

formelle

which

Verniinftige,which

das

discovery of

the

Vernunft depends

understanding

Dialektik

This

setzung."

the

thought,

the

Seiten,

or

of

of

qualitiesthat

and

facts

PHILOSOPHY.

movement

Dialektik

well-known

the

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

Das

einzelne

vol. iv. pp.

Seyn

quoted

passage

Bestimmung

p. 422, where

From

so,

he

for

ist irgend eine

above.

In

instance,

speaks
these

63, 64.

and

of

iu

the

many

Seite

various
the

der

Idee,"
he

passages

has

Hegel

identifies

Religionsphilosophie.Werke,

Zusammenhang

zweier

other

it

passages

Seiten

oder

easily becomes

said

Seite
vol.

in

with
xii.

mungen.
Bestimevident

APPENDIX

in
""

the

of

case

cler einzelne

Was

sofern, als

er

Mensch
alien

vor

Allgemeinen ist,und
mehr

sende."
of

case

men.2

all

for

Now

here

konkret.

As

stanz.

and
is

them

such

each

It

is thus

men

are

each

man

and

man,

it is at

expounding
the way

and

the

of

of which

the

they

Hegel's

In

but

It

more.

in it all

as

is

form

only a

of

Hegel
on

ever,
noticed, howis im

individual

sive
inclu-

the
is,therefore,

far

so

of

"

; compare

is also

Id., p. 339.

In

as

truth

their

given

of

once

only
That

expressly asserted

the

to be

are

organic

the

whole

definition

Falckenberg's

more

above.

in

in dis-

Wesen,

individuals

abstract

Part

(thatis,in

of Wesen

Individual

is

by Hegel (Werke,

tained
con-

vol. vi.

vol. vi. p. 340.

case

passage

the form

of

cited,he

no*

the

already,although

by himself,

have

for this

way

316).

the

and

ceives
re-

larger "Logik,"

the

division

second

Compare

concrete,"

p.

discussing in the

the

they

as

elements.

are

introduced

The

Logik."

"

the head

characters

abstract

Encyclop., Werke,

ceived

in the

under

work).

both

use

fullyreached,

universal

passage

the

that

Sub-

Qualitaten

it all

It will be

it.

Begriffes is prepared,in

des

that here

the

way

Qualitaten.
far

so

thus
Vernunft-Allgemeinheit

in the Universal
p. 323

in

this

which

Universal,"

discussions

alike, in

treated

of

than

characteristics

his besondere

in

even

here, in

denselben

it is

all the

through

as

viel-

more

etwas

and

namely,

declares
distinctly

of the

Hegel

for

not

lengthy development

elaborate

that

far

so

realization

in the

"

Allgemeinheit
Second

in

is

something

all men,

once

ausser

their JBode?i,their
as

im

of the individuals.

notion
a

Grund,

senses,

Yet

the
he

Substanz
The

bloss

completely organic universal,

here

Allgemeinen,

not

in

Beschlies-

indifferent

an

"

determining

two

united.

towards

that

by

in

together,and
are

all

in

binding together all

konkret

in sich

und

nur

sondern

Allgemeine

humanity regarded

something pervading

of

of

is

include

it is their

Gemeinschaftliches"

er

etwas

nur

says

ist und

deepest truth, something

than

more

is

It

Qualitaten

tells us, das

in its

and

It does

individuals.

he

solcher

ist nicht

Durchdringende

as

humanity,

als

Allgemeine

abstrakten

Moreover,

ist,das ist

Mensch

Titus, Hegel

or

Besonderen

Dingen

alles Besondere

das

Caius

as

im

diess

andern

neben

und

such

man

any

501

C.

individual
or

apart

true

stands

from

of
is

logical judgment

layingspecialstress

upon

has
Vernunft-AUgemeinkeii
in

relation

biflrelations.

t""

Hegel

which

others,and

is

die fad
nol

is not

been
eon'

502

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

shows, in

cussing the Erscheinung, Hegel

of

fond

elsewhere

was

dwelling
of

or
Eigenschaften
qualities

Verlialtens

des
world

They
be

Gesetz,

world

the

Totalitiit.

Aeussern

laiv and

make

that im

it

of

Wesen

Wirklichkeit}

die
in

the

of

The

expositionof

things,appears

itself."

the

The
the

"

which

here

meant

is

to

"

writ

das

"

that

be if

one
"

large

passes
in

the

Logik, WerJce,vol. iv. p. 174.

Id.,p. 178. Die Wirklichkeit
Logik, Werke,

by

third

of

nature

in

makes

part

the lecture

of

notes

corresponding paragraphs

these

one

or

two

tions
quota-

It is

perhaps enough to point

easilysees what the Begrijf is
place where

5
into
Objektivitat,

the

the

world

Id., p. 128.

(loc.cit. pp.

to

Besondere,

to

Logik, WerJce, vol.

end

simple Whole,"

forthwith

appears

the

passes.

clearer

From

most

far called

general

"

Begrijf,in

the

somewhat

and

embody

so

at
or

das

herewith

in the text.

best

one

and

by Hegel's editors

made

things

its self-determinations

Einzelne

Encyklopadie."

been

is

outer

as

is

Allgemeine, which, together with

Hegel

rendered

added

that is

the

Begrijf

of finite

Substanz

contains

expositionof

Logik," is
of the

out

and

in

Innern

Wirklichkeit

of

just this Totalitiit

Allgemeine.s In

Substanz,

Totality

which

and

of

absolute

"

the

is

the finite

des

that

das

as

nature

category

das
categories,

intricate

have

Einheit

qualities

Gesetze

der

world

our

to

of

only expressed
an

other.
an-

world

things and

tells us,

inner

"

"

itself

Begrijf,to

were

the

Totalityis

This

its correlated
up

as

determines

which

true

finallydie

where

Wesen,

unity of

one

nature

the basis of

at

appears

to

it is their

It is,however,

solchem

the finite

relations

individuals

interrelated

this

things of

Reich

is

for

its Weisen

are

thing'sis

or

Hegel

as

manifest.
als

Begrijfe

the world

the

the

the law

latent form

totalityof

As

wherein,

in

already present
is thus

of which

the result here

phenomena themselves,
des

that
illustrating,

thing

fully expressed,but

is,however,

und

finite

these

this Gesetz

while

appearance,

self-determined
world

of

all-embracinglaw,

or

the

are

are

Hence

so.

he

that all the

so

which

they are by virtue of their

in Wechselwirkung,2 and

what

are

finite

every

Andern

zu

and

upon,

fashion

of

the

its nature
which

it

iv. p. 125.

187-190)

vol. v., pp.

to

appears

first

as

das

Absolute, which

sponds
corre-

Spinoza's Substance.

167-228

Encyclop.,Werke, vol.

vi. pp.

365-384.

504
"

sense,

only

then, but

their universal
the

to

of universals

the world

"

turphilosophie

in any

animals

Hegel,

to

imperfectly,as

an

organic,which

is

To

It is the

develop its
of the

of

the

Urtheile

des

Urtheile

Besonderungen
group

meine

ist das

of

of

their

Einfache

the

welches

due

cases

only

completely
spirit.

as

universal

true

Begriff

the

only by

before
is
the

cally
organi-

the

in

Unterschiede
an
"

For

das

class

tive
disjunc-

the

case

every

tue
vir-

universality

any

individuals.3
ebensosehr

outer

us

reallyand

can

in

itself

Since, according

forces

is reached,

subjects as
of

struggle of

the

the

but

Na-

self
logicaltheory it-

they represent

species or

"

to

instance,the

Urtheil, since

highest sort,

Begrijfes proper

judgments, just because

or

of

individuals

the

The

in both

the

to

apparently divided,
or

God

of

in the world

only

the

theory

same

displayed to

cases

subjektivenBegriff
in

ful
faith-

full expression in

to

moment,

Seiten

the

of individuals.2

all these

one

inseparable,aspects
Of

of

series of efforts towards

of the

various

relation

be realized.

and

immanently organic nature

that in the doctrine

for

so,

uals
individ-

completely realize

come

perfectlyrealized

for
finally,

return,
:

endless

of

relation

existence,as

group

cannot

the

the

bers,"
mem-

Further

Encyklopadie."

nowhere

can

is in

Universal

the

nature,

the Idee

"

the

sexes,

for

individual, or in any

one

of

Many

of

relation

:
applications

of the

relations

the

relation

the

by

"

die

bestehen

zu

faith.

one

applicationof

of the

fact that the universal

to the

to

The

is also full of

speciesof

the various

illustrated

as

ist

ist."

Lord,

one

Subjekten

spiritthe

same

at the close

appears

explanationof

body,

one

general problem

the

to

selbst als diesen

Das

ein Schein

nur

of Christ.

person

vielen

als

setzen

zu

Glaubens.

des

aus

aber

in the

discusses

Hegel
to

die

Vielheit

scheint, welche

sie sich
.

Gemeinde,

der

Liebe

on

Einheit

setzt, ist die

Schein

durchaus

dieses, dass

eben

Schein, und

ein

nur

PHILOSOPHY.

Individuen

der

ist die Vielheit

so

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

das

Reichste

related
inter-

Allgein sich

The
WerJce,vol. xii.,pp. 313, 314.
important thing here is that Hegel
expressly regards this as an application of his logical theory. Compare
p. 309.
2

Werhe,

648,

"

in

not
3

'

Die

vol.

vii.,1, pp. 640, 641, 643, 645, 648, 649.

einzelnen
Gattung existirt in einer Reihe
von

single individual.
Werke, vol. v., pp. 102-107.
any

In

particular,p.

Lebendigen,"

"

"

APPENDIX

1st,"1 and

eelbst

this wealth

uberhaupt
the

It is the

in

the

Urtheil des

the

differentiation
done

Schluss

The

of

universal

Momente,

before
form

still in conclusion
form

Hegel's own

"

of

logicof

that,

observe

i
2

Id., p.
Id.,
the

see

but

so

as

at

once

omission

the

it
to

was

p.

39.

of

Readers

significanceof

Id., p. 105.

Id., p. 102, sqq.

the

discussion

logic
of

It is well
of

one

method

is
the
to

his

ters
let-

that

he

his

logic,

Encyclop.,Werke, vol. vi. p. 158 :

blosse Verstandes-Logik enthalten, and
es

bedarf

of

Negativitat

in the

text

will

this consideration.

this

the

latter

exposition of

the

in

proceed

to

or

says

Nothing

element."

according

the lower

in

the

confessed, in

has

himself

or

36.

werden

from

rational
distinctively

Hegel

citly
expli-

himself

therefrom.

obliged

felt himself

Hegel

made

be

Niethammer,7

to

reason."

is contained

can

in

understanding," to

the

understanding

and

dialectical

of

of

the

mere

the

individuals

of the

for this purpose

needed

"universal

the

of

of

Objektivi-

of

related

relation

the

to

the

is the Idee.

truth
as

to

tive
disjunc-

is realized

the

tion
rela-

the

the

world

universal

and

reason,

totalityof

perfectionand

Aristotelian

The

the

the

to

universal

the

shown,

as

whose

word

One

is made

transition

the

more

Momente
With

whole.

whose

forms

universal

or

be

Schlnss.*

lies in

some

members

other

self-differentiated

the

as

the

to

of

this

only

once

conclusion

Moment

or

of

the

to

on

only

not

can

of successive

the

by

member

and

conclusion

organic

higher, since

us

carry

dis-

genuine

the

self-determination

number

reached

and
itself,

tdt, where,

that

through

result

organic

same

But

evident, a thing which

judgment

included

one

made

expression in

an

disjunctive conclusion,5wherein

the

for the
of

still

something

Negativitat

itself that sich

Begriff

necessityand

be

passes

highest is
reason

is

inner

must

forms

by

gets

disjunctivejudgment.3

true

Begriffes

fact, but

the

gets unfolded in
is die

universal

this self-differentiation

and

universal

the

The

disjunctivejudgment.

jungirt

"

of

disjunctivejudgment.

the

505

C.

dazu

Nichts

"

In

der

kann

als daraus

das

Id.,

p.

115, sqq.

spekul.atiron Logik ifltdie

aoa

jenex sogleichgemacht

DialektUche

and

Vernunf-

tige wegzalaseen."

recentlyissued vol.
(Leipzig,1887),part i. p. 840.
'

See the

xix.

of

the

Werke} edited

by Karl

Begel

506

Inhalt

tiven

and

be

can

in

such

of

MSS

the

instruction

the

to

were

whether

Idealism

to

as

consciousness,
unknown
but
in

in
the

Hegel's
works

us

own

which

of
in

to

as

or

to

record

only

our

and

deliberate
he

If

himself

all

Hegel,

general

Universals,
such

finds

one

or

as

would

theories

published

gist

of

few

the

not

during

his

Self-

of

wholly

sought
and

them,

in

theories,

almost
be

of

volume,

nature

remain

Hegel's
hints

peculiar

to

gel's
He-

eighteenth

little

his

of

from

in

the

but

this

must

expressions

that

edited

the

posp-

correctly

happens

as

to

cal
dialecti-

never

it

contains

which

Universals.

of

theory

purely

and

1840

in

suited

The

Rosenkranz

Niirnberg,

at

needs

Hence

published
and

is

Spekulative.

work.

and

boys

time

suggested,

which

Werke,"

"

Hegelian

fact,

there

gymnasium.

Niethammer,

this

das

for

elementary

posthumous

the

and

Propaedeutik,

so-called

volume

ripe

not

here

only

presented
the

is

at

Niirnberg

the

tells

Youth

instruction.

gymnasial

in

he

Logik,

verstandige

die

Only

boys

the

for

undertook

he

which

PHILOSOPHY.

MODERN

OF

SPIRIT

THE

life.

above

there,
all

INDEX

Absolute, the,

with

142-

Kant, 139,

159, 160, 192 ;

with
Schelling, 184, 193; with
penhauer,
Hegel, 213-216, 221 ; with Scho145

239, 240, 253, 263,

264.

self-consciousness,
411; a world of
412
by the
; presupposed
of description,
world
410, 413-415.
See Aspect, double
; Description.
ence,
priori principles,of empirical sciideals,

Fiehte,

with

398.

Self, absolute.
Adickes, Erich, Kant's
See

Reinen

Vernunf

"

"

Kritik

der

by, 483,

edited

491.

Agassiz, erabryological

Aristotle,the writings of, and Plato,

life, 9; the
interpret Hellenic
of the logic of the underfounder
standing,

of,

studies

494, 496, 505.

Art, Schopenhauer's theory of, 255-

286.

of, 324, 325.

Aggregation, process
Agnosticism,

448.

344-349,

257.

Ashley, Lord Anthony,

Shaftesbury, a friend
false religious Aspect, double, doctrine
by, 447, 448,
applied to the facts

its relation

to

idealism,

Amos, the prophet, a

optimism condemned
458, 459.
Analogies of experience, 488.
of
Analysis, self-, as characteristic
the eighteenth-centurv philosophy,
33, 80-82, 93,

101.

synthetic aspects of
idealism, 350, 351, 364.
doctrine
of,345,
Anthropomorphism,
Analytic

and

427.

Earl

later

of Locke,

of
78.

of, 415-419
of

the

ganic
inor-

world, 419-422
lem
; to the probevolution, 422-428
; to the
problem of freedom, 428-434.
of, 312.
Astronomy, the progress
of, 393, .399.
Atoms, the nature
of

Axioms, of Spinoza, questioned in

the
69-70;
eighteenth century,
science, relate

natural

of

world

of

to

the

description,397-404.

cosmological,Kant, 123 ;
420 ; in the spiritual Bacon, 475.
source,
world, 437-440.
Baer, von, embrvological
of 286.
unity
Apperception, transcendental
Antinomies,
their

researches

of,

Beethoven,

484-491.

between,
Appreciation, distinction
and
ism,
description,in ordinary real387"389

; its

illustrated
Schiller.
not

from

393

390,

.Shelley.393

; that

395

natural

possible

405-

HO;

its

; from

is

is
the

science.

world

real

of,393-397; exemplifiedby
unity of the

mi-

391

truth

outer

given by appreciation

Oppositionof
399.

and

formless

categorized character,

the

ganic
or-

spiritualworld.

categories I b"

172.

Begriff,the Hegelian,221, 222,

500-

506.

Being, Berkeley's theory of, 87- -90 ;

the
nature
124, 125,
of, Kant,
485-488; Hegel's theory of, 218"1-21,

Belief,

492-506.
true

and

false.

374-378.

Berkeley, Bishop, idealism of, a de

velopmenl of eighteenth-century
t" character,
humanism, 88, 7 1 ; t \ pe
" "

86,
88-89, 475

s7
;

; his theory of vision,

the being of n i

508

INDEX.

things,to

be

perceived,87, 90

world,
of, belongs

of Locke's,
ideas, 91 ; an
tractive
omnipresent eternal mind, 91 ; atof his idealism, 91,
form
extension

doctrine

an

90 ; the

sources

92 ; relation

rediscovery

his doctrine

of

the

the

to

life, 93,

inner

his

to

400-404

world

cation
appli; no
appreciation,

of

Chance, brute, the

of evil, 465-469

the

ality
ration-

Infinite,469-47-.

of the
See

Change.

deepest problem
; our,

Evolution, Nature

and

Evolution.

speculative

century

of, in

Browning,

delight
doxes
paraperfection
passion, 261 ;
imperfection,' 454.

Christianity, essence
Civilization,

"

475.

for

process

Kant

Philosophy

"

"

"

Social

of

Philosophy

gustus
Au-

"

Comte

by, cited, 499.

Caird, John, "Spinoza"
by, 475;
of
"Philosophy
Religion" by,

quoted, 496-499.
Campanella, 475.
Caprice, an element
selfhood
doctrine

of

the, of

the

highest

429.

reason,

Caroline Schlegel,181

of Schel-

wife

Consciousness,

definable

the

less
end-

physical

difficulties

of

letters,
; her remarkable
185 ; motto
in verse
for
Fichte,
by,
183 ; Fichte's
genius and Schel-

famous

verse,
uni-

his

ple
princi-

of, Kant, 112-

discussion

Locke,

82-86

of

relation

reality,Berkeley,
conditions

time,
"

123-125

all

human,
of, to

93 ; space

of, Kant,
is

consciousness

appeal to other consciousness,"

Hegel, 208-210
; paradox of, 210of
215 ; analysis of, the problem
an

modern

idealism, 232, 233

ling,182

ling'scontrasted
by, 183,
Carus, Paul, "Fundamental

Last

and

by, cited,

118.

and

of,by Schopenhauer, 237-

240, 263-264

First

Coleridge, 478.
Conscience, doctrine

outer

of

thought,

of Descartes, 76.

by
of, in the common
idealism, 236

in

sum"

Cogito, ergo

"

Life

of, 7-12, 281-

hypothesis, 324-336.

of Im-

by, cited, 108, 470 ;

of Hegel
by, cited, 195,

manuel

in

143-145.

lecture

318-324;

Caird, Edward,

of, embodied

essential
Clearness,
Locke, 83.
Clifford, W. K., " The

478.

"

God,

progress

Catastrophe," a
318 ; his theory

Bruno,
Byron,

of

speculative theory,

'

in

service

53.

287.

the

of

Christopher, St.,his

fare,
war-

138.

479

axiom

tion,
descrip-

78.

45.

Boeckh, 282.
475.
Boehme,
Bourne, H. R. F., " Life of Locke,"
by, 475.
teenth
the, of nineBrown, John, Kant

"

of

348, 413-415
; reality is the worldself, 348-350, 415-422.
Certainty, Descartes'
quest for, 75-

"

Principles of Human
Knowledge," 93, 475.
ary
literof German
Berlin, as a centre
interest, 170.
critical study of,
Bible, the, modern
351

the world

to

344-348,

of

of

290, 425, 426;

the

his

of

evolution,

sult
re-

-stuff

mind

character
twofold
theory, 311;
tion
rela419-434;
of, 406, 407, 411,

184.

of

ples"
Princi-

empirical

483-488.

and

See

tal,
transcenden-

ness.
Self-conscious-

by, cited, 398.

Categories,Kant's,
127-131

the,

of

; the, of
the world

397-404;

of

the

forms

of

thought,

Hegel,
;
of description,

Consciousness, religious,twofold

218-222

of, 46-48;
form

of, Spinoza and

terests
in-

contemplative
the

"

tion,"
Imita-

49-57, 69 ; the perfectionof

the divine
substance, Spinoza, 58of the categories.
66 ; active form
of, Kant, 111-118
;
Causation, origin of the conception,
Fichte's
theism, 160-162
; Hegel's
of Schotranscends
Hume,
94-97; doctrine
penhauer,
203
218 ;
paradox.
251
sufficienttime,
in
250,
world
of
appreciation,
; physical, into explain the
425-428, 457-461.
history of
411-415.

world
See

of

ciation,
appre-

Deduction

509

INDEX.

Constructive

imagination, office of,

Kant, 130, 139.
of heat, 315.
Contraction, as a source
Copernicus, Kant the, of philosophy,
811.
of

Cosmology, problems

cal,
philosophi-

old

Design,

of, 92

argument

world

Logos, 421-424.
Diderot, 81.
Dilemma, the, either

cal
; physithe, of the

of

symbolic

idealism

the

or

364-368.

unknowable,

381.
Dinge an sich,Kant's, unknowable,
131, 476, 484, 485.
Courage, spiritual,117.
Pure
Distance, infinite,difficulties of, in
Reason,'
Critique of the
Kant's
Clifford's statement
of an endlessly
publication of, 34, 68, 107,
476, 483 ; its essential thought, 34 ;
consolidatingworld, 332-334.
Dogmatism, Kant's relation to, 115phases in study of, 102-105
; its
structive 119.
early influence,108, 148 ; its deand
constructive
effects, Doubt, philosophical, fruitful periods
111.
See Kant.
of, 71-74 ; Cartesian, 29, 75 ;
ablest
Crusaders, spiritof, 229.
expression of, by Hume,
6-12.
93-98
different
forms
of,
Curiosity,
; lesson of, 98-100
; Kantian,
wonderful
involves
126-132,
477;
115-119,
Cynicism,
temperament
the
378-379;
of, in Spinoza, 56 ; occasional,of
self,
larger
the, of
149.
463-469;
swered,
anFichte,
genuine pessimism,
'

' '

469-471.
of detailed
tigation,
inveshis power
of evo78 ; the doctrine
lution,

Darwin,

"

his

and
284-287.

Independence, 275.

of

Declaration

of

Deduction

the

categories,Kant's,
doctrine,a
Falckenberg, 483development,
486 ; Vaihinger, 486-188
; Erdmann,
126-131

489

the

Kantian

of Kant's

formulation

; neutral

See
Categories.
results,490, 491.
Descartes, a representative thinker
of
"

seventeenth

the

29,

century,

philosophic doubt, 29, 75 ;

his
sum,"
ple
princiCogito, ergo
of absolute
certainty,76 ; his

475

of

problem

truths, 75-77

innate

of

multiplicity,77,

their

384-388

; the

of

test

the

outer

its permanent

elements,
its

human

of

test

objectivity,
ence,
experi-

of similar
of

sameness

describable

388;

the

whole

405-408;

of

contrast

real

the

of,

and

of
world
appreciation,395,
396,409-415,424-428; real in bo
as

of the

it is

an

Logos,

aspect of the

112-

world

132-434.
41 (',-123,

28 ; the

century,

spirit,174.

of
matter
Energy, redistributions
and, 313-315, 337 ; law of degradation
of, and
evolution, 316-318,
337 ; Clifford's
able
theory of a definendless
world
the

of

final

318-336

process,

the

the

"

running down,"
truth, 337-340, 421.

"Epicurean Confession
Hans
Bristleback,"
clear

its

of

not

Faith

of

Schelling's,
of

statement

the

Naturphilosophie,186;

the

poem,

187-189.

Benno,

Erdmann,
Kant's

his

"

Reflexioneu

Kritischen

zur

phic,"
Philoso-

cited, 107, 119, 122, 123,

125, 126, 486,489.

rience,
expe-

the

far

seventeenth

romantic

scription,
de"Essay

under
reproducible and
duction
390-395
or
; decategories,
397of the categories of,

; not

world,

universal

similarity
387, 388 ;
experience, the

forms

of, the

world

order, 383, 395

natural

and

404

the

186

78.

Description,the

Kant,

by

Eclecticism, 16.
Ego, the, Fichte, 156-160.
Emerson's
99.
"Brahma,"
Emotions, human, explanation of, in

his

system

or

emphasized

114.

cies,"
Spe-

of

Origin

Duty,

475;

79, 80
81;

Human

the

on

ing,"
Understand-

Locke's, publication of, 78,

history of, in its preface]
;

its historical

its

doctrine,

influence,V|).
See

81-86.

Locke.

Error, involves

the

larger

self. 876

878.

Ethics,
tnry,

English,of eighteenth cena

development

humanism,

88

I he

"

of the
Ethics

nru
"

of

510

INDEX.

Spinoza, cited, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64,

475 ; quoted, 60, 67.
prehensible
Euclid, Hegelian categories not com-

dogma but an
postulate,Kant, 115-117.
Falckenberg, his view of the

of, 218.

by definitions

thought, transformed,

European

Faith,

80,

84.

"

not

in the world

towards, of Spinoza,
Evil, attitude
54 ; of Kant, 115-117
of,
; problem
437-441
illusion,Lanier, 442; an
447 ; and mystical resignation,
450,
451

and

pessimism, 452 ; the synthesis,

perfection in tion,"
imperfec454-461, 469-471.
' '

Evolution,

in

of

rise

the

doctrine

of,

IX

Lecture

from
mantic
ro; transition
realism
idealism
to modern
264-266

Schopenhauer,

the

294

an

Spencer's
294-298

298

"

Formula
;

of

cists,
romanti-

reason,

Fichte, the significanceof Kantian

tion
doctrine, 135-139
; its transformathe

task

common

Schelling,and
and

career

Fichte,

of

139-145

Hegel,

his

146-151

temperament,

Spinozism by Kant,
151, 152 ; rejectsKant's
things in
themselves, 152 ; principles of his
"Subjective Idealism," 152,153;
ransomed

its

"

moral

idealism,"
self, an infinite

ethical

essence,

154-156

"

from

true
; the
will, 156-160

Vocation

theism

of his

of Man,"

come
160, 161 ; outof his
idealism, 266-270 ; science thereby
doctrine, 162, 163.
of lecture, 477, 478.
enriched, 270-272 ; evolution
a
Summary
of
idealistic
postulate
interpreta- Finite, the, depreciation of, by the
tion,
"
modern
historical
finite
273-276;
Imitation," 52 ; reality of the inof
140-142.
cism,
romantiin
spirit an
outgrowth
multiplicityof,
' '
Darwin's
Omar
from
276-285;
"Origin
Fitzgerald, stanzas
"
of Species," 285, 286; his natural
of, 438.
Khayyam
selection and the transformation
"Fool's
of
Prayer, The," by Edward
Rowland
species, 287 ; conflict of physical
Sill,465, 466.
Root
of
the
necessityand historical ideals,288 ; "Fourfold
Principle
Sufficient
of
problem of the philosophy of evoReason,"
lution,
hauer's,
Schopen288-291
250.
; synthesis, 291not

return

abandonment

to

175.

of

appreciation,405-415.

ian
Kant-

deduction, 483-486.
Faust," Goethe's, a product of the
revolutionary period, 99; quoted,
100, 439.

Events, predetermined, Spinoza, 63;

of scription,
decharacter
of, in the world
Feeling, a guide
387-404

active

of Evolution,"

Unknowable,

his

result of his system, 299, 300 ;

doctrines,300, 304 ; mind-

theory, 301-303

self, 304-307.

See

the

Nature

deeper
and

Evolution.

Freedom

basis

of

all knowledge,

83, 84; the

131

law

and

as

noza,
will, denied, Spiaffirmed, by Kant,
Physical

See

by Fichte, 148.
Freedom.

of ideas, Berkeley, 8791 ; furnishes

all the materials
of
thought, Hume, 94 ; must
conform
forms

of

Revolution, demonstrates
importance of passion,34.

the

world

of, a world

the

the

of
58-60

French

Experience, the
Locke,

to

hauer"
Schopen-

Arthur

by, 480.

monistic
stuff

"

Frauenstadt,

thought, Kant,

Galileo, his relation

science, 28, 38
of hypothesis by
39 ; influence

of

to

modern

ical
phys-

; his verification

experiment,

his

method

38,
upon

127, 844 ; due to caprice of world

philosophy, 39, 40.
will, Schopenhauer, 239 ; agnostic
the
Genius, with
romanticists, 171 ;
view
of, 344-347 ; in every,
the
often
a
pathological background
absolute
self, 348-350;
nature
to, 243.
of, in the world
of description, Germany,
intellectual
situation
in,
387-395, 398-404;

before

the world

276-281;

the reality of
of appreciation, 395-397,

404-415.

Explanation and
Spinoza, 59.

cause,

the

same,

the

Battle

after

Napoleon, 146,
Geology, modern,
the

British

of

the

Waterloo,

triumph

over

281-284.
its indebtedness

mind,

285.

t"

512

INDEX.

344-350

; nature

of

analytic,350-

Reality, and Idealism.

of appreciation a
Ideals, the world
of
"world of, 412 ; the mechanism
nature
symbolizes a world of, 426.
Ideas, innate, problem of, 74, 75 ;
affirmed
76-78,
Descartes,
by
denied
by Locke, 79 ; their origin,
and reflection,Locke,
in sensation
world
a
83, 84; the sense-world
of, Berkeley, 87-92, 350 ; theory
See Idealism.
94-97.
of Hume,
Idee,
the
absolute, of Hegel, 221224, 492-506.
Illusion,all phenomenal pluralityan,
the,
Schopenhauer, 266 ; behind
307.
a
deeper self,
constructive, its
Imagination, the
nature,
''Imitation

Kant,

the
development, 119-122;
and
time,
subjectivity of space
122"124
from
matic
dog; awakened
slumber
by Hume's
cism,
skeptitique
93, 102, 125, 126; his "Criof Pure
Reason," 34, 102,
126, 476,483; laws of nature
must
conform
of thought, 126,
to laws
127 ; the transcendental
unity of
apperception, 128, 487-491 ; the
constructive
imagination, 129, 130 ;
deduction
of the categories,128,

ical

synthetic, 364-386; the

Logos, 415-434, 436-440, 454-461,
of positive
469-471.
Summary
See
Logos,
lectures, 480-482.
of

363;

"

"

131, 483-491
of

the

absolute

moral

certainty

law, 132,

133

come
; out-

of his doctrine, 134-139

transformation

the

; its

task

common

idealists,
post-Kantian German
139-145;
and,
Fichte,
150, 151,
154;
and,
ScheUing,
193, 217;
penhauer,
217
201,
204,
Hegel, and,
; Schoand, 237-239, 253, 265,
of

266

his

130.

influence

the

upon

trine
doc-

evolution,271, 286.

of

mary
Sum-

of lecture, books, and

trine,
docment
Christ," its stateSee
5
Deduction
of
477.
476,
against philosophy, ; its
51the categories.
contemplative religiousmood,
54 ; parallelbetween
the religious Kirchoff,
Vorlesungen fiber Matheof its author
and
of
matische
consciousness
Physik
by, cited, 398.
Spinoza, 54, 69.
Knowledge, a scrutiny of its basis
of, Galileo,
demanded,
by Locke, 83 ; by Kant,
Induction, the method
38-40
285.
125 ; in modern
problems, 339.
; marvelous, of Darwin,
Infinite, the, pervades the finite, Konigsberg, birthplace of Kant, 106 ;
of

"

' '

See

139-145.
"

In Memoriam,"

Idealism.

Kantian

archives

Inner

life,period of the study of the,

Locke
to Kant, 68, 474 ; its
general characteristics,68-74, 475.
Insight,novelty of Kant's, 114, 115.
will deeper than, SchopenIntellect,
hauer,
from

Lagrange, 272.
Lange, F. A., his
Lanier,

of,237-239.

Love

romantic

literary centre
era,

Jew, Spinoza

during

the

170.

a, by birth, 44.

for

looked

physicians,
meta-

false

"

How

poem

Hell,"

442;

presses
ex-

religiousoptimism,

443-445.

Language,
a

his

Sidney,
a

doctrine
Irrationalismus,

of

criticism

4.

252.

Jena,

in, 120.

246.

nature

divine, Berkeley,

91.

Laplace,

nebular

110;

hypothesis of, 106,

"Celestial

his

Mechanics,"

272.

Kant,

mission
of, in modern
thought, Law, sanction of, in the seventeenth
ley,
34, 35, 75, 100, 135 ; difficulties in
century, 31 ; laws of nature, Berkethe study of, 103-105
his
126
91 ; Kant,
tainty
cer;
; moral,
person
and
consistent
life, 106-109;
velopment
de132, 133; the
of, Kant,
of his religious belief,
Fichte,
universe
its embodiment,
110, 111;
his
piety contrasted
152, 159, 160, 166, 167, 174, 191.
with Spinoza'smysticism, 111, 112,
of. the. 1,
Lectures,
general purposes

114, 134 ; the moral

law revealed
by conscience,112-114
not
; faith
but
a dogma,
active postulate,
an
114-118, 433 ; his earlyphilosoph-

473

of thinkers

studies
25

309;
473-480

summary
;

and

suggestions of
of the

of

the

lems,
prob-

doctrine.

historical.

positive,480-482

513

INDEX.

Leibnitz, historical

position of, 33,

1 is philosophicaltheology, 71 ;
mism
monadology, 409; his opti-

TO ;
his

440.

Martineau, "Study

of

"

Spinoza

by,

475.

Matter,

expression

an

of the

divine

substance, Spinoza, 63-65 ; proof

of its existence, Descartes,
76 ;
causes
sensations, Locke, 83 ; a
world
of ideas, Berkeley, 87, 92 ;
laws of, must
conform
laws
of
to
thought, Kant, 122, 125, 131 ; " the

of classical
Lessing, the forerunner
German
literature, 169.
Life, inner, period of its rediscovery,
Spinoza to Kant, 68-100, 274, 475 ;
of God's
embodiment
life,with
an
material
for our
duty," Fichte,
Fichte, 144, 145 ; with Schelling,
152 ; " permanent
of
186 ; paradoxes of the, Hegel, 204possibilities
experience," Mill,359 ; an external
210; the will, Schopenhauer, 254256 ; a deeper self, 372-374^70.
aspect of the Logos, 415-419.
Maximos, in Ibsen's " Emperor and
Lisbon, earthquake in, A. D. 1758, 70.
Galilean," 37.
Literature, German, classical period,
166-170.
Meaning, analysis of, 370, 371.

period of
Locke, second
philosophy begins with,
career
' '

his

historical

79-80;
of his insistence
of

the

80-82

scope

sensation

83, 84;

his

study

See

pages

474,

the

world

119,

tion,
reflec-

influence

upon

life,84-86.

inner
475.

explained by,
Kant,
categories of Hegel's
not

seventeenth

of

and

120;

century,

"

218 ;
dialetical
its
Logic,"
its universal
method, 219-222
;
Idee, 222-226, 492-506.
Logos, the, the deeper self,372-380
evolution

in

the

of

world

the

universe

of, 381

the choice of a rational,

439, 440, 469-471.
the Italian
Lombroso,
psychologist,
437.

242.

Love-letters

of

poem

of

Fichte, 147-150.

Lyell, 285.
Mach,

"

Die

Mechanik

wickelung"
.Man, regarded
seventeenth
a

in

mechanism,
century, 28 ; if such,
as

Pure

Reason," 102,
of

paradox

consciousness

by, 205, 206.

of romance,
John

278.

Stuart,

his

definition

of

359.

revelation

of the

divine

stance,
sub-

Spinoza, 63-66
truth, Descartes, 75,

76 ;

tablet, written
Locke, 74, 79-86

experience,
omnipresent,

by

on

one

its innate

Berkeley,

91 ; the world
368, 415-419.

of

blank

ciation,
appre-

and
Mind-stuff, theory of, Clifford
Dr. Prince, 300-304, 415.
Miracles, denied, Spinoza, 29, 70.
Monads, of Leibnitz, 409.
"Double
trine,
Monism,
as
Aspect" docthe
to
300-304;
applied
world
of the Logos, 415-434.
Mood, the skeptical,71-73.

Morals, doctrine of, Kant, 112-114;

"
ethical idealism," Fichte, 152as
163.

by,
a

mechanism, in
forms
period, -Vl\ two

knowing

religions interest, 45,

Life.

Ent-

in ihrer

of

Metaphysics, value of, 22-24 ; Kant

"a lover of," 120.
form
Metempsychosis, a new
of,283.
of
Method, mathematical,
Spinoza,
58-60
with, in the
; dissatisfaction
lytic
eighteenth century, 69, 93 ; anaand
synthetic methods, of
idealism, 350, 351.
Middle
Ages, the, the typicalperiod

Mind,

this world

Memory,

matter,
;

of Kant's

his translation

174.

Mill,

descriptionreal as an
408,
416, 422 ; the world
of,
aspect
of appreciation is the system
of
the thoughts of,415-434, 454-461
;

Love, false optimistic,in

Lanier, 442-447.

Meiklejohn,
"Critique

illustrated

reason,

innate, 79, 82

origin in

the

Logic,

human

not

of the

value

knowledge

upon

of

ideas

their

modern

33 ; his
and character, 78 ; originof
standing,"
UnderEssay on the Human

the

46.

of

ond
sec-

liis

Sec

Mozart,

on

artistic

production, L56,

457.
Midler.
"

Max,

Critique

Music,
th"-

lt.-st

will,

his translation
of

Pure

portrays

of

Keason."
tie'

I7"'".

QMOnOO

Schopenhauer,

K.int's

of

256 j in

514

INDEX.

of

paradox

the

of

illustration

that

the

philosophic,

piety opposed

Kant's

the

Spinoza,
80, 83;

leo,
mechanism,
by Gali58-66
by
Spinoza,
;
;
ley,
of, the order of ideas, Berke-

38"41

91 ; must

conform

laws

to

unconscious

art,

manifest

and

314

to

the

See

ticists,
roman-

senses,

my

of

philosophy
X

and
and

energy,

313

extent,

313,

general process
physical evolution, 314, 315;
law
of the
"degradation"
317
316,
; this cessation
energy,
suggest

evolution

question

beginning, 318;

Clifford's

of

definable

327

; and

the

by
328-331;

of
of
its

cess,
pro-

not

world, 331-336

paradoxes
account

in terms

endlessly

due
of

the
;

to a hypothetical
world-process

of

experience, 337, 338 ;

critical study of the
a
of man,
knowing power
338, 339 ;
necessity of
permanent

lesson

of

(1) evil

the

437-439
choice

of

of modern

ideal-

in finite existence,

(2) and

this

the rational

universe

Logos, 437, 439, 440 ;

of moral
evil,440, 441
of

its

443-445

of

and

436

nomy
; antispiritual world, 437 ;

essential

an

the

by

the

problem
denial

; the

trated
existence, 441, 442; illusof
by a poem
Sidney Lanier,
;

results

optimism,

in

of

Spinoza

450, 451

Schopenhauer,
synthesis

"

of
"

gious
reli-

false

445-447

reality,447-449, 458

mately
ultigoing
fore-

of theoretical

both

the

XIII;

Lecture

practical interest, 435,

tion,
aggrega-

gravitative

the

consolidating matter
real

idealism

and

Pessimism,

Order,"

dispersion,325-

avoided

system,

of

process

324, 325

Moral

cyclical pro; the

cess,
323, 334 ; difficulties in

endless

arbitrary

an

from, 438.

"Optimism,

318-321

322,

of

outcome

of human

thesis
hypo-

endless

of,
than

knowledge, innate,
sation
; given by senand
reflection,Locke, 83,
84 ; ideas and spirits,
Berkeley, 90,
91 ; impressions and ideas, Hume,
94-98
; the meaning of, 375-377"Omar
Khayyam,"
Fitzgerald's,

the

of

formula

conceivable

Descartes, 77

of

raises

an

conception the result of

less

stanzas

Evolution," Lecture

of matter

to

idealism, 180.
Novalis, his character, 177, 178 ; tale
of his love, illustrative of romantic
idealism, 178-180.

Evolution.

character

of, relate

286.

under
study of the world
the assumption of realistic science,
its
tions
312;
changes, "redistributheir

; its

Nihilism,the

critical

"

58-61

with

Fichte, 192
Hegel, 218.
Nature

of

Objects

Naturphilosophie of
Schelling,184-189, 193 ; my duty
175

made

world

of

122-125, 131;

thought, Kant,
of

Idealism.

and

Spencer's cosmical
evolution, 297.
his conception of physical
Newton,
"
his
science, 274;
Principia,"

movement,

Spinoza.
Nature, a vast

work

Reality

science, axioms

213-218

the
of, advances
276, 281, 282.
Galileo
Naturalism, period of, from
See
to Spinoza, 27, 474.
Galileo,
historical

laws

See

description,397-400.
Natural
selection, Darwin's
theory
of, 285-287, 289.
Necessity,mathematical, of Spinoza,

attitude

its

defeat

Napoleon,

340.

world

outer

organic relations,33(J,

church,

historical

245, 246;
evil,450-453.

towards

must

Natural

Spinoza's,

to

and

habit, Hume, 95-97.

SchoNegativitiit,Hegel's
pessimistic type, penhauer,

of the

111-114;
145

of

by Locke,

hated

55, 66;

inner

ism

order, 456.
Mysteries, the only insoluble,those
absurd
to ask, 346.
Mysticism, parallel between, the, of
Spinoza and of the "Imitation,"
moral

51-55

the

have

; evil

mystical

and

"

the

itation,"
Imof

pessimism

450,

452, 453;

perfection

demanded,

454

in

a
signation
re-

perfection
im-

; paradoxes

order, 454 ;
the paradox of daily life,454,455 ;
of music, 456, 457 ; evil becomes
order only by its
part of the moral
tion
condemnation, 458-460
; this solumade
possible by the organic
personality of the divine Self,
of

the

moral

515

INDEX.

461

of deepest doubt,
; the mood
the
461-464;
tragedy of brute
"
The
chance, 465 ; illustrated by
Fool's Prayer," Sill,465-468
; our
nite,
chance, the rationalityof the infi"

460-471
world

of the

this

world

criticism

is the

Philology, influence

Order, outer, see World

; moral,
Optimism.
Organism, Hegel's universal
an,

movement

see

of

Law

Lecture

selves, 224, 225, 492,

world
a
history
an, with

XII

the

of

development, 275 ; a
of the Logos, 418,
Orient,the, records of, 278.

of

of universal

419.

and

296-300;

in

the
the

of the

and
;

romantic

the

the

Freedom,"

idealistic

outer

pretation
inter-

order, 380-

of
; provisionalcharacteristics
objective truth, 384 ; its permanence,
384 ; its universality,
384387 ; its describability,388 ; contrast
of describable
and
able
appreciexperience, 388-392
; nature,
of description,393-395,
the world
397 ; deduction
of its categories,
397-404;
possible reality of an
appreciable world, 393, 395-397,
405 ; ideals
and
organic spiritual

lation
re-

individual,

Spencer's, of

218-227, 492-506;
evolution

and

the

383

tation
manifes-

Paradox, Hegel's analysis of the, of

consciousness, 203-217

of
280.

upon,

"Physical

interrelated
493

worthy

by their record of spiritualexperience

and
by their bearings upon
life,22-24.

471.

Logos,"

that

necessary

be discovered
ideals may
and maintained,
18-22
valuable
; its systems

unknowable,
order, of

moral

"

437perfectionin imperfection,"
454-471.
440,
Passion, the logicof,Hegel, 219-227.
Paul, the Apostle, 145, 402.
of, Descartes,
Perception, clearness
76 : by sensation
and
reflection,
and
time
Locke, 83, 84; space
forms
of, Kant, 124.
Periods
of modern
philosophy,27-38,

relations

real, yet not describable

ence
world
of scifacts, 405-408
; the
presupposes

the

of appreciation,

world

409-411

; its categories
self-consciousness, 411-413
; a

of

world
"

of

414, 415

freedom,
of

double

aspect"
Logos, 415-419
;
applied to the facts
the

the
this
of

the
of

world

doctrine
the

ganic
inor-

world, 419-422

; to evolution,
422-428
freedom
of the will,
finite,Kant, 131 ;
; to
428-134.
infinite, Fichte, 144, 145,
of the
life,
Plato, his analysis of Hellenic
161 ; of the absolute, Hegel, 224 ;
9 ; Berkeley and, 86, 87.
of the Logos, 409-413, 434, 471.
'
itation,"
Imcome
Poe, Edgar Allan, gloom of, the outof, in the
Pessimism, element
of wayward
idealism, 180.
52 ; in
Spinoza, 55 ;
osophy
Pollock, "Spinoza's Life and PhilSchopenhauer, its reputed exponent,

134.

Personality,of

the

'

"

by, 475,
Post-Kantian
idealism, aim of, 162.
Optimism.
son,
Hegel's, cited, Postulates, Kant's, of practicalreaPhanomenologie,"
113, 141 ; of science, enriched
207, 208, 225, 494.
272.
by an idealistic interpretation,
Philosophy,not an effort to explain
334.
the
328,
Process,
"cyclical,"
superhuman
by
mysteries
any
insight,1 ; but an attempt to give
of our
reasonable
Quantity, Hegel's category of, 218,
account
a
sonal
per228.

See

Schopenhauer

"

220.
life,1 ; the
to
tendency
a
Rahn, Johanna, letters of Fichte to,
reflect critically upon
life, 1-3;
147-141).
its
the
to
of
objection,
statement
chance
the, of the
4
it"
our
Rationality,
to
3, ;
systems,
numerous
parent
ap460-471.
defense:
the
infinite,
futility,5, 6;
cally
Realism, the assumption of, criticontemplative insight ;i necessary
N.ii
I
See
:;io.
:;i
studied.
in
7-12;
element
civilization,
attitude

result

of

towards

natural

synthesis ""i' the various

truth,
reflect
i""ns upon
life,13-17
partial

ore

;i

"

and

Evolution.

Reality and tdealism," Lecture

516

INDEX.

study

historical

idealism,

ment,
literature, 169 ; the general moveof the
170; members
cial
spemoral
school, 172 ; Fichte's
will replaced by emotion, 173, 174

the

nature

to

necessary

flective
re-

confession, 341-344;

the

but

to

the

not

cause

reality,348-

all

of

soul

nosticism
ag-

of experience,

causes

opposed
Logos

not

344-348

the

to

as

351 ;
; (1) analytic idealism,
of knowledge, a world
the world
of ideas, 351, 352 ; their stubborn
reality, 352-354
; qualitiesof the
350

ideal, 355-357

sense-world,

only

realityknown
mind

an

or

as

of

system

; hence
unknowable

ideas, 357-360

its

universal
x,

with

identical

already

that

has

larger self
object, 368-

the
the

larger self real,

of truth, 375, 376 ; of error,
in case
376, 377 ; of doubt, 379 ; the unity
of the organic self,373, 374, 379 ;
the Logos, 374, 379, 380.
Reason, human, trusted in the seventeenth
century, 30, 69 ; scrutinized
373

the reflective

eighteenth century, 33,

in the

69 ;

Locke, 79 ; by Berkeley, 87
by Hume, 93 ; by Kant, 118, 476
by

;
;

and

practical,of Kant,
by Fichte,
113, 141; identified
penhauer,
158 ; principle of sufficient,Scho-

theoretical

Reflection, internal
of the

of,68-100, 474.
"Lose

Reicke,
Nachlass

"

perception,

of

inner
See

life,period
ley,
Locke, Berke-

Kant.

Hume,

aus

Kant's

Religious Aspect
Philosophy,"
cited, 373, 382, 383, 411, 414.
Religious interest, two kinds of, 4757.

Resignation, mystical, 263, 450, 451.

Richter, Jean Paul, his characterization
of Schopenhauer's style,104,
;

of

the

German

empire,

108,

156.

Riehl, "Der
cismus"

of, illustrated
by life of
of
Novalis,
Schlegel, 176, 177;
177-180

Schelling,the

of

prince

Caroline,
romanticists, 181 ; and
"
Naturphilosophie,"
181-184; his
184-187.
and literature,
Summary
See

Schelling.
Karl, biographer
Hegel, 195, 479.
Rousseau, self -analysisof, 33, 79.

of

Rosenkranz,

Sanity, the idea of, 128, 129.

Science, natural, the study of, 7, 8,
advance
of, 35;
335, 336; recent
world
in
the
of,
Kant,
coherency
130 ; task of idealism
in, 269-274,
348 ; unification
of, Spencer, 296298

and, 312

; realism

the

realm

of description,387presupposition,the world
of appreciation,410.
Schelling, prince of romanticists,
181 ; his Spinozism, 41, 181 ; and

of, the world

397

; its

Caroline,

Fichte's

181-183;

trine
doc-

Ego transformed
by,
of
184, 185 ; objective idealism
his
Naturphilosophie," 185, 186 ;
"~of his
of
Epicurean Confession
Faith," 186-189;
development of
of

the

"

hjs doctrine, 191-193

193, 194

ttits-System,

237.

218

See

; his Identi;

and

Hegel,

; Irrationalismus

of,

478.

page

Kant, 103, 164 ; quoted,

and, 170, 171.
Schlegel, Augustus, a romanticist,
172, 181, 478.
critic,
Schlegel, Friedrich, romantic
172 ; his romanticism,
176, 177.
142

; Goethe

See

page

478.

Schleiermacher, the theologian of

school, 172.
Julian, ' ' Geschichte

romantic

Schmidt,

PhilosophischeKriti-

by, 122.
school,the, in philosophy,
164 ; doctrines preceding, of Kant
and
Fichte, 164? 165; Fichte's
arbitraryethical idealism
mented
suppleby, 166-169; in German

Romantic

men

Schiller,and

by, 121.
of

244

only by

philosophical

attitude

193, 194,

Blatter

"

art,

"

249.

Locke, 84.
Rediscovery

unconscious

of

174, 175 ; understood

of genius, 175 ; the

478.

360-

364; (2) synthetic idealism, the

ent,
non-existabsolutely unknowable,
366
the
real
world, mind,
365,
;
ject
368
the
self,meaning an ob367,
;

work

Deutschen
Tod

"

Literatur

seit

the

der

Lessing's

by, cited, 150, 478.

Schopenhauer, his popular repute,

228, 229 ; general significanceof
pessimism,

229-232;

of

idealistic

his

idealism

development

caprice, 233-237;
on

Kantian

basis,

517

INDEX.

caprice of

239, 240;

ancestry

237-239

and

temperament
244

Richter

nnd

als Wille

of

the

world

250

; space,

the

son

pessimism,
style,244

241;

"Die

his

his

Welt

298

'

time, and

293, 294.

the

and, 259-261
doctrine, 261-264

Hegel

; estimate
;

idealism

romantic

Jewish

of

cal
of

in, 265, 266.

Summary,
works, 479, 480.
Scott, influence of, on history,279.
Selection, natural, Darwin's, 286,
,

Self,absolute,the. with Fichte. 153,

157-163
Schelling,193 ; with
; with
penhauer,
Hegel, 224, 492, 493 ; with SchoSee Logos.
252-255.
desire
Self-consciousness,the
for,

204-217

will,

his

Locke,
all sensible
tions,
qualities,sensasions,"
Berkeley, 87-90; "impres-

83 ;

of ideas,

source

94.

Hume,

Shakespeare, Greek
tragedy and,
171 ; quoted, 468.
226.
Prometheus,"
Shelley,his
Fool's
The
Rowland,
Sill,Edward
by, 465, 466.
Prayer
"

"

Skepticism, philosophical,nature

Space

and

with

system
of the

412;

forms

time,

tion, with

of

of

of

antinomies
of,

to

the

to

world

cynicism. 54-57;

Summary,

"

"

"

Ethics

of

God.

of

65-

works,

and

dates,

the

in

the

History of English
tury
Eighteenth Cen-

476.

bv,

Text-Book
"Secret

"

Kant

to

Hegel"

of

by, 47!).
Storm

Stress

and

literature.

"

period

man
Ger-

of

34

by, 282i

Strauss, "Life

of

"Substance,"

Spinoza's universal,

60;

the

Jesus"

characteristics

60-62; its two

self-expressions,body
63-65; in relation to
158;
141; to Fichte.

as

description,398,
doe

67.

"

ideas, 358, 359; forma

world

wonderful

love

man's

J. H.,
Stirling,
by, 194, 476;

percep--

Schopenhauer, 250-253;

wise

"

152-166, 477;

Kant,

the

of,

tude
1"-22; value
of, 71-74; true atti100.
toward, 99,
Socrates, Schlegel and, 176.
Solidity,an inference, Berkeley, 89.

order,

founded

descriptionin

Thought

"

actual, 460.

with

474, 475.
Stephen, Leslie,

"

Sin, latent, 459

divine

rical
geometupon
methods, 58-60 ; his universal
pressions,
"Substance," 60-62; its self-exbody and mind, 63-65 ;

409, 411-414.

Sensation, as

the

of

temperament

the

of

adoration

his doctrine

paradox of, Hegel,

reflective,
375, 377,

252

cated,
ancestry, 44; excommuni44; his
Theologico-Politi-

united

penhauer,
Scho-

no,

'ideal,

"

287.

without

system,

and

forms
of
43, 46 ; two
religious
tive,
consciousness,46, 48; (1) the acof St. Christopher, 47, 48;
Im(2) the contemplative, of the
itation of Christ," 48,49; parallel
between
his mysticism and that of
the "Imitation," 49-54; his mysticism

realism

his

Tractate," 45, 475; his power

dispassionate criticism, 45, 46

his

modern

and

94, 165

of

Reality

"

transition
to

See

his

298,

Spinoza, exemplifies the philosophic

piety of the seventeenth
century,
32, 43 ; opposing views of, 41, 42 ;
his profound character, 42, 43 ; of

lect,
contemplative intel255-257
will
; opposition of
contemplation, 257, 258 ;

and

of

union

unknowable,

ism.

ment
art, its embodi-

in

and

fruitfulness

299;

jective,
sub-

cause,

paradox

knowable

Vorstellung,' 250 ;
experience, our idea,

253-255

to

from

Hobbes, 296 ; with

of, with
Hegel, 296; his synthetic task,
of evolution,
296, 297 ; his formula
297,
297, 298; his unknowable,

his

250, 251 ; hence

city,
multipliof
251, 252 ; will, the essence
art
world, 252, 253; "That

Thou,"

his

world-will,

of, 241;

his

on

246-250;

career,

the

of,

scribed,
de-

knowable

mind,

nnd

Kant.
to

134,
IlegeL

210.

Sublime,

the.

Kant

on,

1 10.

false application
of

ap-

preciation,420-422.
of

Spencer, Herbert, derelopmenl

bis philosophy,294,295; compari-

Tannha'aser,105.
between
Tennyson, parallel
world
of. and of Kant,
11.

the moral
1

L3.

518

INDEX.

493

Thou," "the life of all

pressive
phrase exthing's,"Hindoo
trine,
of
Schopenhauer's doc-

"That

art

these

253, 255

of

the higher form

of
on
; Caird
of
the, 490-499
; transformation
the lower, into the higher by the
dialectic processes,
stance
500, 501 ; sub"a simple whole," 502;
as
three
phases of the higher, 503;
the Idee as
cal
"Person," 503; ethiapplication of the theory of,
503, 504; the universal
Negativi505
in
the
study of
stages
tat,
;
the, 505, 506.

Self, 307.
trine
docin
themselves, Kant's
jected
of, 125-127, 484, 485 ; reby Fichte, 141, 152 ; and
others, 104.

Things

Thought,

standard

the

existence

surance
as-

retical
of, Descartes, 70 ; theolimits
of, Kant, 125 ; the
of, the soul of things, Hegel,

laws
222

"

self-consciousness

reflective

uniformity
necessary
object, 375-380.
Tieck, Ludwig, a romanticist, 172.
division of,
Time, infinite,anomalous
of, and

to

involved

in

endless

by

suggested

physical

334

the

"

of
See

422-428.

253-255.

; its

des

cal
cycli-

488.

328-331,

process,

theory

"

"

Unknowable,"
Spencer's,297, 298 ;
its impossibility,367.
Upanishads," the Hindoo, quoted,

Vaihinger,

definable

327, 332-334

process,

avoidance
"

Clifford's

double

pect,"
as-

and

Space

Time.

Tolstoi,his mystical resignation,261.

Tragedy, life a, Schopenhauer, 240,
See Optimism.
262-264.
Trendelenburg, Logische Studien
"

degrees

490

absolute

the

of,493, 494 ; theii

of reality,494-

kinds

; two

different

Van

"

Z\\ Kant's
"

Idealismus

Widerlegung

by, quoted, 4S6-

Vloten

and
Land, a complete
Spinoza by, 475.
Via Dolorosa, 136.
Vision, Berkeley's theory of, 87-90.
"Vocation
of
scribed,
Man," Fichte's, de160; quoted, 161.
edition

of

"

Wagnerian Briinhilde,257.
Kant
Wallace,
by, 476 ; Logic
of Hegel"
"Life
of
Truth, the many-sidedness of, 12-14 ;
by, 479;
"the
Arthur
cartes,
whole," 14-15; innate, Desby, 480.
Schopenhauer
74 ; a matter
of experience, Waterloo, the
battle
of, in relation
the
modern
historical
to
Locke, 83 ; its divine
ment,
movelanguage,
Berkeley, 90 ; Hume's
doubts, 94 ;
276, 281.
must
Selections
be won,
from
Watson,
Kant, 117, 129, 138;
John,
Kant"
belongs to the moral
self, Fichte,
by, 476;
Schelling's
"

by, 479.

"

"

' '

"

"

152-150;

affair of genius, the

an
school, 174; the divine
Idee, Hegel, 224, 492; describof the
able, the outward
symbol
world
of appreciation, 419-428;
the Logos, 374-380, 415-419, 471.
romantic

Types,

of

men,

in

Spinoza, 54
Hegel, 199

Berkeley, 80 ; in
Schopenhauer, 244,

245

of

interest, 46, 47, 86;

pessimism, 245, 240,

optimism, 446-450.

461-465

; in
;

Waywardness,

of

the

romantic

177, 186.

period, 166, 176,

Meister," 171.
the
world
founded
moral
Will,
"Wiihelm

Kant,

114,

embodiment

ligions
re-

159-163;

of

Idealism
of

characteristic

as

in

; of

"
by, 478.
Fichte, 155, 166 ;

Transcendental

137

all

the, 428-434

of

finite

wills

on,

the

of the infinite,
Fichte,

Schopenhauer,
433-438,

will,
reality the
freedom
252-256;
rationality,
; and

469-471.
' '

Understanding, the,
of, 131,
universals

Kant's

139, 483-491

gories
cate-

gel's
; He-

of, 492-495.

Universals, Hegel's theory of,

220

the

Idee

not

universal," 492;

totalityof

true

but

"

an

the

222-

abstract

organic
individuals,492,

der
Gesehichte
Die
Windelband,
neuern
Philosophie by, 232.
World, the, its unity and necessity,
Spinoza, 60-63 ; a divine language,
of,
Berkeley, 90, 91; the laws
"

laws
"

of

the

Fichte,

thought,
material

152-154;

Kant,
for
the

our

126-132;
duty,
manifesta

'