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Research article
Open Access
Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
Indole compounds are important class of therapeutic molecules, which have excellent pharmaceutical applications.
The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal
properties of indole. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as
untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group. The control and treated samples were characterized by
X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform
infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. XRD study demonstrated the increase
in crystalline nature of treated indole as compared to control. Additionally, the treated indole showed increase in
crystallite size by 2.53% as compared to control. DSC analysis of treated indole (54.45C) showed no significant
change in melting temperature (Tm) in comparison with control sample (54.76C). A significant increase in latent heat
of fusion (H) by 30.86% was observed in treated indole with respect to control. Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG)
of treated indole showed elevation in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (Tmax) 166.49C as compared
to control (163.37C). This was due to increase in thermal stability of indole after biofield treatment. FT-IR analysis
of treated indole showed increase in frequency of N-H stretching vibrational peak by 6 cm-1 as compared to control
sample. UV spectroscopy analysis showed no alteration in absorption wavelength (max) of treated indole with respect
to control. The present study showed that biofield has substantially affected the physical and thermal nature of indole.
Abbreviations
XRD: X-ray diffraction; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry;
TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis; DTA: Differential thermal analyzer;
DTG: Derivative thermogravimetry; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared;
UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-visible
Introduction
The theoretical basis of medicinal chemistry has become much
more sophisticated, but is naive to suppose that the discovery of drugs
is merely a matter of structure-activity relationships. Indole is organic
compound which is parent substance for a large number of important
molecules occurring in nature [1]. The indole based compounds are
important class of therapeutic molecules which can replace many
existing pharmaceuticals in near future. Indole is colourless crystalline
solid with a range of odours; naphthalene like in case of indole to fecal
in case of skatole (3-methylindole). Tryptophan is an indole derivative
which is one of the important amino acids. Especially, serotonin an
important indole derivative which is a vasoconstrictor hormone plays
an interesting role in conducting impulses to brain [2]. Moreover, some
indole alkaloids show significant impact on muscle contraction while
toxiferenes act as muscle relaxants. Additionally, 5-hydroxytryptamine
receptors an derivative of indole have been used for synthesis of
sumatriptan [3] for the treatment of migraine, ondasetran [4] used in
chemotherapy, and alosetron [5] for the treatment of irritable bowel
syndrome. Delavirdine and inhibitor of cytochrome P450 isozyme
CYP3A4, is a drug which has been designed for HIV treatment [6].
Further, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a natural indole derivative found
commonly in cruciferous vegetables which has been indicated as
a promising agent in preventing breast cancer development and
progression [7].
Since, indole is used as an intermediate for synthesis of these
pharmaceutical compounds, where its rate of reaction plays a pivotal
role. In a previous research study it was shown that rate of reaction of
an organic compound can be accelerated by increasing its crystallite
J Environ Anal Chem
ISSN: 2380-2391 JREAC, an open access journal
Citation: Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of
Physical and Thermal Properties of Indole. J Environ Anal Chem 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2380-2391.1000152
Page 2 of 8
Biofield treatment
Indole was divided into two parts; one was kept as a control sample,
while the other was subjected to Mr. Trivedis biofield treatment and
coded as treated sample. The treatment group was in sealed pack and
handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory
condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy
transmission process to the treated group without touching the sample.
After biofield treatment the control and treated group was subjected
to physicochemical characterization under standard laboratory
conditions.
Characterization
X-ray diffraction (XRD) study: XRD analysis of indole was carried
out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which
had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength
used by the XRD system was 1.54056 . The data obtained from this
XRD were in the form of a chart of 2 vs. intensity and a detailed
table containing peak intensity counts, d value (), peak width (0),
relative intensity (%) etc. The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using
formula:
G = k/(bCos)
Here, is the wavelength of radiation used, b is full width half
maximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94).
However, percent change in crystallite size was calculated using the
following equation:
Percent change in crystallite size = [(Gt-Gc)/Gc] 100
Where, Gc and Gt are crystallite size of control and treated powder
samples respectively.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectra were recorded on Shimadzus Fourier transform
infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 4000-500 cm-1. The
treated sample was divided in two parts T1 and T2 for FTIR analysis.
Uv-Vis spectroscopic analysis: UV spectra of control and
treated indole were recorded on Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series
spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm. The
analysis was carried out using wavelength in the range of 200-400 nm.
The treated sample was divided in two parts T1 and T2 for the analysis.
DSC Characterization
DSC was used to investigate the melting temperature and latent
heat of fusion of control and treated indole. DSC thermogram of
control indole showed melting temperature peak at 54.76C (Figure
Volume 2 Issue 4 1000152
Citation: Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of
Physical and Thermal Properties of Indole. J Environ Anal Chem 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2380-2391.1000152
Page 3 of 8
Control Indole
Treated Indole
TGA analysis
TGA thermogram of control and treated Indole are presented in
Figures 4 and 5, respectively. The thermogram of control indole showed
one step thermal degradation pattern. The sample started to thermally
degrade at around 147C and this process terminated at around 185C.
The control sample lost 46.52% of its weight during this step. Whereas
the treated indole also showed one step thermal degradation. The
thermal degradation commenced at around 150C and degradation
terminated at around 189C. During this step the treated indole lost
J Environ Anal Chem
ISSN: 2380-2391 JREAC, an open access journal
FT-IR Spectroscopy
FT-IR spectrum of control indole is presented in Figure 6. The
typical FT-IR of control indole showed stretching vibration band at
3406 cm-1 which was attributed to the N-H peak. The peak at 3022 cm-1
and 3049 cm-1 can be attributed to symmetric and asymmetric C-H
stretching vibration peaks. The characteristic aromatic C=C strong
stretching were appeared at 1508 cm-1, and 1577 cm-1 in the sample.
Vibrations peaks at 1616 cm-1, and 1456 cm-1 were due to C-C (in ring)
stretching in the sample. Other important peaks were observed at 1336
cm-1 and, 1352 cm-1 due to C-H bending modes of symmetric and
asymmetric methyl groups. Vibration peaks at 609 cm-1, 731 cm-1
and 744 cm-1 appeared due =C-H bending peaks in control. The FTIR region below 1000 cm-1 exhibits the out of plane bending of C-H
bond vibrations of aromatic carbon double bonds. The observed
FT-IR data is well supported from reported literature [32].
FT-IR spectrum of treated indole (T1 and T2) are presented
in Figure 7. The FT-IR spectrum of T1 showed important peaks at
3404 cm-1 and 3049 cm-1 which were due to N-H and C-H stretching
vibration peaks. The C=C aromatic stretching vibration peaks were
observed at 1504 cm-1 and 1577 cm-1. The stretching vibration bands for
C-C peak appeared at 1413 cm-1, 1477 cm-1 and 1614 cm-1. Vibrations
bands at 1336 cm-1 and 1352 cm-1 were due to C-H bending modes
of symmetric and asymmetric methyl groups. The T1 showed another
stretching peaks at 611 cm-1, 729 cm-1, and 746 cm-1 which were mainly
due to =C-H bending vibrations.
Citation: Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of
Physical and Thermal Properties of Indole. J Environ Anal Chem 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2380-2391.1000152
Page 4 of 8
Sample
Tm (C;
control)
Tm
( C; treated)
% Change in
Tm (C)
Control
(H J/g)
Treated
(H J/g)
% Change
in H
Tmax (C;
control)
Tmax (C;
treated)
% Change in
Tmax
Indole
54.76
54.45
-0.56
-92.41
-120.93
30.86
163.37
166.49
1.90
Citation: Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of
Physical and Thermal Properties of Indole. J Environ Anal Chem 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2380-2391.1000152
Page 5 of 8
Citation: Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of
Physical and Thermal Properties of Indole. J Environ Anal Chem 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2380-2391.1000152
Page 6 of 8
UV visible spectroscopy
The UV spectra of control and treated indole (T1 and T2) are shown in
Figures 8 and 9, respectively. The UV spectrum of control indole showed
two main absorption peaks i.e. at 217 and 287 nm (max) and the spectrum
is well supported with the literature [34]. Similarly, the treated indole (T1)
also showed absorption peaks at 216 and 287 nm. Whereas the treated
indole (T2) also showed absorption peaks at 216 and 287 nm. It suggests
Citation: Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of
Physical and Thermal Properties of Indole. J Environ Anal Chem 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2380-2391.1000152
Page 7 of 8
(1) 287 nm
(2) 217 nm
(1) 287 nm
(2) 216 nm
(1) 287 nm
(2) 216 nm
Conclusion
The study results showed the significant impact of biofield
treatment on physical and thermal properties of indole. XRD data
on treated indole showed an increase in crystallite size with respect
to control sample. It is presumed that decrease in nuclear density
may cause increase in crystallite size. DSC analysis of treated indole
showed no change in melting temperature as compared to control.
J Environ Anal Chem
ISSN: 2380-2391 JREAC, an open access journal
Citation: Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of
Physical and Thermal Properties of Indole. J Environ Anal Chem 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2380-2391.1000152
Page 8 of 8
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness
and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work. The authors would like
to also thank all the laboratory staff of MGV Pharmacy College, Nashik for their
assistance during the various instrument characterizations.
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