Professional Documents
Culture Documents
non-renewable
energy
sources
Fossil fuels (coal, oil,
natural gas)
Nuclear fuels (e.g Uranium)
Advantages
Cheap, readily
available and have a
high energy value
Hydroelectricity
Renewable
Clean energy
Solar energy
Biomass (e. g
bagasse from
sugarcane)
Geothermal
Renewable
Nuclear
No air pollution
Small amount of
Free
renewable
disadvantages
Cause air pollution and
climatic change such as
global warming
Are non-renewable
Suitable only in
mountainous and rainy
areas
Expensive to build
Available only during
daylight
Solar cells expensive
Expensive to produce
electrical energy from
biomass
Available only where ho
water or steam is close to
Earths surface
High safety standard
required
mass
mass
mass=density volume , volume=
,
volume
density
Mass
g
kg
Volume
cm3
m3
mass
110 g
=
=11 g/c m3
3
volume 10 c m
Example2
Density of gold is 19 g/cm3. What is the mass of 3 cm3 of gold?
mass=density volume=19 3=57 g
Example 3
Density of iron is 7.9 g/cm3. What is the volume of 39.5 g of iron?
Density
g/ cm3
kg/ m3
volume=
mass
39 .5
=
=5 c m3
density 7 .9
LIGHT
Properties of Light:
1) Light travels in a straight line
2) Light is a form of energy
3) Light travels at a speed of 300,000,000 m/s in space.
Luminous and non-luminous objects
A luminous object produces light on its own. E.g lit candle, sun, fire
A non-luminous object does not produce light. E.g book, table, moon.
We see non-luminous object when light falls on them and reflects into our eyes.
Rays and Beams of light
ray
Parallel beam
converging beam
diverging beam
Eclipses and shadows are formed because light travels in a straight line.
Reflection of light
regular reflection
on smooth surface
irregular reflection
on rough surface
Laws of reflection
When light falls on a surface, it follows two laws of reflection.
1. angle of incidence (i) = angle of reflection (r)
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all
lie in the same plane.
normal
N
incident ray
i=r
Exercises
(a) Label the lines:
OA:
ON:
OB:
(b) What is the (i) angle of incidence, (c) the angle of reflection?
reflected r
DNA
30 Hz
20000 Hz
100000 Hz
man
dog
bat
dolphin
Conversion of units
1 cm = 10 mm
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm
1 km = 1000 m = 100 000 cm
Area
Area of an object is the amount of surface
covered by the object.
Sustainable living
Pg 201 ex 3, 5