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Physics for

IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES


Examples of our natural resources are soil, water, air, trees, minerals, oil
and gas.
Importance of conserving our natural resources:
1. Natural resources provide us clean air, water and food to live our daily
lives.
2. Natural resources are limited.
3. Depleting our natural resources can destroy the Earths environment
for animals and plants. (e,g deforestation, soil erosion)
4. We are using up our natural resources faster than they can be replaced
by nature.
The 3Rs is a method to manage our natural resources:
3R stands for REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE.
REDUCE
Buy and use less
Buy only what youneed and use all of what you buy
Buy products with less packaging
Use energy efficient bulbs
REUSE
Avoid using disposables such as plastic cups, plates, spoon, and bags
Use reusable and washable items
Use rechargeable batteries
RECYCLE
Things that cannot be reused can be recycled into something else. Examples
are newspaper, magazines, copybooks, cardboard, metallic objects,
aluminium cans, glass bottles, jars, rubber, plastic bags & bottles.

Renewable and non-renewable sources


Renewable sources of energy are those that can be replaced once they
are used.
Non-renewable sources of energy are those that cannot be replaced once
they are used up. They take million of years to be replaced by nature.
renewable
energy sources
Solar
Wind
Wave
Tidal
Biomass
Hydroelectric
Geothermal

non-renewable
energy
sources
Fossil fuels (coal, oil,
natural gas)
Nuclear fuels (e.g Uranium)

Advantages and disadvantages of renewable and non-renewable sources of


energy
Energy sources
Fossil fuels (e.g oil,
natural gas, coal)

Advantages
Cheap, readily
available and have a
high energy value

Hydroelectricity

Renewable
Clean energy

Solar energy

Free, clean and


renewable

Biomass (e. g
bagasse from
sugarcane)
Geothermal

Renewable

Nuclear

No air pollution
Small amount of

Free
renewable

disadvantages
Cause air pollution and
climatic change such as
global warming
Are non-renewable
Suitable only in
mountainous and rainy
areas
Expensive to build
Available only during
daylight
Solar cells expensive
Expensive to produce
electrical energy from
biomass
Available only where ho
water or steam is close to
Earths surface
High safety standard
required

nuclear fuels give


huge amount of
energy

Nuclear waste materials


stay radioactive over a very
long time

Ways of saving energy:


Use energy efficient bulb
Use solar heaters
Plant shade-trees
Use public transport such as bus, train
Use renewable energy sources
Eat less meat
Reduce waste by using recycle or reusable material
Turn off all electrical appliances that are not in use
Drive less and drive smart
Use less air conditioning
Buy minimal package goods
Buy locally made and locally grown products
Recycle more by using recycling bins or recycled paper.
DENSITY
Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume.
density=

mass
mass
mass=density volume , volume=
,
volume
density
Mass
g
kg

Volume
cm3
m3

The SI unit of density is kg/m3


Example1
110 g of silver has a mass of 10 cm3. What is its density?
density=

mass
110 g
=
=11 g/c m3
3
volume 10 c m

Example2
Density of gold is 19 g/cm3. What is the mass of 3 cm3 of gold?
mass=density volume=19 3=57 g

Example 3
Density of iron is 7.9 g/cm3. What is the volume of 39.5 g of iron?

Density
g/ cm3
kg/ m3

volume=

mass
39 .5
=
=5 c m3
density 7 .9

LIGHT

Properties of Light:
1) Light travels in a straight line
2) Light is a form of energy
3) Light travels at a speed of 300,000,000 m/s in space.
Luminous and non-luminous objects
A luminous object produces light on its own. E.g lit candle, sun, fire
A non-luminous object does not produce light. E.g book, table, moon.
We see non-luminous object when light falls on them and reflects into our eyes.
Rays and Beams of light

A ray is the path along which light travels.

ray

Beam of light consists of many rays of light.


There are 3 types of beam of light:

Parallel beam
converging beam

diverging beam

Eclipses and shadows are formed because light travels in a straight line.
Reflection of light

regular reflection
on smooth surface

irregular reflection
on rough surface

Irregular means diffuse


A mirror is a smooth surface

Laws of reflection
When light falls on a surface, it follows two laws of reflection.
1. angle of incidence (i) = angle of reflection (r)
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all
lie in the same plane.
normal

N
incident ray

i=r

Cw: pg 209 checkpoint

Exercises
(a) Label the lines:
OA:
ON:
OB:
(b) What is the (i) angle of incidence, (c) the angle of reflection?

reflected r

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


Three main technologies that have changed our lives for the past
decades are:
1) X-rays and its application
2) Wireless communication technology
3) Structure of DNA
X-rays
X-rays can be used
1) to image internal body structures such as broken bones of arms or
legs, without having to perform surgery
2) used to kill cancer cells
Wireless COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Wireless communication is the transfer of information between


two or more points that are not connected by electrical
conductors (wires).

Wireless technology is used in


1) mobile phone: Wireless phones use radio waves to enable
their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide.
2) Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and
trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to
ascertain their location anywhere on earth.
3) Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common
example; keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via
wireless
4) Home-entertainment-system control boxes: the VCR control and the
TV channel control are the most common examples; some hi-fi sound
systems and FM broadcast receivers also use this technology
5) Satellite television: allows viewers in almost any location to select
from hundreds of channels
6) Wireless LANs or local area networks: provide flexibility and
reliability for business computer users.

DNA

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and is the building


block of all organisms.
DNA technology has been used in
1) Genetic engineering to transfer genes from one organism to
another and produce commercially important products such as
proteins, food etc.

2) Forensics to solve many mysteries of crimes.


3) History and anthropology to find relatedness of organisms.
4) Information storage by using DNA ability to code
information.

Information about a person's DNA can be useful for


forensic science. Genetic fingerprinting was invented
in 1985 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of
Leicester. It uses some of the small differences
between the DNA from different people to make a
picture rather like a barcode. If enough parts of the
DNA are tested, it is very unlikely that two identical
DNA fingerprints would belong to two different
people. This makes the method very useful for
matching samples found at the scene of a crime to
people suspected of committing the crime.
Knowing the human DNA profile raises some ethical
questions, but many consider this knowledge to be of
benefit:
Improved genetic testing

Location of genes that might be linked to


increased chances of inheriting a disease
New gene therapy treatments
New knowledge of how humans have evolved
Personalised medicines

The speed of sound in air is about 300 m/s


Speed travels faster in a denser material. This is why sound
travels fastest in solids.
Light travels much faster than sound. This is why we see
lightning before hearing the thunder.
Sound travels in the form of waves.
Echoes
Echoes are reflection of sound waves from a hard surface.
Echoes can be used to find objects. This is called
echolocation. Some uses of echolocation are:
1. to locate submarines and shoals of fish
2. to measure depth of sea water.
Range of hearing

The human ear can hear sounds from about 30 Hz to about


20000 Hz.
0

30 Hz

20000 Hz

100000 Hz

man
dog
bat
dolphin

Cw pg 219 checkpoint 1 to 3, pg 225 checkpoint 1-5

Measuring instruments for lengths:


1) Ruler (0 -30 cm)
2) half metre rule (0 to 50 cm)

3) metre rule (0 to 100 cm)


4) measuring tape ( 0 to 300 cm)
5) Vernier Calipers (0 to12 cm)
Units of measurement of lengths
Units of lengths are mm, cm, m, km
Very very short lengths are measured in mm(e.g
thickness of a metal plate)

Short lengths are measured in cm (e.g length of


a book)
Long lengths are measured in m (e.g length of a
room)
Very long lengths are measured in km (e.g
distance between two towns)

Conversion of units
1 cm = 10 mm
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm
1 km = 1000 m = 100 000 cm

Area
Area of an object is the amount of surface
covered by the object.

Sustainable living

Sustainable living is about using the resources


that our environment provides without causing
harm to it.

Energy from the rise and fall of sea level is


called TIDAL ENERGY

Pg 201 ex 3, 5

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