Experiment # 05

Objectives:
To find the modulus of rigidity of rubber block.

Apparatus:
Rubber block, back plate, load hanger, weights, steel rule, dial indicator.

Procedure:
Set the dial indicator so that its anvil rests on the top of the loading plate. Set the
dial indicator at zero. With the hanger in position apply a load to the hanger and
read the vertical displacement of the loading plate relative to the fixing plate from
the dial indicator (s).repeat the experiment for increasing load and record the
vertical displacement of the loading plate in each case. Unload and note the
corresponding readings with the load decreasing. Calculate the modulus of rigidity
(g) of the rubber material.

Theory:
Rubber block:

A rubber block is bonded to two aluminum alloy

plates.

One plate is screwed to a wall, whilst the other

has a shear load applied by a loaded weight
hanger. A dial gauge measures the deflection of
the block. This equipment is part of a range
designed to both demonstrate and experimentally
confirm basic engineering principles. Great care has been

given to

each item so as to provide wide experimental scope without unduly complicating or

compromising the design. Each piece of apparatus is self-contained and compact.
Setting up time is minimal, and all measurements are made with the simplest
possible instrumentation, so that the student involvement is purely with the
engineering principles being taught.
Rubber blocks in shear force are often used on engine and in equipment mounting
to isolate vibrations. They do this by absorbing shock energy by deforming. This
deformation leads to a decrease in cross-section as the block lengthens, an effect
described by poissons ratio.
The force which tends to cut off or parts off one portion of the component from
the other is called shear force. Stresses produced on the area under shear, due to
shearing forces, are called shearing
Stresses. Shear stress is denoted by _.
Mathematically,
Shearing stress = shearing force/ area under shear
Units of shear stress: newton per square meter (n/m2) = pascal (pa) or pounds per
square inch
(psi)
Shearing strain is the angle of distortion.

The constant of proportionality relating shear stress and shear strain is modulus
of rigidity. It is represented by g.
Mathematically,
G = shear stress/ shear strain
Units of g: newton per square meter (n/m2) = pascal (pa) or pounds per square inch
(psi)
Let us consider the deformation of a rectangular block where the forces acting on
the block are known to be shearing stress as shown in the figure.
The change of angle at the corner of an originally rectangular element is defined as
the shear strain.
Let
Ps = shearing load or force acting on the body
L = length of the body
A = area under shear = l x t
= shear stress induced in the body
g = modulus of rigidity for the material of the
body
= shear strain produced
s = deformation of the body
From the figure
Cc = dd = s = shear deformation
Tan = dd/bd = s/w
For smaller angles
Tan = =shear strain = s/w

From the information in (i), (ii), and (iii)

G=/
Or
G = (ps / s) (w/ l.t)

Modulus of rigidity:
It is the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing force.
It is defined as "the ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample
length (shear strain)
Modulus of rigidity can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stressstrain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of the material.

Shear strain:
When the deforming forces produce change in shape of the body. It can also be
defined as the ratio of displacement x of corner b to the transverse dimension l.

Observation and calculation:

Length of rubber block (l) = _300mm
Width of rubber block (w) = 100mm
Thickness of rubber block (t) =25mm

No of
observatio

Loa
d ps

Shear deformation-s (mm)

Shear

Shear

Modulus of

stress

strain

rigidity
g

(n)

Loadin
g

Unloadin
g

Averag
e

=ps/l.
t

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(n/m2)

=s/
w

G=/
(mn/m2

(mn/m2
)

)
.9698

From
graph
1.029

0.23

0.32

.275

2667

10^
2.750

0.47

0.57

0.52

5333

5.200

1.025

1.029

0.73
1.01

0.84
1.09

.785
1.05

8000
10666

7.850
10.50

1.019
1.016

1.029
1.029

-3

01
02
03
04

20
40
60
80

Graph shear stress and shear strain

Application:
In vehicles:
Anti-roll bar (US Sway bar) links and mountings
Shock absorber mountings
Double wishbone suspension assemblies
Rubber blocks also uses as vibration isolators in HVAC installation to prevent
the vibration from getting into the building structure, producing from large
compressors.
They also uses in the lift pads of lifter.
Rubber blocks also uses as vibration isolators in generators.
Now a new application of rubber has been introduced Elastomeric seismicprotection isolators, or simply Elastomeric isolators . These isolators are
capable of supporting buildings and other structures such as bridges,
providing protection from damage during earthquakes.
Comments:

Conclusions:

Experiment # 06

Objecticve:
To verify hookes law and determine youngs modulus for test material.

Apparatus:
Youngs modulus apparatus, test material, vernier caliper, hangers, weights

Procedure:
A test wire is inserted into the bottom chuck, which is then tightened. The
other end of wire is inserted into the top chuck.
Before tightening adjust the length so that vernier reading approximately
zero. Now tighten the top chuck.
Place the load hanger onto the bottom of the slider unit. Adjust the scale to
read zero and note the initial reading.
Measure the wire diameter in three places with a micrometer and take an
average value. Use a steel tape to measure the distance between the chucks.
This dimension is the original length of test material.
Apply load in increment of 5n; and note the vernier reading at each
application of load.

Theory:
Hooks law:
Hooke's law is a principle of physics that states that the force f needed to extend
or compress a spring by some distance x is proportional to that distance. That
is: f = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring: its stiffness,

and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring. The law is
named after 17th-century british physicist robert hooke.
Hooke's equation holds (to some extent) in many other situations where
an elastic body is deformed, such as wind blowing on a tall building, a musician
plucking a string of a guitar, and the filling of a party balloon. An elastic body or
material for which this equation can be assumed is said to be linear-elastic.
Hooke's law is only a first-order linear approximation to the real response of
springs and other elastic bodies to applied forces. It must eventually fail once the
forces exceed some limit, since no material can be compressed beyond a certain
minimum size, or stretched beyond a maximum size, without some permanent
deformation or change of state. Many materials will noticeably deviate from
hooke's law well before those elastic limits are reached.
On the other hand, hooke's law is an accurate approximation for most solid bodies,
as long as the forces and deformations are small enough.

Young's modulus
Young's modulus, which is also known as the elastic modulus, is a mechanical
property of linear elastic solid materials. It is the ratio of stress (which has units
of pressure) to strain (which is dimensionless), and so Young's modulus has units of
pressure. Its SI unit is therefore the pascal.
The term modulus is the diminutive of the latin term modus which means measure.
A solid body deforms when a load is applied to it. If the material is elastic, the
body returns to its original shape after the load is removed. The material is linear
if the ratio of load to deformation remains constant during the loading process.
Not many materials are linear and elastic beyond a small amount of deformation. A
constant young's modulus applies only to linear elastic materials. A perfectly rigid
material has an infinite young's modulus because an infinite force is needed to
deform such a material. A material whose young's modulus is very high can be
approximated as rigid.
A stiff material needs more force to deform compared to a soft material.
Therefore, the young's modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a solid material.

Young's modulus is the ratio of stress (which has units of pressure)

to strain (which is dimensionless), and so young's modulus has units of pressure.
Its si unit is therefore the pascal (pa or n/m2 or m1kgs2).

Applications:
It predicts how much a material sample extends under tension or shortens
under compression.
The young's modulus directly applies to cases of uniaxial stress, that is
tensile or compressive stress in one direction and no stress in the other
directions.
It is used to predict the deflection that will occur in a statically

determinate beam when a load is applied at a point in between the beam's

supports.
Earthquake zones/ buildings/ civil engineering
Medicine/bone/ replacement body parts/ medical engineering
Aerospace/ aero planes/ aeronautical engineering
Accident investigation
Guns
Artificial joints
Sky scrapers
Air craft carriers

Youngs modulus calculation:

Young's modulus e, can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress,
the extensional strain, , in the elastic (initial, linear) portion of the
physical stressstrain curve:

Where
E = young's modulus (modulus of elasticity)
F = force exerted on an object under tension;
A0 = actual cross-sectional area through which the force is applied;

, by

l = amount by which the length of the object changes;

L0 = original length of the object.

Parts of experiment apparatus:

Top bracket
Chuck mount
Chuck
Slider
Guide
Load hook
Load hanger
Scale
Vernier caliper
Scale support
Test wire

Observation and calculation:

Extension = actual vernier reading initial vernier reading
Strain = extension / test length
Stress= load / area
Area= d2 / 4, where d = average wire diameter
Diameter of wire= d = 0.81 mm
Test length= l= 32.94mm
Area of wire =a=0.5153mm2
Sr

Applie

Vernier

no

d load

readings

(n)

Initia
l

Actua
l

05
10
15
20

32.94
33.05
33.10
33.31

33.05
33.10
33.31
33.57

01
02
03
04

extension strain

(10-3)

stress

(m pa)

0.11
0.05
0.21
0.26

09.703
19.406
29.109
38.812

3.394
1.513
6.344
7.805

Modulus
of
elasticit
y
E(g pa)
02.858
12.826
04.588
04.972

Graph p vs delta l