PY522 Homework No.

2
Due Friday, September 21, 2001
1. Consider the problem of a thin spherical shell of charge Q and radius a rotating with
constant angular frequency (Jackson 5.13). Take the z-axis to be the rotation axis. The
solution for the static magnetic field is:

Outside:

B out

0Q a 2
=
2 cos r + sin
3
12 r

Inside:
B in =

0Q
z
6a

Imagine now that is not constant but is varying slowly such that B is still given by the
above expressions.
a) Use Faradays law to find the induced electric field inside the shell.

Note that in the static case we have

Q r
40 r 2
Ein = 0

E out =

Using Faraday's law,

circular integration
path at angle

the induced field satisfies

dl E =
or

da B
t S

B
(a sin )2
t
a sin B
Q sin
&
E=
= 0

2 t
12
2a sin E =

b) Evaluate the rate that the induced field does work on the charge using

dUmech
= d 3r E J
dt
V
This term represents the rate of change of mechanical energy. The
induced electric field is going to cause a reduction (increase) in
energy if the acceleration is positive (negative).

Q sin (r a )
J=

4 a

dU mech
Q sin & Q sin (r a )
= d 3r E J = d 3r 0

dt
12
4 a

V
V

dU mech
Q sin Q sin (r a )
&
= 2 drr 2 d cos 0

dt
12

4 a

1
1

& Q
& 4
0Q
0 aQ 2
2
= 2a
d
cos

sin

12 4a 1
24 3
1

Note we have used:

1

2
d cos sin d cos 1 cos = 2

2 4
=
3 3

&
dU mech
0 aQ 2
=
dt
18
This equation says that if we give the sphere a positive
acceleration, it will radiate electromagnetic energy and thus lose
mechanical energy.
c) Evaluate the rate of change of stored electromagnetic energy using
2
d
B2
3 E
= d r
+

dt
dt V
2

0 2 0
This term represents the rate of change of stored electromagnetic
energy. If the acceleration is positive (negative), there is more
(less) stored energy.

dU field

dU field
dt

2
2

d
E
B
3
= d r
+

dt V
2

0
0

The induced electric field is time dependent but it contributes to

order (d/dt) 2 so neglect it.

dU field
dt

&
d 1
d 1 0Q 4a 3 0 aQ 2
3
2
=
d
r
B
=
=

dt 20 V
dt 20 6a 3
27
2

d) Evaluate rate that energy enters the spherical volume by integrating the Poynting
vector over the surface of the shell and demonstrate explicitly that

d
U field + U mech = da (E H )
dt
S

(E B ) r = (E B ) r = E B

2
& sin 2
0Q sin & 0Q sin 0 Q
=

=
12
144 2 a

12 a
2

& sin 2
1
2a 2 1
0 Q 2
da (E B ) =
d cos

0 S
0 1
144 2a
2

& 4
&
0aQ 2
0aQ 2
=
=
72 3
54
This is the energy flowing into the spherical volume, which causes
a change in mechanical and/or field energy inside the volume.
Note that the volume we are talking about contains the shell itself
and its interior.
Finally, check that

& 0 aQ 2
&
&
0 aQ 2
0 aQ 2

+
=
18
27
54

2. (Jackson 7.2)
A plane wave is incident upon a layered interface as shown in the figure. The indices of
refraction of the three nonpermeable media are n1 , n2 , n3 . The thickness of the
intermediate layer is d. Each of the other media is semi-infinite.
(a) Calculate the transmission and reflection coefficients (ratios of transmitted and
reflected Poyntings flux to the incident flux), and sketch their behavior as a function of
frequency for n1 = 1, n2 = 2, n3 = 3; n1 = 3, n2 = 2, n3 = 1; and n1 = 2, n2 = 4, n3 = 1.

The Poynting vector goes as

S ~ E2 ~ n E2
where E is the amplitude of the electric field
(Jackson 7.13 with = 1).
Describe the fields in the different regions as
Incident (medium 1),

Ei = E0 eik 1 r i t
Reflected (medium 1),

E r = E1e ik 1 r it
intermediate (medium 2)

E 2 = E 2+ eik 2 r it + E 2 e ik 2 r it
transmitted (medium 3)

Et = E 3eik 3 r it
The boundary conditions are given by Jackson 7.37 (last two
equations). The incident angle is zero and thus, so is the refraction
angle.

i = r = 0

n1

E0

n2

incident
k

k2
E2

E1

reflected

n3
E3

E2+

transmitted
k3

k2

n
z=0

z=d

At the 1-2 interface (z = 0),

Tangential E condition gives

(Ei + E r ) n = E2 n

or

E0 + E1 = E 2+ + E2

(1)

Tangential H condition gives

(k1 Ei + k 1 E r ) n = (k 2 E 2 ) n

or

n1E 0 n1E1 = n2 E2+ n2 E 2

(2)

and at the 2-3 interface (z = d),

Tangential E condition gives

E 2 n = Et n
or

E 2+ eik 2d + E 2 e ik 2 d = E3 eik 3d

(3)

Tangential H condition gives

(k 2 E 2 ) n = (k 3 E t ) n

or

n2 E 2 + eik 2 d n2 E 2 e ik 2 d = n3 E3e ik3d

(4)

The last two boundary conditions at z = d, (3) and (4) , give

E 2+
E 2

(
n2 + n3 )
=
E e ik d ik d
3

2 n2
(n n )
= 2 3 E3 eik3 d + ik2 d
2n2

while the two at z = 0, (1) and (2), give

2 n1E0 = (n1 + n2 )E2+ + (n1 n2 )E2

or

E0 =
=

(n1 + n2 )
2n1

E2 + +

(n1 n2 )
2n1

E2

(n1 + n2 ) (n2 + n3 ) E eik d ik d + (n1 n2 ) (n2 n3 ) E eik d +ik d

3

2n1
2n2
and solving for E3 we get

2n1

2n2

4e ik 3 d
E3 =
E0
n2 n3 ik 2 d n2 n3 ik 2 d
1 + 1 + e
+ 1 1 e
n
n

1
2
n1 n2
Now solve for E1, again using (1) and (2)
(n n )
(n + n )
E1 = 1 2 E2 + + 1 2 E2
2n1
2n1

(n1 n2 ) (n2 + n3 ) E eik d ik d + (n1 + n2 ) (n2 n3 ) E eik d +ik d

3

2n1

2n2

2n1

2n2

or

n2 n3 n2 n3 2ik 2 d
1 1 + + 1 + 1 e
n1 n2 n1 n2

E1 =
E0
n2 n3 n2 n3 2ik 2 d
1 + 1 + + 1 1 e
n1 n2 n1 n2
The reflection coefficient is

R=

E1
E0

Numerically, for n1 = 1, n 2 = 2, n 3 = 3,
2

5 3 2ik 2d
+ e
2 2
R=
15 1 2ik 2 d
+ e
2 2

2ik 2 d 2

5 3e
15 + e 2ik 2 d

The reflection is minimum when

e 2ik2 d = 1
corresponding to

d=
and

2 c c
=
=
n2 2d

For n1 = 3, n 2 = 2, n 3 = 1,

1 5 2 ik2 d
+ e
2
6
R=
5 1 2 ik2 d
+ e
2 6

The reflection is minimum when

e 2ik2 d = 1
corresponding to

d=
and

2ik 2 d 2

3 + 5e
15 + e 2ik 2d

2 c c
=
=
n2 4d
For n1 = 2, n 2 = 4, n 3 = 1,

5 9 2 ik 2d
+ e
4 4
R=
15 3 2 ik2 d
+ e
4 4

The reflection is minimum when

e 2ik2 d = 1
corresponding to

d=
2

and

2 c c
=
n2 4d

The transmission coefficient is

T=

n3 E3
n1 E0

2 ik 2 d 2

5 + 9e
15 3e 2ik 2d

Sketches of the solution:

Reflection, n1 = 1, n 2 = 2, n 3 = 3

Tranmission, n1 = 1, n 2 = 2, n 3 = 3

Reflection, n1 = 3, n 2 = 2, n 3 = 1

Transmission, n1 = 3, n 2 = 2, n 3 = 1

Reflection, n1 = 2, n 2 = 4, n 3 = 1

Transmission, n1 = 2, n 2 = 4, n 3 = 1

(b) The medium n1 is part of an optical system (e.g., a lens); medium n3 is air (n3 = 1). It
is desired to put an optical coating (medium n2 ) on the surface so that there is no reflected
wave for a frequency 0 . What thickness d and index of refraction n2 are necessary?
Ei

n1

n2

n3

Bi

For n 3 = 1,

n2
1 n
1
1 1 + + 1 + 2 1 e 2ik 2 d
n1 n2 n1 n2

R=
n2
1 n
1
1 + 1 + + 1 2 1 e 2ik 2 d
n1 n2 n1 n2
The reflection is minimum when

e 2ik2 d = 1
or

2 k2 d =

or

d=

=
2 k2 4

To completely eliminate reflection (R = 0), we must also have

n2
1 n
1
1 1 + 1 + 2 1 = 0
n1 n2 n1 n2
Solve for n2 to get

n2 = n1