CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Subham Jain B.Sc. VIth Semester

in the year 2016 of the Department of Computer Science has
completed project work entitled "Telephone Bill System" is a
record of their own work carried our under the guidance and
supervision of a faculty member.

Date ......................

Sumitted To
Mr. Sourabh Sir

Sumitted By
Subham Jain
B.Sc. VIth Sem

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the developing of "Telephone Bill System" is our

original work. This project is presented by us for the partial fulfillment of the
award of Bachelor of Science of Noble College Makroniya Sagar (M.P.).

Date : Submitted By
Subham Jain

Acknowledgment

It is a great for me in taking this opportunity to express my sincere thanks

and ineptness to Mr. Sourabh Vishwakarma Computer Science, Noble College
Makroniya Sagar (M.P.)
I am thankful to Mr. Sourabh Sir in B.sc. Computer Sciece Department
for her kind help and guidance through out the project report.

Finally I would like to thanks to my parents without whose cooperation

completion of the project report would not have been possible.

Subham Jain

PREFACE

This project of Telephone Bill System gives us the complete

information about the any Bill and its customers. We can add the record of new
airlines, delete, view, and retrieve the details of airlines and customers when
needed. We can edit the details of airlines and customers and maintain their
records and can also check how many seats are available in the aircraft. In this
project we can maintain details of airlines like source, destination, type, day and
time of departure and customer details like name, DOB, NIC number, passport
number, nationality, destination etc.
Throughout the project the focus has been on presenting information and
comments in an easy and intelligible manner. The project is very useful for those
who want to know about Telephone Bill System.
In the last, we gratefully acknowledge and express our gratitude to all staff
members of CS and friends who supported us in preparing this project

CONTENTS
1) Introduction
i) Introduction of the Project
ii) Objective of the Project
2) System Analysis
i) Introduction
ii) Existing System
iii) Drawback of the Existing System
iv) Proposed System
v) Objective and Advantage of Proposed System
vii) Data Flow Diagram
4) Source Code
5)Conclusion
6) Future Scope And Result Discussion
7) Bibliography

INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of the project is to present the requirement of the Computerization
of Telephone Billing System. The project thus calculates the telephone bills
automatically. It does almost every work which is related to automatic telephone
billing connection system via- new connection, customer record modification,
viewing customer records & all works related to rate of bills, meter readings in
addition to bill calculation and bill generation. Telephone Billing System is
developed as per seeing the increasing requirement to speed up the work and
incorporate a new work culture. Thus a new software has been proposed to
reduce manual work, improving work efficiency, saving time and to provide
greater flexibility and user-friendliness as the system previously followed was
totally manual one with lots of errors.

The Importance Of The Telephone Bill System

The telecommunications billing software also makes sure that organizations are
budgeting their expenses. With technical advances, customers have a number of
possibilities open for them. Therefore, because of growing competition, it will
become obligatory for the service provider of telecom services to supply these
types of services and sustain their identity in the industry to be ideal in the part of
telecoms billing systems. The solution of telecommunications billing is known to
decrease or get rid of billing faults. Even a single error can cost a business a lot of
money. Less than, however the billing miscalculation has something related to
communication or any differences between programs.

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main objective while implementing the project Telephone Billing
System was to minimize the work and at the same time increase the speed
of the work done.
This project based on Telephone Bill maintenance, it means customer
record, Bill Detail, and customer related all information is stored in system and
one the main object customer detail are also stored in database.
> That will prepare the periodic bill that has all transaction in a specific period of
the month related to a party. And also create an account of the party that will
store the data related to the transaction.
> By This project we can save all customer record and access all customer list.
> By This project we can save all Bill record and access all Bill list.
> By This project we can Access all transactions like Bill and Generation Bill
record date wise.

This new system is built with the following objective:

1) Information retrieval will become easy.
2) Maintenance of project will become easy.
3) Security measure will be adopted.
4) Data redundancy will be greatly reduced.

Latest Information from Internet

The purpose of the pro ject is to present the requirement of the Computerization
of Telephone Billing System. The project thus calculates the t elephone bills
automatically. It does almost every work which is related to automatic telephone
billing connection system via- new connection , customer record modific ation,
viewing custo mer records & all works related to rate of bills, meter readings in
addition to bill calculation and bill generation.
Telephone Billing System is developed as per seeing the increasing requirement
to speed up t he work and incorporate a new work culture. Thus a new software
has been proposed to reduce manual work, improving work efficiency, saving
time and to provide greater flexibility and user-friendliness as the system
previously followed was totally manual one w ith lots of errors.

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
System analysis is the performance management and documentation of activities
related to the four life cycle phases of any software namely:
The Study Phase
The Design Phase
The Development Phase
The Operators Phase
System analysis is a vast field of study through which system analyst puts his
thoughts and searches for the solution of problem. He has to get a clear idea of
what he has in hand and what he has to produce. He has to extract the essence of
expectations. He has to satisfy the user in the very possible way. System analysis
needs and should include the following steps of study:
Study of current methods, the basic inputs available and output
desired.
Reduce redundancy and increase consistency.
Ideas regarding code generation.
Software Analysis starts with a preliminary analysis and later switches on to a
detailed one. During the preliminary analysis the Analyst takes a quick look at
what is needed and whether the cost benefits. Detailed analysis studies in depth
all the cornered factors, which builds and strengthens the software.

A system study is a step-by-step process used to identify and then developed the
software needed to control the processing of specific application. System study is
also known as SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle).
Steps of SDLC are:
1. Problem Definition
2. Feasibility Study
3. System Analysis
4. System Design
5. Implementation
6. Post Implementation
7. Maintenance

EXISTING SYSTEM
The existing system was a manual one. Whatever be the process involved in the
system were done through register (files). There were lots of complexities
involved in the system. When any customer takes new connections then separate
files were maintained. Updating of data was very tedious job. It was not easy to
do several administrative works like managing rates of calls, addition or
modification of metered calls & customer entries.

DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

In the existing system all the office works was done manually. The manual work
processes was time consuming and hence slow. Following are the main
drawbacks of the existing system:

 The existing system is totally manual thus there are chances of error in
processing.
The basic and major drawbacks in the existing system are the speed of
retrieval of data from files, which leads to delay.
Maintenance of voluminous data is very cumbersome and laborious job.
The manual jobs such as calculation are more error prone.
There are plenty of chances of duplicity of data and information.
Updating is very tedious job.
There is no central database from where one can get different statistical
data at one place.
The above facts, figures and drawbacks clearly indicate that there is need for
computerization and thus decided to computerize the TELEPHONE BILLING
SYSTEM. Since the existing system was totally manual which has lots of
complexities, shortcomings in itself and all the data was being stored in registers,
files etc thus to overcome the limitation of the existing system, the new
computerized system was needed, so that information can be provided to the user
more quickly, easily and more accurately.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
The new system titled TELEPHONE BILLING SYSTEM was hence proposed
to remove all the drawbacks discussed above.
Information is a vital ingredient for the operation and
management of any organization. Thus any system should have the ability to
provide error free filtered information after processing the required data. This

system has been taken up with a view for developing a more sophisticated system
that can be easily handled by any kind of users. The proposed system aims at
efficient and timely information for decision-making, integrate with other
functions, and reduce redundant work.

Important features of this proposed system are:

Consistent user interface with high economic features built into it.
System design in modular and structured way so as to make the integration
with other subsystems easier.
User has complete control as it provides and accept only appropriate and
valid data.
User-friendly error messages are provided wherever necessary.
Addition, deletion, modification of records as when needed.
Providing connections to new customers.
Bill generation for customers.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

To reduce workload of staff.
To reduce the delay in processing time.
To reduce the delay in bill generation.
To provide the user-friendliness in all possible ways.
To provide greater flexibility.
Make maintenance changes easy.

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

CONTEXT DIAGRAM

CUSTOMER RECORDS
AND RATES
ADMINISTRATOR

TELEPHONE

GENERATED BILL

BILLING
SYSTEM

CUSTOMER

FIRST LEVEL DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Valid customer number

and Minute details

Ratings

Generated
Bill

Generation of
Bill
Rate Maintenance

Customer Name And Address

Customer Details
(Masterfile)

User

SOURCE CODE
/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*TELEPHONE BILLING SYSTEM*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*HEADER FILES INCLUDED*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <dir.h>
#include <fstream.h>

/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*CLASS DECLARATION*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

class customer
{
char ph[10];
char name[30];
char add[40];
char type;
public :
void append();
void display();
void deleter();
void modify();
void list();
void help();
}cust;
/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* FUNCTION TO DISPLAY THE MESSAGE*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void message(char mess[80])
{
int l,d;
l=strlen(mess);
d=l/2;
gotoxy(2,24);
textcolor(WHITE+BLINK);
textbackground(BLACK);
cout<<("
gotoxy(40-d,24);
clreol();
cout<<("%s",mess);
textcolor(BLACK);
textbackground(WHITE);
}

");

/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* MAIN FUNCTION *
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void main()
{
textcolor(BLACK);
textbackground(WHITE);
char ch,ch1;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
textcolor(WHITE);
textbackground(BLACK);
gotoxy(25,5);
cout<<("MAHANAGAR TELEPHONE NIGAM LTD.");
textcolor(BLACK);
textbackground(WHITE);
gotoxy(25,8);
cout<<" D - Display a Bill";
gotoxy(25,10);
cout<<" L - List of customers";
gotoxy(25,12);
cout<<" H - Help";
gotoxy(25,14);
cout<<" M - Modify a record";
gotoxy(25,16);
cout<<" Q - Quit";
message("Select your choice");
gotoxy(40,18);
ch =getch();
ch = toupper(ch);
switch(ch)
{
case ('Q') : textcolor(WHITE);
textbackground(BLACK);
clrscr();
exit(1);

case ('D') : cust.display();

break;
case ('L') : cust.list();
break;
case ('H') : cust.help();
break;
case ('M') :
ch1 = 'A' ;
while(ch1 != 'Q')
{
clrscr();
textcolor(WHITE);
textbackground(BLACK);
gotoxy(25,5);
cout<<("MAHANAGAR TELEPHONE NIGAM LTD.");
textcolor(BLACK);
textbackground(WHITE);
gotoxy(25,9);
cout<<" A - Append a record";
gotoxy(25,11);
cout<<" D - Delete a record";
gotoxy(25,13);
cout<<" M - Change a record";
gotoxy(25,15);
cout<<" Q - Quit";
message("Select your option");
ch1 = getch();
ch1 = toupper(ch1);
switch(ch1)
{
case ('A') : cust.append();
break;
case ('D') : cust.deleter();
break;
case ('M') : cust.modify();
break;
}
}
}
}

}
/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* FUNCTION TO ADD THE CUSTOMER RECORD IN
THE FILE*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void customer :: append()
{
char choice;
fstream fp;
fp.open("tphone.dat", ios::app);
if (!fp)
{
cout<<"Unable to open FILE.";
getch();
return;
}
while(1)
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(3,3);
cout<<"Customer Record #";
message("Enter the customer record");
while(1)
{
message("Enter the name");
gotoxy(3,5);
cout<<"Name
: ";
gotoxy(25,5);
gets(name);
if(strlen(name)==0)
{
gotoxy(2,23);
clreol();
textcolor(WHITE+BLINK);
textbackground(BLACK);

cout<<("Name cannot be left blank\a");

textcolor(BLACK);
}
else
break;
}
while(1)
{
message("Enter the address");
gotoxy(3,6);
cout<<"Address
: ";
gotoxy(25,6);
gets(add);
if (strlen(add) != 0)
break;
}
while(1)
{
gotoxy(3,7);
cout<<"Assigned Ph. No. : ";
gotoxy(25,7);
cin>>ph;
if (ph != 0 )
break;
else
{
gotoxy(25,7);
clreol();
}
}
message("Enter O for Office and R for residential phone");
gotoxy(3,8);
cout<<"catagory ( O/R ) : ";
cin>>type;
gotoxy(4,10);
cout<<"1 : Save & Exit 2 : Save & Cont. 0 : Exit without save";
gotoxy(4,11);
cout<<"? ";
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)

{
case ('1') :
fp.write((char *) this,sizeof(cust));
fp.close();
return;
case ('2') : fp.write((char *) this,sizeof(cust));
break;
case ('0') : fp.close();
return;
default :
fp.close();
return;
}
}
}
/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* FUNCTION TO DISPLAY THE CUSTOMER RECORD AND
CALCULATE THE BILL*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void customer :: display()
{
char p[10];
char choice;
int found=0;
int no;
float bill=0.0, tax=0.0, fine=0.0, bbill=0.0, abill=0.0;
fstream fp;
fp.open("tphone.dat", ios::in);
if (!fp)
{
cout<<"Unable to open a file";
getch();
fp.close();
return;
}
while(choice != '0')
{
clrscr();

gotoxy(3,20);
cout<<"Please enter the Phone No. ";
cin>>p;
if (!strcmp(p,"0"))
return;
found = 0;
fp.seekg(0);
while (fp.read((char *)this ,sizeof(cust)))
{
if (found==1)
break;
if (!strcmp(ph,p))
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(28,2);
textcolor(BLACK+BLINK) ;
textbackground(WHITE);
cout<<("MAHANAGAR TELEPHONE BILL");
textcolor(WHITE);
textbackground(BLACK);
gotoxy(3,4);
cout<<"Name
: ";
cout<<name;
gotoxy(35,5);
cout<<"Address
: ";
cout<<add;
gotoxy(35,4);
cout<<"Assigned Ph. No. : ";
cout<<ph;
gotoxy(3,5);
cout<<"Catagory ( O/R ) : ";
cout<<type;
gotoxy(23,8);
cout<<"___________";
gotoxy(10,8);
cout<<"No. of calls ";
cin>>no;
if ( no <= 150 )
bill = 0 ;
else
{

no = no - 150;
if (toupper(type) == 'O')
bill = no * 1.00 ;
else
bill = no * .80;
}
gotoxy(10,9);
cout<<"Bill";
gotoxy(70,9);
cout<<bill;
tax = (5*bill)/100;
gotoxy(10,10 );
cout<<"5% Tax";
gotoxy(70,10);
cout<<tax;
gotoxy(10,11);
cout<<"Duties";
gotoxy(70,11);
cout<<"100";
int dd,mm,yy;
struct date d; // Getting system Date
getdate(&d);
dd = d.da_day;
mm = d.da_mon;
yy = d.da_year;
gotoxy(10,15) ;
cout<<"TOTAL BILL before " ;
cout<<dd<<"/"<<mm<<"/"<<yy;
bbill = bill+tax+100;
gotoxy(70,15);
cout<<bbill;
gotoxy(10,17);
cout<<"Late Fine";
fine = (bbill*5)/100;
gotoxy(70,17);
cout<<fine;
gotoxy(10,21);
cout<<"TOTAL BILL after ";
cout<<dd<<"/"<<mm<<"/"<<yy;
abill = bbill+fine;
gotoxy(70,21);

cout<<abill;
found = 1;
message("Press a Key");
getch();
}
}
message("Enter 1 or 2 to cont.");
gotoxy(4,22);
cout<<"1 : Cont. 0 : Exit ";
cout<<"? ";
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case ('1') :
break;
case ('0') : return;
default : return;
}
}
fp.close();
}
/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* FUNCTION TO DISPLAY THE LIST OF THE CUSTOMERS*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void customer :: list()
{
clrscr();
fstream fp;
int r;
fp.open("tphone.dat", ios::in);
if (!fp)
{
cout<<"Unable to open";
getch();

fp.close();
return;
}
gotoxy(35,2);
cout<<"List of Customers";
gotoxy(35,3);
cout<<"*****************";
gotoxy(5,4);
cout<<"Name";
gotoxy(40,4);
cout<<"Phone No.";
gotoxy(65,4);
cout<<"Catagory";
gotoxy(1,5);
cout<<"***************************************************************************
****";
r=6;
while (fp.read((char *) this, sizeof(cust)))
{
if (r >= 21)
{
message("Press a key");
getch();
clrscr();
gotoxy(35,2);
cout<<"List of customers";
gotoxy(35,3);
cout<<"*****************";
gotoxy(5,4);
cout<<"Name";
gotoxy(40,4);
cout<<"Phone No.";
gotoxy(65,4);
cout<<"Catagory";
gotoxy(1,5);
cout<<"***************************************************************************
****";
r=6;
}

gotoxy(5,r);
cout<<name;
gotoxy(40,r);
cout<<ph;
gotoxy(65,r);
if (toupper(cust.type) == 'O')
cout<<"Office";
else
cout<<"Residential";
r++;
}
message("Press a key");
getch();
fp.close();
}
/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* FUNCTION TO DELETE THE RECORD OF CUSTOMER
FROM THE FILE*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void customer :: deleter()
{
char ch;
char p[10];
fstream temp,fp;
fp.open("tphone.dat", ios::in);
if (!fp)
{
cout<<"Unable to open Telephone file";
getch();
fp.close();
return;
}
temp.open("temp.dat", ios::out);
if (!temp)
{
cout<<"Unable to open Temporary file";

getch();
temp.close();
return;
}
clrscr();
gotoxy(5,3);
cout<<"Enter the Phone No. to be deleted : ";
cin>>p;
if(!strcmp(p,"0"))
return;
int found=0;
while (fp.read((char *) this, sizeof(cust)))
{
if (!strcmp(p,ph))
{
found = 1;
gotoxy(5,5);
cout<<"Name
"<<name;
gotoxy(5,6);
cout<<"Address " <<add;
gotoxy(5,7);
cout<<"Catagory "<<type;
gotoxy(6,10);
cout<<"Delete this record (Y/N) ";
cin>>ch;
if (toupper(ch) == 'N')
temp.write((char *) this,sizeof(cust));
}
else
temp.write((char *) this,sizeof(cust));
}
fp.close();
temp.close();
if (toupper(ch) == 'N')
return;
if (!found)
{
cout<<"\n\nTelephone no. not found";
getch();
return;
}

fp.open("tphone.dat", ios::out);
temp.open("temp.dat", ios::in);
while (temp.read((char *) this, sizeof(cust)))
fp.write((char *) this, sizeof(cust));
fp.close();
temp.close();
}

/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* FUNCTION TO MODIFY THE RECORD OF CUSTOMER
FROM THE FILE*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void customer :: modify()
{
char ch;
char p[10];
fstream temp,fp;
fp.open("tphone.dat", ios::in);
if (!fp)
{
cout<<"Unable to open Telephone file";
getch();
fp.close();
return;
}
temp.open("temp.dat", ios::out);
if (!temp)
{
cout<<"Unable to open Temporary file";
getch();

temp.close();
return;
}
clrscr();
gotoxy(5,3);
cout<<"Enter the Phone No. to be Modify : ";
cin>>p;
if(!strcmp(ph,"0"))
return;
int found=0;
while (fp.read((char *) this, sizeof(cust)))
{
if (!strcmp(p,ph))
{
found = 1;
gotoxy(5,5);
cout<<"Name
"<<name;
gotoxy(5,6);
cout<<"Address " <<add;
gotoxy(5,7);
cout<<"Catagory "<<type;
gotoxy(6,10);
cout<<"Modify this record (Y/N) ";
cin>>ch;
if (toupper(ch) == 'Y')
{
gotoxy(3,13);
cout<<"Customer Record #";
message("Enter the customer record");
while(1)
{
gotoxy(3,15);
cout<<"Name
: ";
gets(name);
if (strlen(name) != 0)
break;
}
gotoxy(3,16);
cout<<"Address
: ";
gets(add);

while(1)
{
gotoxy(3,17);
cout<<"Assigned Ph. No. : ";
cin>>ph;
if (ph != 0 )
break;
}
message("Enter O for Office and R for residential phone");
gotoxy(3,18);
cout<<"catagory ( O/R )
: ";
cin>>type;
}
}
temp.write((char *) this,sizeof(cust));
}
fp.close();
temp.close();
if (toupper(ch) == 'N')
return;
if (!found)
{
cout<<"\n\nTelephone no. not found";
getch();
return;
}
fp.open("tphone.dat", ios::out);
temp.open("temp.dat", ios::in);
while (temp.read((char *) this, sizeof(cust)))
fp.write((char *) this, sizeof(cust));
fp.close();
temp.close();
}

/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* FUNCTION TO DISPLAY THE DISCRIPTION FOR THE
PROJECT WORKING*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void customer :: help()
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(35,2);
textcolor(WHITE + BLINK);
textbackground(BLACK);
cout<<(" HELP ");
textcolor(BLACK);
textbackground(WHITE);
gotoxy(8,5);
cout<<"This software is used to create a telephone bill for the
customers. ";
gotoxy(8,7);
cout<<"There are two catagories of the customers. First catagories is
of";
gotoxy(8,9);
cout<<"Residential phones and second catagories is of Office phones.
Both";
gotoxy(8,11);
cout<<"the catagories have different charges of the telephone bill.
Charges";
gotoxy(8,13);
cout<<"of residential phones are 80 Paise per call and Charges of
Office ";
gotoxy(8,15);
cout<<"office phones are Rs. 1 per call. 150 call are free for each
catogory";
gotoxy(8,17);
cout<<"Total bill for is equal to 5% tax plus 100 rupees charges for
other";
gotoxy(8,19);

cout<<"charges. If bill is not paid before the paticular date then penalty
";
gotoxy(8,21);
cout<<"should also be given.";
getch();
}

SCOPE AND RESULT DISCUSSION

Conclusion
Even the best system developed has some flaws or others. There always exist
scope of further improvement in the system. The effect of implementations of
new computerized system is found remarkable.
The following are the major improvement of the new system over the existing
system.
A fully menu driven user-friendly computerized system has been
developed where the user can perform task like entering data, deleting and
updating the information with great ease.

 All the operations are carried automatically preventing a lot of manual

work.
Additional checks have also been incorporated into the system to avoid
duplications of data as far as possible.

Limitation of Project
Every project whether large or small has some limitations no matter however
diligently developed. In some cases limitations is small while in other cases they
may be broad also. The new system has got some limitations. Major areas where
modifications can be done are as follows:
Our system is not online so further it can be improved.
The security is limited so some additional arrangement could be made to
provide more security to the system.
There is no provision of complain handling so further it can be added.

Chellange of Project
This project gives an overview of the Telephone Billing System.
After entering into the project, user is left with several options via
a) The user can take new connections.
b) The user can view the existing lists of customers, which already have
telephone connections.
c) The user can of course see bills & take billing statements.
d) The user can also do several administrative works like managing rates
of calls, addition or modification of metered calls & customer entries.
It is a computerized system, which can be used very easily & effectively by the

administrators of the telephone billing system.

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Optimization and Nonlinear Equations. Prentice Hall , Engelwood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632.,
1983.
[2] R. Fletcher. Practical Methods of Optimization. John Wiley and Sons., 1987.
[3] William H. Press, Brian P. Flannery, Seul A. Teukolvsky, and William T. Vetterling.
Numerical Recipes in C, The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
[4] Margaret A. Ellis and Bjarne Stroustrup. The Annotated C++ Reference Manual. AT&T
Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey and Addison - Wesley Publishing Company, 1990.
[5] J. E. Dennis, Jr. and Jorge J. More. Quasi-newton methods, motivation and theory. SIAM
Review, 19:4689, 1977.
[6] Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. Daly. A Guide To LATEX. Addison Wesley, 1993. [7]
Bruce Eckel. Using C++. Osborne McGraw Hill, 1989.

[8] James O. Coplien. Advanced C++, Programming Styles and Idioms. Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, 1992.