Chap 09 Sinusoids and Phasors-Rev

Chap 09 Sinusoids and Phasors
Outline
Introduction
Sinusoids
Phasors
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
Impedance and Admittance
Kirchhoffs Laws in the Frequency Domain
Impedance Combinations
Introduction
Sinusoid: a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine
function.
Why sinusoidal waveforms are useful to engineers?
1. Appears everywhere
Vibration of a string, ripples of ocean surface, and natural response

of underdamped second-order systems
2. Easily generated
3. Using Fourier analysis, every practical periodic
signal can be represented by a linear combination
of sinusoidal signals
4. Easily analyzed, such as differentiate and integrate
Periodic Function
A periodic function is one that satisfies f(t) = f(t + nT),
for all t and for all integers n.
The period T is the number of seconds per cycle
The cyclic frequency f = 1/T is the number of cycles
per second
Sinusoids
Consider the sinusoidal voltage
v(t) = Vm cos(t+)
where
Vm : the amplitude of the sinusoid
: the angular frequency in radians/s
t+ : the argument of the sinusoid
: phase of v(t) in [-180, 180] or [-, ] rads/sec
The period T is given as
2
2
1
T
; f in Hertz (Hz)
2 f f
Phase Lead or Lag

Two sinusoids with the same frequency.
v1 (t ) Vm1 cos(t 1 ), Vm1 0

v2 (t ) Vm 2 cos(t 2 ),Vm 2 0
1 2 0 :
v1 (t ) and v2 (t ) are in phase.
1 2 0 : v1 (t ) and v2 (t ) are out of phase.
1 2 0, v1 (t ) leads v2 (t ) by 1 2
1 2 0, v1 (t ) lags v2 (t ) by 2 1
Phase Lead or Lag (cont.)
v1 (t ) Vm sin(t )
v2 (t ) Vm sin(t )
v2 (t ) leads v1 (t ) by .
Trigonometric Identities
sin( A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos( A B) cos A cos B sin A sin B
sin(t 180) sin t

cos(t 180) cos t
sin(t 90) cos t

cos(t 90) sin t
A cos t B sin t C cos(t )
B
C A B , tan
A
2
Example 9.1
Q: Find the amplitude, phase, period, and frequency of
the sinusoid
v(t) = 12cos(50t + 10)
Sol
The amplitude is Vm = 12V.
The phase is = 10
2
0.1257 s.
50
1
The frequency is f 7.958 Hz.
T
The period T
Example 9.2
Q: Calculus the phase angle between v1 = -10 cos (t +
50) and v2 = 12 sin (t - 10). State which sinusoid is
leading.
Sol
v1 = -10 cos (t + 50) = 10 cos (t + 50 - 180)
v1 = 10 cos (t - 130)
and
v2 = 12 sin (t - 10) = 12 cos (t - 10 - 90)
v2 = 12cos (t - 100)
1=-130, 2=-100; 2-1=30
v2 leads v1 by 30.
10
Phasors
Phasor: A phasor is complex number which represents
the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
11
Complex Number Representations

Complex number representations:
z x jy
z r re j
Rectangular form : z x jy
Polar form:
z r
Exponential form:
z re j
12
Complex Plane
z x yj r
r (cos j sin )
13
Basic Operations of Complex Numbers

Addition:
z1 z2 ( x1 x2 ) j ( y1 y2 )
Subtraction:
z1 z2 ( x1 x2 ) j ( y1 y2 )
Multiplication:
Division:
z1z2 r1r2(1 2 )
z1 r1
(1 2 )
z2 r2
14
Basic Operations of Complex Numbers

(cont.)
Reciprocal:
1 1
( )
z r
Square Root:
z r( / 2)
Complex Conjugate:
z x jy r( ) re
*
15
Example 9.3
Q: Evaluate these complex numbers:
(a) (4050 20 30 )1/ 2
(b)
10 30 (3 j 4)
(2 j 4)(3 j 5) *
Sol
(a) 4050 40(cos50 j sin 50 ) 25.71 j 30.64
20 30 20 cos(30 ) j sin( 30 ) 17.32 j10
4050 20 30 43.03 j 20.64 47.7225.63
4050 20 30
1/ 2
6.9112.81
16
Example 9.3 (cont.)

10 30 (3 j 4) 8.66 j 5 (3 4 j )
(b)
(2 j 4)(3 j5) *
(2 j 4)(3 j5)
11.33 j 9 14.73 37.66
14 j 22 26.08122.47
0.565 160.13
17
Sinusoids and Complex Number

Euler's identity: e
cos j sin
cos Re(e j )
j
sin
Im(
e
)
v(t ) Vm cos(t ) Re(Vm e j (t ) )

Re(Vme j e jt )
Thus v(t ) can be written as
v(t ) Re( Ve jt )
Here V Vme j Vm is the phasor representation of v(t ).

18
Representation of Vejt
19
Phasors
Phasor: A phasor is a complex number which
represents the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
v(t ) Vm cos(t )
(Time-domain
representation)
V Vm
(Phasor-domain
representation)
Given the frequency , the phasor can equivalently

represent the signal v(t).
20
Sinusoid-Phasor Transformation
Time domain
representation
Phasor domain
representation
Vm cos(t )
Vm
Vmsin(t )
Vm( 90)
I m cos(t )
I m
I m sin(t )
I m( 90)
21
Phasor Diagram
V Vm
I m
Vm
Vm
Im
22
Example 9.4
Q: Transform these sinusoid to phasors:
(a) i 6cos(50t 40 ) A
(b) v 4sin(30t 50 ) V
Sol
(a) i 6cos(50t 40 ) has the phasor
I 6 40 A
(b) Since sin A cos( A 90)
v 4sin(30t 50) 4 cos(30t 50 90)
4 cos(30t 140) V
The phasor of v is V 4140 V
23
Example 9.5
Q: Find the sinusoid representation by these phasors:
(a) I 3 j 4 A
(b) V j8e j 20 V
Sol
(a) I 3 j 4 5126.87
i (t ) 5cos(t 126.87) A
(b) j 190,
V j 8 20 (1 90 ) (8 20 )
890 20 870 V
v(t ) 8cos(t 70) V
24
Example 9.6
Q: Given i1(t) = 4cos(t+30) A and i2(t) = 5sin (t 20) A, find their sum.
Sol
i1 4 cos(t 30)
I1 430
i2 5sin(t 20) 5cos(t 20 90) 5cos(t 110)
I 2 5 110
i i1 i2
I I1 I 2 430 5 110
3.464 j 2 1.71 j 4.698 1.754 j 2.698
3.218 56.97 A
i (t ) 3.218cos( t 56.97) A
25
Differentiation and Integration

dv
Vm sin(t ) Vm cos(t 90)
dt
Re(Vme jt e j e j 90 ) Re( jVe jt )
v(t ) Vm cos(t )
dv
dt
(Time domain)
vdt Vm cos(t )dt
j V
(Phasor domain)
Vm sin(t )
Vm cos(t 90)
Vm e jt e j e j 90
V jt
Re
Re
e
vdt
(Time domain)
V
j
(Phasor domain)
26
Differentiation and Integration (cont.)

dv
dt
jV
vdt
V
j
27
Example 9.7
Q: Using the phasor approach, determine the current i(t)
in a circuit described by the integral and differential
equation
di
4i 8 idt 3
dt
50cos(2t 75 )
Sol
8I
4I
3 jI 5075
j
2, so
I(4 j 4 j 6) 5075
Converting this to the time domain,
i (t ) 4.642 cos(2t 143.2) A
28
Remarks
The phasor technique provides a way to
represent or compute the operations (including
additions, differentiations, and integrations) of
sinusoids.
Note that the sinusoidal frequency is assumed
to be fixed to a common value.
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors
29
Phasor Relationships for Circuit

Elements: Resistor
i I m cos(t ) I I m
By Ohm's law,
v iR RI m cos(t ) V RI m RI
Time domain Phasor domain

Phasor diagram
30
Inductor in Phasor Domain

i I m cos(t ) I I m
di
v L LI m cos(t 90)
dt
V LI m 90 j LI

Phasor diagram
31
Capacitor in Phasor Domain

v Vm cos(t ) V Vm
dv
iC
CVm cos(t 90)
dt
I CVm 90 jCV

Phasor diagram
32
Summary of Voltage-Current
Relationships
Element
Time domain
Frequency
domain
V = Ri
V =RI
di
vL
dt
V = jLI
dv
iC
dt
I
jC
33
Example 9.8
Q: The voltage v = 12 cos(60t + 45) is applied to a 0.1-H
inductor. Find the steady-state current through the inductor.
Sol
V 1245 V j LI, where 60rad/s.
Hence,
V
1245 1245
I
2 45 A
j L j 60 0.1 690
Converting,
i (t ) 2 cos(60t 45) A
34
Impedance and Admittance

The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor
voltage V to the phasor current I, measured in ohms ().
V
Z
I
or
V ZI
35
Impedance and Admittances of

Passive Elements
Element
R
L
C
Impedance
Admittances
Z=R
1
Y
R
Z = jL
1
Z
jC
1
jL
Y = jC
36
Equivalent Circuits at DC & High

Frequencies
0
Z L jL
1
ZC
jC
37
General Passive Circuit In Phasor

Domain
Z R jX Z
where
Z R X , tan
2
X
R
and
R Z cos Re( Z) : Resistance of Z,
X Z sin Im( Z) : Reactance of Z
38
Inductive and Capacitive

Impedance
Z R jX Z
X > 0: inductive impedance

X=0: pure resistor
X <0: capacitive impedance
Im
Inductive Impedance
Pure Resistor
Re
Capacitive Impedance
39
Admittance
The admittance Y of a circuit is the reciprocal of the
impedance, measured in siemens (S).
1 I
Y
Z V
Y G jB
G = Re Y is called the conductance.
B = Im Y is called the susceptance.
40
Admittance and Impedance

Y
1
Z
1
G jB
R jX
1
R jX
R jX
G jB
2
R jX R jX R jX
R
X
G 2
,
B
R X2
R2 X 2
41
Example 9.9
Q: Find v(t) and i(t) in the circuit.
42
Example 9.9 (cont.)

From the voltage source 10 cos 4t, = 4,
Vs 100 V
The impedance is
1
1
Z 5
5
jC
j 4 0.1
5 j 2.5
Hence the current

Vs 100 10(5 j 2.5)
I
2
Z 5 j 2.5
5 2.52
1.6 j 0.8 1.78926.57 A
43
Example 9.9 (cont.)

The voltage across the capacitor is
1.78926.57
jC
j 4 0.1
1.78926.57
4.47 63.43 V
0.490
V IZC
Converting I and V, we get
i(t ) 1.789cos(4t 26.57) A

v(t ) 4.47 cos(4t 63.43) V
44
Kirchhoffs Law in the Frequency

Domain
The KCL and KVL are still applicable in the
frequency domain.
Time domain
KVL v1 v2
KCL
i1 i2
Frequency domain
vn 0 V1 V2
Vn 0
in 0
In 0
I1 I 2
45
KVL and KCL in the Phasor Domain

For KVL, let v1 , v2 ,..., vn , be the voltages around a closed loop.
v1 v2 vn 0
In the sinusoidal steady state, each voltage may be written in cosine form.
Vm1 cos(t 1 ) Vm 2 cos(t 2 ) Vmn cos(t n ) 0
This can be written as
Re(Vm1e j1 e jt ) Re(Vm 2e j2 e jt ) Re(Vmn e jn e jt ) 0
Re Vm1e j1 Vm 2e j2 Vmn e jn e jt 0
Re V1 V2 Vn e jt 0; ( VK Vmk e jk )
V1 V2 Vn 0; (
e jt 0 t )
KVL holds for phasor!
Similarily, KCL holds for phasor I1 I 2 I n 0

46
Series-Connected Impedances
V V1 V2
VN I (Z1 Z 2
V
Zeq Z1 Z 2
I
ZN )
ZN
47
Voltage-Division Principle
V
I
Z1 Z 2
Since V1 Z1I and V2 Z 2I, then
Z1
Z2
Voltage division princile: V1
V, V2
V
Z1 Z2
Z1 Z2
48
Parallel-Connected Impedances
1
1
1
I I1 I 2 I N V

ZN
Z1 Z 2
1
I
1
1
1

Zeq V Z1 Z 2
ZN
Yeq Y1 Y2
YN
49
Current-Division Principle
1
1
1
Z1Z 2
Zeq
Yeq Y1 Y2 1/Z1 1 / Z 2 Z1 Z 2
V IZ eq I1Z1 I 2 Z 2
Current-division principle: I1
Z2
I,
Z1 Z2
I2
Z1
I
Z1 Z2
50
Delta ()-to-Wye (Y) and

Wye (Y)-to-Delta () Transformations
51
Delta ()-to-Wye (Y) Transformation

-Y Conversion
b Z c
Z1
Z a Zb Z c
c Za
Z2
Z a Zb Z c
a Zb
Z3
Z a Zb Z c
52
Wye (Y)-to-Delta () Transformation

Y- Conversion
Z1Z 2 Z 2 Z3 Z3Z1
Za
Z1
Z1Z 2 Z 2 Z3 Z3Z1
Zb
Z2
Z1Z 2 Z 2 Z3 Z3 Z1
Zc
Z3
53
A delta () or wye (Y) circuit is said to be balanced

if it has equal impedances in all three branches.
Z 3ZY
or
1
ZY Z
3
where ZY Z1 Z2 Z3 and Z Za Zb Zc.
54
Example 9.10
Q: Find the input impedance of the circuit. Assume that
the circuit operations at = 50 red/s.
55
Example 9.10 (cont.)

Z1
Z3
Z2
1
1
Z1
j10
3
jC j 50 2 10
1
1
Z2 3
3
(3 j 2)
3
jC
j 50 10 10
Z3 8 j L 8 j 50 0.2 (8 j10)
56

The input impedance is
(3 j 2)(8 j10)
Zin Z1 Z 2 Z3 j10
11 j8
(44 j14)(11 j8)
j10
j10 3.22 j1.07
2
2
11 8
3.22 j11.07
Z1
Z3
Z2
57
Example 9.11
Q: Determine v0(t) in the circuit.
58

Z1
vs 20 cos(4t 15)
Z2
Vs 20 15 V, 4
1
1
10mF
j 25
3
jC j 4 10 10
5 H j L j 4 5 j 20
59
Example 9.11(cont.)
Let
Z1 = Impedance of the 60- resistor
Z2 = Impedance of the parallel combination of the 10mF capacitor and the 5-H inductor
Then Z1 = 60 and
j 25 j 20
Z2 j 25 j 20
j100
j 25 j 20
Z1
Z2
60

By the voltage-division principle,
Z2
j100
Vo
Vs
(20 15)
Z1 Z 2
60 j100
(0.857530.96) (20 15) 17.1515.96 V
Convert this to the time domain and obtain
vo (t ) 17.15cos(4t 15.96) V
61
Example 9.12
Find I.
-Y transformation
j 4(2 j 4)
4(4 j 2)
(1.6 j 0.8)
j4 2 j4 8
10
j 4(8)
8(2 j 4)
Zbn
j 3.2 , Zcn
(1.6 j3.2)
10
10
Z an
62
62

Find I.
-Y transformation
Zan (1.6 j0.8) ; Zbn j3.2 ; Zcn (1.6 j3.2)

Z 12 Z an Zbn j 3 || Zcn j 6 8
13.6 j1 13.644.204
V
500
Z 13.644.204
3.666 4.204
63
63
Application: Phase Shifters

jRC
Vo
Vi
Vi
1
1 jRC
R
jC
R
RC
1
1
tan
Vi
2 2 2
RC
1 R C
Leading
output
64
Phase Shifters (cont.)

1
1
jC
Vo
Vi
Vi
1
1 jRC
R
jC
1
1
tan RC Vi
2 2 2
1 R C
Lagging
output
65
Example 9.13
Q: Design an RC circuit to provide a phase of 90
leading.
Z
66
Example 9.13
20(20 j 20)
Z 20 (20 j 20)
12 j 4
40 j 20
Using voltage division,

Z
12 j 4
2
V1
Vi
Vi
45Vi
Z j 20
12 j 24
3
and
20
2
Vo
V1
45V1
20 j 20
2
2
2
1

45
45 90Vi
2
3
3
67

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