EE412/CS455

Principles of Digital Audio and

Video

Lecture 10

Example of Dithering

Courtesy of: http://djtechtools.com/2012/09/26/a-djs-guide-to-audio-files-and-bitrates/

Example of Dithering-2

With courtesy of: http://www.meridiandiscovery.com/articles/image-normalization-in-e-discovery-processing/

Digital Audio
The raw data formats

Choice of the Sampling Frequency

Audio Sampling Frequencies

Ranges from 8KHz (telephony) to 48KHz (stereo
audio production)

Digital Audio

Digital Audio is available in various formats on

CDs/DVDs/Blu-ray, Digital magnetic tape system,
PC etc.

=>Raw data (Uncompressed) formats

Audio CD Format: CD-DA

standard

Optical Disc recording developed in 1970s

LVD

CD was introduced in 1980s

12 cm plastic disc
a play only medium initially

CD-DA format : For play-only audio

distribution
18 KHz Bandwidth, SNR 90 db (44.1KHz, 16bits)
2s complement PCM

Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

Was introduced after the CD as a recordplay system

Magnetic tape
CD quality (16-bit PCM up to 48KHz sampling
rate)
Huge storage: up to 4GB (for PC data)

.WAV format

Microsoft or IBM format

Read, Write, manipulation allowed/supported
Multi-channel sampled sound at a variety of
sampling rates
e. g: 16 bit, 44KHz, stereo
Uses the RIFF file format
Usually supported on Windows based PCs
Container format: hold PCM or other
compressed data

PC Audio

PC has been used after the development

of ADC and DAC cards
Speech: 11.05KHz samples/s, 8-bits (0.66
MB/min)
Music: double the rate and bits (4.5 MB/min
for stereo)
Compressed formats have also been used

MIDI

Audio (Music) can be synthesized electronically

as well and can be controlled by computer or
controller
Electronic organs and synthesizer

MIDI

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)

standard is a Format/Protocol in which a
set of instructions for the synthesizer are
coded to produce sound (Music)
Introduced in 1984

MIDI Interface

MIDI

MIDI works by encoding events in

messages compromising of:

Status byte (e.g: code of the instrument, key

press event, key stop event)
Data byte for parameters values (e.g. key
identity, pressure )

MIDI Data Format

Serial Interface running at 31.25 Kbps

1000 messages/sec.

Codes are sent for each musical event

Start and end notes
Supports 16 channels (instruments)
Operates in real time
File format is also provided for later playback

MIDI

Advantage: Data size is largely reduced

Disadvantage: Sound effects may show

variation from system to system

MIDI: The Synthesizers

For musical instruments and unusual

sounds

Types: Wavetable Synthesizer, FM

Synthesizer

Digital Audio: Multi-channel

Stereo and Surround Sound (with multiple

speakers, woofers and tweeters)

Analog Video Standards

Color Representation: More

Color Systems
R-G-B system, C-M-Y system
HSI system
Luminance and the Color-Difference system
etc.

Use of Color Systems

Analog Color Video Signals

Component Video Signal

Composite Video Signal

Component videos combined through
modulation process and adding
synchronization pulses

Composite Video Waveform (for

reference)

Progressive Scanning

Interlaced Scanning

Composite Video

Read 2.6.1 (Halsall) excluding the subsection

Signal Bandwidth

Necessary Readings
Reading Package
Page 85-89
Page 97-110
Page 201-209 (HalSall)
Page 125-126 (section 2.4.3,2.4.4,2.4.4.1)