Bacteria

Tuesday, November 24, 2015

9:59 AM

Prokaryotes - two domains

Bacteria and archaea
Prokaryotes - uniceullular - some may form colonies
Some segregation of labor within colony
Something acting like multicellualr organism
Dealing with unicellular independent organism
Lack nucleus and organelles
Most have cell wall
Other organisms - like plants
But made out of different materials than cell walls we find in prokaryotes

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:01 AM

Hair like things coming out at one end - flagella - used to propel bacterium through
environment
Direct it towards something in particular
Plasma membrane surrounding cell
Outside of membrane = cell wall
Ribosomes
No nucleus

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:02 AM

Blue green algae

Consists of philaments
Each segment in philament - cell
Colony of cells
Lake - have greenish bluish cast to it
Algal bloom
Algal - cynobacteria
Algal bloom - due to warm temperatures and abundance of nutrients
Turns lake into distinctive color

Bacterial cells - most part - including archae

Prokaryotes - include both prokaryotes and bacteria

Bacteria include in broad sense

Bacteria have cell walls made from different materials than plant or fungal
Circular chromosome rather than x shaped
Capable of moving using flagellum or flagella
Also have dormant stage - endosphore Stay in dormant stage for centuries or more - long time
Avoiding inhospitible environments
When environment turns bad turns into endospore
Get rid of germ materials - endospore stage - difficult to kill bacteria
In laboratories or hospitals - things that can be contaminated into high temperature

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:05 AM

Helical shape - sprial - spirochetes - belong to this group

Rod shape bacterial - baccilli - disease that has baccilus in it - rod shaped

Bacterial sells spherical shape called cocci

Humans think we are dominant species on earth
But who is dominant organism on planet
Prokaryotes
Found everywhere
Snowbanks on tops of mountains to deep down into earth
Just took all living biomass on earth 90% of living mass would be prokaryotes
Many time where no other organisms can live
Member of archaea group - in extremely hot salty or cold environments
Been around since life began
Very diverse in metabolism
Some bacteria - obligate aerobes - need oxygen to live
Most plants and animals - obligate aerobes
Facultative anaerobes - can do without oxygen if necessary
Humans only for short period of time but within a few minutes need oxygen
Some bacteria - obligate anerobes - can live without oxygen
Decomposers - swamps - produce methane
Gut bacteria in ruminants and termites - produce methane
Animals - eat vegetation
Help break down vegetative material
Anerobic environment in there
Cows have to burp out methane
Modes of nutrition - very diverse
Generally refered to as autotrophs - make own food

Bacteria autotrophs - use c02 - carbon sourse

Use light as energy source - take carbon dioxide to carbon based compounds
Photoautorophs - cyanobacteria
Green plant - photoautorophs
Do photosynthesis to get energy
Some autotrophs use inorganic chemicals as energy source rather than light
Chemoautotrophs
Use hydrogen sulfide
In swamps - sulfery smell

Also many bacteria heterotrops - organic compounds as compound sources

Most animals are heterotrophs
Carbon source - comes from animals or other organisms they eat
Bacteria can do - using light as energy sourse to make organic compounds
Photoheterotroph
A lot of bacteria - chemoheterotroph
Organic compounds as energy source
Decomposers, parasites
Animals are hemoheterotrophs
Use organic compounds as carbon source
Sugars and things we consume as food
Also use organic compounds as energy source
Come with carbohydrates we consume - get energy from those
Most bacteria hemoheterotrophs

Many baceria - decomposers or parasites

Bacteria reproduction - quite variable

One mode is called binary fission - axesual
Single bacteria cell - duplicates genetic material and splits in half
Common way bacterial colonies grow from individual cell
Possible from form of sexual reproduction
Bacteria - different from plants and animals sexual reproduction
Conjugation
2 bacteria cells - one as male and one female
Cytoplasmic bridge formed between two cells
Genetic material transferred from male to female cell
Not involve a complete transfer of genetic material
Might be portion from male or female cell
Different from plants and animals
Bacteria cells obtain genetic material from other bacterial cells
Can change to adapt to environments
Other than mutation
Couple of other ways bacteria cell obtain genetic information from other cells
Process called ransformation
Bacteria cell picks up dna from other bacteria cell from envronment
In addition to cicrular primary chromosome
Other circiular chromosomes plasmids
Smaller

Transduction
Viruses move from bacterial cell to bacterial cell - carry along a portion of bacterial
genome
Bacterial cell get piece of other genome

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:15 AM

Male cell - lower right

Female near top
Male - hair like structures
Sex pille - extends out to contact female cell
Genetic exchange is mad
e

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:16 AM

Prokaryotes two major groups called domains

Bacteria and archae
General thinking is that from universal ancesstor
Bacteria arose first
And at some later point in time archaea evolved and later still eukaryotes
Archae - later derivitaive and closer to eukaryotes than bacteria are

Number of features distinguish archae from bacteria

Cell wall of archae not like bacteria nad more like of eukaryotes
Reasons why archae don't respond well to antibiotics
Antibiotics target cell wall making
Not as effected
Archae found in extreme environments

Three major groups Methanogens - lives in swamps, anaerobic - produce methane - exist in absence of
oxygen - methane bubbles up out of swamps - swamp gas
Halophiles - salt tolerant Thermophiles - ehat tolerant - hot springs and thermal vents in ocean

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:19 AM

Due to precence of bacteria

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:19 AM

Bacterial diseases Strep, straph, pheunomia, typhus, tb, tooth decay

Stds - syphallis, gonorrhea, chlamydia

Bacteria can cause harm not because of the bacteria themselves but because of
toxins they produce
Botulism - produced toxin - heat up enough to break down toxin
Not consuming live bacteria, but toxins live bacteria produced
Antibiotics - many kinds of bacterial diseases - drugs that can kill bacteria in bodies
Caused by viruses - no drugs that can find virus in cells and get rid of it
Bacterial infections - penicillin that can attack bacteria themselves
Way they work is preventing bacteria from reproducing
Way bacteria reproduces build new cell wall - produced by binary fission
Penicilin interfere with cell wall production
Cell can't reproduce

Eukaryotic cells - cells in our bodies - eukarotic cells - don't have cell walls
Targets cell walls and don't affect our cell
Diseases becoming resistant
Primary concerns
Indiscrimant use of antibiotics
Cold - viral infections - doctors - give antibiotic
Next upshot of this - exposing bacteria to biotics and creating resistant forms
Sexually transmitted diseases and tb
Tb went into remission
Now coming back as epademic because of antibiotic resistance
Livestock production
Pigs, chickens, cattle
Given antibiotics to prevent infections that arrise
Whats being created - antibiotic resistant bacteria - possibly problem for humans as
well
Not all bacteria are bad
Really couldn't exist without bacteria
Decomposers - organisms that break down organic material
Nutrients that can be recycled
Capable of taking atmospheric
Produce nitrogen as gas and put it into atmosphere
Change nitrogen types
Bacteria involved in mutalistic relationship
Cow has various bacteria - capable of breaking down cellulose
Without bacteria - cow won't get nutragen value

We wouldn't get nutrients out of grass

Cow break down grass
Bacteria for own nutritional purposes
Also make nutrients available to cow
Do some of breakdown of materials in our own gut
Also a mutualistic relationship - pea family
Roots of these plants - nodules - nitrogen fixing bacteria
These bacteria - help provide nutrition to plant
Use bacteria in variety of things
Water treatment plants - use bacteria to clense water
Bacteria capable of consuming patrolim products such as oil
Food products - yogurt and cheese
Employing bacteria to make human gene products - insulin and human growth
hormone - difficult to obtain from animals via genetic engineering