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2015-ESC-0462

Fuel Cell based Hybrid Power Generation Strategies for Microgrid Applications
U. R. Prasanna

Kaushik Rajashekara

Member, IEEE
University of Texas at Dallas,
Richardson, TX-75080
prasanna.ur@utdallas.edu

Fellow, IEEE
University of Texas at Dallas,
Richardson, TX-75080
k.raja@utdallas.edu

Abstract- A hybrid power generation system is a


combination of two or more power generation sources to best
make use of their individual operating characteristics and to
obtain efficiencies greater than that could be obtained from a
single power source. These hybrid power sources can be a
combination of a fossil fuel based plant and a renewable
energy source as in a gas turbine combined with a high
temperature fuel cell based system or a combination of two or
more renewable energy sources, like wind and solar. In this
paper, hybrid power generation systems with different
combinations of fuel cells and renewable energy sources for
microgrid applications are discussed. The hybrid systems
discussed in this paper are: combined cycle operation of a
solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and a micro turbine; Proton
exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell and wind turbine;
combination of SOFC and PEM fuel cell; and SOFC and
solar thermal power generation system. The advantages and
limitations of these strategies are also presented.

exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as a hybrid system


to achieve higher efficiencies and also to obtain optimum
supply of fuel to both the fuel cell systems. The SOFCs are
most commonly used for power generation in applications
like auxiliary power unit (APU) in cruise ships, trains, and
stationary power generation. The PEMFCs are used mainly
for automotive propulsion and for power generation below
about 250kW.

Index Terms- Microgrid, Hybrid power generation, Fuel


Cell Power generation, SOFC, PEM, Wind, Solar Thermal
power generation.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Microgrid is a group of distributed energy resources


(DER) and interconnected loads that acts as a single
controllable entity to operate in both grid-connected and
islanded modes [1]. The DER could be conventional
sources, renewable energy sources, or fuel cell systems. A
hybrid power generating system is a combination of two or
more of these power generation technologies to make best
use of their operating characteristics and to achieve
efficiencies greater than that could be obtained from a
single source [2-3]. These hybrid power systems are
particularly suitable for microgrid applications because all
the DERs in a microgrid are closely located. Hence it
would be relatively simple to combine two or more of them
together and then connect to a microgrid to increase the
efficiency and performance.
Fuel cell-gas turbine hybrid systems exhibit synergies,
not present in typical combined cycle units, with fuel-toelectricity efficiencies higher than either the fuel cell or gas
turbine alone and costs for a given efficiency that may
become lower than either alone. Fig. 1 demonstrates the
efficiency across a broad power range for various power
generation technologies [2]. As can be seen from the
figure, combining fuel cell with a gas turbine increases the
overall efficiency greater than 60% whereas individual
efficiencies of solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine are
much lower. The efficiency of SOFC is about 45%. The
gas turbines have efficiencies of the order of 30%. The
high temperature SOFC can also be combined with proton

Fig. 1. Efficiencies of various power generation systems


Separate system
Fuel

Power Plant

Electricity

100

36

Fuel

Heat

Boiler

100

36  80
100  100

58 %

30  55
100

85 %

80
Cogeneration system
Electricity

Fuel
100

Cogeneration
System

30
Heat

55

Fig. 2. Illustration of efficiency improvement in cogeneration system

Cogeneration, often called combined heat and power


(CHP), is a type of hybrid power system that refers to a
group of power generation units that operate together for
the concurrent generation of electricity and useful heat,
which is generally much more energy-efficient than
separate generation of electricity and useful heat. It is the
thermodynamically sequential production of two or more
useful forms of energy from a single primary energy
source [4]. Hence, cogeneration is a form of local or
distributed generation as heat and power production taking
place at or near the point of consumption. For the same
output of useful energy, cogeneration uses far less fuel than
traditional separate heat and power production, which

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2015-ESC-0462

means lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as usage of


fossil fuel is reduced. For example, as shown in Fig. 2, in
conventional power plant only 36% of the primary fuel is
converted to electricity and about 80% in boiler. With the
cogeneration system, it is possible to use the energy source
efficiently by utilizing thermal output to obtain overall
efficiency of about 85%.
A microgrid based on the integration of renewable
energy sources such as wind and solar has been an
increasing trend to achieve reliable power generation and
reduced emissions. These sources have been utilized in the
form of either grid connected or in islanded mode. Due to
unavailability of continuous power from these sources,
additional energy storage system may be necessary.
However, battery energy storage technology may not be
efficient and economical in most of the situations. Hence,
combining renewable energy sources with fuel cell systems
would provide efficient, continuous, and reliable power
along with the improvement in the efficiency of the overall
operation.
This paper presents fuel cell based hybrid power
generation systems for microgrid applications. The
technologies being presented are: (i) High temperature
SOFC combined with the gas turbine system, (ii) Hybrid
system consisting of proton exchange membrane fuel cell
and wind turbine, (iii). Combination of SOFC and PEMFC
based system, and (iv) Hybrid power system based on
SOFC-solar air turbine that uses Brayton Cycle for
electricity generation. The operation, advantages, and
limitations of these technologies are briefly discussed.
II.

SOFC-GAS TURBINE SYSTEM

The hybrid power generating systems consisting of high


temperature SOFC and gas turbine have been analyzed and
developed for various applications like standalone and grid

connected power generation, APUs in commercial


airplanes, railroad vehicles, ships, etc. [5-12]. Since the
temperature of the exhaust of SOFC is about 850C, the
heat and the pressure difference can be utilized to drive a
downstream turbine to generate additional power to
achieve higher efficiency. The exhaust from SOFC
matches well with the inlet temperature of the turbine. Fig.
3 shows a typical hybrid power generation system using
high temperature SOFC and gas turbine. The fuel is
reformed to obtain the hydrogen rich reformate which is
fed to the anode of the SOFC. In the case of SOFC, carbon
monoxide could also be used as fuel. The reforming
process could be endothermic, autothermal, or partial
oxidation process. For stationary power generation, natural
gas is used as fuel. The system can use other types of fuel
provided reformer is able to convert this fuel into hydrogen
rich fuel for the SOFC. Ambient air is pressurized to 300400kPa (3-4 atm) using a compressor. This compressed air
is preheated in a heat exchanger using exhaust of the gas
turbine and fed to the cathode of SOFC. The high
temperature exhaust of the SOFC drives the turbine to
generate more electric power without any additional fuel.
Sometimes, unused fuel from the anode and exhaust from
the cathode are burned in a combustor to further raise the
temperature of the exhaust as shown in Fig. 3. The exhaust
from the turbine is first used to heat the compressed air
going to the cathode of the SOFC and to preheat the fuel
which is fed to the reformer. The turbine driving the
alternator/generator produces three-phase ac voltage. This
voltage is converted to DC using AC-DC converter and
combined with the dc output from the SOFC using power
conditioning DC-DC converter. This combined DC voltage
is converted to three phase ac using the DC-AC threephase inverter and then connected to the utility grid.

Fig. 3. Block diagram of SOFC-gas turbine hybrid system

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The SOFC and the gas turbine are tightly coupled in


this hybrid system. For a given cycle, operating with
higher pressure will yield increased power output and
efficiency which also lead to optimum integration with
the gas turbine. Overall efficiency of more than 65% can
be obtained from this combined cycle system. During
normal operating conditions, no additional air or fuel is
used in the gas turbine. It is possible to optimize the
performance by varying the fuel and air utilization
depending on the constraints of stack cooling and heat
exchanger [13-17]. This type of system is suitable for
distributed power generation in the power range of
100kW to several MW. Thus, combining SOFC and gas
turbine gives advantages in terms of efficiency, fuel
utilization, flexibility and scalability.
For widespread use of SOFC - gas turbine hybrid
power generation system, several challenges have to be
overcome, the most significant being the integration of
several technologies that comprise a total hybrid power
generating system. This integration involves developing
a system with competitive system cost, modularity,
operational flexibility, and reliable operation. The system
control, energy management, thermal management,
system balance, safe operation are all still the major
challenges to be addressed. Hence, not many SOFCturbine hybrid power systems are deployed for power
generation applications. Also, SOFC technology itself is
still not fully matured. Several research organizations and
industries are working to advance the SOFC based power
generation systems
III.

PEMFC -WIND TURBINE SYSTEM

Wind is an intermittent energy source that is not


continuously available due to factors such as variable
wind speed, air density, and turbine characteristics
(among other factors). If wind speed is too low, then the

wind turbines will not be able to generate enough electric


power, and if it is too high the turbines may have to be
shut down to avoid damage. Due to this randomness in
the availability of wind energy, it can be combined with
other sources of power or energy storage systems to
compensate for the variation in wind power. A few of the
options being considered for storing the wind energy are
[18]:
x Pumped storage hydropower: This is the most
prevalent existing technology used, and can
substantially improve the economics of wind power.
x Thermal energy storage: Stored as heat that can be
used directly for heating needs or converted into
electricity.
x Battery storage: Rechargeable flow batteries or
lithium-ion batteries can be used to storage energy
and also provide faster response.
Hydrogen can be generated through electrolysis and
stored for later use.
Combining the wind power generation with a fuel-cell
system would be ideal in terms of emission as well as
efficiency [19-20]. Fig. 4 shows the hybrid system based
on wind power generation and PEM fuel cell [3]. Threephase ac power generated from the wind generator is
converted to dc and is used for generation of hydrogen by
the electrolysis of water. Hydrogen generated using the
electrolyzer can be stored in cylinders at a certain
pressure and used as the fuel to the fuel cell stack. Since
the hydrogen is produced from electrolysis of water, it is
free from any carbon monoxide. Hence, PEM fuel cell is
most suitable in this type of hybrid system. Electrical
output from the fuel cell is conditioned and fed to the
utility grid.

Fig. 4. PEM-wind turbine hybrid power generation system

Wind power is used as the primary source and fuel


cell as secondary source for power generation. During
peak power availability from the wind generation system,
hydrogen is generated using electrolysis and stored in a

pressurized cylinder. This stored hydrogen is used as


input to the fuel cell for power generation when power
from wind is low. In this way, fuel cell is used to
compensate for fluctuations in the wind power to provide

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stable output power [21-23]. AC-DC converter connected


to the wind generator is operated to extract optimal power
for a given wind speed by adopting maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. Power supplied to the
electrolyzer is based on the amount of H2 that needs to be
produced depending on factors like power available from
wind, power requirement from the grid, operating
efficiency etc. If there is insufficient hydrogen for the
fuel cell, a reformer can be used to generate hydrogen
using natural gas as fuel.
Instead of the wind turbine system, it is possible to
combine PEMFC with a solar photovoltaic power
generation system. It is also possible to combine the solar
photovoltaic (PV) panels to the system in Fig. 4 and
produce additional electric power based on the solar
insolation at the location of the system [24-25].
IV.

SOFC-PEM FUEL CELL SYSTEM

efficiency, better performance, and faster response. The


PEMFC operates at temperatures of the order of 80100C and has a faster start-up. However, PEM requires
pure hydrogen as the fuel, which complicates the design
of the reformer. SOFC is operated at higher temperature
in the range of 800C to 1000C, and has higher
efficiency than PEMFC. Also, SOFC can tolerate
relatively impure fuels, such as those produced from the
gasification of coal. Hence, there is no stringent
requirement for the quality of reformate. Due to higher
operating temperature, waste heat from SOFC is of good
quality and can be utilized for cogeneration. But, it takes
longer time to start the SOFC system and also it has
slower response for the load changes. Hence, it is
advantageous to combine both PEM and SOFC to obtain
best out of both the systems for optimum power
generation for connecting to a microgrid [26-29].

PEMFC and SOFC can be combined together to


make use of their individual properties to obtain high

Fig. 5. Hybrid SOFC-PEM fuel cell power generation system

Fig. 5 shows the hybrid power generating system to


combine SOFC and PEM fuel cell to generate power at
higher efficiencies. Both fuel cell systems derive their
fuel from a common catalytic hydrocarbon reformer
which is sized for a greater output than the requirement
of SOFC alone, the excess capacity being used to fuel the
PEMFC. Hydrocarbon fuel is fed to the reformer which
reforms fuel into syngas comprising of hydrogen (H2)
and carbon monoxide (CO). This reformate is directly fed
to the anode of SOFC along with the heated air at the
cathode. DC output power obtained from the SOFC is
conditioned using DC-DC power converter and fed to the
DCbus of the inverter. The anode and cathode exhausts
could be further combusted before it is used for driving
the turbine generator to generate three-phase ac output
for connecting to a microgrid. Residual thermal energy in

the exhaust of the turbine can be used for water heating


or space heating applications. Heat generated in the
combustor is also being used to heat the compressed air
that is being fed to the cathode of SOFC.
A single reformer provides the required reformate to
the SOFC and pure hydrogen to the PEMFC. Although
the same reformer is used for both PEMFC and SOFC
system, the reformate has to go through water gas shift
reaction for purification and cooling to produce pure
hydrogen before it is used for PEMFC. The output of the
PEMFC is converted to required DC voltage using a DCDC converter and combined with the output of the SOFC
output power. The combined power is converted to AC
using an inverter and connected to the microgrid.
PEMFC responds to instantaneous changes in load power
demand and also aids in startup of the SOFC system, thus

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eliminating the need for additional source or energy


storage system. Waste exhaust, if any, from the PEMFC
which contains unused hydrogen that can also be fed to
the combustor to further increase the efficiency of the
total system. Using multi-objective optimization, it is
possible to design a cost effective and environmental
friendly hybrid system by choosing suitable power rating
and operating conditions for SOFC and PEM fuel cell
system.
V.

SOFC-SOLAR AIR TURBINE BASED HYBRID


POWER SYSTEM

The air turbine uses the Brayton Cycle; a


thermodynamic cycle (a cycle that converts heat and
pressure into useful forms of energy) commonly used in
jet engine turbines. CSIRO of Australia has demonstrated
a 200kW system [30]. A group of sun-tracking mirrors
placed in a field, called as heliostats, are used to reflect
the solar radiation on to a receiver [31-36]. Reflected rays
are concentrated to a fixed receiver located on top of the
solar tower. Depending on the number of heliostats,
fluxes of 500-1000 suns can be obtained by concentrating
the solar insolation. This concentration is sufficient to
achieve temperatures above 1000C. Air from the
atmosphere is drawn, compressed and fed to the receiver.
Concentrated solar radiation is used to heat the
compressed air to about 1000C. Energy in this heated air
is utilized to drive a turbine using the Brayton
thermodynamic cycle. Turbine is coupled to a generator
to produce three-phase ac power feeding power to the
utility grid. This system can be hybridized by combining
with a solid oxide fuel cell as shown in Fig. 6 to best

make use of the power available from the solar air turbine
power plant.
In the system shown in Fig. 6, whenever there is an
excess power available from the air turbine generator,
water is electrolyzed to produce hydrogen, and then
compressed and stored in a cylinder. When needed, the
stored hydrogen is fed to the anode of SOFC along with
the heated air to the cathode of SOFC. This hot air stream
is derived from the solar receiver and can also be used to
bring the SOFC to its required operating temperature for
initial startup of the SOFC system. Electrical output
obtained at the output of SOFC is conditioned and
combined with the turbine generator output and fed to the
microgrid. When sufficient solar power is not available,
it is possible to run the turbine generator directly from the
exhaust of the SOFC unit assuming sufficient hydrogen is
stored to run the SOFC unit. If the stored hydrogen is not
sufficient, the required hydrogen can be obtained by
reforming the natural gas to obtain the power from SOFC
and also to run the turbine from its exhaust. Compressed
high temperature air fed to the turbine either as hot air
from the solar receiver or as exhaust from SOFC unit can
be regulated by the valves as shown in Figure 6. During
daytime, when solar energy is available, energy from the
solar receiver needs to be utilized completely. During
cloudy times and at night, using the stored hydrogen or
from the reformate SOFC generates the electric power
and also provides the high temperature exhaust for
running the turbine. With this type of hybrid system, the
need for energy storage systems like batteries can be
eliminated [37-38].

Fig. 6. SOFC-Solar combined power generation system

Solar air turbine hybrid system has advantages such


as clean operation, renewable energy based system, and
no need for a separate energy storage system [39-40].
The hydrogen produced during day time from solar

energy can be used as fuel to SOFC during night times to


produce the required electric power. But, there are
several challenges for the deployment of a system like air

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turbine and SOFC hybrid system. A few of the challenges


related to the solar air turbine system alone are:
x Needs high-precision optics and heliostat control for
the successful operation of the complete system.
x Design and development of an air turbine that can
operate from high temperature air of the solar
receiver or using the high temperature exhaust of
SOFC

[6]

Efficiency can be further improved by using both


high temperature absorber and photovoltaic in parallel to
optimize the full spectrum of the solar insolation. It is
possible to optimize the overall system efficiency by
analyzing efficiency of individual systems at various
operating points and decide suitable operation for given
solar energy and load requirements.

[10]

VI.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

In this paper, hybrid power generation systems with


different combinations of fuel cells and renewable energy
sources for microgrid applications are discussed. These
hybrid power sources can be a combination of a fossil
fuel based plant and a renewable energy source as in a
gas turbine combined with a high temperature fuel cell
based system or a combination of two or more renewable
energy sources, like wind and solar. The SOFC- gas
turbine hybrid systems have been commercially
developed and demonstrated by Siemens-Westinghouse,
UT Power, Rolls-Royce, and several other companies.
Because of the technological challenges, they have not
been yet widely deployed. The wind power- PEM fuel
cell systems have also been demonstrated for low power
applications (<200kW). In addition, development of a
solar powered wind turbine also has been reported by the
researchers in a UK university [41]. PEM-SOFC hybrid
systems still a concept and no fully working system has
been reported in the literature. The solar air turbine
system has been demonstrated by the CSIRO of Australia
by working with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The
addition of a SOFC based unit to the solar air turbine is
our proposed concept and there is no known working
system. Although several of the hybrid systems are still
in the early stages of development, they are the efficient
strategies for the future clean power generation systems.
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