Name : Andi Aidil Mufid

NIM : 1571041034
Class : I C

Metatheory and the critique of Psychology

Natural scientific psychology has changed over time significantly as have the
natural sciences. Early 19th century psychology that understood itself as natural-scientific
would be labeled philoshopical.Descartes could be used as a pioneer for the
establishment of a natural-scientific but also human-scientific psychology. This
ambiguous role is due to his dualistic division of reality into res extensa ( body ) and res
cogitans ( mind ).I am not using the notion of psychology as a social science because a
social-scientific psychology can follow the lead of the natural or the human sciences.
The terms critical psychology and ethical-political psychology, although the latter
is only a part of the former, are sometimes used interchangeably in this book because the
focus is on ethical-political critiques of psychology.This phenomenology is based on my
particular experiences at York University.I have also absorved that students who receive a
science degree is not part of the soft sciences.Volkerpsychologie has been translated as
folk psychology, social psychology, collective psychology, and culture psychology.This
description indicates that human-scientific psychology follows an ethical-political
imperative.
Speculation and metaphysics have not been eradicated from contemporary
psychology. This does not necessarily mean death of psychology, but that psychology
requires an analysis of theses issues rather than their repression.The term crisis has been
used in an inflationary way for different and incompatible matheris in different
incompatible contexts. Two basic features of the term crisis are suddenness of the
beginning of the event and brevity of duriation. However, the crisis discussios of
psychology is a permanent one. From a Kuhnian perspective, the nation of a permanent
crisis does not make sense. Indeed, it might be better to dsribe psychology as a
preparadigmatic discipline. I have suggest ( Teo,1999 ) that this third system appears in
the three functions of docontruction, reconstruction, and contruction.
Friction between the system of psychology are often framed as basic versus
applied research ( which from my prerspective are misleading ), and also find expression
in the establishment of new academic organization ( e.g., the founding of the American
psychological Society as an organization specifically aimed at suppoting concerns of
scientists, and not practitioners ).Some auther have argued that the subject matter of
psychology is the central factor in the crisis of psychology. Moreover , one could divide
the relevance factor into several subfactors. I do not think that the theory-practice issue is

the substance of the crisis because psychology has been very practical ( Ward, 2002 ).
More promisisng are positions such as that of Herzog ( 1984 ) who argued that a
unification of psychology would be possible only for theories that were based on the
same model of human nature.Suppose there is a political initiative against the experiment.
This experiment in psychology arguing that people are often deceived in experiments.
This initiative invites people to participate in experiments in order to deceive the
experimenters themselves. The experimenter would obtain results, burt would the results
be caused by independent variables ? the experiment depends on an implicit intersubjectivity of meaning. The experimenter expects that a person will demonstrate a
certain behavior , the role of a subject in an experiment. The experiment allows only a
limited range of behavior. The esxperiment needs the cooperative, nice, nave, and in a
way uneducated subject.