ECS 06-0022 Grid and Primary Earthing Construction PDF

Document Number: ECS 06-0022
Date: 10/12/2014
ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION STANDARD
ECS 06-0022
GRID AND PRIMARY EARTHING CONSTRUCTION

Network(s):
EPN, LPN, SPN
Summary:
This standard details the earthing construction requirements for grid and primary
substations.
Owner:
Stephen Tucker
Date:
10/12/2014
Approved By:
Steve Mockford
Approved Date:
29/12/2014
This document forms part of the Companys Integrated Business System and its requirements are mandatory throughout UK
Power Networks. Departure from these requirements may only be taken with the written approval of the Director of Asset
Management. If you have any queries about this document please contact the author or owner of the current issue.
Applicable To
UK Power Networks
External
All UK Power Networks
G81 Website
Asset Management
Contractors
Capital Programme
ICPs/IDNOs
Connections
Meter Operators
HSS&TT
Network Operations
UK Power Networks Services
Other
THIS IS AN UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT, THE READER MUST CONFIRM ITS VALIDITY BEFORE USE
Version: 2.0
Grid and Primary Earthing Construction

Version: 2.0
Date: 10/12/2014
Revision Record
Version
2.0
Review Date
10/12/2019
Date
10/12/2014
Author
Stephen Tucker
Why has the document been updated: Periodic review and revised to align with the latest draft of
ENA TS 41-24. The general construction principles and techniques remain the same.
What has changed:
Greater use of aluminium conductor for above ground earthing from EBP 06-0002 (which has
been withdrawn).
Conductor sizes included (Section 5).
Recommendation for portable earth connections (Section 10).
Operator earth mat at all switch operating positions (Section 11.5.3).
Revision to surge arrester/CVT earthing (Section 11.6).
General bonding requirements (Section 12) including guidance on the earthing of cable tunnel
metalwork (Section 12.4).
Earthing of powder coated fencing (Section 13.7).
Test form to record commissioning and maintenance results (Section 15).
Version
1.2
Review Date
31/03/2013
Date
28/09/2011
Author
Stephen Tucker
Reclassification and reformatting of document from Earthing Construction Manual Section 2

Version
22/03/2011
Review Date
31/03/2011
Date
1.1
Author
Peter Rix
Version
1.0
Review Date
31/03/2011
Date
31/03/2008
Author
Stephen Tucker
Document rebranded
Original
UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved
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Contents
1
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 6
Scope ....................................................................................................................... 6
Glossary and Abbreviations ................................................................................... 6
General Requirements ............................................................................................ 7
4.1
Avoiding Theft ........................................................................................................... 7
4.2
Sites where Theft has Occurred ................................................................................ 7
4.3
Installation of Earthing Underground ......................................................................... 8
4.4
Use of Disconnected Cable as Electrode................................................................... 8
Materials................................................................................................................... 9
Joints and Connections ........................................................................................ 11
6.1
General ................................................................................................................... 11
6.2
Copper to Copper .................................................................................................... 11
6.3
Copper to Earth Rods .............................................................................................. 11
6.4
Copper to Equipment Earths ................................................................................... 11
6.5
Aluminium to Aluminium .......................................................................................... 12
6.6
Aluminium Tape to Copper Tape ............................................................................. 12
6.7
Aluminium to Copper Stranded Cable ..................................................................... 13
6.8
Aluminium Tape to Steel Structures ........................................................................ 13
6.9
Remaking of Defective Earth Joints ......................................................................... 13
Metal Structures .................................................................................................... 14
7.1
General ................................................................................................................... 14
7.2
Aluminium Structures .............................................................................................. 14
7.3
Steel Structures ....................................................................................................... 15
Connection to Structural Earths including Steel Piles and Rebar ..................... 16
8.1
Sheet Steel Piles ..................................................................................................... 16
8.2
Horizontal Steel Reinforced Foundations................................................................. 17
8.3
Vertical Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns ........................................................... 18
Test Points ............................................................................................................. 19
9.1
Electrode Test Points .............................................................................................. 19
9.2
Pile Cap and Rebar Test points ............................................................................... 19
10
Portable Earth Connections ................................................................................. 20
11
Circuit and Equipment Connections .................................................................... 21
11.1
General ................................................................................................................... 21
11.2
Overhead Line Terminations ................................................................................... 22
11.2.1 Towers .................................................................................................................... 22
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11.2.2 Terminal Towers ...................................................................................................... 22

11.2.3 Towers with Cable Sealing Ends and Surge Arresters............................................. 23
11.2.4 Terminal Poles ........................................................................................................ 23
11.3
Cable Terminations ................................................................................................. 24
11.3.1 Power Cables .......................................................................................................... 24

11.3.2 Cable Sealing Ends ................................................................................................. 24
11.3.3 Protection, Control and Communication Cables ...................................................... 24
11.4
GIS Switchgear ....................................................................................................... 24
11.5
Fault Thrower Switches, Earth Switches and Disconnectors ................................... 24
11.5.1 Fault Thrower Switches ........................................................................................... 24

11.5.2 Disconnectors and Earth Switches .......................................................................... 25
11.5.3 Operator Handles, Mechanisms and Control Kiosks ................................................ 25
11.6
Surge Arresters and CVTs....................................................................................... 26
12
Bonding.................................................................................................................. 28
12.1
Ancillary Metalwork.................................................................................................. 28
12.2
Metal Trench Covers ............................................................................................... 28
12.3
Lighting and Security Equipment ............................................................................. 28
12.4
Cable Tunnel Metalwork .......................................................................................... 29
12.5
Basement Cable Support Systems .......................................................................... 29
13
Metallic Fencing .................................................................................................... 30
13.1
General ................................................................................................................... 30
13.2
Independently Earthed Fence Arrangement ............................................................ 30
13.3
Bonded Earthed Fence Arrangement ...................................................................... 30
13.4
Powder Coated and Galvanised Mesh Fences ........................................................ 31
13.5
Gates and Gate Posts ............................................................................................. 32
13.6
Insulated Fence Sections ........................................................................................ 33
13.7
Third Party Metallic Fences ..................................................................................... 33
14
HOT Site Actions ................................................................................................... 34
15
Testing and Commissioning ................................................................................. 35
15.1
General ................................................................................................................... 35
15.2
Visual Inspection ..................................................................................................... 35
15.3
Measurements......................................................................................................... 36
15.4
Assessment ............................................................................................................. 36
15.5
Records ................................................................................................................... 36
16
References ............................................................................................................. 37
Appendix A Aluminium Bending Tool .......................................................................... 38
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Figures
Figure 7-1 Structure Leg Earth Example .......................................................................... 15
Figure 8-1 Connection to Steel Sheet Piles ...................................................................... 16
Figure 8-2 Connection to Horizontal Steel Reinforced Foundations ................................. 17
Figure 8-3 Connection to Vertical Steel Reinforced Columns ........................................... 18
Figure 9-1 Test Point........................................................................................................ 19
Figure 10-1 Portable Earth Connection ............................................................................ 20
Figure 10-2 Old Portable Earth Connection ...................................................................... 20
Figure 11-1 Terminal Tower Earthing ............................................................................... 22
Figure 11-2 Typical Use of Structure to Provide Earth...................................................... 25
Figure 11-3 Preformed Copper Lattice Operator Earth Mat Embedded in Concrete ......... 26
Figure 11-4 Galvanised Steel Surface Laid Operator Earth Mat ....................................... 26
Figure 11-5 Surge Arrester (and CVT) Typical Earthing Arrangement using Aluminium
Conductor .......................................................................................................... 27
Figure 11-6 Surge Arrester (and CVT) Typical Earthing Arrangement using Copper
Conductor .......................................................................................................... 27
Figure 13-1 Power Coated Fence Examples .................................................................... 31
Figure 13-2 Mesh Fence Panel/Post Continuity Joint (from EDS 07-0105-3002) ............. 32
Figure 13-3 Fence Panel/Post Continuity Joints ............................................................... 32
Figure 13-4 Fibreglass Panel for Internal Fencing Only.................................................... 33
Figure 13-5 Fibreglass Panel for Internal and External Use ............................................. 33
Figure 13-6 Fence Stand-off Insulator .............................................................................. 33
Figure 16-1 Example of 'J' Bends ..................................................................................... 38
Figure 16-2 Tool for Forming 'J' Bends............................................................................. 38
Tables
Table 5-1 Earthing and Bonding Electrode/Conductor Sizes .............................................. 9
Table 5-2 Tape and Stranded Conductor Specifications .................................................. 10
Table 6-1 Bolt Sizes and Torque Settings for use on Bolted Aluminium Joints ................. 12
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Introduction
This standard (previously Section 2 of the Earthing Construction Manual) details the earthing
construction requirements for grid and primary substations and other connections at 132kV
and 33kV.
In general the earthing design should be provided by the project design engineer and this
standard can then be used to install and construct the earthing. The design should include
an earthing design drawing, the earthing system rating, the dimensions of main components
and any site specific design requirements. This standard is not a substitute for the earthing
design standards which cover the earthing design in detail. For further guidance on general
earthing requirements and earthing design refer to EDS 06-0001 and EDS 06-0013.
Refer to ENA TS 41-24 for any requirements not explicitly covered in the UK Power
Networks earthing design and construction standards.
Scope
This standard applies to all earthing construction work at the following:
New grid and primary substations.

Existing grid and primary substations.
Any connection at 132kV or 33kV.
Glossary and Abbreviations
A full list of earthing terms is can be found in EDS 06-0012.

Term
Definition
Earth Conductor
Above ground conductor used to connect plant, equipment and

electrodes of the earth electrode system
Earth Electrode
A conductor or group of conductors in direct contact with the soil;

examples include rod, tape, cable steel, reinforcing bar etc
EPR
Earth potential rise. EPR is the potential (voltage) rise that occurs on any
metalwork due to the current that flows through the ground when an earth
fault occurs on the HV or LV network. Historically this has also been
known as rise of earth potential (ROEP)
GIS
Gas insulated switchgear
COLD Site
A COLD site is a grid, primary or secondary substation where the earth

potential rise is less than 430V or 650V (for high reliability protection with
a fault clearance time less than 200ms)
HOT Site
A HOT site is a grid, primary or secondary substation where the earth

potential rise is greater than 430V or 650V (for high reliability protection
with a fault clearance time less than 200ms)
RTU
Remote terminal unit
HV
High-voltage. Voltages greater than 1000V
LV
Low-voltage. Voltages of 1000V or less
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General Requirements
4.1
Avoiding Theft
The theft of copper (and to a lesser extent aluminium) earthing continues to be a significant
problem. Therefore the earthing system shall be constructed to ensure that it is secure and
not vulnerable to theft. Aluminium should be used above ground wherever practicable and
the use of exposed copper shall be kept to a minimum.
Note:
Aluminium shall not be used for earthing conductors that are in direct contact or buried
within the ground.
Small sections of copper/aluminium should be avoided as multiple joints in close
proximity may be problematic.
In some cases it may be prudent to replace existing copper with aluminium.
Where the use of aluminium is impractical or not suitable (e.g. connections to rebar) then
copper may be used provided it is suitably protected from theft.
Copper shall continue to be used for connections to gates, doors and other locations
where movement is involved.
All exposed copper and aluminium sections should be fixed using one or more anti-theft
fixing techniques such as:
Pinning every 300mm. The pins should have plastic spacers to separate the pin from the
conductor and in the case of aluminium, plastic spacers to separate the aluminium from
galvanised metalwork.
Burying the copper tape and/or rods every few metres in concrete or in resin filled ducts
(where contact with soil not required) to prevent removal.
Applying anti-climbing paint (e.g. Vandalene) on all above ground sections and/or
painting all copper above ground to look like aluminium.
Fitting galvanised steel anti-theft capping over the conductor to a height of 3m or the
equipment position.
Fitting steel banding around structures and pinning the fixings.
Marking all copper electrodes with 'Property of UK Power Networks'.
In all cases, it is important that pins, screws capping etc. are installed such that water cannot
gather and cause corrosion.
4.2
Sites where Theft has Occurred
When entering a site where earth connections have been stolen, safety precautions are
necessary to reduce the risk of shock. EOS 09-0067 has been written to provide guidance
on the risk to personnel and the necessary precautions.
Like for like replacement is the easiest method but experience suggests that once a site has
been targeted the thieves may return. Therefore all replaced earthing shall utilise the antitheft fixing and/or protection methods detailed in Section 4.1.
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4.3
Installation of Earthing Underground
The following installation practices shall be employed unless shown otherwise on the design
drawing:
4.4
Hard drawn copper tape or copper conductor shall be used for all buried earthing.
Aluminium shall not be used for earthing conductors that are in direct contact with the
soil.
The tape shall be laid at least 300mm away from metallic sheathed or Hessian served
power cables and bare metal pipes and 150mm away from any plastic sheath cables.
Where a crossing is necessary, PVC tape or a split plastic duct shall be applied around
the cable or pipe.
Where copper tape or conductor within the site is to be buried under proposed cable
routes care shall be taken to ensure it is buried deep enough or otherwise protected so
that it is not exposed or damaged during cable installation.
Buried earth electrode and rods shall be surrounded by 150mm of fine texture noncorrosive soil which has been firmly consolidated. If the indigenous soil is hostile to
copper (i.e. known to be overly acidic or alkaline) suitable surrounding soil should be
imported.
Burying copper in concrete pads below ground does not reduce the effectiveness of the
earthing, provided the concrete pads are at least 0.6 metres below the surface. However
the copper should be painted with two coats of bitumen paint where it enters/exits the
concrete to prevent corrosion.
Use of Disconnected Cable as Electrode
Where metallic sheathed or hessian served cables are being replaced these cables should
be retained for use as earth electrodes. If the decommissioned cable is greater than 50
metres in length the phase conductors and sheaths of these cables, once disconnected,
should be connected together to maintain their contribution to the earth electrode system. A
constant force spring covered in Denso tape should be used to make the connection to the
sheath.
Ideally the substation end should be connected via a test point (Section 9) to allow earth
continuity or resistance measurements. The remote ends should, if practicable, be
connected to the electrode system at a joint or secondary substation
Cable records shall be annotated to show such cables as earth electrode.
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Materials
Earth electrode and bonding sizes together with any other materials should be specified on
the earthing design drawing; however standard earthing conductor and bonding sizes are
also given in Table 5-1. Note: At sites shared with National Grid any earthing electrode
within their area will usually be sized to comply with National Grid requirements.
A full list of approved earthing materials is available in EAS 06-0011.
Table 5-1 Earthing and Bonding Electrode/Conductor Sizes
Function
Connection
Conductor
(Table 5-2)
Minimum Standard Size (mm)

12kA/3s
26kA/3s
31.5kA/3s
40kA/3s
Earth grid
Duplicate
Copper Tape
25 x 4
40 x 4
50 x 6
50 x 8
Primary
equipment
connections
Single
Brazed or
Welded
Copper Tape
25 x 4
40 x 6
50 x 6
50 x 8
Copper Stranded
120mm
Single
double
bolted
Copper Tape
40 x 3
Copper Stranded
120mm
Duplicate
Brazed or
Welded
Copper Tape
25 x 3
Copper Stranded
70mm
Duplicate
double
bolted
Copper Tape
25 x 3
Copper Stranded
70mm
Secondary
equipment
connections
Single
Copper Tape
25mm x 4mm
Copper Stranded
70mm
Above ground
equipment
connections or
internal earth
bars
Single
Aluminium Tape
40 x 6
n/a
n/a
n/a
40 x 4
40 x 6
50 x 6
n/a
Equipment
connections via
structure legs
Double
Single Leg
Galvanised Steel
Duplicate
legs
300mm
50 x 6
185mm
185mm
185mm
400mm
185mm
240mm
400mm
40 x 5
2
38 x 5
2
400mm
50 x 8
40 x 4
40 x 4
2
300mm
50 x 6
40 x 4
240mm
40 x 6
2
240mm
380mm
870mm
970mm
1230mm
225mm
522mm
582mm
738mm
Fence bond
Single
Copper Tape or
Stranded
25 x 3 or 70mm
Gate post bond
Single
Copper Tape or
Stranded
25 x 3 or 70mm
Gate bond
Single
Copper Stranded
or Braid
16mm
Lighting and
security
equipment
connections
Single
Copper Tape or
Stranded
25 x 3 or 70mm
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Function
Connection
Conductor
(Table 5-2)
Minimum Standard Size (mm)

12kA/3s
Other bonding
e.g. staircases,
cable supports
etc.
Single
Copper Stranded
16mm
26kA/3s
31.5kA/3s
40kA/3s
Table 5-2 Tape and Stranded Conductor Specifications

Material
Specification
Copper Tape*
High conductivity copper tape to BS EN 13601
Copper Conductor
Hard drawn stranded copper to BS 7884
Copper Braid
High conductivity copper wire to BS 4109-C101
Aluminium Tape*
Hard drawn to BS 2898-1350 or aluminium alloy to BS 3242
*Tape should be embossed with Property of UK Power Networks
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Joints and Connections
6.1
General
The methods described below are the only ones permitted.

Exothermic welded or brazed type joints are preferred; compression and bolted joints are
also permissible but bolted joints should only be used above ground. However, for
replacement work following theft this may not be initially practical but any temporary bolted
underground joints shall be replaced to make the repairs permanent.
For equipment connections welded joints may be possible but in the majority of cases,
bolted joints will be necessary. High tensile stainless steel or galvanised steel nuts, bolts and
washers shall be used for this purpose. Bolted connections shall, wherever possible, be at
least the double bolt fixing type, except where purpose designed connections are provided
by the equipment manufacturers.
All bolted joints should be painted with two coats of bitumen paint where practicable to
prevent corrosion.
All earth conductors should be clear of combustible materials.
6.2
Copper to Copper
Tape to tape connections shall be brazed or exothermically welded.

Stranded cable to stranded cable connections shall be exothermically welded or joined using
compression joints.
Stranded cable to tape connections shall be exothermically welded. Alternatively a lug may
be compressed onto the stranded conductor and for underground use bolted and then
brazed or welded onto the copper tape. For above ground purposes, the lug should be
bolted to the tape using a two-bolt fitting.
6.3
Copper to Earth Rods
Connections to earth rods shall be brazed or exothermically welded. Bolted connections and
U-bolts are not acceptable at grid and primary substations.
6.4
Copper to Equipment Earths
Copper tape to equipment earths shall use bolted joints as follows:
Use a two-bolt fixing (unless a suitably rated fixing is provided by the manufacturer).
Install joints in the vertical plane, wherever possible.
Drill the copper tape to accommodate the bolts (normal diameter is 10mm); the bolt
holes shall be less than one-third the width of the tape. Alternatively a copper flag shall
be jointed to the copper tape to accommodate the drilled holes.
Prepare the surface of all joints using aluminium oxide cloth (grade 80) and coat with
neutral compound grease (e.g. Castrol Rustillo 431).
Tin the copper; the tin should not exceed an average of 0.5mm (otherwise it may flow
from bolted sections under pressure).
Coat all joint faces with neutral compound grease (e.g. Castrol Rustillo 431).
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Make the joint using high tensile galvanised steel bolts fitted with large diameter
galvanised steel washers and tighten as required.
Remove all excess grease from the finished joint.
Seal the joint with two coats of bitumen paint.
6.5
Aluminium to Aluminium
The preferred method for jointing aluminium tape is using either inert-gas tungsten-arc (TIG)
or inert-gas metal arc (MIG) welding. However bolted joints are acceptable and shall be
constructed as follows:
Use a two-bolt fixing.

Make the joint using high tensile galvanised steel bolts fitted with large diameter
galvanised steel washers (Table 6-1).
Tighten the bolts using a torque wrench using settings in Table 6-1 (to ensure adequate
contact pressure and avoid over-stressing 1).
Refer to Appendix A for details of 'J' bends that can be used to simplify the jointing of
aluminium tape.
Table 6-1 Bolt Sizes and Torque Settings for use on Bolted Aluminium Joints
Tape
Width
Tape
Overlap
Hole
Size
Bolt
Diameter
Washer Size
OD
ID
Washer
Thickness
Recommended
Bolt Torque
40mm
80mm
12mm
10mm
25mm
11mm
2.5mm
35Nm
60mm
100mm
14mm
12mm
28mm
12.5mm
3.0mm
50Nm
6.6
Aluminium Tape to Copper Tape
Aluminium tape to copper tape connections shall use bolted joints constructed as follows:
Joints shall preferably be at least 150mm (see note below) above the ground or plinth
level and be located where water cannot gather.
The aluminium shall be above the copper.
All joints shall use a two-bolt fixing.
Tin the copper; the tin should not exceed an average of 0.5mm (otherwise it may flow
from bolted sections under pressure). Alternatively transition washers may be used (refer
to EAS 06-0011).
Tighten the bolts using a torque wrench to settings given in Table 6-1.
Excessive compression of the aluminium can lead to loss of springiness and subsequent relaxation of the joint
after thermal cycling.
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Where earthing has been stolen the following points shall also be considered:
6.7
If joints at or below ground level are unavoidable they shall be given a generous covering
of Denso tape in addition to the bitumen paint to further prevent corrosion.
Additionally, if the joint is within the substation shingle, the existing shingle shall be
cleared away from the joint and replaced with clean shingle to aid drainage and reduce
the likelihood of corrosion.
Remnants of copper earthing at the top of a structure or pole shall preferably be
removed and the aluminium conductor connected directly onto the structure or
metalwork to avoid having copper directly above aluminium. Connect as in Section 6.8.
Good earthing practice shall always prevail, i.e. straight runs down structures and poles
with no bends (especially for high frequency earths) etc.
Aluminium to Copper Stranded Cable
All aluminium to copper cable joints shall be made using bimetallic crimps.
6.8
Aluminium Tape to Steel Structures
Aluminium tape shall be connected to steel structures as follows:
6.9
Use a two-bolt fixing wherever possible.

Make the joint using transition washers.
Tighten the bolts using a torque wrench to settings given in Table 6-1.
Remaking of Defective Earth Joints
It is sometimes necessary to remake joints due to theft, damage, test failure, electrode
diversion etc. There is a risk that a voltage could appear across the joint if a fault occurs
while the joint is being repaired, therefore all joints shall be remade as follows:
All work shall be in accordance with the distribution safety rules and any other relevant
operational procedures.
A risk assessment shall be carried out before starting.
In addition to standard PPE the operator shall wear HV gloves.
Before carrying out any repairs, the joint to be repaired shall be short-circuited by
connecting a fully-rated conductor to positions either side of the defective joint. This short
shall be applied assuming there is a potential difference present between the ends and
current flow leading to arcing may occur when trying to make the connection.
The joint shall be remade in accordance with the relevant jointing method described in
this section.
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Metal Structures
7.1
General
All metal structures shall be connected to the main earth grid in accordance with Sections
7.2 and 7.3 below.
Metal structures should be used to wherever practicable and where specified in Section 11
to provide the connection between the equipment at the top of the structure and the main
earth grid.
7.2
Aluminium Structures
The following procedures are necessary to ensure that the aluminium structures used to
support substation equipment do not corrode:
Paint the bottom surface (and the top surface where galvanised steel or other equipment
is to be fitted) with two coats of bitumen paint prior to bolting equipment into position on
the concrete plinth. (Note: This reduces the possibility of bimetallic action which would
corrode the aluminium.)
Connect a bond between any steel on the top level equipment support and the
aluminium structure.
Bond any sections of the structure that are not bolted together in a manner consistent
with Section 6.5 or if the continuity bolted sections is not effective using aluminium tape
jointed in accordance with Section 6.6. Totally tinned copper straps can be used if
necessary on connections to insulator supports from the aluminium. The copper and
completed connection shall be sealed with two coats of bitumen paint to prevent
moisture ingress and corrosion.
Connect the aluminium structure to the main earth grid using copper tape jointed in
accordance with Section 6.6. Where the legs of the support structure are greater than
two metres apart or the structure is a bolted TT or goalpost type formation connect two
legs of the structure to the main earth grid.
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7.3
Steel Structures
Ideally the structure should be of the welded type or have one or more legs of a continuous
section from ground to equipment level. If there is doubt about the effective continuity
between bolted sections, bonds shall be installed across each bolted joint.
Connect the steel structure to the main earth grid using copper tape jointed in accordance
with Section 6.4
Figure 7-1 Structure Leg Earth Example
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Connection to Structural Earths including Steel Piles and Rebar
This section provides guidance on the connection to structural earths formed from sheet
piles and horizontal/vertical rebar. Structural earths should only be used if clearly specified in
the associated earthing design and will need to be installed alongside the civil works.
8.1
Sheet Steel Piles
Sheets that are more than 3m long and 2m wide should be bonded to the main earthing
system if specified within the design as follows:
Fusion weld a stainless steel stud to every second sheet at a suitable height (normally
600mm below finished ground level).
Bolt a length of 40mm x 4mm copper tape to each stud. Note: The use of buried bolted
connections in this case is reasonable as there are many parallel connections.
Connect the tape to the main earthing system. If the piles form a separate electrode
connected to the earthing system at one point, then the connection should be via a test
link (Section 9) such that the contribution of the piles may be monitored.
Plan View
M10 threaded stud 20mm

long fusion welded to
alternate sheet piles
40mm x 4mm copper earth tape

bolted to studs connected the
main earthing system
Concrete
Note:
Earth bar typically 600mm

below ground level
Soil
Sheet pile continuity can be
broken if required by inserting
a non-conducting material
between adjacent piles
Side View
Figure 8-1 Connection to Steel Sheet Piles
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8.2
Horizontal Steel Reinforced Foundations
The rebar in transformer and switch room foundations should be installed normally with the
rebar sections bound with soft steel wire. A welded connection or rebar clamp with a flexible
earth conductor should be used to provide a connection to each mesh in two separate
locations. Ideally the rebar should have welded (or clamped and covered in Denso tape)
connections along at least two perpendicular edges such that welded joints connect each
bar. These concepts are shown in Figure 8-2. Refer to EAS 06-0011 for clamp details.
Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) foundations and the associated earthing need detailed
design to cater for the high frequency earthing and this should be carried out by the
switchgear manufacturer or installer. Also refer to Section 11.4.
Note: When installing test points it is important to ensure that the test points are not
inadvertently joined electrically by the rebar otherwise the test points are of no value other
than to confirm a connection is present. Refer to Section 9.2.
Welded or
Crimped
Connection
Welded Connections
Steel Ties
Face plate situated
on the surface of the
foundation; ideally
indoors or surface
must be drained
Expanded view
of connection
showing
exothermic type
connection
Expanded view of
rebar connections
showing welded type
and welded short
Figure 8-2 Connection to Horizontal Steel Reinforced Foundations
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8.3
Vertical Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
Where vertical steel reinforced concrete columns extend into the ground further than it is
possible to bury a conventional earthing system the design may require these to be bonded
to the main earthing system. A typical method of connection is shown in Figure 8-3.
Alternatively an earth clamp can be used as detailed in Section 8.2. The steel reinforcing bar
shall have its electrical continuity maintained at joint positions by welding the connection.
Rod ends bent to

avoid contact with
floor beam/cage
To earth bar
Plastic separator used

where vertical and
horizontal rods are
close together
High density
concrete at base
Figure 8-3 Connection to Vertical Steel Reinforced Columns
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Test Points
9.1
Electrode Test Points
Electrode test points are required either at the rod top for long single rods or inline between
a rod group and the main earthing system. The location of any test points should be shown
on the design drawing.
To allow individual rod resistance values to be tested with a clamp meter and facilitate
electrode tracing all test points shall be constructed using stranded conductor as shown in
Figure 9-1. If tape is used it shall be folded over to allow it to fit into a clamp meter with
40mm jaws.
The traditional test link using a bolted connection shall not be used.
Figure 9-1 Test Point
9.2
Pile Cap and Rebar Test points
At most sites the rebar is connected together and testing the individual pile cap earths is not
possible. A test point associated with pile cap connections is only useful if the design of the
rebar is electrically separated from the rest of the site.
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10
Portable Earth Connections
Earth loops constructed from aluminium (preferred) or copper tape and connected to the
structure earth connection, as shown in Figure 10-1, shall be provided at appropriate
locations where portable earth leads need to be applied. The loops, if not provided as part of
the structure, shall be formed separately and jointed to the structure using the methods in
Section 6.
Portable earth connections shall not be installed in high frequency earths associated with
CVTs and surge arresters.
Note: The portable earth connection shown in Figure 10-2 should no longer be used due to
its the vulnerability to theft.
Steel or Aluminium
Support
Aluminium Tape
M10 Studs Welded

to Structure
Figure 10-1 Portable Earth Connection
Figure 10-2 Old Portable Earth Connection
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11
Circuit and Equipment Connections
11.1
General
The following items shall be connected to the earth grid:
Overhead line termination structures including towers, gantries and earthed wood poles
within or adjacent to the substation.
Power cable sheaths and armours (at one or more points).
Transformer and reactor tanks, coolers and radiators, tap changers, earthing resistors
and reactors, transformer neutral connections.
Indoor switchgear via the switchgear earth bar.
Outdoor switchgear including metal-clad assemblies and cases, circuit-breakers, fault
thrower switches, disconnectors and earth switches.
Metal gantries and structures and metalwork mounted on wood structures.
Metallic building structures including steel frames (bonded at each corner), rebar and
piles.
Miscellaneous metalwork associated with oil and air tanks, screens, steel structures of all
kinds.
All panels, cubicles, kiosks, LVAC equipment, lighting and security masts.
Critical items such as transformer tanks and terminal towers shall have duplicate
connections to the main earth grid.
The following items are not normally bonded to the earth grid:
The perimeter fence is only bonded to the main earth system if all or part if it cannot be
separated by at least 2 metres from other earthed structures and the main earthing
system (refer to Section 13).
Communication cable screens of telephone cables where they are taken into HOT sites.
Metallic equipment mounted on, or close to fences that are independently earthed (e.g.
security cameras, security lights, etc.).
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11.2
Overhead Line Terminations
11.2.1
Towers
It is usually acceptable to rely on overhead earth wire and tower footing resistance to provide
a suitable tower earth. The tower earth resistance should be less than 10 ohms.
Additional earthing is required at terminal towers, towers within 2 metres of the substation
fence/other earthed metalwork and towers with sealing ends and surge arresters refer to
Sections 11.2.2 and 11.2.3.
11.2.2
Terminal Towers
The aerial earth wire on a terminal tower adjacent to the substation shall be connected to the
top of the tower and the tower shall be connected to the substation earthing system as
follows (Figure 11-1):
Install a perimeter electrode of 40mm x 4mm hard drawn copper tape or 125mm2 hard
drawn copper conductor around the tower 1 metre deep and 1 metre outside the tower
footings.
Connect the tower legs to the perimeter electrode.
Connect the perimeter electrode via two separate connections to two separate points on
the substation earthing system. The rating of bonds shall be equivalent to the aerial earth
wire.
Install the copper tape/conductor in a plastic duct for 2 metres either side of a fence
crossing.
If the tower is within 2 metres of an independently earthed perimeter fence, the fence
sections nearest to the tower shall either be made of insulating material or bonded to the
tower and separated from the rest of the fence via insulated panels on either side.
1m
1m
40mm x 4mm Copper

Tape Perimeter Electrode
Buried 1m Deep
1m
1m
Tower Legs Connected to

Perimeter Electrode
Fence
Fence
Install Electrode in
Duct Either Side
of Fence
2m
<2m
Insulated
Panel
Fence
Bond
2m
Substation Earth Grid
Figure 11-1 Terminal Tower Earthing
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11.2.3
Towers with Cable Sealing Ends and Surge Arresters
A tower with sealing ends and surges arresters requires a dedicated high frequency earthing
system in additional to power frequency earthing system as follows:
Install a minimum 240mm2 aluminium earthing conductor, insulated with PVC to a level
of 3kV, for each surge arrester above ground level.
Connect each aluminium conductor to a 150mm2 copper conductor at a position 150mm
above ground level using a suitable bi-metallic bolted connection which is bonded to the
cable ladder. Allow sufficient space between the copper earth conductor and the
mounting surface (minimum 35mm) to allow 25mm jaws of a clamp meter to be used.
Connect each copper conductor to a 5 metre earth rod (i.e. one for each surge arrester).
The rods shall be positioned to avoid each other, the power cables and the tower
foundations. The rods shall not be interconnected below ground level.
Bond the base of each surge arrester to the tower/structure using at least 40mm x 6mm
aluminium tape.
Install a perimeter electrode of 40mm x 4mm hard drawn copper tape or 125mm2 hard
drawn copper conductor around the tower 1 metre deep and 1 metre outside the tower
footings, high frequency earth rods and any other exposed metalwork.
Connect each tower leg to the perimeter electrode.
The high frequency earth shall be as short as practicable and routed below the platform
with gentle bends to follow the associated power cable. The high frequency earth shall
not be installed inside a steel cable tube.
All connections below ground level shall be welded or brazed with no removable links.
All exposed copper or aluminium conductor shall be protected against theft in
accordance with Section 4.1.
If the tower is adjacent to a substation it shall be connected to the substation earthing

system in accordance with Section 11.2.2.
The cable sealing ends shall be earthed in accordance with Section 11.3.2.
11.2.4
Terminal Poles
All terminal poles shall be earthed in accordance with the Overhead Line Manual which is
based on the principles of EDS 06-0015. However where the pole or stay is within or
adjacent to the substation or fence, the additional requirements detailed below shall be
applied.
If the pole is within the substation the pole earth shall be connected to the substation
earthing system. Duplicate connections shall be provided for H-poles, one to each pole.
If the stay rod enters the ground inside the substation earth grid the stay rod shall be bonded
to the grid. If the stay rod enters the ground within 2 metres of the substation earthing
system the rod shall be bonded to the grid and a loop of buried electrode laid round it at a 1
metre radius to control the touch potential.
If the stay is in very close proximity to the fence it may form an inadvertent connection
between an independently earthed fence and the substation earthing system. In addition to
the normal upper stay insulator a second stay insulator shall be installed within the stay as
close to ground level as possible leaving the centre section of the stay unearthed. A 2 metre
segregation shall be maintained between the lower earthed section of the stay (including the
rod) and the fence.
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11.3
Cable Terminations
11.3.1
Power Cables
The sheaths and armour all of three-core or triplex power cables entering or within the
substation shall be connected to the main earthing system, usually via the switchgear earth
bar, in accordance with the relevant section of the Jointing Manual.
The sheaths of single-core cables (usually 132kV) entering the substation may be earthed at
a single-point, earthed at both ends or earthed at multiple points (i.e. both ends and other
points in between) using sheath cross-bonding. The bonding arrangement shall comply and
be constructed with suitable test points in accordance with ENA ER C55/4.
Note: Although cable sheath earthing associated with single point bonded systems, or
transposition joints (such as are common on 132kV systems) are beyond the scope of this
document, care should be taken not to bond both ends of a cable sheath if it is intended to
be single point bonded. Single point bonded systems may also use sheath voltage limiters
(SVLs), which should have their star point or reference connected to the main earthing
system
11.3.2
Cable Sealing Ends
Cables terminating in outdoor sealing ends shall be earthed in accordance with

ENA TS 09-15 or ENA ER C55/4 as appropriate.
11.3.3
Protection, Control and Communication Cables
Provided there is continuous earth bonding between plant and equipment located within the
same substation site, protection and control cables shall be earthed at both ends. The only
exception is at the RTU where only the end remote from the RTU shall be earthed. Where
protection and control cables are run out to remote sites or third party sites then single end
earthing shall be adopted. Any necessary precautions against transferred potential shall also
be observed.
Additional precautions may be required at a HOT site, refer to Section 14 for further details.
11.4
GIS Switchgear
Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) employing single-phase busbar enclosures require additional
earthing precautions which shall be specified by the switchgear manufacturer.
11.5
Fault Thrower Switches, Earth Switches and Disconnectors
11.5.1
Fault Thrower Switches
All fault thrower switches shall be connected to the main earth grid using a fully rated
earthing conductor fixed to the structure.
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11.5.2
Disconnectors and Earth Switches
All disconnectors and earth switches shall be connected to the main earth grid via either:
A fully rated earthing conductor fixed to the structure or

The metallic support structure provided the aluminium or steel structure has sufficient
current carrying capacity and is electrically continuous throughout. Any bolted sections
shall be bonded together as shown in Figure 11-2. Refer to EAS 06-0011 for bond
details.
Figure 11-2 Typical Use of Structure to Provide Earth
11.5.3
Operator Handles, Mechanisms and Control Kiosks
All operating handles, mechanisms or control cubicles for circuit breakers, switches and
disconnectors shall have a dedicated earth bond to the main earth grid which shall be a
short as possible.
A buried copper earth mat shall also be installed at the operating position and bonded to the
operating handle. The earth mat shall either be a preformed copper lattice (refer to
EAS 06-0011) or constructed from copper tape to form a lattice as shown in Figure 11-3.
The earth mat shall be:
Installed directly below where the operator will stand when operating the switchgear.
Connected to the switch handle.
Approximately 1 metre x 1 metre in size.
Embedded in concrete slab to protect it against theft.
Installed at surface level.
Note: A galvanised steel boot scraper type earth mat (Figure 11-4) shall only be used for
replacement at sites with defective earthing; it shall not be used at new or upgraded sites.
The use of copper conductor to form an earth mat is no longer permitted.
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Figure 11-3 Preformed Copper Lattice Operator Earth Mat Embedded in Concrete
Figure 11-4 Galvanised Steel Surface Laid Operator Earth Mat
11.6
Surge Arresters and CVTs
It is essential that a low impedance to earth is provided to allow surge arresters and
capacitive voltage transformers to operate correctly. All surge arresters and CVTs shall be
connected to earth via two connections as follows:
1. The first connection is for power frequency and shall consist of a connection to the main
earth grid via either:
A fully rated earthing conductor fixed to the structure or

The metallic support structure provided the aluminium or steel structure has sufficient
current carrying capacity and is electrically continuous.
2. The second connection is for high frequency and shall consist of a dedicated connection
to an earth rod installed vertically in the ground as near to the surge arrester/CVT base
as possible. If the structure is metallic the earth conductor shall be connected to the
structure via a tee connection.
This arrangement is shown in Figure 11-5 and Figure 11-6.
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Ideally the support structure and plinth should be designed to allow the high frequency earth
connection to either pass through its centre, or through an angled slot to ensure that the
connection is as short and straight as possible. This will aid performance and deter theft. It is
particularly important to avoid sharp bends.
High frequency earth connections shall not be enclosed within a steel support tube or box.
For pole type surge arresters, the arrester bases shall be connected together with copper
tape which shall be connected to the main earthing system.
Surge Arrester or CVT
Insulated Base
(CVT only)
Steel or Aluminium Support
Minimum 240mm2 PVC

Covered Aluminium Earthing
Tape or Stranded Conductor
Surge Counter (if fitted)
Aluminium to Copper Transition Joint

High-frequency Earth Connected to
Structure and Dedicated Earth Rod
3.6m Earth Rod
Figure 11-5 Surge Arrester (and CVT) Typical Earthing Arrangement using Aluminium Conductor
Surge Arrester or CVT

Insulated Base
(CVT only)
Steel or Aluminium Support
Minimum 120mm2 PVC

Covered Copper Earthing
Tape or Stranded Conductor
Surge Counter (if fitted)
High-frequency Earth Connected to

Structure and Dedicated Earth Rod
3.6m Earth Rod
Figure 11-6 Surge Arrester (and CVT) Typical Earthing Arrangement using Copper Conductor
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12
Bonding
12.1
Ancillary Metalwork
All exposed and normally un-energised metalwork inside the substation perimeter, including
doors, staircases, ventilation ducts, cable supports etc., shall be bonded to the main earth
grid to avoid any potential differences between different items of metalwork.
The appropriate bonding conductor shall be selected from Table 5-1.
12.2
Metal Trench Covers
Metal trench covers within substation buildings which are not sitting on an earthed metal
frame shall be indirectly earthed as follows:
Install a copper tape strip (25mm x 3mm) along one edge of the trench top edge so that
trench covers are in contact with it when in position.
Connect the copper tape to the switchgear earth bar or internal building earthing system
in accordance with Section 6.
12.3
Lighting and Security Equipment
Metal supports or columns for lighting and security equipment shall be:
Separated from the substation perimeter fence by 2 metres.

Connected to the substation earthing system. Note: At existing sites it may be easier to
bond the support/column to the earth bar in one of the substation buildings using a
minimum 70mm2 PVC covered copper earthing conductor.
The sheath/earth of the LV supply cable may also be bonded to the column earth
terminal.
If the support or column is within 2 metres of the fence it shall either be replaced with a nonmetallic support column or it shall be.
Connected to the fence and not connected to the substation earthing system.
Separated from all other metalwork by 2 metres.
The LV cable earth shall be terminated in an insulated connector and only the phase and
neutral conductor shall be used within the column.
Care shall be taken to ensure that any metallic conduit or trunking associated with the
lighting or security equipment doesnt inadvertently connect different earthing systems
together or bridge fence panels that are insulated or on standoff insulators. If required
lengths of metallic conduit or trunking should be broken into sections using plastic conduit or
trunking.
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12.4
Cable Tunnel Metalwork
To prevent excessive induced or transfer voltages on the tunnel metalwork:
Cable supports and cable trays in tunnels shall not be connected to the substation
earthing system.
Cable trays in tunnels shall be broken into sections with a 50mm gap approximately
every 50 metres. Note: The cable trays shall not be bonded to earth as currently
specified in EDS 06-0013 version 2.0.
Cable trays in tunnels shall be separated by 2 metres from any metalwork connected to
the substation earthing system.
12.5
Basement Cable Support Systems
Cable support structures and cable trays in basements shall normally be bonded to the
substation earthing system using a suitable bonding conductor from Table 5-1.
Individual dispersed cable supports do not need to be bonded to the substation earthing
system provided they are separated from other earthed metalwork by a minimum of 2
metres.
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13
Metallic Fencing
13.1
General
The design should specify whether the fence is to be independently earthed or bonded to the
substation earthing system. Occasionally it may be appropriate to use both methods at the
same site for different fence sections. In this case insulated sections (Section 13.6) are used
to physically separate the fences with different earthing arrangements.
Where the fence panels are supported by steel posts that are at least 1 metre deep in the
ground, the posts can be considered as earth electrodes.
13.2
Independently Earthed Fence Arrangement
Where an independently earthed fence is used (unless specified differently on the earthing
design drawing) 2.4 metre earth rods shall be installed and connected to the fence as
follows:
All fence corners.

1 metre either side of where HV conductors cross the fence.
Additional locations such that the distance between rods does not exceed 50 metres.
Refer to Section 13.7 for additional requirements for powder coated fences and galvanised
mesh fences.
An independently earthed fence shall be separated above ground by a minimum of 2 metres
from substation earthing system and any exposed metalwork connected to it. A similar
distance shall be maintained below ground, where practicable, taking into account the
location of substation perimeter electrodes etc.
The 2 metre separation between the independently earthed fence and the earthing system
shall be maintained on an ongoing basis and shall not be compromised by alterations such
as the addition of lighting or security installations.
Any earth tape, metal pipe, metallic sheathed or Hessian served cables passing under the
fence shall be insulated or contained within insulated ducts for a distance of 2 metres either
side of the fence.
13.3
Bonded Earthed Fence Arrangement
The fence is usually bonded to the substation earthing system where a 2 metre separation
between equipment and fence cannot be maintained.
The fences shall be connected to the substation earthing system using discrete but visible
connections as follows:
All fence corners.

1 metre either side of where HV conductors cross the fence.
Additional locations such that the distance between connections not exceed 50 metres.
Additionally where a galvanised or powder coated mesh fencing is used, a separate 70mm2
earth conductor shall be installed along the fence (or buried). This should be connected to
the fence at 10 metre intervals and to the substation earthing system at a minimum of 50
metre intervals. Refer to Section 13.7 for additional requirements for powder coated fences
and galvanised mesh fences.
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Additionally where the perimeter fence is connected to the substation earthing system and
the touch potential could exceed the safety limits the precautions below are required:
A bare electrode conductor shall be buried in the ground external to the perimeter fence
at a distance approximately of 1 metre away and at a depth of 0.5 metres.
The conductor shall be connected to the fence and to the earthing system at intervals of
approximately 50 metres such that it becomes an integral part of the substation earthing
system.
Note: If this is not possible due Easement/Wayleave issues the design shall be referred
back to the earthing designer.
At locations where fencing connected to the substation earthing system grid abuts with
independently earthed fencing the fences shall be separated using insulated sections
(Section 13.6).
13.4
Powder Coated and Galvanised Mesh Fences
Powder coated fencing is sometimes used for aesthetic reasons at grid and primary
substations; some examples are shown in Figure 13-1. The use of powder coated fencing
should be avoided where possible due to the additional earthing and bonding requirements
outlined in this section.
Figure 13-1 Power Coated Fence Examples
In addition to the requirements detailed in Sections 13.2 and 13.3 additional connections are
required on power coated and galvanised mesh fences to ensure electrical continuity
between adjacent fence panels/posts.
Either the panels/posts shall be bonded using a bolted continuity joint. The surface
coating should be removed at each joint to expose the galvanised steel and waterproof
electrical grease applied. The preferred continuity joints for mesh fences are detailed in
EDS 07-0105-3002 sheet 5 and also shown in Figure 13-2. Figure 13-3 shows an
alternative approach.
Or a separate 70mm2 earth conductor shall be installed along the fence (or buried) and
be connected to the fence at 10 metre intervals and to independent earth rods or the
earth grid (as appropriate) at a minimum of 50 metre intervals.
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Figure 13-2 Mesh Fence Panel/Post Continuity Joint (from EDS 07-0105-3002)
Figure 13-3 Fence Panel/Post Continuity Joints
13.5
Gates and Gate Posts
Each gate shall be connected to its gate post using a minimum 16mm2 flexible copper bond
or copper braid.
Gate posts shall be bonded together with a below ground connection using a minimum
70mm2 PVC covered copper conductor.
Check that gates, when opened, do not infringe the 2 metre separation distance between the
gate and any exposed metalwork that is connected to the substation earthing system.
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13.6
Insulated Fence Sections
Insulated fence sections are used to separate lengths of fencing that are bonded to the
substation earthing system from those which are independently earthed or connected to third
party fences. The insulated sections shall be formed by installing one of the following:
2 metre insulated fence panel or wall made wholly of insulating material (Figure 13-4 and
Figure 13-5).
2 metre metal fence panel mounted on insulated supports/stand-off insulators as
specified in EAS 06-0011 (Figure 13-6).
2 metre metal independently supported fence panel with 50mm insulating gaps at either
end to allow the panel to electrically float. Refer to EDS 07-0105-3001 sheet 5 for
further details.
Figure 13-4 Fibreglass Panel

for Internal Fencing Only
13.7
Figure 13-5 Fibreglass

Panel for Internal and
External Use
Figure 13-6 Fence Stand-off

Insulator
Third Party Metallic Fences
Third party metallic fences shall not be directly connected to any substation fence as this
may introduce a transfer potential risk. Where third party fences are present one of solutions
detailed in Section 13.6 shall be used to maintain separation between the two fences.
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14
HOT Site Actions
If a grid or primary substation has been classified as a HOT site the following requirements
shall be applied within the substation:
All telecommunication cables shall be terminated via an isolation transformer.

All pilot cables shall be terminated in 15kV isolation boxes and 15kV isolation shall
continue into the terminations in relay panels.
Appropriate operational procedures shall be used when working on pilot cables,
telecommunication and power circuits, for example when jointing cables between two
substations when one is HOT.
All metallic services to the site shall be insulated to ensure they do not introduce a
transfer potential risk. This can be achieved by the insertion of insulated inserts (normally
one inside the substation and another 2 metres beyond the substation fence) or by the
insertion of plastic pipe from 2 metres outside the substation fence.
Any exposed metallic services within the substation shall be bonded to the substation
earthing system if there is any possibility of simultaneous contact.
All site LV supplies shall be provided in accordance with EDS 08-0121. Additionally LV
supplies shall not be provided from a HOT site to external customers.
As a general rule the HV and LV earths at the first secondary distribution substation on
each cable fed circuit shall be segregated by 8 metres. Alternatively the transfer voltage
can be assessed using the secondary substation earthing tool.
If the HOT zone extends outside the substation fence, there are a number of additional
requirements:
The requirements detailed above shall also apply the extended HOT zone.
BT or other telecommunication companies that use metallic cables shall be advised and
a geographic map showing the surface potential contours provided.
Other services (e.g. gas, water, the petro-chemical industry, etc) with buried metallic pipe
work within the HOT zone shall be advised so that appropriate operational precautions
can be taken by their staff whilst working on any metalwork within the zone and
mitigation measures considered.
The touch and step potentials shall be checked to ensure they are within the appropriate
limits.
Refer to EDS 06-0002 for further information on HOT sites.
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Testing and Commissioning
15.1
General
The testing of the earthing system shall be carried out in accordance with the commissioning
standard ECS 11-0001. The requirements are detailed in following sub-sections.
15.2
Visual Inspection
A visual inspection of the installed earthing system shall be carried out and the drawing shall
be marked up to include the:
Position, material, size and depth of electrode laid especially the perimeter electrode and
cross-members.
Details (length, diameter, material) of the earth rods and their connection to the earth
grid.
Location of each joint below and above ground and its type (e.g. weld, bolted etc.).
Location, material, size and type of connection made above to equipment and structures
Location of test points.
Location of any overly acidic or alkaline soil and any special backfill materials used.
Location, material, size and depth of rods connected to metal fencing.
Connections between fencing and the earth grid (if applicable).
Connections between gate posts and flexible bonds to gates.
Locations of insulated fence panels
Location of any metallic pipe work or external service or non-insulated metallic sheathed
cables which run below the fence line.
Position of any towers or metal stays associated with wood poles which terminate near
the fencing, together with details of how these are connected to the grid. The drawing
should indicate if sections of the electrode are insulated.
Route, depth and size of earth wire laid with outgoing power cables.
Method used to earth interplant power cables (location of bonds to main earthing
system).
Method used to earth power cables which leaving the site.
Location and connection method of any decommissioned legacy lead sheathed/metallic
sheathed cables which may serve as electrode.
Location of any isolation equipment that has been fitted to the telecommunication or pilot
terminations.
Use of insulated crushed rock surface layer with its area and depth.
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15.3
Measurements
On the completion of any earthing construction work the applicable measurements from the
list below shall be carried out to demonstrate the integrity of the earthing system. The results
shall be recorded on test form ECP 11-0406.
Overall earth resistance or impedance measurement using the fall-of-potential or

comparative method.
Earthing resistance measurement of main electrodes using a clamp meter (for use as a
comparison during future measurements).
Continuity test of all joints.
Continuity test of all equipment connections.
Fence separation test (independently earthed fences only).
Refer to ECS 06-0024 for specific guidance on each testing and measurement technique.
15.4
Assessment
A post construction report shall be provided to demonstrate that the design has been
satisfied. The report should include:
Measured earth resistance and route.

Calculation of EPR using measured value of earth resistance.
Calculation of the touch/step potentials and comparison to the appropriate limits (if
required).
Confirmation that all design recommendations have been implemented.
Note: This report should usually be provided as part of overall earth resistance
measurement work.
15.5
Records
A copy of the as built drawing and test results shall be left on-site.
A copy of the as built drawing, test form and any earthing reports (design, survey,
measurement etc.) shall sent to earthingenquiries@ukpowernetworks.co.uk for loading into
the earthing database (EDS 06-0002) and the document management system.
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References
EDS 06-0001
Earthing Standard
EDS 06-0002
Hot Site Requirements
EAS 06-0011
Earthing Materials
EDS 06-0012
Earthing Design Criteria
EDS 06-0013
Grid and Primary Substation Earthing Design
EDS 06-0016
Pole-mounted Equipment Earthing Design
ECS 06-0024
Earthing Testing and Measurements
EOS 09-0067
Theft of Substation Earthing
EDS 07-0105-3001
Typical Substation Pallisade Fencing Typical Elevations and Plans
EDS 07-0105-3002
Typical Substation Mesh Fencing Typical Elevations
EDS 08-0121
Supplies to HOT Sites and National Grid Sites
ECS 11-0001
Grid and Primary Commissioning Requirements
ECP 11-0406
Earthing Test Form
Overhead Line Manual

Jointing Manual
ENA TS 41-24
Guidelines for the Design, Installation, Testing and Maintenance of

Main Earthing Systems in Substations
ENA ER C55/4
Insulated Sheath Power Cable Systems
37 of 38

Version: 2.0
Date: 10/12/2014
Appendix A Aluminium Bending Tool

'J' bends as shown in Figure 16-1 can simplify the installation of aluminium tape. The
bending tool, shown in Figure 16-2, was developed in London to enable 'J' bends to be
easily created.
Figure 16-1 Example of 'J' Bends
Figure 16-2 Tool for Forming 'J' Bends
38 of 38

ECS 06-0022 Grid and Primary Earthing Construction PDF

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Document Number: ECS 06-0022

ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION STANDARD

GRID AND PRIMARY EARTHING CONSTRUCTION

EPN, LPN, SPN

All UK Power Networks

Grid and Primary Earthing Construction

Document Number: ECS 06-0022

Conductor sizes included (Section 5).

Recommendation for portable earth connections (Section 10).

Operator earth mat at all switch operating positions (Section 11.5.3).

Revision to surge arrester/CVT earthing (Section 11.6).

Earthing of powder coated fencing (Section 13.7).

Test form to record commissioning and maintenance results (Section 15).

Reclassification and reformatting of document from Earthing Construction Manual Section 2

UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved

Grid and Primary Earthing Construction

Document Number: ECS 06-0022

Glossary and Abbreviations ................................................................................... 6

General Requirements ............................................................................................ 7

Avoiding Theft ........................................................................................................... 7

Sites where Theft has Occurred ................................................................................ 7

Installation of Earthing Underground ......................................................................... 8

Use of Disconnected Cable as Electrode................................................................... 8

Joints and Connections ........................................................................................ 11

Copper to Copper .................................................................................................... 11

Copper to Earth Rods .............................................................................................. 11

Copper to Equipment Earths ................................................................................... 11

Aluminium to Aluminium .......................................................................................... 12

Aluminium Tape to Copper Tape ............................................................................. 12

Aluminium to Copper Stranded Cable ..................................................................... 13

Aluminium Tape to Steel Structures ........................................................................ 13

Remaking of Defective Earth Joints ......................................................................... 13

Metal Structures .................................................................................................... 14

Aluminium Structures .............................................................................................. 14

Steel Structures ....................................................................................................... 15

Connection to Structural Earths including Steel Piles and Rebar ..................... 16

Sheet Steel Piles ..................................................................................................... 16

Horizontal Steel Reinforced Foundations................................................................. 17

Vertical Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns ........................................................... 18

Test Points ............................................................................................................. 19

Electrode Test Points .............................................................................................. 19

Pile Cap and Rebar Test points ............................................................................... 19

Portable Earth Connections ................................................................................. 20

Circuit and Equipment Connections .................................................................... 21

Overhead Line Terminations ................................................................................... 22

11.2.1 Towers .................................................................................................................... 22

UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved

Grid and Primary Earthing Construction

Document Number: ECS 06-0022

11.2.2 Terminal Towers ...................................................................................................... 22

Cable Terminations ................................................................................................. 24

11.3.1 Power Cables .......................................................................................................... 24

GIS Switchgear ....................................................................................................... 24

Fault Thrower Switches, Earth Switches and Disconnectors ................................... 24

11.5.1 Fault Thrower Switches ........................................................................................... 24

Surge Arresters and CVTs....................................................................................... 26

Metal Trench Covers ............................................................................................... 28

Lighting and Security Equipment ............................................................................. 28

Cable Tunnel Metalwork .......................................................................................... 29

Basement Cable Support Systems .......................................................................... 29

Metallic Fencing .................................................................................................... 30

Independently Earthed Fence Arrangement ............................................................ 30