ABSTRACT 1

In old times, castles were surrounded by moats (deep trenches filled with water, and
even alligators) to thwart or discourage intrusion attempts. One can now replace
such barriers with stealthy and wireless sensors. In this paper, we develop
theoretical foundations for laying barriers of wireless sensors. We define the notion
of -barrier coverage of a belt region using wireless sensors. We propose efficient
algorithms using which one can quickly determine, after deploying the sensors,
whether a region is -barrier covered. Next, we establish the optimal deployment
pattern to achieve -barrier coverage when deploying sensors deterministically.
Finally, we consider barrier coverage with high probability when sensors are
deployed randomly. We introduce two notions of probabilistic barrier coverage in a
belt region weak and strong barrier coverage. While weak barrier-coverage with
high probability guarantees the detection of intruders as they cross a barrier of
stealthy sensors, a sensor network providing strong barriercoverage with high
probability (at the expense of more sensors) guarantees the detection of all
intruders crossing a barrier of sensors, even when the sensors are not stealthy. Both
types of barrier coverage require significantly less number of sensors than fullcoverage, where every point in the region needs to be covered. We derive critical
conditions for weak - barrier coverage, using which one can compute the minimum
number of sensors needed to provide weak -barrier coverage with high probability
in a given belt region. Deriving critical conditions for strong -barrier coverage for a
belt region is still an open problem.
Abstract 2

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have thus far been used for detection and tracking of
static and mobile targets for mission critical surveillance applications. However, detection
and tracking do not suffice for a complete and accurate target classification. In fact,
surveillance target imaging yields the most valuable information. Current techniques mainly
aim to provide images of static environment in a sensor network. Nevertheless, imaging of
mobile targets requires networked and collaborative detection, tracking and imaging
capabilities. With this regard, ultra-wideband (UWB) radar technology stands as a promising
approach for networked target imaging due to its unique features such as having no line-ofsight (LoS) requirement. However, UWB wireless radar sensor network (WRSN) is yet to be
developed for imaging of mobile targets. In this paper, an architecture and a new
collaborative mobile target imaging (CMTI) algorithm for WRSN are presented. The
objective is to efficiently obtain an accurate image of mobile targets based on the
collaborative effort of deployed radar sensor nodes. CMTI enables detection, tracking and
imaging of mobile targets as a complete WRSN solution. Performance evaluations reveal

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that CMTI yields high quality radar image of mobile targets inWRSN with very low
communication overhead regardless of the target shape and velocity.

Abstract3
Energy-efficiency in target tracking applications has been extensively studied in the
literature of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). However, there is little work which
has been done to survey and summarize this effort. In this paper, we address the
lack of these studies by giving an up-to-date Stateof-the-Art of the most important
energy-efficient target tracking schemes. We propose a novel classification of
schemes that are based on the interaction between the communication subsystem
and the sensing subsystem on a single sensor node. We are interested in
collaborative target tracking instead of singlenode tracking. In fact, WSNs are often
of a dense nature, and redundant data that can be received from multiple sensors
help at improving tracking accuracy and reducing energy consumption by using
limited sensing and communication ranges. We show that energy-efficiency in a
collaborative WSN-based target tracking scheme can be achieved via two classes of
methods: sensing-related methods and communication-related methods. We
illustrate both of them with several examples. We show also that these two classes
can be related to each other via a prediction algorithm to optimize communication
and sensing operations. By self-organizing the WSN in trees and/or clusters, and
selecting for activation the most appropriate nodes that handle the tracking task,
the tracking algorithm can reduce the energy consumption at the communication
and the sensing layers. Thereby, network parameters (sampling rate, wakeup
period, cluster size, tree depth, etc.) are adapted to the dynamic of the target
(position, velocity, direction, etc.). In addition to this general classification, we
discuss also a special classification of some protocols that put specific assumptions
on the target nature and/or use a non-standard hardware to do sensing. At the
end, we conduct a theoretic comparison between all these schemes in terms of
objectives and mechanisms. Finally, we give some recommendations that help at
designing a WSN-based energy efficient target tracking scheme.

ABSTRACT:4
Intelligent transportation systems are revolutionizing the way in which road safety
is monitored worldwide. These systems have evolved from the 90s with the
integration of new technologies and the design of more efficient detection systems
for traffic violations. At present, through these systems, it is possible to predict the
most dangerous places on the road and store a set of data to support decisionmaking regarding safety and road maintenance. In this paper, the current situation
in the development of intelligent transportation systems worldwide and the traffic

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situation of Ecuador is examined. The main objective of the research is to suggest a

reference architecture for the development of an intelligent transportation system
that meets the needs of Ecuador.

Abstract5
ABSTRACT Energy in sensor networks is a distributed, non-transferable resource.
Over time, differences in energy availability are likely to arise. Protocols like routing
trees may concentrate energy usage at certain nodes. Differences in energy
harvesting arising from environmental variations, such as if one node is in the sun
and another is in the shade, can produce variations in charging rates and battery
levels. Because many sensor network applications require nodes to collaborate to
ensure complete sensor coverage or route data to the networks edge a small set
of nodes whose continued operation is threatened by low batteries can have a
disproportionate impact on the fidelity provided by the network as a whole. In the
most extreme case, the loss of a single sink node may render the remainder of the
network unreachable. While previous research has addressed reducing the energy
usage of individual nodes, the challenge of collaborative energy management has
been largely ignored. We present Integrated Distributed Energy Awareness (IDEA), a
sensor network service enabling effective network-wide energy decision making.
IDEA integrates into the sensor network application by providing an API allowing
components to evaluate their impact on other nodes. IDEA distributes information
about each nodes load rate, charging rate, and battery level to other nodes whose
decisions affect it. Finally, IDEA enables awareness of the connection between the
behavior of each node and the applications energy goals, guiding the network
toward states that improve performance. This paper describes the IDEA architecture
and demonstrates its use through three case studies. Using both simulation and
testbed experiments, we evaluate each IDEA application by comparing it to simpler
approaches that do not integrate distributed energy awareness. We show that using
IDEA can significantly improve performance compared with solutions operating with
purely local information.

Abstract 7
GPS (Global Positioning System) is increasingly being used for a wide range of applications. It
provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to worldwide users on a continuous
basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or near the Earth. GPS is made up of three
segments: Space, Control and User. GPS has become a widely used aid to navigation
worldwide, and a useful tool for map-making, land surveying, commerce, scientific uses,
tracking and surveillance, and hobbies such as geocaching and way marking. None of the
present GPS systems satisfy the requirements for the safety of civilian navigation in the sea as
the maritime boundary of a country cannotbe marked. This paper deals on the versatility and the
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usefulness of a GPS device in the sea. The main objective of the paper is to help the fishermen
not to navigate beyond other countrys border. If a fisherman navigates beyond the countrys
border, an alarm is generated indicating that the fisherman has crossed the border. Additionally,
a GSM transmitter interface will send a message to base station located on the shore indicating
that a vessel has crossed the border. Thus guards in the shore can assist and provide additional
help to those fishermen if needed. Keeping in mind about lives of Indian fishermen, this device
has been created to help them not to move beyond Indian. On the whole, it is an attempt to
build a suitable device for the fishermen at a reasonably low cost.

WaTer:
he principle of level measurement is taken from the direct dependence of hydrostatic pressure (p) on
theheight of the water column (h). Where the constants of proportionality are the density () and the
gravitation acceleration (g)..

p=h.p.g
The method is resistant to the formation of foam onthe level surface & is directly dependent on the density
(specific gravity) of the liquid. When the liquid density is changing it is necessary to make an additional
correction of the output.

Level sensors
detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids, including slurries, granular materials,
and powders that exhibit an upper free surface. Substances that flow become
essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical boundaries) because of gravity whereas
most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be measured can be inside a
container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The level measurement can be either
continuous or point values. Continuous level sensors measure level within a specified range and
determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate
whether the substance is above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect levels that are
excessively high or low.
There are many physical and application variables that affect the selection of the optimal level
monitoring method for industrial and commercial processes. The selection criteria include the

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physical: phase (liquid, solid or slurry), temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry, dielectric
constant of medium, density (specific gravity) of medium, agitation (action), acoustical or
electrical noise, vibration, mechanical shock, tank or bin size and shape. Also important are the
application constraints: price, accuracy, appearance, response rate, ease
of calibration or programming, physical size and mounting of the instrument, monitoring or control of
continuous or discrete (point) levels. In short, level sensors are one of the very important sensors
and play very important role in variety of consumer/ industrial applications. As with other type of
sensors, level sensors are available or can be designed using variety of sensing principles. Selection
of an appropriate type of sensor suiting to the application requirement is very important.

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