Antenna mechanical tilt vs electrical tilt |

difference between mechanical tilt and electrical

tilt
This page compares antenna mechanical tilt vs electrical tilt and
mentions difference between mechanical tilt and electrical tilt. Antenna down
tilt angle calculator is also mentioned. We will divide our discussion into following
categories.
Techniques to increase the cell capacity
Definitions of mechanical tilt and electrical tilt
Mechanical tilt basics and its drawbacks
Electrical tilt basics and its benefits
Difference between mechanical tilt and electrical tilt

Techniques to increse cell capacity

Due to advent of more and more wireless cellular technologies and use of the
cellular networks by large number of mobile phones have initiated concerns to
increase the network capacity. RF engineers have developed the techniques
known as fequency reuse and spatial isolation. Initially frequency reuse was
available for omnidirectional antennas which was creating inter cell interference.
After the advent of sector array antenna frequency re-use have become more
efficient yielding the better cell capacity within a cell. But they have drawbacks of
increase in intra cell interference.
Spatial isolation can be achieved by focusing the beam in a particular region and
hence incrase the cell capacity by providing the service to mobile users in
different regions using different selective beams.

But the spread of radiation pattern of antenna will have adverse effect in adjacent
sectors of the same cell as well as adjacent cells. This effect leads to degradation
in the quality of service requirement of the cells. As a solution to this, concept of
tilt has been tried by RF engineers.

Figure-1
Dictionary meaning of tilt is "incline or bend from vertical position". The tilt applied
on the upward is referred as uptilt and the tilt applied on the downward side is
referred as downtilt. The downtilt is depicted in the figure-1. The downtilt is most
beneficial and the same has been taken into consideration through out our
discussion. Our focus of discussion will be horizontal beam and not vertical beam
as shown in the figure-1.Mechanical tilt means physically or manually
downtilting the antenna. This type has drawbacks as mentioned later. Due to
these drawbacks, electrical tilt has been invented by the RF and system
engineers. Electrical tilt does not involve any physical movement but changes
the phases of the radiation pattern of individual antennas used in sector array
antenna. Electrical tilt can also provide the gain to support concept known as
beamforming to extend the coverage.

Antenna Mechanical tilt and their drawbacks

Figure-2
Till today, RF engineers has been using mechanical tilt method to alter the
position of the RF antenna. But as depicted in the figure-2, antenna in this
method tilts only one plane. Moreover when the front part is tilted down to
decrease the gain on horizon, the back side tilts up side. This results into change
in front to back ratio as well as increase in inter sector interference. Mechanical
tilt results into pattern blooming as shown in figure-4. The outer most part of
pattern in fig-4 right side postion represents mechanical tilted antenna with 0
degrees of downtilt. Change in radiation patterns with respect to different
degrees of mechanical tilt is also shown.

Antenna Electrical Tilt and their benefits

Figure-3
Electrical tilt concept has provided great amount of control to shape the radiation
pattern of antenna and boost the pattern as desired. This has made life of cellular
operators very easy. Electrical downtilt changes the phase element of the
antenna's different radiating elements separately and simultaneously. This will
allow RF engineers to change the gain of the pattern around the tower in full 360
degrees. Figure-3 depicts the coverage achieved using electrical tilt type.

Major difference between mechanical tilt and

electrical tilt

Figure-4
Figure-4 depicts difference between mechanical tilt and electrical tilt with respect
to radiation pattern. As shown in the figure, mechanical tilt results into pattern
blooming while electrical tilt suppresses the pattern bloom. The electrical tilt
achieves this result as it is able to tune individual radiating elements of antenna
array. Mechanical tilt fails as it tunes the entire antenna as a fixed single unit.

Antenna down tilt angle calculator

For antenna downtilt angle equation and to calculate distance from the angle
referAntenna Down tilt angle and horizon distance calculator.

What is RF Drive Test (Testing)?

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Every good RF design, after its implantation should be evaluated. There are few ways to do
this, for example through analysis of KPI (Key Performance Indicator) or through prediction
tools and signal interference. Other very common and efficient way to evaluate the network
is conducting a Drive Test. But what is it?

The name is intuitive: take a drive test. The Drive Test is a test performed in cellular
networks regardless of technology (GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, etc. ...). Means collecting data
on vehicle movement. Its variation has also intutive: Walk Test, ie, collect data by walking
areas of interest.
The analysis of drive test are fundamental for the work of any professional in the field of IT
and Telecom comprising two phases: data collection and data analysis.

Although through the analysis of KPI's we can identify problems such as dropped calls,
among others, the drive tests allow a deeper analysis in field. Identifying areas of each
sector of coverage, interference, evaluation of network changes and various other
parameters.
Then let's know more about this technique, and know what we can do with it?

What is a Drive Test?

Drive Test, as already mentioned, is the procedure to perform a test while driving. The
vehicle does not really matter, you can do a drive test using a motorcycle or bicycle. What
matters is the hardware and software used in the test.

A notebook - or other similar device (1)

with collecting Software installed (2),

a Security Key - Dongle - common to these types of software (3),

at least one Mobile Phone (4),

one GPS (5),

and a Scanner optional (6).

Also is common the use of adapters and / or hubs that allow the correct interconnection of
all equipment.
The following is a schematic of the standard connections.

The main goal is to collect test data, but they can be viewed / analyzed in real time (Live)
during the test, allowing a view of network performance on the field. Data from all units are
grouped by collection software and stored in one or more output files (1).

GPS: collecting the data of latitude and longitude of each point / measurement data, time, speed,
etc.. It is also useful as a guide for following the correct routes.

MS: mobile data collection, such as signal strength, best server, etc ...

SCANNER: collecting data throughout the network, since the mobile radio is a limited and does not
handle all the necessary data for a more complete analysis.

The minimum required to conduct a drive test, simplifying, is a mobile device with a
software to coleect data and a GPS. Currently, there are already cell phones that do
everything. They have a GPS, as well as a collection of specific software. They are very
practical, but are still quite expensive.

Drive Test Routes

Drive Test routes are the first step to be set, and indicate where testing will occur. This area
is defined based on several factors, mainly related to the purpose of the test.
The routes are predefined in the office.
A program of a lot of help in this area is Google Earth. A good practice is to trace the route
on the same using the easy paths or polygons. The final image can then be brought to the
driver.

Some software allows the image to be loaded as the software background (geo-referenced).
This makes it much easier to direct routes to be followed.
It is advisable to check traffic conditions by tracing out the exact pathways through which
the driver must pass. It is clear that the movement of vehicles is always subject to
unforeseen events, such as congestion, interdicted roads, etc.. Therefore, one should always
have on hand - know - alternate routes to be taken on these occasions.
Avoid running the same roads multiple times during a Drive Test (use the Pause if needed).
A route with several passages in the same way is more difficult to interpret.

Drive Test Schedule

Again depending on the purpose, the test can be performed at different times - day or
night.

A Drive Test during the day shows the actual condition of the network - especially in relation
to loading aspect of it. Moreover, a drive test conducted at night allows you to make, for
example, tests on transmitters without affecting most users.

Typically takes place nightly Drive Test in activities such System Design, for example with
the integration of new sites. And Daytime Drive Test apply to Performance Analysis and also
Maintenance.
Important: regardless of the time, always check with the responsible area which sites are
with alarms or even out of service. Otherwise, your job may be in vain.

Types of Calls
The Drive Test is performed according to the need, and the types of test calls are the same
that the network supports - calls can be voice, data, video, etc.. Everything depends on the
technology (GSM, CDMA, UMTS, etc. ...), and the purpose of the test, as always.
A typical Drive Test uses two phones. A mobile performing calls (CALL) for a specific number
from time to time, configured in the Collecting Software. And the other, in free or IDLE
mode, ie connected, but not on call. With this, we collect specific data in IDLE and CALL
modes for the network.
The calls test (CALL) can be of two types: long or short duration.
Short calls should last the average of a user call - a good reference value is 180 seconds.
Serve to check whether the calls are being established and successfully completed (being a
good way to also check the network setup time).
Long calls serve to verify if the handovers (continuity between the cells) of the network are
working, ie calls must not drop.

Types of Drive Test

The main types of Drive Test are :

Performance Analysis

Integration of New Sites and change parameters of Existing Sites

Marketing

Benchmarking

Tests for Analysis Performance is the most common, and usually made into clusters
(grouping of cells), ie, an area with some sites of interest. They can also be performed in
specific situations, as to answer a customer complaint.
In integration testing of new sites, it is recommended to perform two tests: one with the
site without handover permission - not being able to handover to another site - thus
obtaining a total visualization of the coverage area. The other, later, with normal handover,
which is the final state of the site.
Depending on the type of alteration of the site (if any change in EIRP) both tests are also
recommended. Otherwise, just perform the normal test.
Marketing tests are usually requested by the marketing area of the company, for example
showing the coverage along a highway, or at a specific region/location.
Benchmarking tests aims to compare the competing networks. If the result is better, can be
used as an argument for new sales. If worse, it shows the points where the network should
be improved.

Data Collecting (almost) Flawless

Who has done a Drive Test before already knows this: It looks as Murphy's sits in the back
seat. That's because a lot of problems - but preventable - always end up happening.

To avoid, or at least minimize, the occurrence of these problems, always make a checklist
before starting the Drive Test.
It is very frustrating to run a route, and only in order to realize that the data were not
collected properly.
So before you start, check all connections, always! Mainly, make sure that all equipment is
properly energized. You will not want to see a low battery warning on a busy road, will you?
When we say check, include making sure that the connections are tight and will not drop
with vehicle movements.
Also make sure the equipment is tied, or you will see a flying laptop in case you need to
give a halt.
When assembling the equipment, maintain a distance of at least a foot between each
antenna, thereby ensuring that we have no electromagnetic interference or distortion of the
radiation pattern of antenna that can affect measurements.
Making sure that all equipment involved are tied and connected to the power source, verify
now that all were identified by the collection software. This must be done using the program
interface, which displays each element on which port is connected properly.
Now with the equipment identified, make sure the GPS has acquired satellites it needs to
determine its position. You must be an open area with sight to the satellites. It is advisable
to configure the software to do the collection in Degrees, Minutes and Seconds. Familiarize
yourself with the concept.
Another fact that should be taken into account in relation to its GPS antenna. It should
generally stay in one place on the vehicle roof, where you can see the sky. If it is not
waterproof, it is necessary to protect it with plastic if it rain.
If everything is OK with GPS, start a test collection to verify that all data being written.
In the program main window, make it an indicator that tells if the data are being recorded.
Also note that the parameters of the network are visible on the window of each device mobile, gps, scanner, etc.. Some software also offers the facility to visualize this data
without saving. It is very important to make sure everything is OK before you start.
And now, finally, but certainly most important, remember that: first, you're driving!

It is recommended whenever possible to have one vehicle driver and one equipments
operator. If this is not possible, always start, stop or make changes to a collectionat a
secure point of the road.
And of course: always check the conditions of the vehicle, and always wear your seat belt!

Annotations
Most software offer the facility to add notes (Marker) during the Drive Test. Whether
through it, or using a piece of paper, always make notes.

Information related to the test should be recorded for future aid in the analysis. For
example, how is the weather (rain), if there is some very big obstacle in the area, possible
sources of noise, etc ...

And what is collected?

Okay, but what is actually collected?

Well, before that, we must ensure that data is able to be recorded. Remember that we are
using a notebook, which arguably is subject to freeze the screen lock.
And if so, what to do? Unfortunately, there is much besides restarting the equipment.
But some practices can also minimize these errors.
A typical file size of Drive Test is from 30 minutes to an hour. Of course everything will
depend on the size of the file, which in turn depends on information being recorded.
Very large files suffer more risk of being corrupted - especially in case of malfunction of the
notebook - and are more difficult to move, load, and even to analyze.
Always leave a few GB free on your HD (Hard Drive) before beginning any data collection.
And use the least amount of RAM specified - required - the software collection.
Another important thing: do not open or use other programs when you are collecting data
only when strictly necessary.
Drive Test files are always big, and you're always moving them. So keep a daily basis weekly is appropriate - to perform a defragmentation of hard drive and a scan for errors.
Whenever you finish the collection, stop the ongoing calls, and only then stop collecting.
Otherwise, these calls may be interpreted erroneously as falls.

Now, yes. If the data were collected, we can talk about them. And to vary, depending on the
equipment used and the purpose of Drive Test.
In the case of mobiles, there are collected all the messages exchanged between the sites
and it, with all layers of information - even if you don't know much of it. It's because in
most critical cases, such data can be sent to better prepared laboratories for deep analysis.
If using a scanner, we also have information from sites that were not "seen" by the mobiles.
Of course, everything is configurable, but it's always good to use the default setting, and
record everything that is possible.

All information is stored with their respective data Date and Time as well as its geographical
position.
Typical example of data output is shown below.

Equipment and Collection Software

We have spoken enough of them. And what are the equipment and collection software
recommended?
Well, that question is not easy. Let's make an analogy: What is the car that you will buy
next year?
Got it? You'll have to check what your need, availability in the market, and the best cost
benefit. You may even continue by walking.
And with the equipment and software to collect and post-processing of Drive Test is the
same.
You should verify if it is compatible with your network, what are the differential costs and
benefits, not least, support!
Remember that new tools and features are constantly emerging. Keep up to date on this
subject.
Note: we could have listed here some equipment and software, for example, the one we
use. But we prefer not to quote any of them, to avoid the risk of eventually being somewhat
unfair.

But anyway, whatever the equipment, software and procedures used, the end result is
always the same: reports and output files.
The vast majority of collection (or processing) software have in common some software
which also makes analysis. These are called post-processing software. Each post-processing
software has its specific analysis, and as data (measures) collected is huge, they can be of
great help to solve very specific problems. These tools present the data in tables, maps and
comparison charts that help in making decisions.
Regardless of what the post-processing software, all have the functionality to export data in
tabular form, in text format or CSV.
This may be an attractive option, especially if you have own tools, developed specifically for
your needs.
The following are examples of drive test data processed by Hunter GE Drive Test tool,
created entirely in VBA.

One advantage of working with the data this way is that no matter how they were collected,
but its content. So for example we can, even if a team has run half the route with a type of
software, and another team of drive test shot the rest with another software, we can plot
the data from our network on a single desktop. That's where for example the generic georeferenced analyzing softwares enters, such as Mapinfo and Google Earth.

Another advantage is that the analysis available in Mapinfo and Google Earth has often a
better use, since they are more familiar to most professionals, not just those who specific
do/analyse Drive Test. This can be understood as not having to purchase multiple software
licenses for post-processing: only one for cases of deeper analysis.

Conclusion
Today we had an overview of Drive Test, a common and efficient technique for evaluating
the network.
Analyses made through the information of data collected in the field represent a true picture
of network conditions, and can be used in decision making in several areas, from planning
and design through optimization and maintenance of the system, always with the goal of
maximizing Quality, Capacity and Coverage in the Network.

LTE DRIVE TEST PARAMETERS

RSRP :- Reference signal receive power.

RSRP (dBm) = RSSI (dBm) -10*log (12*N)
where RSSI = Received Signal Strength Indicator
N: number of RBs across the RSSI is measured and depends on the BW
Significance :
RSRP is the most basic of the UE physical layer measurements and is the linear average power (in
watts) of the downlink reference signals (RS) across the channel bandwidth for the Resource
elements that carry cell specific Reference Signals.
Knowledge of absolute RSRP provides the UE with essential information about the strength of
cells from which path loss can be calculated and used in the algorithms for determining the
optimum power settings for operating the network. Reference signal receive power is used both in
idle and connected states
Range :- -44 to -140 dBm

RSRP term is used for coverage same as RSCP in 3G

RSRQ :Reference signal receive quality
RSRQ = RSRP / (RSSI / N)
N is the number of resource blocks over which the RSSI is measured
RSSI is wide band power, including intra cell power, interference and noise.

Significance :It provides the Indication of Signal Quality . Measuring RSRQ becomes particularly important
near the cell edge when decisions need to be made, regardless of absolute RSRP, to perform a
handover to the next cell. Reference signal receive quality is used only during connected states
Range :- -3 to -19.5 dB

RSRQ term is used for Quality same as Ec/No in 3G.

SINR :- Signal to Noise Ratio.

SINR = S / I + N
S -- Average Received Signal Power
I -- Average Interference power
N -- Noise Power
Significance : Is a way to measure the Quality of LTE Wireless Connections. As the energy of
signal fades with distance i.e Path Loss due to environmental parameters ( e.g. background
noise , interfering strength of other simultaneous transmission)

RSSI :- Received Signal Strength Indicator.

RSSI = wideband power = noise + serving cell power + interference power

RSSI=12*N*RSRP
RSSI per resource block is measured over 12 resource elements.
N: number of RBs across the RSSI is measured and depends on the BW
Based on the above:
RSRP (dBm) = RSSI (dBm) -10*log (12*N)

Significance :
Is the parameter represents the entire received power including the wanted power from the
serving cell as well as all the co channel power & other sources of noise

CQI :- Channel Quality Indicator

Range :- 1 to 15

Significance:
CQI is a measurement of the communication quality of wireless channels i.e. it indicates the
downlink mobile radio channel quality as experienced by the UE .CQI can be a value representing
a measure of channel quality for a given channel. Typically, a high value CQI is indicative of a
channel with high quality and vice versa.
CQI is measured in the Dedicated mode only.
CQI depends on the RF conditions.
Better the CQI better the throughput will get and vice versa.
PCI :- Physical Cell Id

Range :- 0 to 503
Significance - PCI used to identify the cell & is used to transmit the data
PCI = PSS + 3*SSS
PSS is Primary Synchronization Signal ( Identifies Cell Id ).
PSS value can be 0, 1 & 2
SSS is Secondary Synchronization Signal ( identifies Cell Id
group).
SSS value can be 0 to 167.
BLER :- Block Error Rate
Block Error Ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of erroneous blocks received to the total
number of blocks transmitted

Significance A simple method by which a UE can choose an appropriate CQI value could be based on a set
of Block Error Rate (BLER) thresholds . The UE would report the CQI value corresponding to the
Modulation Coding Schemes that ensures BLER 10% based on the measured received signal
quality

BLER is Calculated using Cyclic Redundancy error Checking method

High BLER leads to loss of Peak rates & efficiency
BLER threshold should be low i.e. 10%

DDownlink Throughput
-I n E-UTRAN may use a maximum of 2 Tx antennas at the ENodeB and
2 Rx antennas at the UE ( MIMO ).
Significance - Target for averaged user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times
Release 6 HSDPA i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G ( Over 300 Mbps downlink as
compared to 14 Mbps in UMTS)
- The supported user throughput should scale with the spectrum
bandwidth.
Uplink Throughput
-I n E-UTRAN uses a maximum of a single Tx antenna at the UE and 2 Rx
antennas at the E Node B.
- Greater user throughput should be achievable using multiple Tx
antennas at the UE ( MIMO )
.
- SignificanceTarget for averaged user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink i.e Higher
user throughput as compared to 3G (Over 50 Mbps Uplink as compared to 5.76 Mbps in
UMTS).The user throughput should scale with the spectrum bandwidth provided that the
maximum transmit power is also scaled.

RF Engineers & Resposibilities

On completion of the module one should be clear about the RF parameters details of
Drive test required during drive test what does it mean and how much it is
important. RF Drive Test RF Survey & Planning RF Optimization RF Report
Preparation RF Data Analysis

The

term "RF waves" typically refers to radio frequency waves, a form of

electromagnetic energy invisible to the human eye. Radio frequency
communication is virtually omnipresent in the modern world, used for everything
from automobile radios to computers.

RF Survey Engineer
RF Transmission/LOS Engineer:Responsible for Site survey of RF, and Microwave Line
of Sight (LOS) Survey's, taking panoramic pictures and potential obstacle to LOS
and conduct table study of each site.

BTS & I& C ENGINEER

Environment BTS Installation and Commissioning Supervision of the installation of sites
including GSM antennas, feeders, MW links, TMA , Tower Earth and Lightening,
Shelters and all indoor equipments.

IBS Testing Engineer:

Altimeter is an instrument used to measure the altitude of an object above a fixed
level.
Important points to be checked during RF Survey:
Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of about 3 kHz to
300 GHz,which corresponds to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating
currents which carry radio signals.
RF waves travel at the speed of light, and are also emitted by natural sources including
stars.Radio frequency (RF) energy has been used in medical treatments for over
75 years, generally for minimally invasive surgeries, using radiofrequency ablation

and cryoablation, including the treatment of sleep apnea Magnetic resonance

imaging (MRI) uses radio frequency waves to generate images of the human body
RF engineers are specialists in their respective field and can take on many different
roles, such as design, installation, and maintenance.RF engineers require many
years of extensive experience in the area of study.This type of engineer has
experience with transmission systems, device design, and placement of antennas
for optimum performance
An RF Engineer at a broadcast facility is responsible for maintenance of the stations
high-power broadcast transmitters, and associated systems RF design engineer
must be able to understand electronic hardware design, circuit board material,
antenna radiation, and the effect of interfering frequencies that prevent optimum
performance within the piece of equipment being developed

SCOPE IN RF INDUSTRY:
Transmission/LOS Survey Engineer
EMF Survey
IBS Engineer
BTS / I&C Engineer
BSS/O&M Engineer
Drive Test Enginee
Switch/NSS Engineer
RF Survey & DT Co-ordinator
RF Planner
RF Optimizer

SURVEY ENGINEER
Perform technical site survey, site including path profile of the transmission
networkand verification of Line-of-Sight (LOS)
Site survey for backbone, access and remote access microwave links
Line Of Sight survey for short and medium haul microwave linksProviding antenna
height, orientation and azimuth of antennas
Verify the suitability of Sites from RF and Transmission point of view
Responsible for RF survey for new sites (Macro site & Repeaters)
Check Latitude & Longitude
Done Microwave Surveys for Line of Sight (LOS) Clearance
Taking care of all material needed and ordered for sites from the warehouse.
Configuring the Cross connection
Using Site Master to check the installation of the feeders
Supervising the installation of the equipment
Testing all equipment after installation and their functionality before integrating the
site. Commissioning for sites by installing BTS
Power testing for all stations and systems in the network.Doing the Acceptance work
under ALU

Suggest and implement Network Parameters changes for reducing call drops and better
coverage and analysis of impact after changing of parameter in the indoor sites
New Site verification & Optimization of the network, Coverage for the integrated
indoor sites Conduct RF Technical Site Surveys (TSS) for the In-Building design
Performing RF survey, Antennae Location & Cable Routing
Checking In building installations and make sure that certain standards and quality
level is maintained
Once RF equipment is installed, perform RF data collection to ensure that the quality of
service meets RF design specifications such as Rx Lev, Rx Qual, Handover,
parameter verificationSite Auditing for the indoor sites to Checking coverage for
Indoor solution to check the sufficient Rx strength & Rx quality. Checking all
values, handovers relating with neighboring cells

BSS/O & M Engineer:

Standardizing the Network Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and reduce Drop
calls and Ineffective Attempts
Troubleshoot system problems such as Handover failure, Poor originations, Frequencyrelated issue and Interference. Identify causes of RF interference, make
recommendations and provide solutions for reducing interference
Maintenance and Calibration of BTS equipment at all cell sites e.g. RF transceivers,
VSWR tests etcPerformance Statistics and Event Management at OMC-R for system
performance Evaluation and analysis RF OPTIMIZATION ENGINEER:
Analyzing daily and weekly basis KPI trend for parameters like Call Setup Success Rate,
Drop Call Rate (DCR), Rx Quality & level , Handover Success Rate etc. and resolve
problem promptly
Analyzing & rectifying Neighbor discrepancies, non-symmetrical Neighbor, adjacent CoBISC, Co- CH and Adj-CH neighborsResponsible for Post processing of drive data
and implementing the changes with the help of ACTIX post processing tool
Analysis of daily reports of OMCR and modification of undeclared neighbor list for each
Sector to maintain KPIsRF PLANNER
Nominal planning , RF Network Planning, Neighbor planning , Coverage Planning &
Frequency Planning, Preparation of Database (LAC, CI,) , Creating daily KPI
report based on Daily Counter.Taking Status of Survey Site & Co-ordinate with
Survey Engineer & Survey Co-ordinator

TELECOM TOWERS:
Telecommunication towers are used for communication purposes among people
All the wireless communication, mobile networking, radio broadcasting and television
antennas are connected via these towers
A full telecommunication tower is a whole set of mechanical structures and electronic
signal processing unit which is used to connect people via telecommunications
All the telephone lines and mobile phone services are connected through these towers
These towers are also used for radar system and other armed forces purposes
Different heights of towers are used in different places and purposes. They can vary
from 15 to 60 meters and some time more if required

For example in the land areas towers are higher in hill area so 15 to 30 meters high
towers can be used but in land areas they are 30 to 60 meters in height
There are different types of the telecommunication towers which are used i.e.
monopole, self supporting and guyed etc
The most used are the self supporting towers in the field of telecommunication, which
is the specialization of final project and thesis as well
Based on structural action.Towers are classified into three major groups based on the
structural action.
They are:
Self supporting towers
Guyed towers
Monopole Self supporting towers
The towers that are supported on ground or on buildings are called as self-supporting
towers
Though the weight of these towers is more they require less base area and are suitable
in many situations
Most of the TV, MW, Power transmission, and flood light towers are self-supporting
towers

Guyed towers:
Guyed towers provide height at a much lower material cost than self-supporting towers
due to the efficient use of high-strength steel in the guys.
Guyed towers are normally guyed in three directions over an anchor radius of typically
2/3 of the tower height and have a triangular lattice section for the central mast
Tubular masts are also used, especially where icing is very heavy and lattice sections
would ice up fully
These towers are much lighter than self- Design of Steel Structures
Whenever large open space is available, guyed towers can be provided
There are other restrictions to mount dish antennae on these towers and require large
anchor blocks to hold the ropes

Monopole:
It is single self-supporting pole, and is generally placed over roofs of high raised
buildings, when number of antenna required is less or height of tower required is
less than 9mBased on cross section of tower
Towers can be classified, based on their cross section, into square, rectangular,
triangular, delta, hexagonal and polygonal towers
Open steel lattice towers make the most efficient use of material and enable the
construction of extremely light-weight and stiff structures by offering less
exposed area to wind loads
Most of the power transmission, telecommunication and broadcasting towers are
lattice towers.

Triangular Lattice Towers:

Triangular Lattice Towers have less weight but offer less stiffness in torsion. With the
increase in number of faces, it is observed that weight of tower increases.
The increase is 10% and 20% for square and hexagonal cross sections respectively. If
the supporting action of adjacent beams is considered, the expenditure incurred
for hexagonal towers is somewhat less Based on the type of material sections
Based on the sections used for fabrication, towers are classified into angular and
hybrid towers (with tubular and angle bracings).

Lattice towers are usually made of bolted

angles:

Tubular legs and bracing can be economic, especially when the stresses are low enough
to allow relatively simple connections.
Towers with tubular members may be less than half the weight of angle towers
because of the reduced wind load on circular sections.
However the extra cost of the tube and the more complicated connection details can
exceed the saving of steel weight and foundations.
Based on the placement of towerBased on this placement, Communication towers are
classified as follows:
Green Field Tower Roof Top Tower Erection Erected on natural ground with suitable
foundation Erected on existing building with raised columns and tie beams.
Height 30 200 m 9 30 usual Location Rural Areas Urban Areas Economy Less More

Based on the number of segments:

The towers are classified based on the number of segments as three slope tower;
Two slope tower;
Single slope tower;
Straight tower
RF SURVEY:
RF survey is carried out to find out suitable location for BTS cell site giving best
desired result on RF
RF Survey is done after the RF planning. RF planning data is created based on indoor
& outdoor coverage criteria in the circle where mobile services are to be provided
RF survey is important because it gives visual details to RF planner. Based on these
details planner can create better model Two types of RF survey is
conducted:
a) Nominal Survey

b) Hot Spot Survey

Tools used during the RF survey:

a) GPS
b) Digital Camera
c) Magnetic Compass
d) Map Info Software
e)Measuring Tape

f)Binocular
g) Altimeter

Global Positioning System:

(GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time
information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone
with a GPS receiverTilt meters and inclinometers measure the angle of inclination
of an object
A compass is an extremely simple device. A magnetic compass (as opposed to a
gyroscopic compass) consists of a small, lightweight magnet balanced on a nearly
friction less pivot point.
The magnet is generally called a needle. One end of the needle is often marked "N," for
north, or colored in some way to indicate that it points toward north. On the
surface, that's all there is to a compass.
Type of areaResidential/commercial
b) Type of Population- Income wise
c) Any hilly areas or rivers or forest falling & direction
d) Type of buildings available
e) Check for immediate obstructions