2B.1 Different choice of coordinates for the falling film problem Set up a momentum balance as before, and obtain the differential equation Lin dx pgcosB Since no momentum is transferred at ¥=6, then at that plane t_=0. This boundary condition enables us to find that C, =-pgdcosB, and the momentum flux distribution is Tr: = =pgdcosp{ 1 - 2) Note that the momentum flux is in the negative ¥-direction. Insertion of Newton's law of viscosity t,, = -14(do,/d¥) into the foregoing equation gives the differential equation for the velocity distribution: do, (3) This first-order differential equation can be integrated to give _{ 085? cosB z_4zY a # 3 2\6 The constant C, is zero, because v, = 0 at We note that ¥ and x are related by ¥/6 =1-(x/6). When this is substituted into the velocity distribution above, we get {es228(1-3)-4fr-28.(2)) which can be rearranged to give Eq. 2.2-18. 2-52B.2 Alternate procedure for solving flow problems Substituting Eq, 2.2-14 into Eq. 2.2-10 gives d(_do,)_ @v, __ pgcosB race or sere Integrate twice with respect to x (see Eq. C.1-10) and get x? 4C,x+C, pgcosB 2u Then use the no-slip boundary condition that v, =0 at x= 6, and the zero momentum flux boundary condition that dv,/dx=0 at x=0. The second gives C,=0, and the first gives C, = (pgcosp/2u)6?. Substitution of these constants into the general solution and rearranging then gives Eq. 2.2-18.2B.3 Laminar flow in a narrow slit a. The momentum balance leads to dpe eBay) x T= L and 1,, L ( x+C, Substitution of Newton's law 7,, & into the above gives do, __(Po-Pi) (Po-P,)x? ree! a 2uL + Src, H Use of the no-slip boundary conditions at x= +B gives the expres- sions in Eq. 2B.3-1 and 2. One can also see that C, = 0 directly, since we know that the velocity distribution must be symmetrical about the plane x=0. b. The maximum velocity is at the middle of the slit and is fea a. Ds enax Qual The ratio of the average to the maximum velocity is then. (o.) Ir La[t-(/B)exdy fa e7)ag nn fae (- c. The mass rate of flow is w= pl2BWXo,)= p(anwy(g) Pe=PLE” _ 2(Po— Fu}PoW d. In Eq. 2.5-22, set both viscosities equal to j1. set b equal to B, and multiply by BWp. 272B.4. Laminar slit flow with a moving wall ("plane Couette flow") Start with the velocity distribution from part (a) of Problem 2B.3 (in terms of the integration constants). Determine C, and C, from the boundary conditions that 7, =0 at x=—B, and v,=V at x= B, This leads to P-L) fata) This expression can be differentiated with respect to x and then Newton's law of viscosity t,, =-1(do,/dx) can be used to get the expression for the stress tensor. Notice that the velocity distribution is no longer symmetric about the midplane, so that C, #0. 282B.5 Interrelation of slit and annulus formulas From Eq. 2.4-17 we get Bul wy (1-0-2), {5 a |-(-0-8 i In(1-€) (1-142e- 6?) -e-te*? -1e - e-}e"-le—}e =(1-1+ 46-667 +46? -e*)+ ‘de? —4e? +04) ether tye tyes =(4¢-6¢? + 4e? —e*)-(4e-6e7 + $e? -fe"+-) =(4e-66? + 4e? - et) - This gives, finally, a result in agreement with Eq. 2B.5-1 4 wu ® a P (te? —2et. ) 242B.6 Flow of a film on the outside of a circular tube a. A momentum balance on the film gives art.) dr vog=0 or 188) epgreo The latter may be integrated to give 2 2, B+ Cylarec, 7 Next use the boundary conditions that at r= R, 0, =0 (no slip) and that at r=aR, do, /dr=0. When the integration constants have been found, we get for the velocity distribution fs Tales ers [1-(z) sate b. The mass rate of flow in the film is then 2" Je" po.rdrd0 = 2nR? pf", Ede in which a dimensionless radial coordinate ¢=1/R has been introduced. Then aon! wo = TERE fi(1—&2 420? Ind) bas to! : = TEE (ag? pet ete? +4eting), eps gRaer ge on (-1+ 40? -3a +4a* Ina) c. If we set a= 1+ € (where € is small) and expand in powers of € using §C.2, we getZor! ZoRtg? — FP*ER" (16 03 4)) _ 2ap*gRte a. (#e? +0(e*))= aa This is in agreement with Eq. 2.2-21 if we make the identifications W=2aR and 5=eR (and furthermore consider only the case that cosp =1. 2-112B.7 Annular flow with inner cylinder moving axially a. The momentum balance is the same as that in Eq. 2.3-11 or Eq. 2.4-2, but with the pressure-difference term omitted. We can substitute Newton's law of viscosity into this equation to get ic 2 r Gin +Cy ot T= -Dilne + Dp That is, we select new integration constants, so that they are dimensionless. These integration constants are determined from the no-slip conditions at the cylindrical surfaces: v,(kR)=v) and v,(R)=0. The constants of integration are D, =0 and D, =-1/Inx. This leads then directly to the result given in the book. b. The mass rate of flow is w= [Ff ooyrirdo = aap of as 4E*Ing-36")| = 2p RE (a Inx-3(1- x?) = = 2np eR ( which is equivalent to the answer in the text. c. The force ona length L of the rod = (yf de i (/xR) F=ff (+ FE cq RAE 2aMRL HO which gives the expression in the book. d. When we replace x by 1- ¢ and expand in a Taylor series, we get 1 2nLu)vp F=2nL(-p)v) ———— = 2 #0 4-4, an Csr rstarers cum uate To get this last result one has to do a long division involving the polynomial in the next-to-last step.2B8 Analysis of a capillary flowmeter Designate the water by fluid "I" and the carbon tetrachloride by "II". Label the distance from B to C as "J". The mass rate of flow in the tube section "AB" is given by eo =P, )R'py _ A[(Pa-Ps) + Prgh]R*o, BuL ByuL Since the fluid in the manometer is not moving, the pressures at D and E must be equal; hence Pa + O,gh + 0,8] + PSH = Pp + P18) + Pugh from which we get Pa~Pa + Pgh =(Py ~ Pi)SH Insertion of this into the first equation above gives the expression for the mass rate of flow in terms of the difference in the densities of the two fluids, the acceleration of gravity, and the height H. 2132B.9 Low-density phenomena in compressible tube flow When we replace no-slip boundary condition of Eq. 2.3-17 by Eq, 2B.9-1, we get c, = Po=PLIR® (Po ~PL)RE a 4uL 2uL so that the velocity distribution in the tube is JRE (4) 4 (Po=P)RE 4uL R 2uL. Next we write the expression for w, but consider only the flow through a length dz of the tube: Po. , M w= fo" e(z)v.(r,z)rdrde = ane (Bega where we have introduced the ideal gas law, with R, being the gas constant (we use a subscript g here to distinguish the gas constant from the tube radius). We have also introduced a dimensionless radial coordinate. When we introduce the velocity distribution above, we get a ZAR M | _ apy gery 4 26 oa ee Eee aR! M_\_,P( 1, 460 ee (24), rfl a This is now integrated over the length of the tube, keeping mind that the mass flow rate w is constant over the entire length {r+ 4 \ap= aR!(_M_ 8u (RT This gives 2(Po-PL)R* Po Pee +48) BuL RI) 2 R seat) 8uL RT RPavg which leads then to Eq. 2B.9-2. 2152B.10 Incompressible flow in a slightly tapered tube a. The radius at any downstream distance is R(z)=Ry +(R, - Ry )(2/L) b. Changing the independent variable proceeds as follows: v-882( 2) oof my) Bu VU aRMaz) bp aR OL c. First we rearrange the equation in (b) to get W4aP _( Soy)_E _) 1. aR \ mp \\R,-R,) R* Then we integrate this equation to get _pPigp (8He\(__L yp Toor Seam ies whence we can get the pressure difference in terms of the mass rate of flow Next we solve to get the mass flow rate w={32(Po-P.)P\/_Ry-R, m(Po-P.)Rop|( 3 Ro-R 8uL RE-RS 8yuL. Ry RP - Ro This is the result, with the first factor being the solution for a straight tube, the second factor being a correction factor. It would be better to write the correction factor as "1-X ", so that the quantity X gives the deviation from straight-tube behavior. The quantity X is then 2-1631 SLA=CRL/Ro)] _ _SLE=(Ri/Ro)I(RL/Ro)? (Ro/R,)’-1 1-(R,/Ro)” 21 3(Ri/Ro)?_____1+(R/Ro) + (Ri /Ro)? ~3(Ri/Ro)” 1+(R,/Ro)+(Ri/Ro) 14(R,/Ro)+(Ri/Ro)" which then leads to the desired result in Eq. 2B.10-3. 2-72B.11 The cone-and-plate viscometer a. In a parallel-plate system with rectilinear flow, the velocity distribution is just 7, /0) = y/b, where b is the plate spacing and vp is the velocity of the upper plate. We now make the following correspondences between the parallel-plate system and the cone- plate system (using 6 as the usual variable in spherical coordinates measured downward from the z-axis, and y as the variable measured upward from the plate surface): 0, 2%; WOQr, bersinyy; yorsiny=ry=r(}7-6) When this correspondence is made, Eq. 2B.11-1 results. b. From Eq. B.1-19, we get for the force per unit area in the ¢-direction on a face perpendicular to the 0-direction oe, =p sind 8, a B96 a Here we have used the fact that the angle between the cone and plate is so tiny that @ is very nearly 4 so that sin @ is very close to unity. c. The torque is obtained by integrating the force times lever arm over the entire plate area: wired C15) dr =2 Yo Jb 3 T= EE (r0 TM eaattrdo which leads to Eq. 2B.11-3. 2-182B.12 Flow of a fluid in a network of tubes At A the pipe splits into three pipes, and at the next set of junctions the fluid flows equally in six pipes, and then at the next set of junctions the fluid flows back into three pipes, and finally at B the fluid is all returned to a single pipe. Call the modified pressure at the junctions where three pipes split into six pipes P,,, and that where six pipes join to form three pipes Ps. Then in each of the first set of three pipes a(P4-Ps)R'p Lew = 3 P,-P3 = 3 Bul or 4 Pas5 = aarp In each of the batch of six pipes 8uLw or Paso Pena= Gani and in each of the final batch of 3 pipes 2(Poa3~ Pa )RY : a or Pos When all the pressure differences are added together, the unknown quantities ®, ,, and P,,, cancel out, and we get 8uLw( 5 PrP dels) ot Rp aid