Question 1) A statistical survey is a scientific process of collection and analysis of numerical

data. Explain the stages of statistical survey. Describe the various methods for collecting data in
a statistical survey.
a) Meaning of statistical survey.
Ans :-A statically is a scientific process of collection and analysis of numerical data.stastical
surveys are used to collect information about units in a population and it involves asking
questions to individuals. Surveys of human population are common in government, health, social,
science and marketing sectors.
b) Stages of statistical survey (Listing and Explanation.
Ans :-stastical surveys involve two stages namely-

1. Planning
2. Execution
1. Planning:-A relevance and stastical survey of data obtained in a survey depends upon the
care taken in planning. A properly planned investigation can lead to the best results with
least cost and time.
2. Execution :-controlled method should be adopted at every stage of carrying out the
investigation to check the accuracy,coverage,method of measurement, analysis and
interpretation.
The collected data should be edited, classified, tabulated and presented in the
form of diagrams and graphs. The data should be carefully and systematically
analyzed and interpreted.
c) Methods for collecting data
Ans : Primary data:-primary data is the one, which is collected by the investigator for the
purpose of a specific inquiry or study. Such data is original in character and is
generated by a survey conducted by individuals or a research institutions or any
organization.
Secondary data:-any information, that is used for the current investigation but is
obtained from some data, which has been collected and used by some other agency or
person in a separate investigation, or survey is known as secondary data. They are
available in a published or unpublished form.

Question 2. (a) Explain the approaches to define probability.

Ans :- There are four approaches to define probability.
1. Classical /mathematical /priori approach:-under this approach the probability of an
event is known before conducting the experiment.
2. Statistical /relative frequency /empirical /posteriori approach: - under this
approach the probability of an event is arrived at after conducting an experiment. if
we want to know the probability that a particular household in an area will have two
earning members, then we have to gather data on all households in that area and then
arrive at the probability.
3. Subjective approach:-Under this approach the investigator or researcher assigns
probability to the events either from his experience or from past records.
4. Axiomatic approach; - Let X be a sample space consisting of all events of a random
experiment and A<S, then the probability of an event A is a set function satisfied.
2(b). In a bolt factory machines A, B, C manufacture 25, 35 and 40 percent of the total output.
Of their total output 5, 4 and 2 percent are defective respectively. A bolt is drawn at random
and is found to be defective. What are the probabilities that it was manufactured by machines
A, B and C?.
Ans :-From question,
P(A)=0.25,P(B)=0.35,P(C)=0.40,P(E/A)=0.05,P(E/B)=0.04,P(E/C)=0.03
According to byes probability theorem, the probability by machine to manufactured,
P(A/E) =P(A)P(E/A)/P(A)P(E/A)+P(B)P(E/B)+P(C)P(E/C)
=0.25*0.05/0.25*0.05+0.35*0.04+0.40*0.03
=125/385
=0.325 ANS.
The probability by machine to be manufactured,
P(B/E) =P(B)P(E/B)/P(A)P(E/A)+P(B)P(E/B)+P(C)P(E/C)
=0.35*0.04/0.25*0.05+0.35*0.04+0.40*0.03
=140/385
=0.364 ANS.
The probability by machine to be manufactured,
P(C/E) =P(C)P(E/C)/P(A)P(E/A)+P(B)P(E/B)+P(C)P(E/C)
=0.40*0.03/0.25*0.05+0.35*0.04+0.40*0.03
=120/385
=0.312 ANS.

Question 3.(a) :- The procedure of testing hypothesis requires a researcher to adopt several
steps. Describe in brief all such steps.
Ans :-Step 1 :-State null hypothesis (Ho) and alternate hypothesis (H1).
Step 2 ;-State the level of significance .this gives you the tabulated normal.
Step 3;-Select the approach test from the list.
Step 4:-Calculate the required values for the test.
Step 5:-Conduct the test.
Step 6:-Draw conclusion .if calculated value is <tabulated value ,accept Hopi calculated value
is > tabulated value, reject Ho.
Question 3(b). A sample of 400 items is taken from a normal population whose mean as well as
variance is 4. If the sample mean is 4.5, can the sample be regarded as a truly random
sample?

Ans :-According to question,

No. of items n=400
Variance =2
Mean ,m=4.5
Then z =x-m/variance
=x-4.5/2 is the standard normal variant.
The probability the items will be 400 is given by p(x>400)=0.5-p(x-4.5/2)>400-4.5/2
P(x>400)=0.5-p(x-4.5/2>194.5)
From above expression /the given sample cannot be regarded as a truly random sample
because (194.5) cannot be vitiated by z-distributers.

Question 4) a) What is a Chi-square test? Point out its applications. Under what conditions
is this test applicable?
b) What are the components of time series? Enumerate the methods of determining trend
in time series.
a) Meaning, applications and conditions .
Ans :- The chi-square test is one of the most commonly used non-paramedic test.in stastical
work.
The chi-square test can also be applied for the discrete distributions. in using chisquare test,we need no sumptuous regarding the shape of sampling distributions. the application
of chi-square test include testing.
Conditions:1. The frequencies used in chi-square test must be absolute and not in relative terms.
2. The total numbers of observations collected for this test must be large.
3. Each of the observations collected for this test must be large.
4. The expected frequency of any item or cell must not be less than 5,the frequencies of adjacent
items or cells should be polled together in order to make it more than 5.

b) Components of time series and methods of determining trend in time series .

Ans :-the behaviour of a time series over periods of time is called the movement of the series.the time
series is classified into the following four components : Long term trend or secular trend :-this refers to the smooth or regular long term growth or
decline of the series.this movement can be characteristic by a trend curve.
Seasional variations :-variations in a time series that are periodic in nature and occur regularly
over short periods of time during a year are called seasional variations .
Cyclic variations :-the long term oscillations that represent consistent rise and decline in the
values of the variable are called cyclic variations .
Random variations :-random variations are called irregular movements.movements tha occur
usually in brief periods of time.without any patern and which are unpredictable in nature are
called irregular movements.
methods of determining trend in time series .

Free hand or graphic methods

Semi averages method
Moving average method
Method or least square

Question 5) What do you mean by cost of living index? Discuss the methods of construction of cost
of living index with an example for each.
a) Meaning of cost of living index .
Ans :- The amount of money needed to sustain a certain level of living, including
basic expenses such as housing, food, taxes, and healthcare. Cost of living is
often used when comparing how expensive it is to live in one city versus
another.
b) Methods of constructing cost of living index with an example for each .

Ans :- The construction of the price index numbers involves the following steps or problems:
1. Selection of Base Year:
The first step or the problem in preparing the index numbers is the selection of the base year. The
base year is defined as that year with reference to which the price changes in other years arc
compared and expressed as percentages. The base year should be a normal year. In other words, it
should be free from abnormal conditions like wars, famines, floods, political instability, etc.
Base year can be selected in two ways:
(a) through fixed base method in which the base year remains fixed; and
(b) through chain base method in which the base year goes on changing, e.g., for 1980 the base year
will be 1979, for 1979 it will be 1978, and so on.
2. Selection of Commodities:
The second problem in the construction of index numbers is the selection of the commodities. Since
all commodities cannot be included, only representative commodities should be selected keeping in
view the purpose and type of the index number.
In selecting items, the following points are to be kept in mind:
(a) The items should be representative of the tastes, habits and customs of the people.
(b) Items should be recognizable,
(c) Items should be stable in quality over two different periods and places.
(d) The economic and social importance of various items should be considered

(e) The items should be fairly large in number,

(f) All those varieties of a commodity which are in common use and are stable in character should be
included,
3. Collection of Prices:
After selecting the commodities, the next problem is regarding the collection of their
prices:
(a) from where the prices to be collected;
(b) whether to choose wholesale prices or retail prices;
(c) whether to include taxes in the prices or not etc.
While collecting prices the following points are to be noted:
(a) prices are to be collected from those places where a particular commodity is traded in large
quantities,
(b) Published information regarding the prices should also be utilized,
(c) In selecting individuals and institutions who would supply price quotations, care should be taken
that they are not biased.
(d) Selection of wholesale or retail prices depends upon the type of index number to be prepared.
Wholesale prices are used in the construction of general price index and retail prices are used in the
construction of cost-of-living index number,
(e) Prices collected from various places should be averaged.
4. Selection of Average:
Since the index numbers are, a specialized average, the fourth problem is to choose a suitable
average. Theoretically, geometric mean is the best for this purpose. But, in practice, arithmetic mean
is used because it is easier to follow.
5. Selection of Weights:
Generally, all the commodities included in the construction' of index numbers are not of equal
importance. Therefore, if the index numbers are to be representative, proper weights should be
assigned to the commodities according to their relative importance. For example, the prices of books
will be given more weightage while preparing the cost-of-living index for teachers than while
preparing the cost-of-living index for the workers. Weights should be unbiased and be rationally and

not arbitrarily selected.

6. Purpose of Index Numbers:
The most important consideration in the construction of the index numbers is the objective of the
index numbers. All other problems or steps are to be viewed in the light of the purpose for which a
particular index number is to be prepared. Since, different index numbers are prepared with specific
purposes and no single index number is 'all purpose' index number, it is important to be clear about
the purpose of the index number before its construction.

Question 6 (a).:- what is analysis of variance? What are the assumptions of

this technique?
Ans :-Analysis of varience (ANOVA) is useful in such situations as comparing the mileage achieved by
five different brands of gasoline,testing which of four different training methods produce the fastest
learning record,or comparing the first year earning of the graduates of half a dozen different business
schools.
The following are the assumptions for applying the F-test :
The samples are simple random samples.
The samples are independent of each other.
The parent populations from which they are drawn are normally distributed.
The assumption that all the populations should have normal distribution is hardly achieved in
practical cases.Hence, it can be considered as a limitation.

Question 6(b). Three samples below have been obtained from normal populations with equal
variances. Test the hypothesis at 5% level that the population means are equal.
A
8
10
7
14
11

B
7
5
10
9
9

C
12
9
13
12
14

[The table value of F at 5% level of significance for 1 = 2 and 2 = 12 is 3.88]

Ans :T=sum of all observation=150
Correction factor=i2/n=1500

SST =sum of squares of all observation-i2/n

=1600-1500
=100
SSC =2500/5+1600/5+3600/5-1500
SSC=40 ANS.
SSE=SST-SSC
=100-40
=60
MSC=SSC/K-1
=40/3-1
=20
MSE=SSE/N-K
=60/15-3
=60/12
=5
Now degree of freedom =(k-1,n-k)=(3-1,15-3)
=(2,12)
We have a ANOVA table as below :Source of varience
Between samples
Within samples
Total

Sum of sources
SSC=40
SSE =60
SST =100

Degree of freedom
2
12
14

Means of square
20
5

Fcal =MSC/MSE=20/5=4
Given that Ftab (at 5% level of significance )=3.88
Fcal >Ftab
Hence null hypothesis (HO)is rejected and after note hypothesis (H1)is accepted.