Professional Documents
Culture Documents
V8i
User Manual
DAA039840-1/0001
Last updated: 3 November 2011
Copyright Information
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nonregistered trademarks of Bentley Sytems, Inc. or Bentley Software, Inc. All
other marks are the property of their respective owners.
Copyright Notice
2011, Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
Including software, file formats, and audiovisual displays; may only be used
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Acknowledgments
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Adobe Systems Incorporated.
To view the End User License Agreement for this product, review: eula_
en.pdf.
ii STAAD Foundation
Table of Contents
What's New
1.1 Welcome
1.2 Fundamentals
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71
2.1 Introduction
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72
112
117
216
217
3.1 Introduction
217
217
219
239
259
275
287
4.1 Introduction
287
287
290
301
311
317
326
338
351
351
User Manual iii
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355
355
357
364
367
367
378
396
402
7.5 Conclusion
407
409
409
410
410
411
412
413
416
417
423
427
430
431
436
437
441
442
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445
iv STAAD Foundation
What's New
The Software Release Report for STAAD Foundation Advanced V8i contains
detailed information on new features and enhancements made to the product.
Thank you for your purchase of a STAAD Foundation Advanced V8i license!
This new product is built upon the previous STAAD.foundation program but
includes powerful new features and an improved user interface. The name
change represents the extended feature set available in the program in
comparison to the limited foundation design capabilities which are available
with a license of STAAD.Pro V8i.
Whether you are new to STAAD Foundation or have used STAAD.foundation in
the past, then we suggest you spend some time reading this document and
trying some of the examples in order to familiarize yourself with the program.
Even if you've used previous versions STAAD.foundation before, we feel that
you'll benefit from learning the new user interface.
The following list provides describes new features for users of STAAD
Foundation (the previous version of this product).
Ribbon interface
The user interface has been updated with a new tabbed toolbar setoften
referred to as a Ribbonsimilar to that found in Microsoft Office 2007 and
later. This provides better organization of tools and features as well as exposes
many features which often hard to locate.
File operations, such as creating new files, opening existing files, saving
files, and printing are included on the Application menu, which is
accessed by click the Application menu button located in the top-left
corner of the program window.
User Manual 1
All other tools are located on a series of Ribbon tabs, which are grouped
by feature.
Commonly used tools can be added to the Quick Access toolbar, which is
visible from just below the Ribbon and remain the same regardless of
which Ribbon tab is selected.
From the Footing job branch in the Main Navigator pane, select the Detailed
Output option. A Windows Save As dialog opens to save the detailed design
information for each footing in the current job to an .XMLfile in the Excel
XMLformat, which can then be opened in Microsoft Office Excel.
2 STAAD Foundation
What's New
Plant Mode
The following features have been added to the Plant foundation mode in
STAAD Foundation:
Tank Footing
A new parametric wizard has been added to parametrically model and design a
ring foundation supporting a tank vessel for US and Indian codes. Tank
foundation design complies to:
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ASCE 7
ACI 318
PIP (Process Industry Practices) STE03350
Seismic loads per API 650, Section E
IS 456 and IS 875 Part 3
User Manual 3
4 STAAD Foundation
What's New
General Mode
The following features have been added to the General foundation mode in
STAAD Foundation:
User Manual 5
Octagonal Footing
An isolated, octagonal footingsimilar to the option for the Vertical Vessel in
Plant modecan be designed as a separate foundation job from the General
mode. Parameters similar to other isolated footings are entered via property
pane, as well as anchor bolt data for concrete design.
This foundation types can be selected when creating a new foundation job in
the General mode for US code design.
Strap Footing
A strap footingsimilar to the option for Heat Exchanger/Horizontal Vessel
in Plant modecan be designed as a separate foundation job in the General
mode. This foundation type consists of a grade beam between two isolated
footings. This single job analyzes the beam and footing system and designs
both elements.
This foundation types can be selected when creating a new foundation job in
the General mode for US code design.
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6 STAAD Foundation
Section 1
Getting Started
1.1 Welcome
Thank you for your purchase of STAAD Foundation Advanced V8i. STAAD
Foundation is an exhaustive analysis, design, and drafting solution for a variety
of foundations. These include general foundation types such as isolated,
combined footings, mat foundations, pile caps, slab on grade, octagonal, strap,
and slab on piles as well as plant foundation such as vertical vessel and heat
exchanger foundations. A part of the STAAD family of products, STAAD
Foundation can automatically import and update the geometry, loads, and
reactions from a STAAD.Pro model and then accurately design isolated, pile
cap, combined footing, mat, octagonal, and strap foundations and even perform
pile arrangements for a pile cap. Spreadsheet data (e.g., such as that in
Microsoft Office Excel) can be copied and then pasted in STAAD Foundation,
increasing the efficiency and versatility of the program.
STAAD Foundation not only analyzes and designs a myriad of foundation
configurations, but will also produce production quality reports and detailed
3D rendering of your foundation structures. It also produces site-ready
construction documents such as: detail drawings, general arrangement
drawings, and schedule drawings. With full OpenGL graphics, engineers can
User Manual 7
clearly see the displaced shape, stress distribution, reinforcement layout, and
force diagrams of their supporting structure. All models use physical objects
including physical beams, physical slabs, automatic meshing, load
distributions, and support generation. STAAD Foundation designs the physical
slabs rather than individual elements.
For mat foundation designs, STAAD Foundation utilizes a true finite element
design using the individual element stresses rather than using column strips.
STAAD Foundation can be used in a stand-alone mode or can be used in
conjunction with STAAD.Pro where the support reactions from the main
model and associated load cases are automatically brought in.
Because STAAD Foundation provides a total solution for your foundation
needs, a built-in project management system enables line and span of control,
revision records and multi-job functionalities. This helps you reduce cost in
assembling the technical and managerial information for your foundation. Full
step-by-step calculations are also provided in XML form to verify each and
every output provided by the program. These verification checks can be easily
shared with your clients for approval.
Also, the calculation sheets can be customized according user specification and
entire foundation reporting can be standardized.
We hope you enjoy your experience with STAAD Foundation. If you have any
questions or problems with the program, please visit our product page at
http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/Staad.foundation.
1.2 Fundamentals
1.2.1 Starting STAAD Foundation
There are several ways to initiate STAAD Foundation.
1.
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From the Windows Start menu, select All Programs > Bentley
Engineering > STAAD Foundation Advanced V8i (Version
6.0) > STAAD Foundation 6.0 (default location).
8 STAAD Foundation
or
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Drag a AFS file icon from Windows Explorer and drop it on the
STAAD Foundation icon.
or
User Manual 9
10 STAAD Foundation
Terminology
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Click - This refers to the action of pressing a mouse button. When not specified, click means to press the left mouse button.
Select - Synonymous with Click. Used when referring to an action in a
menu, drop-down list, list box, or other control where multiple options are
available to you.
pop-up menu - A pop-up menu is displayed typically with a right-click of
the mouse on an item in the interface.
User Manual 11
Mathematical Notation
Similar to spelling conventions, American mathematical notation is used
throughout the documentation. A serif typeface is typically used to clarify
numbers or letters which might otherwise appear similar.
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Numbers greater than 999 are written using a comma (,) to separate
every three digits. For example, the U.S. value of Young's Modulus is
taken as 29,000,000 psi.
Warning: Do not use commas or spaces to separate digits within a
number in a STAAD input file.
12 STAAD Foundation
3. Drag the window title bar over one of the dock location indicators to highlight where the window will be docked at.
4. Release the mouse button over one of the dock location indicators to dock
the window in that location.
User Manual 13
The check box next to each entry indicates whether or not the window
pane is open.
14 STAAD Foundation
in and out of graphic window tabs. The middle button can be pressed and held
to place the mouse pointer into a pan mode (same as selecting the Pan tool
from the Trans Rotate toolbar)
Note: You must have the required drivers for your mouse already installed
on your system.
User Manual 15
New
What it does
Opens a standard Windows file
open dialog box, which is used to
specify a file location and name.
16 STAAD Foundation
Keyboard
Shortcut
<Ctrl+N>
Tool
Open
What it does
Opens a standard Windows file
open dialog box, which is used to
select an existing STAAD Foundation project file.
Close
Save
Save As
Print
>Print
Keyboard
Shortcut
Print
>Print
Setup
Print
>Change
the Printer
and Printer
Options
User Manual 17
New tab
Project type list
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General Foundation
Plant Foundation
Foundation Toolkit
Open
Opens the a new, untitled AFS file with the specified project type.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without opening a STAAD Foundation project file.
Existing tab
Offers the same controls as the Open dialog Existing tab.
18 STAAD Foundation
Recent tab
Offers the same controls as the Open dialog Recent tab.
Existing tab
To open an existing project, navigate to the directory in which the project file
is located and then select the file and click on Open.
Look in
Lists the drives and directories for selection.
List box
User Manual 19
Lists files for selection. The files listed reside in the directory chosen in
the Look in option menu, filtered according to the file type chosen in the
Files of type option menu. Double-clicking a filename in the list box
selects the file.
File name
Shows the name of the file that is selected in the list box, or you can key
in a filename. The list box lists the name of the existing files in the
directory.
To bypass the Look in option menu, you can key in a complete path
specification for a file in the File name field.
Files of type
Sets the type of file to open. STAAD Foundation can only read .AFS file
formats directly. Use the Import feature to use data in a different file
type.
Open
Opens the selected AFS file.
If the filename in the Name field is the same as the name of an existing
file, an alert box asks if you want to overwrite the existing file.
If a AFS file is already open, it is closed before the newly selected AFS
file is opened.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without opening a STAAD Foundation project file.
Go to Last Folder Visited
Returns to the last folder that you opened.
Up One Level
Moves up one directory from your current location.
Create New Folder
Creates a new folder with an editable name field.
View Menu
Allows you to select how to display the files in the directory.
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20 STAAD Foundation
Recent tab
The recent tab contains a list of recently opened STAAD Foundation project
files. Select one from the list to re-open.
Open
Opens the selected AFS file.
If the filename in the Name field is the same as the name of an existing
file, an alert box asks if you want to overwrite the existing file.
If a AFS file is already open, it is closed before the newly selected AFS
file is opened.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without opening a STAAD Foundation project file.
To save a project, navigate to the directory in which you want to save the
project, type in a file name for the project, and then click on Save.
User Manual 21
Hint: Refer to the documentation for your version of Windows for other
common dialog controls.
List box
Sets the name of the STAAD Foundation file you want to save. The list
box lists the names of the existing files in the directory.
Different systems allow different numbers of characters in filenames.
Some systems are case-sensitive (they differentiate between upper and
lower case), others are not. If portability between different systems is a
concern, filenames with a maximum of eight characters all in the same
case are recommended.
File name
Sets the name of the STAAD Foundation file you want to save.
Save as type
Sets the type of file format. STAAD Foundation saves only in .AFS file
format.
Save
Saves the selected STAAD Foundation project.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without saving the current project file.
22 STAAD Foundation
Printer
Lets you choose the printer driver to use. Select any Windows system
printer.
Properties
Used to set the properties for the selected printer.
Print range
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Number of copies
Enter the Number of copies desired.
Collate
Select this option to print entire jobs together before beginning the next
copy.
OK
Closes the dialog and sends the document to the selected printer.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without printing.
User Manual 23
Name
Selects the printer to be used.Only printers that have been installed are
listed here.Additional information about the printer's Status, Type, and
location are also displayed.
Note: For more information refer to the Windows documentation.
Properties
Changes the printer settings from the printer selected in the Printers
list. The options vary according to the printer driver installed.
Note: Refer to the documentation for the selected printer for help on
the options and settings.
Paper
Select the paper Size and Source from the options for the selected
printer.
Orientation
Select the orientation that you want to use for the printed output.
24 STAAD Foundation
Network
Connects the computer to a printer across a network. For more information refer to the Windows documentation or press Help in the Network
dialog box.
OK
Applies the Print Setup options and closes the dialog.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without making any changes.
User Manual 25
The same as selecting File >Print from the STAAD Foundation window.
Once the file has been printed, the Print Preview window closes and
returns to the STAAD Foundation window.
Next Page
Displays the following page of the printed input file.
Prev Page
Displays the previous page of the printed input file
Two Page
Toggles the Print Preview window to display either one or two pages
simultaneously.
Zoom In
Magnifies the View of the Print Preview window. Same a clicking in the
window when the pointer is a magnifying glass.
Zoom Out
Decreases the magnification of the Print Preview window.
Close
Exits the Print Preview window and returns to the STAAD Foundation
window.
26 STAAD Foundation
Home tab
Contains many of the general tools you will use to control files, perform
analysis &design.
Table 1-2: File group tools
Tool
New
What it does
Opens a standard Windows file open
dialog box, which is used to specify a file
location and name.
Keyboard
Shortcut
<Ctrl+N>
Open
Save
Save
As
Close
Set this option to enable the auto save feaEnable ture, which will remind you to save your
Auto project on a scheduled cycle if changes
Save have been made.
User Manual 27
What it does
What it does
Import
STAAD.Pro
Update
Used to update current projects input database with the changed STAAD.Pro output.
Current Load
28 STAAD Foundation
What it does
Used to change load cases by
selecting from a list of load cases
available in the active project. To
change load cases, simply select
the load case you want to change
to from the drop-down list box.
Tool
What it does
If no load cases have been created
for a project, the drop-down list
box will be empty.
Current Job
What it does
Unit Setting
View Options
Global Options
Scale Setup
Drawing Notes
Report Customization
User Manual 29
Tool
What it does
in output.
Table 1-7: View group tools
Tool
Isometric
View
What it does
(Default view) View the model from a positive,
isometric angle.
Left View
Top View
Bottom
View
30 STAAD Foundation
List box
Lists files for selection. The files listed reside in the directory chosen in
the Look in option menu, filtered according to the file type chosen in the
Files of type option menu. Double-clicking a filename in the list box
selects the file.
File name
Shows the name of the file that is selected in the list box, or you can key
in a filename. The list box lists the name of the existing files in the
directory.
To bypass the Look in option menu, you can key in a complete path
specification for a file in the File name field.
Files of type
Sets the type of file to open. STAAD Foundation can import STAAD.Pro
input files (file extension .STD).
Open
Opens the Import STAAD.Pro File dialog, which is used to list all the
available load cases found in the selected STD file.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without importing a STAAD.Pro project file.
User Manual 31
32 STAAD Foundation
Note: Using this option for concrete design might lead to failure for a
footing checked with set dimensions. With the inclusion of self weight,
soil bearing pressure for concrete design load cases increases, thus
leading to higher shear forces and bending moments.
OK
Saves the settings and closes the dialog.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without saving any settings.
View tab
Contains tools used to control the model display in the view pane.
Table 1-8: View group tools on the View tab
Tool
Isometric
View
What it does
(Default view) View the model from a positive,
isometric angle.
Left View
Top View
Bottom
View
User Manual 33
What it does
Rotate Up
Rotate
Down
Rotate
Right
Rotate
Left
Spin Left
What it does
Increase the magnification of the view.
Zoom
In
Decrease the magnification of the view.
Zoom
Out
Display all elements fit to the view window size.
Zoom
All
Zoom
Window
Pan
34 STAAD Foundation
What it does
Toggle the display of construction grid lines.
Show/Hide
Grid
Change
Background
Color
Tools tab
Contains tools used to manipulating foundation models.
Table 1-12: Selection Cursor group tools
Tool
Support
Pile
What it does
Used to select only support nodes with
your mouse cursor, causing all other
objects to be ignored.
Used to select only piles with your mouse
cursor, causing all other objects to be
ignored.
User Manual 35
Tool
What it does
Beam
Boundary
Region
Plate
Meshed Node
What it does
Used to place column positions on grid interAdd Support section points using your mouse cursor. A
grid is created using the Grid Setup page
under the Foundation Plan group.
Add Beam
Add Pile
36 STAAD Foundation
Tool
What it does
Note: Active only if the current job is of
mat foundation type.
Add Rectangular
Boundary
Delete Piles
Outside
Boundary
Rectangular
Mat Wizard
Opens the Mat Foundation Modeling wizard, which is used to rapidly model rectangular mat foundations.
Opens the Move selected entities by
Move
User Manual 37
Tool
What it does
What it does
Opens the Add Self Weight & Modify Dead
Weight Factor dialog box.
What it does
Draw all the designed footings to actual scale. This
38 STAAD Foundation
Tool
What it does
is useful for checking for interference.
Actual
Sizes
Take
Picture
Save
Picture
What it does
Takes a snapshot of the Graphics Window for use in
the Report Setup.
What it does
Opens the Set Column Dimension dialog box,
which is used to create column or pedestal
objects..
User Manual 39
Unit
Select a unit of length in which values will be given.
Delta X, Y, Z
Specify distances along any or all of the global axis. These values are the
distance by which the object(s) will be moved.
OK
Closes the dialog and moves the selected entity by the specified values.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without moving the entity.
40 STAAD Foundation
Job Setup
Job Name
Used to uniquely identify each job. You can enter any string here.
Length Unit
Select a unit of length for all coordinates and lengths.
Default Unit Type
Used to setup default design parameters of the job. The program
supports both FPS and SI unit systems. You can select any combination of
design code and default unit type. In other words user can choose US
design code with SI unit system.
Design Code
Used to define concrete code to be used. Current version supports 5
country codes which are
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US - ACI 318-05
Britain - BS 8110
Indian - IS 456-2000
Australian - AS 3600-2004
Candian - CSA 23.3-04
Chinese - GB50007-2002
User Manual 41
Support Assignment
Used to assign supports to a job. There are three assignment methods
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Meshing
Meshing Type
Select a Quadrilateral or Triangle finite element shape.
Element Size
Specify a target element size, in the selected Length Unit.
Boundary Setup
X / Z Coordinate at Top left corner
Specify coordinates for X1,Z1, in the selected Length Unit. This is the
top-left corner of the rectangle when viewed in plan (View From Top in
the Trans Rotate toolbar). This locates the rectangular region in plan.
Length / Width
Specify the length (rectangle dimension parallel to the X axis) and width
(rectangle dimension parallel to the Z axis), in the selected Length
Unit, to define the size of the rectangular region.
Y Level
Specify an elevation (Y coordinate for all points in the rectangular
region), in the selected Length Unit.
Slab Property
Analysis Thickness
Used for FEM analysis of mat foundation, in the selected Length Unit.
Note: STAAD Foundation allows you to use different thickness for
analysis and design.
Design Thickness
Used to design the mat slab, in the selected Length Unit.
42 STAAD Foundation
Subgrade Modulus
Modulus of elasticity of soil supporting the mat foundation, in the
selected units.
Create
Creates a new mat foundation job with the specified rectangular mesh
region and slab properties.
Cancel
Closes the wizard without creating a new mat foundation job.
Consider Pedestal
Select this option if the object being created is to be considered as a
pedestal.
Column Type
Specify the cross-section type of the column: either rectangular or
circular.
Unit
Select a unit of length in which values will be given.
User Manual 43
Column Depth/Dia.
Provide the strong axis dimension of the column. If the Column Type
is circular, this field is the diameter.
Column Width
Provide the weak axis dimension of the column. If the Column Type is
circular, this field is not active.
Pedestal Height
If the column is to be considered as a pedestal, provide a pedestal
height.
OK
Closes the dialog and creates the column object.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without creating any objects.
No. of Steps
Specify the number of copies to make.
Link Steps
Select this option to create a physical member between each new copy
44 STAAD Foundation
User Manual 45
2. Click on any grid intersection point and that will become the center of the
circle
3. Drag the mouse to the desired circular radius and release the mouse on
a grid intersection node.
Note: The distance between the first point and second point is the
radius of the circle. If the mouse cursor is not released on a grid
intersection point load will not be created.
The Add Circular Pressure Load dialog opens.
4. Input Pressure value and select units
5. (Optional) Modify center and radius values if necessary.
6. Click the OK button.
46 STAAD Foundation
2. Click on any grid intersection point and the program will add a point load
at that point.
The Add PointLoad dialog opens.
3. Input Force values for all six degrees of freedom in the selected Force/
Moment Units.
User Manual 47
48 STAAD Foundation
2. Click on any grid intersection point and that will become the top left
corner of the rectangle.
3. Draw the rubber band and release the mouse cursor on a grid
intersection point which will be bottom right corner of the rectangle.
The Add Rectangular Pressure Load dialog opens.
4. Input pressure value and select units.
5. (Optional) Modify coordinates as necessary.
6. Click the OK button.
User Manual 49
Dialog controls
Length Unit
Length unit is used in all tables and pages as appropriate. Column position, column dimension, pile position, slab thickness are some of the
pages where length units are used. Forms for loading etc., output tables
and calculation sheet also uses length unit.
Force Unit
Force unit is used for all input and output related force. Pressure or stress
unit is determined combining length and force unit.
Moment unit
Moment unit is used wherever program needs to display moment. It could
be in calculation sheet, load page or output table.
Reinforcing Bar Diameter
This unit is used in output table and calculation sheet to report reinforcing bar diameter.
Reinforcing Bar Spacing
50 STAAD Foundation
This unit is used in output table and calculation sheet to report required
and provided reinforcing bar spacing.
Distributed Force
This unit is primarily used for linear load on a mat foundation.
Save as default
Program now supports default display unit setup for both English and SI
unit.
To set the defaults for English unit, setup all the desired units and press
English Unit button. It will save the selected defaults in INI unit.
To set the defaults for SI unit, setup all the desired units and press SI
Unit button. It will save the selected defaults in INI unit.
Program will automatically set display units based on current job unit
setup.
OK
Saves changes made and closes the dialog.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without saving any changes.
Help tab
Contains items for using online help.
Tool
About
Contents
What's New
Tutorial
What it does
Opens the About STAAD Foundation window
in which information about the product is displayed.
Opens the Help window to display STAAD Foundation's Table of Contents.
Opens the Help window to display the What's
New topic.
Contains a list of video tutorials that will open
in Windows Media Player once selected.
User Manual 51
Tool
Context
Sensitive
Verification
Manual
Online
Tutorials
What it does
Opens the STAAD Foundation Help window to
the help topic relative to the currently selected
feature.
Opens the STAAD Foundation Verification
Problems manual.
Note: You must have Adobe Acrobat
Reader or other software capable of reading
.PDFfiles installed on you computer.
Opens the STAAD Foundation wiki page which
contains links to several video tutorials on using
the product.
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OK
Closes the About STAAD Foundation window.
View "Read Me"Document
Opens the Read Me document for this release of STAAD Foundation V8i
in your default Web browser.
Note: You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader or other software
capable of reading .PDFfiles installed on you computer.
User Manual 53
This pane is primarily a tree control where the whole tree is divided in
several groups. The basic division is Global and Local data. Information which
will be used all through the project is called global data. Column positions,
column dimension and loading are global data. Data related to specific type of
job like Isolated footing are known as local data. Design parameters, footing
geometry are examples of local data.
Selecting a "leaf" in the tree navigator either opens a form in the Data Input
and Loads pane, opens a dialog, or performs a program action.
The Main Navigator includes different sections, depending on the mode in
which your project is in STAAD Foundation. Refer to the specific help sections
on each mode for detailed information on using the individual Main Navigator
items.
General Foundations
54 STAAD Foundation
Plant Foundations
Foundation Toolkit
User Manual 55
New File
Opens the Create New Project dialog, which is used to create and
open an empty STAAD Foundation project.
Open File
Opens the Open dialog, which is used to open an existing STAAD
Foundation project.
General Mode
Starts a new General Foundation project. Same as selecting File > New
> General Setup.
Plant Mode
Starts a new Plant Foundation project. Same as selecting File > New
56 STAAD Foundation
Geometry page
Used as the main graphical input for foundation models.
Once a design has been performed, you can group foundations to reduce the
total number of designs for a given job.
Note: If you are not able to see the loads or other model entities properly,
it may because the scaling value for the display is either too small or too
big. Use the Scale Setup form to change the scale value.
User Manual 57
58 STAAD Foundation
User Manual 59
Extension of Line Offset: Extension lines offset from the view in outward
direction using this toggle
Extension Line Visibility: Extension line visibility can be turned on or off
through this toggle.
Text Options
Dimension Text Height: Height of dimension text can be set through this
toggle
Distance Around Text: Text for dimension lines is offset in the text
position direction when Dimension Text Position is set as Above. For
Dimension Text Position is set as Center, it curtails the dimension line
around the text.
Dimension Text Alignment: Dimension text can be either aligned along
with the dimension line or always horizontal using this toggle.
Dimension Text Position: Position of dimension text can be set to above
dimension line or aligned with dimension line using this toggle.
Font Options
Select the callout Font Size and set the Callout Arrowhead Size using
these tools.
Color Options
For Dimension Lines Color, Extension Lines Color, and
Dimension Text Color, click the associated button to open a Select
Color dialog.
60 STAAD Foundation
Save as type
Sets the type of file format. The drawing file is saved in this format.
Type
File Extension
Description
AutoCADDrawings
R2004
.dwf
AutoCADDrawings
R2000
.dwf
AutoCAD Drawing
Interchange Format R2004
.dxf
Type
File Extension
Description
be read by a wide variety
of CADapplications.
AutoCAD Drawing
Interchange Format R2000
.dxf
AutoCAD Drawing
Interchange Format R14
.dxf
Vdp FormatR4.x
.vdp
Vdraw Drawings
R4.x
.vdf
.vdi
Windows Metafile
.wmf
Enhanced Metafile
.emf
Windows Bitmap
.bmp
.gif
Joint Photographic
Experts Group
.jpg
.tif
TARGA (Truevision
Graphics Adapter)
.tga
Portable Network
Graphics
.png
62 STAAD Foundation
Save Drawing Notes is clicked on the Detail and Schedule Drawing tab
of the View window, or
the Drawing Notes tool is selected
Drawing Type
Select either the Detail Drawing, GADrawing, or Schedule Drawing to add
notes.
Foundation Type
Select any of the foundation types available in the program.
User Notes
Each line in the table represents an additional note.
User Manual 63
to add a line, click in the last (empty) User Note field and begin typing.
To delete a line, select the its Index number and press the Delete key.
Save User Note(s)
Click to add or change the user notes to the selected drawing and foundation type.
Refresh Drawing
Click to update the drawing with the modified notes and close the dialog.
GA Drawing tab
Upon successful design, this tab produces a footing plan layout of analyzed
footings drawn to scale, complete with a title block.
Hint: This drawing is useful to check footing overlap or foundation
clashing.
Save Drawing As
64 STAAD Foundation
Opens the Save As dialog, which is used to save the GADrawing in a variety of common CAD or image file formats.
GADrawing Options
Displays the GADrawing Options form in the Data Input pane.
User Manual 65
If you have multiple jobs in the same STAAD Foundation project, select
this option to limit the GADrawing to display only the job currently
selected in the Job Selection list in the Standard toolbar.
Angle between GAdrawing north and true north
Used to rotate the plan drawing for convenience.
Refresh
Click to update the GADrawing for any changes in the options or if a
Create Group action has been performed.
66 STAAD Foundation
Graphs tab
Used to display internal force graphs for a strip footing beam.
User Manual 67
68 STAAD Foundation
Output tables
After a successful analysis/design, output tables will be shown in one or more
tabs in the Output pane.
Hint: The data within output tables can be copied and pasted into other
programs, such as Microsoft Excel or Word. Highlight the table cells and
press CTRL+C to copy their contents.
User Manual 69
70 STAAD Foundation
Section 2
General Foundations
2.1 Introduction
In STAAD Foundation, you start out by creating a Project to hold physical
information, such as column locations, column dimensions, piles, beams, and
loads. The physical information represents the structure that a foundation is
intended to support. Unless the design of the structure is modified, these
physical conditions generally remain constant throughout the life of a
foundation design project. Your project also contains Jobs, which are sets of
constraints needed to tell STAAD Foundation how to perform a foundation
design. Each project may contain multiple jobs, making it easy for you to
evaluate different design scenarios for a given set of physical conditions.
Note: STAAD Foundation does not display the entire tree all the time.
Rather, it only displays groups and leaves that are relevant to the current
status of the project. For example, when you begin a new project, only the
Project Info, Foundation Plan, Loads and Factors and Job Setup groups will
appear in the Navigator pane. These four groups allow you to specify the
physical model upon which the foundation design is performed. It is only
when you specify a Job (a set of constraints for STAAD Foundation to use
User Manual 71
Description
Same Effect as
Selecting
Scale setup
72 STAAD Foundation
Scale in the
Name
options
Description
Same Effect as
Selecting
User Manual 73
Parameter
General
Project ID
Information
Project Title
Description
Your organization's internal
project identification number.
Any text title which is helpful in
identifying the project by name.
74 STAAD Foundation
Group
Parameter
Engineer's
Designer
Description
Description
The name or initials of the staff
member responsible for creating
the project file.
Supervisor
Start Date
Target Date
User Manual 75
Job Name - Add any text description. You may want to add all jobs
which were worked on for a particular revision.
Checked By - Add any text description. This is typically the name or
initials of the reviewer.
Hint: Pressing [Return] or [tab] will skip to the next cell in the table.
Arrow keys may also be used to navigate through the table in any
order.
Comments form
Add any text description. This is typically a summary of the work
performed for this revision or notes from a reviewer.
Save
Saves any changes made to the revision table and comments field.
76 STAAD Foundation
Comments will not be saved with the revision item unless the save button
is clicked.
Delete
Removes the currently selected revision from the revision table.
Note: Deleting a revision from the revision table also deletes the
Comments that were stored with the deleted revision.
Delete All
Removes all revisions from the revision table.
User Manual 77
Show Supports
Toggles the view of supports.
Show Support Numbers
This option is used to display support numbers. Support numbers will
not be displayed if Show Supports option is unselected.
Show Piles
This option is used to switch on/off display of piles in graphics area.
Show Pile Numbers
This option is used to display pile numbers. Pile numbers will not be
displayed if Show Piles option is unselected.
Show Load Arrows
This option is used to display load arrows.
78 STAAD Foundation
Note: The color picker control to the right is used to select a color
for load arrows graphics.
Show Load Values
This option is used to display load values next to the load arrows.
Show Physical Beams
This option is used to display physical beams if present in the project.
The color picker control to the right is used to select a color for physical
beam graphics.
Draw Line/3D diagram
Select this option to draw physical beam as a line or as a solid surface.
Beam property will be used to draw the rectangular beam shape.
Show Plates
This option is used to display plate elements if present in current job.
Note: The color picker control to the right is used to select a color
for meshed plate graphics.
Draw <x>D Plates
This option gives user a choice to display plates as 2D surface or a solid
3D diagram.
Show Plate Numbers
This option is used to display plate numbers at the center of each plate.
This option wont display plate numbers if Show Plates is unselected.
Show Nodes
This option is used to display plate nodes as blobs. This option is
unselected by default.
The color picker control to the right is used to select a color for plate
node graphics.
Show Node Numbers
This option is used to display node numbers next to the plates nodes.
This option wont display node numbers if Show Nodes is unselected.
Show Boundary and Holes
This option is used to display boundary and holes created for mat
foundation.
User Manual 79
80 STAAD Foundation
Note: You should decrease the scaling value to increase the amount of
deflection or loading shown on the diagram. Why do you decrease the
parameter value to increase the apparent size? The values in the
dialog box represent the actual displacement or loading per unit
distance on the graphic diagram. Therefore, if you reduce the amount
of actual structural deflection required to display a unit distance of
deflection on the diagram, you will see a larger apparent displacement
on the diagram.
Loading Scales
This group allows you to change the display of load arrows. Concentrated
force and moment for a point load has different scaling options.
Distributed load scale is applicable to line load on mat and beam loads.
Pressure load scale is applicable to quadrilateral and circular pressure
load.
Modeling Scales
Used to change the display size of supports (Footing Width) and piles
(Pile Length). Drawings of footing size are not scaled as the sizes are
not known, so sometimes those entities may seem too big or small.
Changing the scale user can control the sizes of those drawings.
Set As Default
Select this option to save the current scale setup for the default for the
program.
Refresh
Click to redraw the View window with the current scale settings.
Description
Opens the Linear Grid Setup and Table
form in the Data Input pane, which is used
to define a linear grid on which geometry
can be graphically created.
User Manual 81
Name
Description
Radial Grid
Setup
Column Positions
82 STAAD Foundation
Note: The display of grids can be toggled using the Grid Toggle tool found
in the Trans Rotate toolbar.
User Manual 83
84 STAAD Foundation
Opens when Foundation Plan > Radial Grid Setup is selected in the
Main Navigator pane.
Note: STAAD Foundation will display only a single grid in the Geometry
tab of the main view window. Creating a new grid will replace any existing
grid. Any foundations, loads, or other model objects placed on this grid will
not be affected, though.
User Manual 85
Origin X / Y / Z
86 STAAD Foundation
Specify the origin coordinates for the grid, in the specified units.
Inner / Outer radius
Specify the radius values for the first and last circumferential grid line.
Divisions along the circumference
Specify the number of radial grid lines to be generated.
Divisions along the radius
Specify the number of divisions of the radius. Since all radius lines terminate at the specified origin (center), the number of circumferential grid
lines will be one less than this value.
Grid direction
Toggles the values displayed in the Radial Grid table for the current grid.
l
Radial - Displays the angle of each radial grid line, in degrees. Radial
grid line spacing is measured counter-clockwise (anti-clockwise) from
the positive X axis (from grid origin).
Circumferential - Displays the radial spacing of each circumferential
grid line, in the
Show Grid
Select Yes to toggle the grid on after it has been Generated.
Note: The display of grids can be toggled using the Grid Toggle tool
found in the Trans Rotate toolbar.
Save as Default
Save the radial grid settings as defaults for later use.
Radial Grid table
Displays the spacing between grid lines.
Additional grid lines (rows in the table) can be added using the Insert
After and Insert Before buttons.
Generate Grid
Click to generate the radial grid with the specified geometry.
Insert After
Click to insert new row of data in the table after the selected row.
Insert Before
Click to insert a new row of grid data in the table before the selected row.
Delete
Click to delete the selected table row(s).
User Manual 87
After column coordinates are entered, the columns along with their respective
node numbers are displayed in the Graphics Window. The tab key or arrow
keys may be used to move from one cell to the next in the table. The
coordinates in the table can be modified like any spreadsheet. In order to
delete a column, select the column in the Graphics Window by clicking on it.
Then either press the delete key on your keyboard or select Edit > Delete.
Note: A column will not be shown in the Graphics Window until you press
<Enter> or click outside of the row you are currently in.
Note: Initially, all unassigned footings will appear as spread footings of
uniform size in the Main View window. The graphics will update once the
footing type has been assigned.
88 STAAD Foundation
Note: This table allows you to quickly enter in data for multiple columns
and pedestals. To provide data for a single column, you can use the Set
Column Dimensions tool on the Home ribbon tab.
Opens when Foundation Plan > Column Dimensions is selected in the
Main Navigator pane.
If the column type is Circular, Column Width field will be grayed out.
By default, the program considers that there is no pedestal. If a particular
column location has a pedestal, you can select Yes radio button under
Consider Pedestal field. Doing so makes depth and width columns editable.
Note: For an Octagonal Footing in General Mode, only the following values
are used: Column Depth/Dia, Pedestal Height, and Pedestal
Depth/Dia (i.e., Column Widht and Pedestal Width are ignored).
User Manual 89
versus fixed (and any other boundary conditions) are inherent in the applied
loads here and are not actually set in STAAD Foundation.
Similarly, the type of analysis performed in the analysis software (i.e., static,
dynamic, time history, etc.) does not matter to the loads input to STAAD
Foundation.
Table 2-4: Loads &Factors group items
Name
Description
Create New
Load Case
Add a Column
Reaction Load
Add Member
Load > Uniform Load
Add Member
90 STAAD Foundation
Name
Description
Add Member
Load > Trapezoidal Load
Apply Self
Weight
Load Safety
Factor Table
Soil Bearing
Capacity Factors
Create New
Load Combination
Generate Load
Combination
Remove Load
Case
User Manual 91
Used to select the current load case. Click the down arrow to display a list of
all load cases in the current job.
Located in the top portion of the Load pane. Used to display all load cases,
loads, and load combinations contained in a project.
Assigning Loads
STAAD Foundation provides several different methods for assigning loads to
foundation model objects. These tools are available in forms within the Load
pane.
Assignment Method list
Used to choose the method of assignment and contains the following
methods and commands:
l
92 STAAD Foundation
Assign Load
Assigns the selected load using the Assignment Method chosen.
User Manual 93
Add
Click to create the new load case once all parameters have been set
below.
Assignment selection list
Used to select which method used for assigning the selected load case.
Assign Load
Click to assign the selected load by the method selected.
Column list
Enter in a list of elements to assign the load case to.
Load Title
A title can be any text string to describe the load.
Load Case Type
Select one of the following load types to use:
l
Primary - used for both serviceability and factored design. both the
serviceability and design factors will automatically be set to unity (1).
94 STAAD Foundation
Copy Load
All load items from a previously defined load case will be copied into the
new load case once Add is clicked. Enter the Load Case number into the
Add Self Weight
Select Yes to add self weight of Mat foundation for analysis.
Note: This option is relevant for Mat foundation design. For all other
footing types like Isolated, Combined; the program automatically
calculates and adds self weight as appropriate.
User Manual 95
96 STAAD Foundation
User Manual 97
Opens when Loads & Factors > Add Load for Mat Foundation
> Quadrilateral Load is selected in the Main Navigation pane.
User Manual 99
Note: By default, STAAD Foundation assigns values for the safety factors
depending on the load type.
Opens when Loads & Factors > Load Safety Factor Table is selected in
the Main Navigator pane.
The default values can be changed by inputting new values into the table like
any spreadsheet.
Hint: The tab key or arrow keys may be used to move from one cell to the
next in the table.
Load types are defined as the following:
l
l
l
By default, STAAD Foundation will assign value as 1 for soil bearing factors
depending on the load type. The default values can be changed by inputting
new values into the table like any spreadsheet. The tab key or arrow keys may
be used to move from one cell to the next in the table.
Based on this table increase or decrease in soil bearing capacity for particular
load case can be achieved. For example, consider than for earthquake load
cases, in many cases by standard practices and code provisions, soil bearing
capacity can be increased by 33%. This can be achieved by entering 1.33 in Soil
Bearing Capacity Factor (Multiplier) column.
Note: Soil bearing Capacity Factors are not applicable to mat foundation
module
Load Case No
This field is automatically incremented with each new load combination.
Load Combination Title
Enter a description for the new combined load such as Dead Load + Live
Load.
Combination Type
Select Allowable Stress of Ultimate Strength type.
Available Primary Load Cases list
Includes all load cases created in the active project file.
to
Include load cases selected in the Available Primary Load Cases list in the Load Combination
Definition list below.
Include all available load cases in the Load Combination Definition list below. All primary load
cases will have the same
Factor
applied.
Remove the selected load cases from the Load
Combination Definition list below.
Remove all load cases in the Load Combination
Definition list below.
Factor
Specify the factor with which the selected Primary Load Cases are to be
multiplied.
ASCE 7-05
NBCC 05
Indian
British
Australian
GB50001-2001
User defined
Update Table
Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI
files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the
associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved
in the active project file only.
Delete
Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table.
Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination.
toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you want
to use.
Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type,
each of which is represented by a separate column in the load
combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given
load type in the cell.
Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as
with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last
(empty) row.
Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept
in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button
after making changes.
Hint: Custom Load types can be created using User Type <#>. Up to
six custom types may be used.
Generate Load Combination
Adds the load combinations with the specified factors from the
associated table to the Load Description Tree. The child node of each
load combination node will represent the Load Case and the factors
multiplied with it.
Select All
Set this option to include all primary load cases.
OK
Closes the dialog and instruct the program to consider self weight for any
load cases with Include option set.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without considering self weight in any load cases.
Add self weight to mat foundations
1. Select Loads & Factors > Apply Self Weight from the Main
Navigation pane.
or
Select the Self Weight tool from the Tools ribbon tab.
The Add Self Weight & Modify Dead Weight Factor dialog box opens
containing a list of all load cases.
2. Select the Include check box for each load case to have Self Weight
included.
Hint: At the bottom of the dialog there is a control to toggle the
selection of all load cases.
3. Specify a Factor by which to multiply the program-calculated self weight
and/or dead weight.
This is set to unity (1) by default. Factor values will be used to for load
combinations. For service load combinations self weight will be
multiplied by the corresponding factor of that load combination. This
factor governs both the foundation self weight as well as the weight of
soil above a mat foundation.
4. Click on OK to assign/un-assign self weight.
Hint: Self Weight and factors can also be set for individual load cases
when load cases are created or selected in the Load Description Tree.
Description
Create Opens the Job Info and Loading forms in the Data
a New Input pane, which are used to input basic job data for
Job
creating a new foundation job.
Edit
Job
Delete Opens the Delete Job form in the Data Input pane,
Job
which is used to remove jobs from the project file.
Job Name
Used to uniquely identify each job. You can enter any string here.
Job Type
Used to define the foundation type for the new job. In current version
we support 5 different types of footing which are
l
l
l
l
l
l
Design Code
Used to define concrete code to be used. The following codes are
supported:
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
US - ACI 318-05
Britain - BS 8110
Indian - IS 456-2000
Australian - AS 3600-2004
Canadian - CSA 23.3-04
Chinese - GB50007-2002
Europe - Eurocode 2 (EN1992 Design of concrete structures)
Listed Supports
Used in conjunction with the Assign to Listed Supports method for
Support Assignment. Type the support numbers to be assigned to the
current job.
Loading form
Available Load Cases list
Includes all load cases created in the active project file.
Table 2-7: Load Selector tools
Click
this button
to
Jobs list
Displays a list of all jobs contained within the active project file.
Delete Job
Deletes the selected job from the project file. A dialog opens to confirm.
Warning: This action may not be undone.
Description
Concrete and
Rebar
Footing and
Geometry
Sliding and
Overturning
Design
Detailed Output
Name
Description
dialog, which is used to save the design output for the isolated footing job in a Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft
Excel XML file format, with an .xml file
extension).
Soil Type
Select the type of soil supporting the foundation:
l
l
Drained Condition
Undrained Condition
Design Type
There are two types of design one is calculate dimension another is set
dimension:
l
Coefficient of Friction
Specify a coefficient value of friction between the soil and concrete.
Factor of Safety Against Sliding
Specify a factor of safety against sliding.
Factor of Safety against Overturning
AlphaCC
Specify the coefficient to account for the long term effects on the
compressive strength of concrete and any unfavorable effects due to the
method of application of external loads.
CRdc
Used to calculate the design shear resistance as per equation 6.2.a of the
code. If not specified, a default value of 0.18/c is used.
Vmin
Specify a minimum shear strength value if necessary, per section 6.2.2.1
of the code. If none is provided, then the shear resistance is calculated
per the equations provided in EC2.
AlphaCT
Specify the coefficient to account for the long term effects on the tensile
Description
Design Parameters
Pile Layout
(Predefined)
Name
Description
matically choose the best possible pile
arrangement.
Pile Layout
(Parametric)
Design
Strength of Concrete
Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units.
Unit Weight of Concrete
Specify a density to be used for concrete (wC), in the selected units.
Yield Strength of Steel
Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected
units.
Side Cover (Cs)
Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the sides of the pile
cap reinforcement, in the selected units.
Bottom Clear Cover (Cb)
Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most
layer of pile cap reinforcement above the piles, in the selected units.
Pile in Pile Cap (Cp)
The distance from the bottom of the pile cap to the top of the piles, in
the selected units.
Initial Thickness
128 STAAD Foundation
Pile Capacity
The Pile Capacity group box allows you to input the forces that a pile is meant
to bear.
Unit
Select the force unit used for Pile Capacity parameters.
Lateral
Specify the lateral force a pile is meant to bear.
Vertical
Specify the vertical force a pile is meant to bear.
Uplift
Specify the uplifting force a pile is meant to bear.
Pile Dia
Diameter of a pile, in the selected units.
Spacing
Spacing between piles, in the selected units.
Edge Distance
Distance between the edges of the pile cap and edge piles, in the selected
units.
Show Loading on Support
Opens the Load Table for Support <#> dialog, which displays the
total loading on the support for each load case selected under Support for
Pile Arrangement.
Pile Arrangement Type
Select to have the program generate an Auto Arrangement list or to specify a
Manual Arrangement in the pile arrangement table. The Pile Arrangement
Type group box allows you to input the coordinates for a pile arrangement or
have STAAD Foundation calculate a pile arrangement automatically.
Auto Arrangement
The Auto Arrangement radio option allows you to have STAAD
Foundation calculate the pile arrangement.
Manual Arrangement
pile arrangement table
This table displays the plan distances from the center of the column (at
local origin) to the center of each pile. When the Manual Arrangement
option is selected, each pile location must be manually entered. If the
Auto Arrangement is selected, the table displays the local pile coordinates
for the selected arrangement.
Calculate
When Auto Arrangement has been selected, this button opens the
Predefined Pile Arrangement dialog, which is used to select one of the
predefined pile arrangements selected for the specified loads, pile
geometry, and pile capacity. Pile arrangements correspond to the pile
loads in all the load cases according to the BOCA standard.
Used to select a support from the current job for which you would like to
input pile arrangement.
Spacing selection
Select to use either a Row Spacing or Column spacing for Rectangular
layout.
Pile Data
Used to input the forces that a pile is meant to bear.
Unit
The Unit drop-down list box allows you to select the force unit used for
Pile Capacity and length unit used for spacing, diameter, edge distance
etc.
Lateral
Specify the lateral capacity of a pile.
Vertical
Specify the vertical capacity of a pile.
Uplift
Specify the uplifting capacity of a pile.
Dia
Diameter of a pile.
Edge
The Edge Distance field allows you to specify the distance between the
edges of a pile.
Arrangement Type
Pile arrangement can be either rectangular or circular. Pile cap having
circular arrangement will be design as octagonal pile cap.
Rectangular arrangement needs following inputs,
l
l
l
l
Number of Rows
Number of Columns
Row Spacing
Column Spacing
l
l
Number of Piles Total number of piles, excluding the center pile (if
option is selected).
Number of Layers Number of concentric circles in the circular
arrangement.
Pile Spacing Minimum spacing between piles
Use Center Pile Select this option to add a pile at center of pile
arrangement.
By default, program will try to assign equal number of piles for all
concentric circular layers. The arrangement can be edited using the table
below.
Create Pile Arrangement
Creates the pile layout and opens a dialog box to display the pile
coordinates table and a figure.
Note: Pile coordinates in this table are editable.
Delete Row - Click to delete the current row from the pile coordinate
table and figure.
Select Current Arrangement
Once a satisfactory pile layout has been found, click the Select Current
Arrangement button to select and apply that layout.
The program will check the pile reaction against pile capacity to make
sure pile reactions do not exceed pile capacity values.
Show Pile Reactions
The Show Pile Reactions button opens a table displaying the reaction on
each pile. The figure below shows the pile reaction table.
Note: Rectangular Mat foundation jobs can also be created quickly using
the Mat Foundation Modeling wizard.
The Mat foundation Job group contains following groups:
Pile Layout
Name
Description
Default Properties
Physical Beam
table
Pile Position
table
Rectangular
Pile Arrangement Wizard
(Parametric)
Circular Pile
Arrangement
Wizard (Parametric)
Group
Mesh Generation
Name
Description
Add meshing
Opens the Using Polyline
regions >Using form in the Data Input
Polyline
pane, which is used to
create irregularly shaped
regions.
Add meshing
regions
>Rectangular
Add meshing
regions
>Circular
Add meshing
regions > Regular Polygon
Meshing Setup
Group
Analysis Properties
Name
Description
Slab Thickness
Soil Properties
Pile Spring
Group
Mat slab analysis/ design
options
Name
Analyze
Description
Initiates the analysis of the
current mat foundation job
using the STAAD.Pro
engine. An analyze/design
confirmation dialog opens
to verify you want to proceed.
Group
Output View
Options
Name
Description
Opens the
Design Parameters form in
the Data Input
pane, which is
used to input
design parameters, design
current panel
and review
design results.
Reinforcing
Zoning
Opens the
Reinforcing
User Manual 143
Group
Name
Zoning form
in the Data
Input pane,
which is used
to .
Cut slab by a
line
Description
Group
Name
Calculation
Sheet
Detailed Output
Description
Mesh Generation
As Mat foundation module is based on FEA analysis, program needs to
generate plate elements. STAAD Foundation has automatic mesh generation
tools and it can generate both quadrilateral and triangular mesh for any shape
and size.
Mesh regions are used to create mat boundaries, holes, control regions etc.
Hint: Mat Regions can be selected using the default pointer, but this
tool limits the selection to only boundaries or regions, reducing the
likelihood of accidental deletions of other model elements.
2. Click anywhere along the boundary edge of the region you want to
delete.
The regions is highlighted in red.
3. Click the Delete tool in the Standard toolbar.
or
Press the [Delete] key.
An delete confirmation dialog opens to verify you want to proceed.
4. Click Yes.
Warning: This action may not be undone.
Slab Design
Slab design of a mat foundation is performed using the following Main
Navigation pane entries:
l
l
l
After adding a beam the beam will be displayed in main view area.
Hint: When pasting pile position data from an external source (such as a
spreadsheet file), the piles can be arranged according to the pile group to
simplify pile properties assignment.
Unit
Select the length Unit for used for pile row and column spacing.
Number of Rows
Specify the number of rows (piles in a line in the X direction) in the pile
arrangement.
Number of Columns
Specify the number of columns (piles in a line in the Y direction) in the
pile arrangement.
Row Spacing
Minimum spacing between two piles in the same row, in the selected
length Unit.
Column Spacing
Minimum spacing between two piles in the same column, in the selected
length Unit.
Pile Table
By default program will create symmetric pile arrangement from the
above input.
Select either Row Spacing or Column Spacing to display in the table. The
first column represents either the Row or Column number and the second
column displays the spacing between that row/column and the next.
Origin X / Y / Z
Generated pile coordinates will be in local coordinate system where first
pile is at 0,0,0 position. You need to move pile group to the right location
by inputting Origin X, Origin Y and Origin Z.
Apply
Transfers pile layout to graphics and add to the current mat foundation
job. Please do remember to input appropriate origin coordinates to move
the whole pile group to the right position.
Unit
Select the length Unit for used for pile spacing.
Number of Piles
Total number of piles in pile group.
Number of Circular layers
Number of concentric circular pile layers.
Pile Spacing
Minimum spacing between two piles, in the selected length Unit.
Pile Table
Displays the spacing values used between concentric pile layers. Each
row represents a layer number and the number of piles within that layer.
The program will try to evenly divide the total Number of Piles to all
the layers. Edit these fields to redistribute the piles.
Center Piles
Select this option to add a pile at the center of the circle (coordinate
0,0,0). If you check this box program will automatically add an extra
piles to the total count of number of piles.
By default program will create symmetric pile arrangement from the
above input. It will attempt to place equal number of piles to all layers. It
will create an additional layer for the remainder of piles. User can change
the default setup by editing the layers table as shown below.
Origin X / Y / Z
Generated pile coordinates will be in local coordinate system where
center of the circle is at 0,0,0 position. You need to move pile group to
the right location by inputting Origin X, Origin Y and Origin Z.
Apply
Transfers pile layout to graphics and add to the current mat foundation
job. Please do remember to input appropriate origin coordinates to move
the whole pile group to the right position.
Unit
Select a unit of length for all coordinates and lengths.
X / Z Coordinate at Top left corner
Specify coordinates for X1,Z1, which is the top-left corner of the
rectangle when viewed in plan (View From Top in the Trans Rotate
toolbar). This locates the rectangular region in plan.
Length / Width
Specify the length (rectangle dimension parallel to the X axis) and width
Unit
Select a unit of length for all coordinates and lengths.
X / Z Coordinate at center
Specify coordinates for X,Z, which is the center of the circular region
when viewed in plan (View From Top in the Trans Rotate toolbar). This
locates the circular region in plan.
Radius
Specify the radius to define the size of the circular region.
Y Level
Specify an elevation (Y coordinate for all points in the circular region).
Add Region
Creates a meshing region in the job. The new region will be displayed in a
light blue outline in the View window.
Create a circular mesh region parametrically
1. Select Mat Foundation job >Mesh Generation>Add Meshing Region
>Add Circular Region in the Main Navigation pane.
2. Specify a unit of length to be used for coordinate and length values.
3. Specify the X and Z coordinates of the center (in plan).
4. Specify a radius of the circular region.
5. Specify an elevation of the circular region.
Hint: This is typically left as zero for most jobs.
6. Click the Add Region button.
The boundary region is added in the View window.
Draw a circular mesh region
1. Click the Create Circular Mat Boundary tool in the Select toolbar.
Center X / Y / Z
Specify coordinates for X and Z, which are the center of the polygon when
viewed in plan (View From Top in the Trans Rotate toolbar). This locates
the rectangular region in plan. The Y coordinate is to specify an elevation
of the polygon. Input in the default length units.
Radius
Circular radius of the polygon where radius is the distance measured
between center and each vertex of the polygon. Input in the default length
units.
Number of Sides
Number of polygon sides. For example enter 8 for an octagonal shaped
polygon.
Orientation Angle
Rotation angle of the polygon. Enter in a value directly or use the
up/down arrows to increment the value in the field.
Generate
Creates a preview of the polygon for display in the Region Preview area
below.
Add Region
Creates a meshing region in the job. The new region will be displayed in
a light blue outline in the View window.
Create a regular polygon mesh region parametrically
1. Select Mat Foundation job >Mesh Generation>Add Meshing Region
>Regular Polygon in the Main Navigation pane.
2. Specify X and Z coordinates of the center (in plan).
3. (Optional) Specify a Y coordinate if the region will be added a different
elevation.
4. Specify a radius of the regular polygon region.
5. Specify the Number of Sides of the regular polygon region.
6. (Optional) Specify an orientation angle if the regular polygon is rotated.
7. Click Generate.
The boundary region is displayed in the Region Preview. Repeat steps 3
through 6 to make changes, if needed.
8. Click Add Region.
The boundary region is added in the View window.
Boundary - Add region as the main mat boundary. It is the outermost region of the mat foundation. You can have as many boundaries as needed. Boundaries can be connected or isolated.
Hole- Specify a hole within a mat boundary. You can add as many
holes as needed. Please note, holes must not intersect each other or
the boundary or any control region.
Control Region - Specify a special region within a mat boundary
which might have a different slab thickness or soil property. You can
add as many control regions as needed. Please note, these regions
must not intersect each other or the boundary or any hole.
Region identifier
It is a unique identifier of the region to be added. Any string can be used.
Add
Click on this button to add the selected region in the main view to the current job
Select Boundary
Select the boundary to which the hole or control region will be added.
This option will be active only when the region type will be selected as
Hole or Control Region.
Target maximum
element size Its the size of one side of a plate element to be created. This
parameter will be used by mesh generation engine to generate plates. This
option allows you to control meshing density and plate counts which in
turn control analysis run time and output size.
Optimize based on area
(Triangular only) Select to have the program use an optimization technique based on area. By default, program optimize meshing based on element size.
Generate Mesh
Opens the Meshing Options dialog, which is used to generate mesh of
the selected bounding region.
Edit Selected Region
Opens the Edit Meshing region dialog.
Delete Selected Region
Removes the selected region from the meshing setup tree.
Add a meshing region in to the Meshing Setup tree
1. Select that region to be added in the View window.
The region is highlighted in red.
Meshing shape
A Quadrilateral Mesh works well for slabs with quadrilateral boundaries and
when there is no hole or control region. A Polygonal Mesh is the better choice
for slabs with irregular shapes, like a Y-shaped slab, or slabs with round
holes, irregular-shaped holes, round edges, etc.
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Unit
Select a length unit to be used for all dimensions.
Region geometry table
This table displays the geometry parameters (coordinates, lengths, etc.) for
the selected region.
OK
Update the selected region's geometry and close the dialog.
Cancel
Closes the dialog without making any changes.
The first row of the table is to select unit for thickness. You can have only one
unit for all slab thickness.
Second row onwards will be list of slab thickness properties. Left most cells of
each row will show the region identifier name as specified in Meshing Setup
operation.
STAAD.foundation allows you to use different thickness for analysis and
design. Analysis thickness will be used for FEM analysis of mat foundation
and design thickness will be used to design the mat slab. This is particularly
important in modeling a pedestal, where you may want to use excess thickness
for stiffness modeling but want to use slab thickness for design.
Pile
The number of the pile.
Kx
Spring constant K value for the X-Direction.
Ky
Spring constant K value for the Y-Direction.
Kz
Spring constant K value for the Z-Direction.
Plate Stress
Beam Stress
Soil Pressure
If you select Show Plate Stress contour, Select Stress Type drop down
box will be enabled allowing you to choose stress type to display. By
default program shows stress type as None.
Two categories of plate stress contours are available. One set displays
contour for plate local axis system and the other set shows global plate
moment.
Local stresses are:
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Max Absolute
Max Top
Max Bottom
Max Von Mis
Max Von Mis Top
Max Von Mis Bottom
SX
SY
SXY
MX
MY
MXY
SQX
SQY
stress setup group will be enabled. Select any stress type to view the
contour along with a legend.
Available beam stress types are:
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Axial stress
Bending Y stress
Bending Z stress
Combined stress
Show Legend
Use this option to switch on/off legend display
Plot contour on deflected shape
Select this option to draw stress contour on the deflected shape.
Grades:Fy
Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (f ), in the selected
y
units.
Grades:Fc
Specify the ultimate (crushing)strength of the concrete (f' ), in the selected
c
units.
Top Cover
Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the top-most layer of
mat reinforcement, in the selected units.
Bottom Cover
Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most
layer of mat reinforcement, in the selected units.
Min. / Max. bar size
Minimum and maximum rebar size to be used.
Max. / Min. spacing
Maximum and minimum rebar spacing, respectively, in the selected units.
Zone Report
Provides reinforcement details for all zones for a particular Slab Face.
First Column displays number of zones assigned, reference to zone
number and color code can be seen at top left corner of Geometry view.
Second column displays maximum moment (in per length unit)
magnitude occurred in the zone. Third column displays critical load case
for the maximum moment, each zone might have a different governing
load case. Fourth and fifth column displays location of maximum
moment. Sixth column displays critical reinforcement area required for
particular zone, followed by seventh column displaying reinforcement
area provided. Eighth column shows actual reinforcement detail.
View Options
Used to view zoning based on requirement reinforcement area or
provided reinforcement area. Further user can see the grid line used for
zoning, zoning block from Show drop down menu. By default Show
menu is set to control Nodes.
Zone Editing
Used to customize the zones per their needs. As mentioned in Create
Zones help menu, automated zone generated by program are based on
real time stresses. Practical zone assignment is possible through this
feature.
From Current Zone Drop down box, select a zone that needs to be reset.
Click on Select Nodes button, then select control points from geometry
view which needs to be assigned under the current zone. Once selection is
done, click on Reset Zones button. This process does not disturb the
nodes which were outside of selection. To create detached blocks in same
zone, repeat Zone Editing process for all blocks individually.
In above sketch, blue zone is set in two different blocks; this type of
zoning can be achieved by selecting left upper small block first then
resetting zones and selecting the right block later and resetting zones
one more time.
Lock Higher Zone check box makes sure that when zones are reset,
lower reinforcement zone does not overwrite higher reinforcement zone.
By disabling the check box, higher zones can be overwritten by lower
zones.
Moment Envelope
Req'd Reinforcement Area - Only available after a design has been
performed on the cut line.
Grades:Fy
Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (f ), in the selected
y
units.
Grades:Fc
Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f' ), in the selected units.
c
Top Cover
Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the top-most layer of
mat reinforcement, in the selected units.
Bottom Cover
Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most
layer of mat reinforcement, in the selected units.
Bar Size
Specify a reinforcing bar size to use for the capacity check.
Spacing
Specify a reinforcing bar center-to-center spacing, in the selected units.
Choose Slab Face
This check must be performed for one slab face at a time. So, for all four
faces the check should be performed for four times.
Plot Capacity Diagram
A two-dimensional Moment Capacity graph is displayed over the surface
of the mat. The legend indicates values of moment capacity by color.
Displacement tab
Used to view node displacement table for all nodes for current load case as
Reaction tab
Used to review support reaction results. This option is available only if the mat
is supported on soil. In case of mat supported by soil each plate node of the
mat region will have one soil spring attached to it.
Reaction tab shows support reactions for current job for current load case
only. Please select your desired load case from Select Current Load icon in
toolbar.
The table shows reactions for all six degree of freedom for all nodes. Clicking
on any row will highlight the corresponding node in graphics.
Note: Stability checks for rigid foundations is done automatically, for any
shape of mat foundation. In case of overturning check, program gives
contact area summary based on which stability of mat can be determined.
And for sliding resistance, program gives reaction summary in lateral
direction which further can be used for sliding check.
SQX
SQY
SX
SY
SXY
MX
MY
MXY
These stresses are based on plate local coordinate system. During slab design
program will automatically transform these local stresses to global axes
system.
Description
Opens the Concrete and Rebar form in
the Data Input pane, which is used to input
concrete and rebar properties for the current
isolated footing job.
Cover, Soil, and Opens the Cover, Soil, and Safety form in
Safety
the Data Input pane, which is used to input
cover parameters, soil characteristics, and factor of safety values.
Name
Description
2. Select Job Setup >Create a New Job in the Main Navigation pane.
3. In the Job Info form:
a. Give a suitable Job Name.
b. Select Job Type as Combined.
c. Select a Design Code and Default Unit Type.
d. Select which supports will be included in the Combined Footing job.
Note: At least two supports are required to create a combined
footing.
e. Select loads to for the Selected Load Case list.
4. Click Create Job.
Some additional controls are added to the Job Info form for creating
strip footings between support nodes.
Delete All
To delete all the combined footing at a click, simply click on Delete All
button.
used in the design. Sizes listed correspond to the appropriate bar sizes
used in the selected Design Code.
Set as Default
Select Yes to have the current parameter values set as the defaults for
new Combined Footing: Concrete and Rebar parameters.
Design Type
There are two types of design one is calculate dimension another is set
dimension:
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the design.
Minimum Left / Right Overhand
Specify the minimum overhang length (direction parallel to the X axis) to
be used for the footing design, along with unit.
Minimum Width
Specify the width (direction parallel to the Y axis) to be used for the
footing, along with unit. For a Calculate Dimension design, this is used as
the minimum dimension to check.
Minimum Thickness
Specify the thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or out-of plan
dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. For a Calculate
Dimension design, this is used as the minimum dimension to check.
Maximum Length
(Calculate only) Specify the maximum length (direction parallel to the X
axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit.
Maximum Width
(Calculate only) Specify the maximum width (direction parallel to the Z
axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit.
Maximum Thickness
(Calculate only) Specify the maximum thickness (direction parallel to the
Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with
unit.
Length Increment
(Calculate only) Specify the length and width increments to be used when
performing footing design, along with unit. This allows you control over
how to step footing sizes in design results.
Thickness Increment
(Calculate only) Specify the thickness increments to be used when
performing footing design, along with unit.
Set as Default
Select Yes to have the current parameter values set as the defaults for
new Combined Footing: Footing Geometry parameters.
The Design Progress Report is displayed in the Output pane. When the
design is complete, a summary of the design is displayed on the Strip
Footing Design Summary tab in the Output pane and the Calculation
Sheet is opened to review the design calculations. A graphical report of
Bending Moment and Shear Force for the footing will be generated in
the Graphs tab of the main view window.
Note: After a successful analysis/design, you may want to print the
calculation sheet.
Description
Design Parameters
Design
Detailed Output
Name
Description
extension).
Description
Opens the Concrete and Rebar form in the
Data Input pane, which is used to specify concrete and reinforcement bar to be used for
the design of a strap footing.
Name
Cover, Soil, &
Safety
Description
Opens the Cover, Soil, and Safety form in
the Data Input pane, which is used to input
cover parameters, soil characteristics, and factor of safety values.
Design
Detailed Output
Opens when Strap Footing Job > Design Parameters > Other
Parameters is selected in the Main Navigator pane.
Footing plan increment
Specify an increment interval for width and length of the footing, in the
selected units.
Footing thickness increment
Specify an increment interval for the thickness of the footing, in the
selected units.
Beam Width
Width of the beam above the spread footing, in the selected units.
Beam Depth
Enter the range of beam depth permissible for design, in the selected
units. The design process will begin with the minimum depth and iterate
designs up to and including the maximum depth specified.
Note: Beam depth is taken from top of grade beam to bottom of
spread footing.
Overturning Safety Factor
Specify a factor of safety against overturning.
Sliding Safety Factor
Specify a factor of safety against sliding.
Coefficient of Friction
Specify a coefficient value of friction between the soil and concrete.
Set as Default
Select Yes to have the current parameter values set as the defaults for
new Combined Footing: Cover, Soil & Safety parameters.
Section 3
Plant Foundations
3.1 Introduction
Plant foundations allow you to parametrically model both Vertical Vessel
foundations and Heat Exchanger (Horizontal Vessel) foundations. Both
foundation modules are completely wizard guided. You will be able to skip to
any point in the process using the module navigation tree.
Foundations are designed to comply with IS456, IS 1893 Part I, and IS 875
Part III for Indian codes.
Note: This feature requires STAAD Foundation 4.0 or later.
or
Press <CTRL+N>, select Plant Foundation in the Create New
Project dialog, and click Open.
The program window opens a new project in the Plant Foundation mode
(displayed in the Main Navigation Window).
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ASCE 7
ACI 318
PIP (Process Industry Practices) STE03350
IS 456
IS 1893 Part I
IS 875 Part III
Vertical Vessel ID
Specify a unique job title for this vertical vessel job.
Unit System
Select either English or SI units to use in the wizard and for the job
design and output.
Design Code
Select either US or Indian design codes.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
Unit
Select the unit of length (this page only).
Foundation Type
Select either Octagonal Foundationand Square foundation for the
vertical vessel.
Hint: For vessels larger than 5 ft. in diameter, an octagonal
foundation is typically more economical (this practice varies from
user to user).
Foundation Support Type
220 STAAD Foundation
Vessel Geometry
Effective Diameter (Dve)
The effective diameter is the diameter that will be used to calculate the
wind pressure on the vessel.
Effective Height (Hve)
The effective height is the effective height of the vessel that will be used
to calculate the wind pressure and the seismic effect on the vessel.
Pedestal Geometry
Diameter (Dp)
Input pedestal diameter which will be used for shear check and pedestal
design (as shown in the input page sketch).
Thickness (Tp)
Height of the pedestal from top of footing (as shown in the input page
sketch)
Bottom Of Footing Elevation (B.O.F)
Bottom of footing elevation is used for detail drawing purpose. Based on
this input elevation at top of concrete (T.O.C.), elevation at top of soil
(T.O.S) and elevation at top of pedestal (T.O.P.) are displayed in detail
drawing.
Footing Geometry
Diameter (Df) Min / Max
(Octagonal type) Specify the range of sizes used for checking in the
design. The diameter is that of a circle on which the octagonal foundation
is circumscribed in plan. The minimum diameter is first checked in the
design process. If it is not adequate, then subsequent sizes are checked,
up to the maximum diameter, until the design reaches the safety limit.
Footing Dimension Increment
This input is for increment interval for width/ length or diameter of the
footing.
Length Min / Max
(Square type) Specify the range of sizes used for checking in the design.
The minimum length is first checked in the design process. If it is not
adequate, then subsequent sizes are checked, up to the maximum length,
until the design reaches the safety limit.
Height (Tf) Min / Max
Enter the minimum height which will be used in starting the design and
will be checked up to the maximum value until the design reaches the
safety limit.
Unit
Select the unit of length (this page only).
Bolt Circle Diameter (BCD)
Bolt circle diameter along which bolt will be placed
Number of Anchor Bolt (Nb)
Count of total anchor bolts. This parameter is used to calculate An as
defined in appendix of PIP standard
Bolt Diameter (BD
Nominal diameter of individual bolt. This parameter is used to calculate
An as defined in appendix of PIP standard.
Sleeve Diameter (SD)
Nominal diameter of the anchor bolt sleeve.
Anchor Bolt Effective Embedment Depth
Nominal embedment of the anchor bolt.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
Unit
Select the input unit for vertical force, base shear and base moment; for
this page only.
Standard Loads
For vertical vessels, the standard loaded conditions are:
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Empty condition
Operating condition
Test condition
Erection condition
Vertical (Axial) Force, Base Shear, and Base Moment may be entered for
each of these loading conditions.
Note: Sign conventions for the applied loads are explained in
Primary Load Cases page sketch. Applied load at top of the pedestal
are calculated based on PIP STE03350.
User Defined Load
This table is used for entering non-standard loads. By default first load in
user defined load table is set to Live. More User defined load can be
entered in the same table.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
Click on the Table 6.6 button to open the table of code Kd values.
Direct Input
Mass Table
Program Calculated
Direct Input
Fundamental Period (T)
Specify the fundamental time period of the vessel.
Mass Table
The time period is calculated using Von Mises Theorem equation:
Where:
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the difference in the values of a and g,from the top to the bottom of each
section of uniform weight, diameter and thickness. b is determined for
each concentrated mass.
Units
Specify the values of Length, Force/Length, and Force used in both tables
on this page to describe the mass of the vessel.
Distributed Mass table
This table is used to describe how the mass is distributed over one or more
vertical sections of the vessel.
Mass/Length
Specify a mass per unit of vertical height for this section of mass.
Height (Top / Bot)
Specify the top and bottom heights, respectively, above base of this section
of mass.
Diameter
The diameter of the vertical vessel for this section.
Thickness
The wall thickness of the vessel for this section.
Concentrated Mass table
This table is used to specify point masses in the vessel, such as ladders,
platforms, etc..
Mass
Specify the amount of lumped mass.
Height
The height above base where the lumped mass is centered.
Calculate Time Period
The program calculates the Fundamental Period and enters this value for
the Fundamental Period(T) (non-editable).
Program Calculated
Fundamental Period is calculated by using formula as described below,
Where:
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Directly Input Seismic Loads - specify values for shear force and moment
Mass Table C.G. - (US code only)If mass data has been entered in the
Time Period page for the calculation of the vessel's fundamental period,
that data can also be used by the program to determine the center of gravity.
User Defined C.G. - Specify the center of gravity of the vertical vessel.
Select using Zip Code- Populates the Select Zip combo box with all U.S.
zip codes. Choosing any one of them will (or simply type in the value to
select faster) will selected mapped acceleration values for that geographic
location.
Enter Value Manually- Specify values for S1 and Ss in the respective
fields.
ASCE 7-05
PIP STC01015
User defined
Update Table
Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI
files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the
associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved
in the active project file only.
Delete
Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table.
Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an
external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after
deleting.
Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables
Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination.
toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you want to
use.
Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type,
Water Density
Density of water with unit to use for a Buoyancy Check, in the selected
units.
Buoyancy Check
Select this option to have the program perform a check for buoyancy.
Concrete Density
Specify a density to be used for concrete (w ), in the selected units.
C
Soil Density
Density of soil supporting the foundation, in the selected units.
Allowable Bearing Pressure
Value of allowable bearing pressure used for design, in the selected units.
Minimum Stability ratio
Value of minimum stability ratio used for design.
Bar Type
Types of bar used for the design (e.g. Imperial or Metric).
Cover
Value of clear cover, in the selected units.
Fc
Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f' ), in the selected units.
c
Fy
Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (f ), in the selected units.
y
Minimum / Maximum Bar Dia
Select the minimum and maximum allowed reinforcing bar sizes to be used
in the design.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
(for Pile Cap foundation only) Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
Finish
(for Soil Foundation only) Closes the Wizard and creates the Vertical
Vessel Footing job in the current project.
Unit
Choose Units for force and length, these units are only applicable to Pile
Cap Geometry Page.
Minimum Pile cap Depth
Lateral
Specify the lateral capacity of a pile.
Vertical
Specify the vertical capacity of a pile.
Uplift
Specify the uplifting capacity of a pile.
Dia
Diameter of a pile.
Edge
The Edge Distance field allows you to specify the distance between the
edges of a pile.
In Pile Data, enter Lateral, Uplift, Vertical capacities of pile from geotechnical
report.
Arrangement Type
Pile arrangement can be either rectangular or circular. Pile cap having
circular arrangement will be design as octagonal pile cap. For octagonal
foundation, pile arrangement is automatically set as circular.
Rectangular arrangement needs following inputs,
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Number of Piles Total number of piles, excluding the center pile (if
option is selected).
Number of Layers Number of concentric circles in the circular
arrangement.
Pile Spacing Minimum spacing between piles
Use Center Pile Select this option to add a pile at center of pile
arrangement.
By default, program will try to assign equal number of piles for all
concentric circular layers. The arrangement can be edited using the table
below.
Create Pile Arrangement
Creates the pile layout and opens a dialog box to display the pile
coordinates table and a figure.
Note: Pile coordinates in this table are editable.
Delete Row - Click to delete the current row from the pile coordinate
table and figure.
Select Arrangement
Once a satisfactory pile layout has been found, click the Select Current
Arrangement button to select and apply that layout.
The program will check the pile reaction against pile capacity to make
sure pile reactions do not exceed pile capacity values.
Show Pile Reactions
The Show Pile Reactions button opens a table displaying the reaction on
each pile. The figure below shows the pile reaction table.
Note: To get the pile reaction, the file needs to be run once. Once
you have designed the Vertical Vessel Foundation job, select
Vertical Vessel Footing > Edit to return to this page to view the
Pile Reaction table.
spacing type and table
Once a pile arrangement is started, the table displays the spacing for each
row, column, layer, or circumference; depending on what arrangement type
and table spacing type is selected.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
Finish
Closes the Wizard and creates the Vertical Vessel Footing job in the
current project.
ASCE 7
ACI 318
PIP (Process Industry Practices) STE03350
IS 456 and IS 875 Part 3
Heat Exchanger ID
Specify a unique job title for this Heat Exchanger job.
Unit System
Select either English or SI units to use in the wizard and for the job
design and output.
Design Code
Select either US or Indian design codes.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
Strap Beam
(Isolated Footing type only) Exchanger footing will be designed as two isolated footing below the piers connected by a strap beam.
Bottom of Footing Elevation (B.O.F.)
Bottom of footing elevation is used for detail drawing purpose. Based on
this input elevation at top of concrete (T.O.C.), elevation at top of soil
(T.O.S) and elevation at top of pedestal (T.O.P.) are displayed in detail
drawing
Unit
Unit of length for all the input in this page only.
Heat Exchanger Length (L)
Length of the heat exchanger.
Combined Footing
Here you have to input the geometrical data relate to the footing.
Unit
Choose the length dimension unit.
Pier to Pier Distance
Distance of the central lines of the pier.
Pier Width
Width of the pier.
Pier length
Breadth of the pier.
Right Overhang
Length of the right overhang from the central line of the right pier. Choose
Yes from the combo box right next to it if you want to make it fix else
No if you want to allow it to increase by the design engine.
Left Overhang
Length of the left overhang from the central line of the left pier. Choose
Yes from the combo box right next to it if you want to make it fix else
No if you want to allow it to increase by the design engine.
Width
Minimum width of the footing. Choose Yes from the combo box right
next to it if you want to make it fix else No if you want to allow it to
increase by the design engine.
Width (Max)
The maximum width allowed up to which it will be incremented by the
design engine.
Thickness
Minimum thickness of the footing.
Thickness (Max)
The maximum thickness allowed up to which it will be incremented by
the design engine. The rate increment will have to be given on the right
Increment input field.
Length (Max)
The maximum total length allowed up to which it will be incremented by
the design engine. The rate increment will have to be given on the right
Increment input field.
Thickness Increment
This input is for increment interval for thickness of the footing.
Length / Width Increment
This input is for increment interval for width and length of the footing.
Isolated Footing
The dialog displays the following
Unit
Choose the length dimension unit.
Pier to Pier Distance
Distance of the central lines of the pier.
Water Table Depth
Depth of water table from top of soil. This input is used to calculate buoyant forces on foundation.
Pier Width
Strap Beam
Note: Beam geometry can be entered through the beam geometry page.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Heat Exchanger Footing job.
Here UDL with unit over beam option is available. Max & Min Depth Range of
Beam, Width of Beam (with unit input), Main Bar Range, Stirrup Bar Range,
Stirrup Type (Number of legs), Stirrup Spacing Range ( with input) are
available in this page.
Beam Loading - UDL On Beam
Specify a uniform dead load applied over the length of the grade beam,
in the selected units.
For example, this may be the weight of a wall load over the beam.
Min / Max Depth
Enter the range of beam depth permissible for design, in the selected
units. The design process will begin with the minimum depth and iterate
designs up to and including the maximum depth specified.
Note: Beam depth is taken from top of grade beam to bottom of
spread footing.
Beam Width
Width of the beam above the spread footing, in the selected units.
Min / Max Bars Size (Main Bar)
Force Unit
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Empty Moment
Operating Moment
Longitudinal Miscellaneous Moment
Transverse Miscellaneous Moment
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Select using Zip Code Populates the Select Zip combo box with all
U.S. zip codes. Choosing any one of them will (or simply type in the value
to select faster) will selected mapped acceleration values for that geographic location.
Enter Value Manually Specify values for S1 and Ss in the respective
fields.
ASCE 7-05
PIP STC01015
User defined
Update Table
Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI
files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the
associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved
in the active project file only.
Delete
Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table.
Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an
external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after
deleting.
Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables
Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination.
toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you want to
use.
Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type,
each of which is represented by a separate column in the load
combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given
load type in the cell.
Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as
with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last
(empty) row.
Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept in
an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button
after making changes.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Heat Exchanger Footing job.
Unit
First give the units for three types of dimensions, density, length and
stress.
Specify clear cover distance between face of pedestal and edge of reinforcing bars.
Footing Bottom Cover
Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most
layer of footing reinforcement.
Soil Unit Weight
Specify a density to be used for the soil.
Soil Bearing Capacity
Specify the allowable bearing capacity of the soil, in the selected units.
Soil Depth
Specify the depth from soil surface to the top of footing.
Load Surcharge
Specify a surcharge loading above the footing.
Minimum Permissible Area in Contact With Soil
Specify a percentage of area of contact between footing and soil.
ASCE 7
ACI 318
PIP (Process Industry Practices) STE03350
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Tank ID
Type a unique title for the tank foundation job.
Unit System
Select between English customary and SI system of units.
Design Code
Select either US or Indian design codes
Foundation Type
Increment interval for width/ length or diameter of the footing.
Weight Input
Select a method for inputting the tank weights on the Primary Load
cases page. Select the Direct Weight Input method to specify a total
weight. Select the Tank Fluid Volume Input to specify a volume and
fluid density.
Sliding Check
Set this option to instruct the design process to check sliding stability.
Overturning Check
Geometry Unit
Select the primary unit of length (this page only).
Increment Unit
Select the secondary unit of length (this page only).
Bottom of Footing Elevation
Bottom of footing elevation is used for detail drawing purpose. Based on
this input elevation at top of concrete (T.O.C.), elevation at top of soil
(T.O.S) and elevation at top of pedestal (T.O.P.) are displayed in detail
drawing.
Ringwall Geometry
Eccentricity from Tank Diameter to Footing Centerline
Type the eccentricity value taken from the tank wall to the centerline of
ring foundation.
Width (Fw) Min. / Max.
Type the minimum and maximum values, respectively, to be used for the
design of the tank ring foundation.
Height (Fh)
Type the value of height (vertical thickness) to be used for design of the
tank ring foundation.
Miscellaneous Inputs
Concrete Slab Thickness
Type the value of thickness for the concrete slab-on-grade beneath the
tank floor.
Compact Granular Fill (Ds)
Height of the pedestal from top of footing (as shown in the input page
sketch)
Bottom Of Footing Elevation (B.O.F)
Bottom of footing elevation is used for detail drawing purpose. Based on
this input elevation at top of concrete (T.O.C.), elevation at top of soil
(T.O.S) and elevation at top of pedestal (T.O.P.) are displayed in detail
drawing.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Tank Foundation job.
Tank Geometry
Geometry Unit
Select the units of length used in Tank Geometry parameters.
Internal Tank Diameter (Di)
Type the internal diameter of the tank.
Height of Tank Shell (Hs)
Type the maximum height of the tank shell.
Tank Thickness
Tank Thickness Unit
Select the units of length used in Tank Thickness parameters.
Avg. Thick. of Tank Shell (Tavg)
Type the value for the average thickness of the tank shell.
Thick. of Tank Bottom (Tbot)
Type the value for the thickness of the tank bottom.
Thick. of Tank Roof (Trf)
Type the value for the thickness of tank roof.
Insulation Thickness (Tins)
Type the value of the thickness of insulation.
Units
Select the units of Tank Weight Force, Fluid Volume, Internal
Pressure, and Pressure Load used in tank Loading parameters.
Internal Pressure
Type values for Internal Pressure at both Operating Level (normal
conditions) and Test Level in selected units for internal pressure.
Tank Weight
Specify these values when the Direct Weight Input option is set on Tank
Foundation Job page.
Operating Fluid Weight
Type a value of total fluid weight under normal operating conditions.
Test Fluid Weight
Type a value of total fluid weight under testing conditions.
Liquid Height Units
Select the units used to enter liquid height parameters.
Liquid Height (Operating)
Type a value of fluid height under normal operating conditions.
Liquid Height (Test)
Type a value of fluid height under testing conditions.
Fluid Properties
Specify these values when the Tank Fluid Volume Input option is set on Tank
Foundation Job page.
Operating Product Volume
Type the volume of liquid contained in the tank under normal operating
conditions.
Test Product Volume
Type the volume of liquid contained in the tank under testing conditions.
Specific Gravity of Product
Type the unit weight of the liquid.
Pressure Load
These define the loads distributed over the roof of the tank.
Roof Snow Load
Type a pressure value for the snow load (if any) on the tank roof.
Snow Importance Factor (Isnow)
Terrain Category
Select the category which describes the surrounding terrain as defined in
Section 5.3.2.2 of IS-875 III.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Tank Foundation job.
Moment Unit
(Direct entry) Select the units of moment used for shear values.
Select using Zip Code- Populates the Select Zip combo box with all U.S.
zip codes. Choosing any one of them will (or simply type in the value to
select faster) will selected mapped acceleration values for that geographic
location.
Enter Value Manually- Specify values for S1 and Ss in the respective
fields.
Site Class
Value of Fa and Fv, which are functions of Site Class and mapped
acceleration values.
Note: If Site Class is selected as F, Fa and Fv may be entered
manually.
Seismic Parameters
These values are specified when the Direct Seismic Load Input option is
not set.
Seismic Use Group
Select the use group as defined in ASCE7.
Damping Adjustment Factor
Type the damping adjustment factor. This may be varied to account for
different fluids or soil conditions.
Long-Period Transition Period (TL)
Type the value for TL.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Tank Foundation job.
ASCE 7-05
PIP STC01015
User defined
Update Table
Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI
files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the
associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved
in the active project file only.
Delete
Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table.
Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an
external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after
deleting.
Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables
Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination.
toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you want to
use.
Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type,
each of which is represented by a separate column in the load
combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given
load type in the cell.
Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as
with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last
(empty) row.
Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept in
an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button
after making changes.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Tank Foundation job.
Soil Properties
Allowable Soil Bearing Capacity
Type the allowable bearing capacity of the soil, in the selected units.
Coefficient of Friction
Type the coefficient value of friction between the soil and concrete.
Material Densities
Concrete Density
Type the unit weight to be used for concrete (w ).
C
Soil Density
Type the unit weight to be used for the soil.
Water Density
Type the unit weight to be used for water (buoyancy calculations).
Safety Ratios
Factor of Safety (Sliding)
Type a factor of safety against sliding.
Factor of Safety (Overturning)
Type a factor of safety against overturning.
Project Info
Pile/Pier ID
Type a unique title for the pier job.
Project Name
(Optional)Type a descriptive name for the project associated with this
pier.
Client / Engineer / Checker Name
(Optional)Type the identification (i.e., names, initials, etc.) of personnel
or organizations associated with project.
Specifications
Pile Type
Select if the pile is a Driven Pile or Drilled Shaft.
Unit System
Select between English customary and SI system of units.
Design Code
Only USdesign code is currently supported.
Loading Type
Select either a Static or Cyclic loading on the pier.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
276 STAAD Foundation
Unit
Select the unit of length (this page only).
Bolt Circle Diameter (BCD)
Bolt circle diameter along which bolt will be placed
Number of Anchor Bolt (Nb)
Count of total anchor bolts. This parameter is used to calculate An as
defined in appendix of PIP standard
Bolt Diameter (BD
Nominal diameter of individual bolt. This parameter is used to calculate
An as defined in appendix of PIP standard.
Sleeve Diameter (SD)
Nominal diameter of the anchor bolt sleeve.
Anchor Bolt Effective Embedment Depth
Soil Properties
Soil Density
Average soil density for the soil layer.
Note: If the water table is located within a soil layer, soil layer
should be split into two parts with different soil densities.
Epsilon 50
Soil strain which corresponds to 50% of the maximum principle stress.
Some typical values for 50taken from EI 02C097are shown in the
following table.
Table 3-1: Representative values of
Avg.
Undrained
Consistency
Shear
of Clay
Strength
(ksf)
50
Soft
0.020
Medium
0.010
1-2
0007
2-4
0.005
4-8
0.004
Stiff
50
Cohesion
Undrained shear strength of a cohesive soil.
J Parameter
An empirical, dimensionless parameter. A value of 0.5 is frequently used
(soft clay). A value of 0.25 can be used for a medium clay.
Initial Soil Stiffness
Slope, k, to use for the initial, straight-line portion of the p-y curve
representing static, linear loading. Some typical values for ktaken from
EI 02C097are shown in the following table.
k
k
s
c
(lb/in. (lb/in.
3)
3)
1-2
500
200
2-4
1,000
400
4-8
2,000
800
P Multiplier
Scale factor for P values in p-y curve.
Y Mulitplier
Scale factor for Y values in p-y curve.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Drilled/Driven Pier job..
loads list
A list of individual loads applied to the top of the pier.
Add Load
Click to add a new load to the list.
Delete Load
Click to remove the selected load from the list.
Force/Deflection
Select to specify either a Shear Force or an enforced lateral Deflection
value for the selected load.
Shear
If Shear Force is selected, type a value for the Shear force, in the selected
units.
Lateral Deflection
If Deflection is selected, type a value for the enforced lateral deflection, in
the selected units.
Moment/Rotation
Select to specify either a Moment or enforced Rotation value for the
selected load.
Moment
If Moment is selected, type a value for the moment, in the selected units.
Rotation
If Rotation is selected, type a value for the rotation, in the selected units.
Axial Load
Reinforcement
Reinforcement Strength
Type the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (f ), in the selected units.
y
Modulus of Elasticity
Type the Young's Modulus of steel reinforcing bars (E), in the selected
units.
Min / Max Bar Size
Select the minimum and maximum allowed reinforcing bar sizes to be used
in the design.
Max Spiral
Type the maximum size to use for spiral confinement steel.
Concrete
Concrete Strength
Type the ultimate strength of the concrete (f' ), in the selected units.
c
Modulus of Elasticity (Concrete)
Type the Young's Modulus of concrete (E), in the selected units.
Concrete Density
Specify a density to be used for concrete (w ), in the selected units.
C
Pile Condition
Pile Batter Angle
For battered piles, type the angle between vertical and the centerline of
the pile, in degrees.
Ground Slope Angle
Type the angle between horizontal and the surrounding ground slope, in
degrees.
Number of Increments Along the Pile
Type the number of discrete sections along the length of the pile at which
a analysis is performed.
Section 4
Foundation Toolkit
4.1 Introduction
The foundation toolkit allows you to parametrically model a variety of
common foundation types such as combined footings, drilled piers, dead man
anchor guys, etc. These foundation modules are completely wizard guided. You
will be able to skip to any point in the process using the module navigation
tree.
Note: This feature requires STAAD Foundation V8i, release 5.0 or later.
or
Press <CTRL+N>, select Foundation Toolkit in the Create New
Project dialog, and click Open.
The program window opens a new project in the Foundation Toolkit
mode (displayed in the Main Navigation Window).
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In Main Navigator five new leafs are added Create Isolated Footing/Block,
Create Combined Footing, Create Dead Man Anchor guy Tower foundation,
Create Drilled Pier and Create Pile Job. Click on a specific leaf will help
you to create the job. You can create more than one job for each of them
(Create isolated Footing/Block, Create Combined Footing, Create dead
man Anchor, Create Drilled pier, Create Pile Job). The created jobs will be
listed in the tree view as following.
Edit Delete and Design These three features of a particular job helps the
user to edit the fields after creation and click on Delete deletes the job.
Design will design the corresponding foundation.
Job Name
This should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as
"Isolated Job."
Design Code
The following countries' design codes are available:
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US (default)
British
India
Australia
Canadian
Chinese
English (default)
SI
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Soil Type
Select the type of soil supporting the foundation:
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Drained Condition
Undrained Condition
Design Type
There are two types of design one is calculate dimension another is set
dimension:
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Calculate - The footing size will be checked and resized to the smallest size which meets all specified loads; ranging between the minimum and maximum dimensions provided (inclusive). Calculate
dimension is set by default.
Set Dimension - then the minimum dimensions will constitute the
only footing size checked.
Minimum Length
Specify the minimum length (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used
for the footing design, along with unit.
Minimum Width
Specify the minimum width (direction parallel to the Y axis) to be used
for the footing, along with unit.
Minimum Thickness
Specify the minimum thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or outof plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit.
Maximum Length
(Calculate only) Specify the maximum length (direction parallel to the X
axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit.
Maximum Width
(Calculate only) Specify the maximum width (direction parallel to the Y
axis) to be used for the footing, along with unit.
Maximum Thickness
(Calculate only) Specify the maximum thickness (direction parallel to the
Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with
unit.
Plan Dimension Inc.
(Calculate only) Specify the length and width increments to be used
when performing footing design, along with unit. This allows you control
over how to step footing sizes in design results.
Thickness Increment
(Calculate only) Specify the thickness increments to be used when
performing footing design, along with unit.
Offset X / Z Direction
If the loads do not pass through the CG of the footing, specify the offset
Coefficient of Friction
Specify a coefficient value of friction between the soil and concrete.
Factor of Safety Against Sliding
Specify a factor of safety against sliding.
Factor of Safety against Overturning
User Manual 297
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Isolated Footing Job.
Update Table
Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI
files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the
associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved
in the active project file only.
Delete
Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table.
Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an
external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after
deleting.
Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables
Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
l
Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination.
toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you want
to use.
Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type,
each of which is represented by a separate column in the load
combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given
load type in the cell.
Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as
with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last
(empty) row.
Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept in
an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button
after making changes.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Isolated Footing Job.
Finish
Completes the Wizard and adds the new Isolated Footing Job to the
active project file.
2. Input the parameters on each page and click Next > to proceed.
Hint: You may jump to any step using the table of contents found on
the left side of each wizard dialog page or move to the prior page by
clicking < Previous.
3. Repeat through all input pages until the Finish button is enabled.
4. Click the Finish button to exit the wizard.
The new Combined Footing job is added to the project in the Main
Navigator pane.
Job Name
This should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as
"Combined Job."
Design Code
The following countries' design codes are available:
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US (default)
British
India
Canadian
Chinese
Australia
English (default)
SI
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job.
Design Type
There are two types of design one is calculate dimension another is set
dimension:
l
Specify the width (direction parallel to the Y axis) to be used for the
footing, along with unit. For a Calculate Dimension design, this is used
as the minimum dimension to check.
Thickness
Specify the thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or out-of plan
dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. For a Calculate
Dimension design, this is used as the minimum dimension to check.
Maximum Length
(Calculate only) Specify the maximum length (direction parallel to the X
axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit.
Maximum Width
(Calculate only) Specify the maximum width (direction parallel to the Z
axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit.
Maximum Thickness
(Calculate only) Specify the maximum thickness (direction parallel to the
Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with
unit.
Length Increment
(Calculate only) Specify the length and width increments to be used
when performing footing design, along with unit. This allows you control
over how to step footing sizes in design results.
Thickness Increment
(Calculate only) Specify the thickness increments to be used when
performing footing design, along with unit.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job.
Update Table
Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI
files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the
associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved
in the active project file only.
Delete
Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table.
Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an
external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after
deleting.
Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables
Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
l
Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination.
toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you want
to use.
Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type,
each of which is represented by a separate column in the load
combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given
load type in the cell.
Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as
with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last
(empty) row.
Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept
in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button
after making changes.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job.
Finish
Completes the Wizard and adds the new Combined Footing Job to the
Job Name
This should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as "Dead
Man Anchor Guy Job."
Design Code
Dead man anchors may only be designed using the US code.
Default Unit Type
There are two types of Unit Type.
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English (default)
SI
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Dead Man Anchor Guy
Foundation Job.
Concrete Strength
Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units.
Rebar Steel
312 STAAD Foundation
Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected
units.
Guy Rod Steel Strength
Specify the yield strength of steel guy rod, in the selected units.
Size of Top Rebar
Select the size of reinforcing bar to be used along the top face of the dead
man anchor.
Size of Rebar Ties
Select the size of reinforcing bar to be used in the ties (stirrups).
Size of Rebar in Front Face
Select the size of reinforcing bar to be used along the front face of the
dead man anchor.
Quantity of Top Rebar
Specify the number of reinforcing bars to be used along the top face of
the dead man anchor.
Quantity of Rebar in Front Face
Specify the number of reinforcing bars to be used long the front face of
the dead man anchor.
Cover
Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the rebar ties, in the
selected units.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Dead Man Anchor Foundation
Job.
Force Unit
Select the type of units in which the force is given.
Load options
There are two methods for entering in the load: by magnitude and
direction (By Slope) or by vector components (By Force).
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Job.
Unit
Units for Soil Layer Depth, Soil Cohesion (undrained shear strength) and
Soil Density.
Soil Layers table
The soil profile is input via a table, with each row representing a
different layer of soil.
Soil Type - Select the type that best describes the contents of the
selected layer.
Depth - Depth for each soil layer is measured from Ground Elevation
(GE, by default 0ft) to top of the ground surface to the bottom of each
layer.
Friction Angle - This is an input for Effective Friction Angle (Soil-Pile
Friction Angle) for cohesionless soil layer (such as sand, gravel, or rock).
The unit of Friction Angle is in degrees.
Job Name
Should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as Drilled Pier
Job.
Design Method
There are three methods for analyzing/designing drilled pier:
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Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Drilled Pier Job.
Shaft Profile
STAAD Foundation can design both Straight and (angle) Belled drilled
piers. The BD, ST, and BT dimensions are only used for Belled shafts.
Pier Ht Above Ground (PG)
Measured from ground elevation to top of shaft, with selected units.
Shaft Diameter (SD)
Diameter of main shaft, with selected units.
Pier Height (PH)
Total pier height, measured from top of shaft above ground to bottom of
bell (if present) or shaft bearing end, , with selected units.
Water Level (WL)
Measured from Ground Elevation (GE), with selected units.
Ground Elevation (GE)
Arbitrary elevation value, with selected units.
Bell Diameter (BD)
(Belled only) Diameter of belled shaft end, with selected units.
Slope Thickness (ST)
(Belled only) The height of the sloped portion of the bell, with selected
units.
Bell Thickness (BT)
(Belled only) Height of bell from bottom to toe of sloped portion, with
selected units.
< Previous
Elasticity of Soil
Young's modulus for soil in the layer containing the tip (bearing)(Es), in
the selected units.
Note: The default value of 0.3 ksi may be high for some loose sands
or soft clays, but is generally conservative for most soils used for
drilled pier tips.
Number of Layers
Specify the number of soil layers to be added to the table.
Note: If the water table is located within a soil layer, soil layer should be
split into two parts.
Generate Table
320 STAAD Foundation
Description
Select the soil type that best describes the
layer
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Density
Type
Depth
Friction
Angle
Column
Description
Cohesion
Avg. Density
N60
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Drilled Pier Job.
Axial Load
Load along axial direction, in the selected units.
Note: A positive value indicates a compressive force and a negative
value indicates an uplift force.
End bearing
Factor of safety for base resistance.
Skin Friction
Factor of safety for side resistance.
Tip Resistance for Axial Capacity
Percentage of base resistance (end bearing) force to be considered in axial
capacity.
Skin Resistance for Axial Capacity
Percentage of the maximum skin friction that is being developed as a
function of downward deflection of the pile, where that downward
deflection has been normalized to units of pile diameters.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Drilled Pier Job.
Rebar parameters
Rebar Steel
Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected
units.
Modulus of Elasticity (Steel)
Young's modulus for steel reinforcing bars (ES), in the selected units.
Max Rebar Size
Specify the maximum size of reinforcing bar to be used in the
longitudinal reinforcement.
Min Rebar Size
Specify the minimum size of reinforcing bar to be used in the
longitudinal reinforcement.
Max Spiral Reinf Size
Specify the maximum size of reinforcing bar to be used in the spiral ties.
Concrete parameters
Concrete Strength
Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'C ), in the selected units.
Modulus of Elasticity (Concrete)
Young's modulus for steel reinforcing bars (EC), in the selected units.
Concrete Density
Specify a unit weight to be used for concrete (wC), in the selected units.
Concrete Cover
Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for spiral ties, in the
selected units.
General Parameters
Critical Depth Ratio calculation
Select Calculate to have the program determine the Critical Depth Ratio
or User Input to specify a Critical Depth Ratio in the following field.
Critical Depth Ratio
(User Input only)Soil depth at which vertical stress appears to become
constant is known as the Critical Depth. This value is the ratio of critical
depth to the pier diameter. Typical range of critical depth ratio lies from
10 to 20.
Job Name
This should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as Pile
Cap Job.
Design Code
The following countries' design codes are available:
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US (default)
British
Indian
English (default)
SI
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Pile Cap Job.
Load table
Each line of the load table represents a separate primary load case.
Note: Refer to the sketch on the load page for applied load sign
conventions. In particular, note that negative Y represents applied
gravity load.
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< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Pile Cap Job.
Update Table
Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI
files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the
associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved
in the active project file only.
Delete
Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table.
Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an
external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after
deleting.
Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables
Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination.
toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you want to
use.
Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type,
each of which is represented by a separate column in the load
combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given
load type in the cell.
Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as
with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last
(empty) row.
Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept
in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button
after making changes.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Pile Cap Job.
Pile Capacity
The Pile Capacity group box allows you to input the forces that a pile is meant
to bear.
Unit
Select the force unit used for Pile Capacity parameters.
Lateral
Specify the lateral force a pile is meant to bear.
Vertical
Specify the vertical force a pile is meant to bear.
Uplift
Specify the uplifting force a pile is meant to bear.
Pile Dia
Diameter of a pile, in the selected units.
Spacing
Spacing between piles, in the selected units.
Edge Distance
Distance between the edges of the pile cap and edge piles, in the selected
units.
Show Loading on Support
Opens the Load Table for Support <#> dialog, which displays the
total loading on the support for each load case selected under Support for
Pile Arrangement.
Select Arrangement
The Select Arrangement button allows you to select the current pile
arrangement for the design of the pile cap. If you do not want to use the
current pile arrangement, recalculate the arrangement.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Note: If you are using the predefined pile layout method, do not enter
any values into the Pile Layout (Parametric) page. Simply click
Finish.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Pile Cap Job.
Number of Rows
Number of Columns
Row Spacing
Column Spacing
Number of Piles Total number of piles, excluding the center pile (if
option is selected).
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By default, program will try to assign equal number of piles for all
concentric circular layers. The arrangement can be edited using the table
below.
Create Pile Arrangement
Creates the pile layout and opens a dialog box to display the pile
coordinates table and a figure.
Note: Pile coordinates in this table are editable.
Delete Row - Click to delete the current row from the pile coordinate
table and figure.
Select Current Arrangement
Once a satisfactory pile layout has been found, click the Select Current
Arrangement button to select and apply that layout.
The program will check the pile reaction against pile capacity to make
sure pile reactions do not exceed pile capacity values.
Show Pile Reactions
The Show Pile Reactions button opens a table displaying the reaction on
each pile. The figure below shows the pile reaction table.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Pile Cap Job.
Next >
Completes the Wizard and adds the new Pile Cap Job to the active
project file.
Job Name
This should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as
"Ribbed(Beam) Footing."
Design Code
Ribbed beams may only be designed using the Indian code.
Default Unit Type
Ribbed beams may only use SI units.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Ribbed Beam Footing Job.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job.
Design Type
There are two types of design one is calculate dimension another is set
dimension:
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< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Next >
Proceeds the Wizard to the next step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Ribbed Footing Job.
Update Table
Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI
files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the
associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved
in the active project file only.
Delete
Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table.
Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an
external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after
deleting.
Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables
Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination.
toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you want
to use.
Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type,
each of which is represented by a separate column in the load
combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given
load type in the cell.
Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as
with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last
(empty) row.
Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept
in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button
after making changes.
< Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step.
Cancel
Exits the Wizard without creating a new Ribbed Footing Job.
Finish
Completes the Wizard and adds the new Ribbed Footing Job to the
active project file.
Section 5
Section 6
Integration with
External Programs
6.1 Working with STAAD.Pro
In most cases the forces and moments on the foundation are given by the
analysis of the superstructure. To ensure a seamless and efficient integration
with the analysis software, STAAD Foundation includes an Import facility built
into the program. This option allows you to import the support co-ordinates
and forces/moments on the individual supports from a structural analysis
software program.
Similarly, STAAD.Pro V8i (SELECTseries 2) release 20.07.07 and later include
a Foundation Design mode which can be used to export and update structural
model data into STAAD Foundation. This option can be used to exchange the
same data as the import
Note: You must first perform an analysis and design on a STAAD.Pro
model in STAAD.Pro before importing the model into STAAD Foundation.
Note: You may be asked to save any changes made to the current
STAAD Foundation project.
The STAAD.Pro File Import dialog box opens.
2. Select the STAAD input file (file extension .std) from which you want to
import data.
3. Click Open.
This also can be used as a means to input data from various CAD programs or
analysis packages. The data can output to those programs and then copy from
the spreadsheet and then pasted into STAAD Foundation.
Hint: You may want to save the file under a different name (e.g., the
physical project's name or your companies job number).
3. Select the Units you want to use on the Units tab.
4. Global data is entered on the first set of spreadsheet tabs:
a. Set the number and location of X- and Z- axis grids on the Grid
Tables tab.
Hint: The correct number of grids will be highlighted in both
tables. Values in gray cells will not be imported into STAAD
Foundation.
b. Node coordinates and column / pedestal data are entered on the
Support Data tab.
c. Load case data is entered on the Load Table tab.
d. Column reaction loads are entered on the Loads tab.
5. Enter the local data for all of the job types you want to add to your STAAD
Foundation project. Data entry is analogous to the type of foundation for
each tab:
l Isolated Foundation
l Combined Foundation
l Mat Foundation
l Pile Cap Job
Hint: Right click and delete tabs for foundation types you won't need
in your project to prevent any unnecessary data being imported.
6. Save the spreadsheet and exit Excel.
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The copied data must have same number of columns as the STAAD Foundation
input table.
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Linear grid
Radial grid
Column position
Column dimension
Add Self Weight - Multiplier values may be pasted from spreadsheet application.
Applied Load Safety Factor
Mat Foundation: Physical Beam table
Mat Foundation:Pile Position table
Mat Foundation: Pile Spring table
Mat Foundation: Polyline region
Mat Foundation: Edit Meshing region - Once a mat region has been
created, it can then be transformed to any arbitrary shape by pasting coordinates into the Edit Meshing region dialog.
Load Combination table - The checkbox column can also be manipulated
by using a 1 to signify selected (checked) and 0 to signify unselected in
the spreadsheet data.
Hint: This facility can be particularly useful when importing a large
number of load combinations from analysis software.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Section 7
Quick Tour
The following is a short tutorial on using the General Foundations mode of
STAAD Foundation. If this is the first time you have ever used the program, it
is recommended that you perform this exercise to familiarize yourself with the
program.
This Quick Tour is a set of short example exercises that illustrate how to use
STAAD.foundation to design several different types of foundations. The
procedure for importing support co-ordinates and forces/moments on the
individual supports from STAAD.Pro is also discussed.
Press <CTRL+N>
or
Click the General Mode shortcut on the Start Page (in which
case, step 3 is not used).
The Load Description page opens in the Data Area pane. This page
allows you to define loads for load cases, as well as assign loads.
2. Select Loads & Factors > Create New Load Case entry in Main
Navigator.
A form under the load description area will appear allowing you to
create a new load case.
Service loads are not factored and are used for soil bearing pressure
checks. Ultimate loads are factored and are used for shear and
reinforcement design.
4. While creating a new load case, load items from an existing load case can
be copied. As there are no defined load case yet, leave the Load Case No
field as None.
5. Select No for the Add Self Weight field.
6. Click on the Add button to have the load case created.
The new load case appears in the Load Description Tree in the Load
pane.
7. Repeat Steps 1 through 5 and create a similar load cased titled Live Load.
2. Click the Assign button to have the load assigned to all the supports in
the project.
3. Then select Assign To View from the drop-down list as the assignment
method.
The assigned loadings are displayed on the nodes in the graphics window.
4. Repeat steps 1 through 3 and assign the Live Load case to all supports in
the view.
Note: Alternatively, we could have selected all the supports in the Graphics
window by clicking on them and then selected Assign To Selection. Or, we
could have selected Assign To Edit List and then typed in the list of nodes
for each support.
Load Combinations
If you have multiple load cases and want to combine them, you can use the
Load Combination feature.
1. Click on the Create New Load Combination leaf under the Loads & Factors
group in Main navigator pane.
2. To define serviceability and design factors for each load case in a project,
you may use the Safety Factor Table. To bring up the Safety Factors page,
click on the Safety Factors leaf under Loads and Factors group in Main
Navigator pane.
A table allowing you to input serviceability and design factors for each load
case will be displayed in the Data Area pane.
By default, STAAD Foundation will assign values for the safety factors
depending on the load type. Refer to section 4.3.3.2 for a detailed explanation
of the default values. The default values can be changed by inputting new
values into the table like any spreadsheet. The tab key or arrow keys may be
used to move from one cell to the next in the table. The serviceability factor
will be applied when checking the base pressure of a foundation (geotechnical
design). The design factor will be used for design.
The Job Info and Loading forms open in the Data Area pane.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Enter the following values in the Job Info form (top half of the Data area):
Enter Job1 for the Job Name.
Select Isolated for the Job Type.
Select Assign to all support for the Support Assignment method.
toolbar. Job settings of the selected job may be edited by clicking the Edit
Current Job leaf under job setup group in Main Navigator pane.
A warning dialog opens to confirm you want to proceed with the design.
2. Click Yes.
The progress of the foundation design is displayed in the Output pane.
The Status bar also provides feedback on the progress of each step.
3. Either
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Press <CTRL-S>
to save the project. Provide a file name and locate the file where you
would like it stored before clicking Save.
3. Click the
button to include all the Load Cases.
4. Click the Create Job button.
The new Mat Foundation job is added to the Main Navigator pane.
Note: To make the rectangular boundary easier to see, you may want to
toggle off the grid if it is currently displayed. Use the Toggle grid tool in the
Standard toolbar or the Linear Grid setup form.
Hint: Now it would be a good idea to save your model, since you have done
a substantial amount of work to get to this point. Select File > Save or
press CTRL+S.
3. Select the Boundary option and specify a title for the boundary as the
Region Identifier.
Note: In this example project we will not create any holes in the
mesh.
4. Click the Add Region button to add the rectangular region as a meshing
boundary.
5. Select the Region Identifier name you entered from the Meshing setup
tree.
6. Specify a maximum element size of 12 inches.
7. Click the Generate Mesh button.
The Meshing Options dialog opens.
8. Select the option for Quadrilateral Meshing since our boundary is rectangular. Leave other options as their default.
9. Click OK.
The mesh is automatically generated.
The analysis engine opens to display the progress of the finite element
analysis.
Once the analysis process is complete, the deformed shape of the slab is
displayed.
This table lists the node displacement for the three translational and
three rotational degrees of freedom.
5. Click on Disp Summary tab to view node displacement summary for all
six degrees of freedom among all load cases.
Note: Maximum positive displacement in Y direction is 0.049418 in
and maximum negative displacement is .792751 in.
6. Click on the Support Reactions tab to view soil pressure for the current
load case. To view the maximum reaction among all load cases please
click on Reaction Summary tab.
7. To view soil pressure contour, please click on the Output View Options
leaf under Mat slab design options group in main navigator pane.
A soil pressure legend will be displayed at the left of the view pane along
with the soil pressure contour. Please note, the maximum soil pressure
for load case 1 is 4.556 kip/ft2. Also, minimum soil pressure is 0.0 which
means that some part of the mat has lost contact with the soil and the
program has distributed the pressure of that portion to the rest of the
mat slab.
9. We can easily verify the slabs loss of contact with the soil by reviewing
Contact Area table. Please note for both load cases more than 80% of
total area is in contact with the soil.
To review plates stresses please click on the Plate Stress and Plate
Stress Summary pages. Please note that the stress summary page
displays a maximum value 68.636 kip-ft/ft. Please note that all plate
stress values are based on plate local axis system.
10. To view plate stress contours please click on the Output View Options
leaf under Mat slab design options group
A form will appear at data area pane. Please select Show Plate Stress
radio button and then choose Global Mx stress type.
The screen will look like the following figure. Please note that this
contour is based on the global X axis.
3. Select Use all load cases for the Select load type list.
4. Click the Generate Moment Envelope button to generate moment
envelope.
The program generates a finite number of discrete points which are used
as design points.
5. Select Mat Foundation job >Mat slab analysis/design options
>Design Parameters in the Main Navigator pane.
1. Select Mat Foundation Job > Mesh Generation > Add Meshing
region > Add a rectangular region in the Main Navigator pane
7. (Optional) Click the Show Pile Reactions button to review the reaction
on each pile.
8. Click the Select Arrangement button to select the arrangement for the
design of this support's foundation.
1. Select either:
Pile Cap Job > Design in the Main Navigator pane.
or
The Analyze / Design tool in the Standard toolbar.
The progress of the analysis process is displayed in the Status Bar along
with the steps being performed by the program in the Design Progress
Report of the Output pane.
Once the analysis process is complete, a results table appears in the
Output pane showing the pile cap dimensions and the bar size and
spacing in the longitudinal and transverse directions.
Note: The results are for only one of the six supports in the project
because pile arrangements were selected for only support 1.
The Calculation Sheet opens in the Main View window for reviewing the
detailed code checks.
4. Click the
5. Click the Create Job button to create a new combined footing job.
The new Strip Footing job is added to the Main Navigator pane. The new
job name also appears in the Job selection list in the Standard toolbar.
Additionally, strip footing controls appear in the Job Info form.
6. Select node 2 and 3 in Main View window.
Nodes will be shown as selected as shown below.
7. Click Create from Selected Node in the . A tree view showing the
support assignment will appear.
The strip footing is graphically added between the two selected supports.
Note: The results are for only one of the six supports in the project
because pile arrangements were selected for only support 1.
The Calculation Sheet opens in the Main View window for reviewing the
detailed code checks.
2. Click the Graphs tab in the Main View window to display both Bending
Moment and Shear Force diagrams.
7.5 Conclusion
We hope you have enjoyed this Quick Tour of STAAD Foundation. If you would
like additional assistance in learning how to use STAAD Foundation, there are
many resources available to you. Within the Online Help facility, you will find
documentation describing the program theory and a detailed description of
every command in the program. You may also view a number of animated
movie files that demonstrate how to perform various tasks.
Additional STAAD Foundation learning resources are available at Bentley
Systems, Inc. Web site at http://www.bentley.com/enUS/Products/STAAD.foundation/.
Section 8
Technical Reference
8.1 Introduction to Finite Element Analysis
If you want to model a surface entity like a wall, a roof, or a slabwhere the
load is distributed in more than one directionyou must use a surface entity
to carry that kind of loading. The kind of entity that is used to model a beam
or a column cannot be used to model a slab. A different entity referred to as a
finite element is required. In a finite element analysis, a wall or a slab is
subdivided into smaller parts consisting of triangles or quadrilaterals.
Note: Finite elements are often referred to as plates. These two words may
be used interchangeably for this purpose.
The difference between a beam and a plate is a load that is applied to the beam
must pass to one or both ends (supports).
x
y
xy
1 x y 0 0 0 0 x 2 2xy 0
= 0 0 0 1 x y 0 y2
0 2xy
2
2
y
0
0
0
x
1
2
xy
a1
a2
a3
M
a10
Where:
a1 through a10 = constants of stress polynomials.
The vector pointing from "A" to "B" is defined to be parallel to the local Xaxis.
The cross product of vectors "AB" and "AC" defines a vector parallel to the
local Z-axis, i.e., z = AB x AC.
The cross product of vectors z and x defines a vector parallel to the local Yaxis, i.e., y = z x x.
The origin of the axes is at the center (average) of the 4 joint locations (3
joint locations for a triangle).
Figure 8-4: STAAD plate element orientation for both Quatdrilateral and Triangular elements
The following is a list of the items included in the ELEMENT STRESS output:
SQX, SQY
Shear stresses (Force/ unit len./thk.)
SX, SY, SXY
Membrane stresses (Force/unit len./thk)
MX, MY, MXY
Bending moments per unit width (Moment/unit len.)
SMAX, SMIN
Principal stresses (Force/unit area)
TMAX
Maximum shear stress (Force/unit area)
ANGLE
Orientation of the principal plane (Degrees)
VONT, VONB
Von Mises stress, where
VM = 0.707 (SMAX SMIN)2 + SMAX 2 + SMIN 2
TRESCAT, TRESCAB
Tresca stress, where
SMAX SMIN
TRESCA = MAX
SMAX
SMIN
8.5.1 Notes
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All element stress output is in the local coordinate system. The direction
and sense of the element stresses are explained in Section 2.6.
To obtain element stresses at a specified point within the element, the
user must provide the coordinate system for the element. Note that the
origin of the local coordinate system coincides with the center node of the
element.
Principal stresses (SMAX & SMIN), the maximum shear stress (TMAX), the
orientation of the principal plane (ANGLE), the Von Mises stress (VONT &
VONB), and the Tresca stress (TRESCAT & TRESCAB) are also printed for
the top and bottom surfaces of the elements. The top and the bottom surfaces are determined on the basis of the direction of the local Z-axis.
Mx is the Bending moment on the local x face. the local x-face is the face
perpendicular to the local x-axis.
My is the Bending moment on the local y face. the local y-face is the face
perpendicular to the local y-axis.
Figure 8-7: Stress caused by M
xy
and S
yx
ACI 318-05
IS 456-2000
BS 8110-97
AS3600 2001
CSA A23.3.-04
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mat foundation
vertical vessel octagonal foundation on soil
vertical vessel octagonal soil on piles
vertical vessel square footing on soil
vertical vessel square footing on piles
stacked/single heat exchanger combined footing
stacked/single heat exchanger isolated footing
stacked/single heat exchanger strap beam footing
guyed tower foundation
drilled pier foundation
ribbed beam foundation.
Punching shear check, in accordance with ACI 318 Section 11.12.2 (for
US Job).
One-way shear (beam action), in accordance with ACI 318 Section 11.1
through 11.5 (for US Job), at a distance of d from the face of the pedestal, in both orthogonal directions. The critical plane is assumed to
extend over the entire width/length of the footing.
Bending, in accordance with Sections 15.4.2 and 10.3.4 (for US code),
with the critical planes located at both orthogonal faces of the pedestal and extending across the full width/length of the footing.
6ex
Lx
6e y
Ly
The program results are verified against Biaxial moment (including loss of
contact) with ASCE research paper Bearing Pressures for Rectangular Footings
with Biaxial Uplift
Service Load
Service design simply means whether the loading transferred to bottom soil
from footing would be done properly uniformly & safely.
In Isolated footing service loads are used for check against bearing capacity/
uplift/sliding & overturning. For combined footing service loads would be
used for resistance against bearing capacity/overturning.
Program can automatically check whether any arrangement is appropriate or
not for a particular type of loading. Program does the check for all load cases
and reports for the critical case (corresponding to the type of check)
After the design passes for service design (for all service load cases) program
proceeds towards the design check for ultimate design (with factored load
cases)
Factored Load
Factored design signifies whether the footing itself is capable to withstand the
load safely and transfer it to bottom soil.
Bending Moment
Per Cl. 8.1.2.2:
= 0.85 - 0.007 (fc - 28)
Where:
0.85 0.65
ku = 0.34(1 - 0.2) 0.4
ku,max taken per Cl.8.1.3
R u ,max = 0.85fck u 1
k u
2
moment = 0.8, Strength reduction factor per Cl. 2.3 and Table 2.3
MRx = momentRu,max bw d2
The bending moment demand due to applied loads is then compared to the
moment resistance. If demand exceeds the resistance, then the depth is
increased and the process is repeated. Otherwise, the section is deemed
adequate for bending in the particular direction.
k 1k 2fyA b
(2a + d b)
fc
25k 1d b
Where:
k1 = 1.25 if d > 300 mm, = 1 otherwise.
k2 = 1.7 (for bars and slabs)
Ab = area of bar
a = clear cover
The code required development length is compared to the available
development length:
L d , available =
b w bc
2
Where:
bw = footing dimension
bc = column dimension
Reinforcement Calculations
Calculated Cl. 8.1.5 and 6.2.1:
Calculate the neutral axis to depth ratio, Kr, for actual bending moment:
a=
4 Mu
1.7f cb w d 2
If a > 1, then the section depth is increase and the process is repeated.
Required reinforcement ratio per Cl. 7.2.1, 7.3.1, 7.6.8.3, and Table 2.3:
Ast = bw d
Where:
=
1 1 a
e inffy
0.85fc
One-way Shear
Shear Force is calculated at a distance d from the face of the column.
For each direction Shear Force is calculated at a distance, d, from both left &
right face of column and checked which one is greater. So for each direction
one critical shear is available now.
v =
V
b wd
Where:
V = shear force
bw = width
d = effective depth
As f
c = shear1 2 3 c
wd
Where:
shear = Strength reduction factor = 0.7
1 = 1.1 1.6
d
1, 000
1.1
2 = 1
3 = dispersion factor = 1
Punch Shear
Punching Shear Force is calculated at a distance, d/2, from all face of the
column.
Section design process is code dependent. Therefore while using AS-36002001 it is necessary to use relevant equations. The use of equations with the
help of AS-3600- 2001 is discussed below:
v =
V
d vb 0
Where:
V = punching shear
b0 = perimeter of failure line at the critical distance, d/2, away from
the face of the column = 2(bc + wc + 2d)
The shear resistance for punching shear is given by:
1
shear0.34 fc when 2 h 2
c =
shear0.171 + 2 0.85fc otherwise
h
Where:
shear = Strength reduction factor = 0.7
h = column length divided by column width (aspect ratio in plan)
Required pile quantity and layout to satisfy loading applied to the footing and
self weight of pile, based on bearing, uplift and lateral pile capacity. Moments
are also being considered for lateral loads applied at top of pile cap. Moment
arm used in case of lateral loads is (Pedestal height + Pile cap thickness). Pile
reactions are calculated based on Bolt Theory.
Geometry of the pile cap based on shear and bending strength requirements at
critical sections of the footing.
1. Pile Arrangement
The user provides the following pile properties: capacity (bearing, uplift,
and lateral), diameter, spacing, and edge distance. Based on these
parameters, the program determines the required pile configuration as
well as plan dimensions of the footing from the condition, that the force,
along with the self weight of pilecap, transferred to any pile should not
exceed its capacity. For a general case of vertical and horizontal forces,
and bending moments acting on the cap, that stipulation is equivalent to
satisfying the following two equations:
Hpile Happl / N
Vpile
Vappl
N
M x , applR y
I xg
M y , applR x
I yg
Where:
Hpile = Single pile horizontal capacity
Vpile = Single pile vertical capacity
Happl = Total horizontal load applied
Vappl = Total vertical load applied
N = Total number of piles in footing
Mx,appl = Applied bending moment about X-axis
My,appl = Applied bending moment about Y-axis
Rx = Distance from Y-axis to the farthest pile
Ry = Distance from X-axis to the farthest pile
Ixg = pile group moment of inertia about X-axis
Iyg = pile group moment of inertia about Y-axis
Note: X and Y-axes above are centroidal axes of the pile group, Ixg
and Iyg are calculated treating each pile as a unit, and are equal
(1*yi2) and (1*xi2), respectively.
At outer piles, with the critical section located at a min. distance d/2
from the face of a corner pile or faces of a pile group along the edge
of the footing. The critical plane is assumed to be positioned along a
straight and curved line, so that the total section length is minimized.
At the distance d/2 around the pedestal. The section comprises four
straight-line segments, parallel to corresponding sides of the column.
l At the distance d/2 around a pile.
The design is performed for the total pile reaction force acting within the
perimeter of the critical section, in accordance with ACI 318 Sections
11.12.2 through 11.12.6 (for US job).
l
displayed in the calculation sheet, user can go for other detailing options
like bent bars.
Flexure is checked for critical planes located at both faces of the
pedestal. The bending moment is calculated as an aggregate of moments
due to pile reactions on one side of the plane.
Determination of an individual pile contribution to the forces at a
critical section is based on whether the pile is outside this section (full
reaction value assumed), inside the section (reaction ignored), or at an
intermediate location (partial reaction assumed), as per Section
15.5.4(for US job).
Pilecap design through IS Code
l
the mat, or by creating the foundation slab from scratch and inputting loading
information manually or copy-pasting coordinates from MS Excel.
Any shape of mat (raft) can be modeled in STAAD Foundation. Various
methods to create mat (raft) model are explained in Quick Tour and STAAD
Foundation graphical environment. Any shape of hole or control region can be
added to the mat (raft boundary).
STAAD Foundation follows physical modeling concept for mesh generation. By
which you only have to specify the boundary for mat (raft) and program will
generate plate mesh based on boundary geometry, loading, pile locations etc.
Program will also convert finite elements analysis results to global axis
irrespective of plate orientations.
Modeling of foundation involves choosing meshing meshing type
(quadrilateral, triangular or mixed), Internal Nodes Spacing Factor,
Optimization Level.
As with any FEM project, the denser the grid (smaller elements), the more
precise results will be obtained. In addition to the slab, the raft may include a
number of beams between the column locations. Since the beams would
normally be part of the foundation, the slab polygonal meshing algorithm
accounts for the presence of the beam and ensures that they become
continuously integrated with the slab. New nodes are purposely created on the
centerline of the beam and the beam is split between those points into a
number of segments.
Meshing setup can be further refined using Optimization Level and Internal
Nodes Spacing Factor. Higher optimization level implies program will try to
precise the mesh with higher number of iterations. For larger mats higher
optimization level will lead to substantially large computer processing time.
Internal Nodes Spacing Factor is inversely proportional to node density inside
the mesh.
Once the mat is defined and all material/soil properties are input, the
program may proceed with the analysis of the structure. It is performed by
the state-of-the-art STAAD Analysis Engine. Realistic soil response is achieved
by employing non-linear (compression only) spring supports to model
subgrade reactions. Pile reactions, if present, are proportional to linear
displacements of the supported node and include both compression and
tension (uplift).
Using control regions different soil properties can be assigned a single mat
model. Also mat can be partially resting on soil and pile supports.
The program calculates internal forces and deflections for all slab and beam
elements of the foundation. This information is then used in the design stage of
the program to:
Establish the required top and bottom flexural reinforcing in two orthogonal
directions, check punching shear capacity at column locations.
The flexural design is done in accordance with ACI 318 Chapter 10 of the Code
(for US jobs). The reinforcement areas are computed for a notional band one
unit of length wide.
The program allows the designer, as an option, to use the Wood-Armer
equations for reinforcement calculations, as follows:
Mx, My, and Mxy are fetched or calculated, as described above. They are used
to compute the values of design moments, Mxd and Myd.
For top reinforcement, the program computes:
Mx1 = Mx + abs(Mxy)
My1 = My + abs(Mxy)
Mx2 = Mx + abs(Mxy2 / My)
My2 = My + abs(Mxy2 / Mx)
If both Mx1 and My1 are positive, Mxd = Mx1 and Myd = My1.
If both Mx1 and My1 are negative, Mxd = 0 and Myd = 0.
If Mx1 is negative and My1 positive, Mxd = 0 and Myd = My2.
If My1 is negative and Mx1 positive, Mxd = Mx2 and Myd = 0.
For bottom reinforcement:
Mx1 = Mx - abs(Mxy)
My1 = My - abs(Mxy)
Mx2 = Mx - abs(Mxy2 / My)
My2 = My - abs(Mxy2 / Mx)
If both Mx1 and My1 are positive, Mxd = 0 and Myd = 0.
If both Mx1 and My1 are negative, Mxd = Mx1 and Myd = My1.
If Mx1 is negative and My1 positive, Mxd = Mx2 and Myd = 0.
If My1 is negative and Mx1 positive, Mxd = 0 and Myd = My2.
Mxd and Myd are then used in lieu of Mx and My for calculations of the
required reinforcing. Use of the modified bending moments brings about more
accurate distribution of the reinforcing, better matching critical areas of the
slab.
8.10.1 Notes
Flexural design notes (for US jobs):
Reinforcement calculations for slab panels are based on Chapter 10
of ACI 318-02. The minimum-reinforcing ratio complies with the
limits prescribed for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in
Section 7.12. Maximum spacing of rebar is 18 in. The maximum
reinforcing ratio corresponds to the net tensile strain at nominal
strength equal to 0.004 (Clause 10.3.5). Strength reduction factor is
established in accordance with Section 9.3.2.
Punching shear design notes (for US jobs):
Design for two-way shear is carried out in accordance with Section
11.12. The unbalanced moment transfer by eccentricity of shear is
based on Clause 11.12.6. Shear strength of concrete is based on
Clause 11.12.2.1. Strength reduction factor used is 0.75, in
accordance with Section 9.3.2.
The program computes shear stress values at four corners of the
rectangular critical section located at the distance of d/2 from
edges of a column. The calculations include the unbalanced moment
transfer effect, if applicable, in accordance with 11.12.6.2.
Design output displays applicable code sections used for foundation
design for all codes.
As program supports any shape for mat foundation design, it does
not perform a check for sliding and overturning. However, the
program does provide contact area summary with which the
overturning stability of the mat can be determined. For sliding
resistance, the program provides a reaction summary in lateral
directions which can be used to check sliding.
Punching shear check, in accordance with ACI 318 Section 11.12.2 (for US
jobs), at a distance of d/2 from the pedestal. The critical section comprises
four straight-line segments, parallel to the corresponding sides of the pedestal.
One-way shear (beam action), in accordance with Sections 11.1 through 11.5,
at a distance of d from the face of the pedestal, in both orthogonal directions. The critical plane is assumed to extend over the entire width/length
of the footing.
Bending, in accordance with ACI 318 Sections 15.4.2 and 10.3.4 (for US jobs),
with the critical planes located at both orthogonal faces of the pedestal and
extending across the full width/length of the footing.
Design output displays applicable code sections used for foundation design for
all codes.
For cohesive soils, unit end bearing capacity is calculated based on API eq
6.4.2-3
q=9c
Where:
c = undrained shear strength of the soil at the point in question
For cohesionless soils, unit end bearing capacity is calculated based on API eq
6.4.3-2
q = po Nq
Where:
po =effective overburden pressure lb/ft 2 (kPa)at the point in
question
Nq = dimensionless bearing capacity factor
q = po* Nqp
Where:
po = effective overburden pressure lb/ft 2 (kPa) at the point in
question
Nqp = surcharge factor
pz = 0.6V z2
Where:
Kd = wind directionality factor, as determined in Cl. 5.4.1.
Ka = area averaging factor, as determined in Cl. 5.4.2.
Kc = combination factor, taken from Table 19 in Section 6.
8. For each height, the exposure area, A, is consider. This area is calculated
differently for vertical and horizontal vessels.
Figure 8-15: Exposure areas for vertical and horizontal vessels
openings.
Note: For vertical vessel, the equipment is symmetric and thus the
wind load need only be evaluated from only one direction. Therefore,
only one set of Cf is calculated. For a horizontal vessel, the wind is
considered from both the longitudinal (x) and transverse (z)
directions. So, two sets of Cfn are calculated.
10. Calculate the Wind force, F , from Clause 6.3.3.2 of IS 875 for each wind
n
height considered as:
Fn = Cfn pd K A
Z I S a
2R g
Two conditions are considered by the program for each vessel: a) empty
and b) operating. For vertical vessels,
7. Calculate Design Seismic Base Shear Vb (Clause 7.5.3)
Vb = Ah W
Figure 8-16: Base shears for vertical and horizontal vessels
Sm = 1.5 acr
W
is a funciton of S and
mean
m
m
Wmax = 2x Wmean
The following procedure is then used by the program to evaluate the crack
width for design:
1. Calculate the modular ration, m as:
m = Ec/Es
Where:
Es = 20,000 N/mm2 (IS 456 - 2000, Annex F)
Ec = 5,000(fc) (Cl. 6.2.3.1 of IS 456 - 2000)
2. Calculate the depth of the neutral axis, x, per the limit state method (IS
456 - 2000 Annex G and BS 8110 Part I Cl. 3.4.4.4)
3. Calculate the moment of inertia of the equivalent section, I .
eff
4. Calculate the effective modulus of elasticity of concrete, E .
eff
Eeff =
Ec
1+c
Where:
c = safety factor taken as 1.0.
5. Calculate the average steel strain at the depth considered (e.g., the centerline of rebar), , based on the absolute value of the critical bending
1
moment.
6. Calculate the average strain, , at the point of interest as:
m
m = 1
b (h x )(a 1 x )
3EsA st(d x )
1+
3a cr m
2(a cr C min)
h x
Where:
acr = distance from the point of interest to the surface of the
nearest longitudinal bar
h = total depth of the section
Cmin = clear cover to longitudinal steel
8. Check whether the crack width value is safe or not depending upon the
maximum allowed range defined by codes (IS 456 2000 & BS 8110 Part
II)
Ringwall size should be appropriately selected so that soil the bearing below
ringwall equals the soil pressure under the confined earth at the same depth as
the bottom of the ringwall. The program designs ringwall foundations per the
following codes/guidelines:
l
l
l
l
API650- Appendix E
PIP STE03020
ACI 318, ASCE 7-05 for US Code design
IS 456, IS 875 III for Indian Code design
3. Ringwall soil bearing is checked based on PIP STE03020 and API 650
using following diagram,
Figure 8-18: Typical P-Y curve for clay soil type using Unified Clay Method for both cyclic
and static loading
Index
E
Element Load Specification 410
434435
432
ACI 318-05
416
AS3600 2001
416
365
F
FHWA-IF-99-025
433
Finite Element
410
Biaxial Uplift
419
409
Bolt Theory
424
427
forces/moments
367
foundation
367
Foundation Toolkit
287
BS 8110
416, 436
BS 8110 Part II
441
C
Clashing
64
Combined Footing
recreate
GA Drawing
202
411
CSA A23.3.-04
416
197
generate
202
Grouping
216
H
Heat Exchanger
217
Horizontal Vessel
217
deflection
increase
387
Delete All
202
design
367
design factor
373
64
57
Import
30
From STAAD.Pro
357
IS 1893
439
IS 456 - 2000
441
IS 465 2000
416, 436
IS 875
437
L
387
Live Load
107
User Manual 447
Load Case
New
95
M
427
recreate
202
Main Navigator
368
427
Rivet theory
Move
39
O
427
S
Safety Factor
373
One-way shear
431
373
Open
197
safety factors
373
Orientation
412
Safety Factors
104
Schedule Drawing
Output
57
Element Force
412
serviceability
373
Element Stress
412
367
173
64
P
Pedestal Design Theory
436
BS 8110
436
IS 456-2000
436
Pile Arrangement
424
423
Plane Stress
410
Plant Foundations
217
Plate Element
410
Polyline
153
431
430
Q
Quick Tour
448 STAAD Foundation
367
set
367
Sign Convention
413
Single Exchanger
239
432,
434
Slab Design
146
Soil
Above Foundation
SP- 16
169
436
Spreadsheet
input
output
359-360
360
STAAD.Pro
Import
30
Stacked Exchanger
239
Stress Distribution
410
stress types
197
430
structural
387
structure
387
Support
367
Deletion
202
support co-ordinates
367
supports
367
T
table
197, 373
table allowing
373
Theoretical Basis
410
Translational Repeat
44
Tresca Stress
412
types
197
U
Unit
387
Units
50
use
Safety Factor Table
373
use STAAD.foundation
design several different types367
V
Verification Manual
52
217
Vesic method
435
412
W
Wood and Armer
190