Projection and Transformation Calculations

ProjectionandTransformationCalculations.xls v3.
36 23-December-2013
This spreadsheet which will carry out common calculations with coordinates. All of the concepts and formulae given in "A guide to co
the user manual for these calculations, are detailed in this spreadsheet. "A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain" is available fro
(www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/gps). The guide gives some important warnings about the use of its formulae, which you should be awar
such as scale factors, convergence and t-T in this spreadsheet that are not in the guide.
The Constants sheet is where ellipsoid, projection and Helmert transformation parameters are entered.
The Enter coordinates here sheet is for user input of coordinates to the calculations.
Use the
buttons at the bottom left of the screen to scroll through the other sheets.
Each sheet carries out a different calculation. The calculations are shown in "step by step" format where all the intermediate calculatio
results in single cells computed by user defined functions written in Visual Basic. The code for the user defined functions can be view
The calculation sheets are as follows:Lat & Long Format Conversions converts between DMS format, decimal degrees and degrees & decimal minutes.
Helmert Transformation transforms the user entered cartesian coordinates to cartesian coordinates on a new datum using the transfor
XYZ to lat,long,H converts the user entered cartesian coordinates to geodetic coordinates in DMS format using the ellipsoidal parame
lat,long to E,N projects the user entered geodetic coordinates to easting and northings using a Transverse Mercator projection and the
Constants.
E,N to lat,long is the reverse of lat,long to E,N.
lat,long,H to XYZ is the reverse of XYZ to lat,long,H.
UD Funcs Transformation Example shows how a complete Helmert transformation from WGS84 geodetic coordinates to OSGB36
carried out using the user defined functions.
convergence from lat & long computes the convergence at the geodetic coordinate entered by the user.
convergence from E,N computes the convergence at the easting, northing entered by the user.
local scale factor from lat,lon computes the local scale factor at the geodetic coordinate entered by the user.
local & line sf from E,N computes the local scale factor at the easting, northing entered by the user and also the line scale factor betw
t-T correction from E,N computes the t-T (difference between true and projected directions) between easting, northing and easting2,
true azimuth from E,N computes the true direction (after allowing for t-T and convergence) between easting, northing and easting2,
Cells for user data entry are coloured
Cells giving calculation results are coloured
Cells which repeat the user inputted data are coloured
Cells showing intermediate c
and formulae given in "A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain", which is
ems in Great Britain" is available from the Ordnance Survey GPS web site
ormulae, which you should be aware of. There are also other projection functions
ered.
where all the intermediate calculation results are given and they are also shown as
e user defined functions can be viewed and if required copied to other applications.
& decimal minutes.

es on a new datum using the transformation parameters from Constants.
S format using the ellipsoidal parameters from Constants.
nsverse Mercator projection and the ellipsoid and projection parameters from
84 geodetic coordinates to OSGB36 Eastings and Northings and vice versa can be
e user.
by the user.
er and also the line scale factor between easting, northing and easting2, northing2.
ween easting, northing and easting2, northing2 entered by the user.
ween easting, northing and easting2, northing2 entered by the user.
Cells showing intermediate calculation steps are coloured
Constants
ELLIPSOID AND PROJECTION CONSTANTS
6377563.396 True origin latitude, 0

6356256.909 True origin longitude, 0
Semi-major axis, a
Semi-minor axis, b
Central Meridan Scale, F0
True origin Easting, E0
True origin Northing, N0
aF0
bF0
'
49
0.999601271700
a for OSGB36 =
400000.000
b for OSGB36 =
-100000.000
6375020.48098897
6353722.48948831
a for GRS80 & WGS84 =

b for GRS80 =
b for WGS84 =
All other parameters same
Projection Notes
1. The constants above are correct for working with the Ordnance Survey National Grid.
If you want to work with OS National Grid, do not change anything in the above box.
2. It is also possible to use this spreadsheet to work with Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grids.
The constants that must be entered in the yellow boxes if you want to work with UTM are given in Annex A of
'A Guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain', available from the OS GPS website www.gps.gov.uk.
HELMERT TRANSFORMATION CONSTANTS
translation parallel to X
translation parallel to Y
translation parallel to Z
scale change
rotation about X
rotation about Y
rotation about Z
-446.448
125.157
-542.060
20.4894
-0.1502
-0.2470
-0.8421
metres
metres
metres
parts per million
seconds of arc
seconds of arc
seconds of arc
reverse signs to go from OSGB36
Transformation Notes
1. It is very important to understand the limitations of simple datum transformations.
This method does not take account of the local distortions present in coordinate reference frames (TRFs)
This is especially important when one or both of the coordinate systems involved is based on a traditional triangulation net
For instance, transforming between WGS84 GPS coordinates and OSGB36 National Grid will incur transformation errors
of up to five metres, depending on location.
Also, this method cannot convert ellipsoid heights to heights above mean sea level.
For full details on the limitations of the method coded here, see the OS publication 'A guide to coordinate systems in
Great Britain', available free from our GPS Website (www.gps.gov.uk) or OS customer helpline.
2. The constants in the table above are suitable for transforming from WGS84 GPS coordinates to OSGB36 National Grid
By changing the constants above, this spreadsheet may be used to convert between any two geodetic datums
Some ellipsoid constants are given in 'A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain'
Page 3
Constants
Ordnance Survey cannot supply suitable transformation parameters for the geodetic systems of other countries please make enquiries for these parameters to the national mapping agencies of the country concerned.
Page 4
Constants
NSTANTS
"
Dec Degs
Rads
49.00000000
0.855211333
-2.00000000 -0.034906585
a for OSGB36 = 6377563.3960

b for OSGB36 = 6356256.9090
for GRS80 & WGS84 = 6378137.0000

b for GRS80 = 6356752.3141
b for WGS84 = 6356752.3142
All other parameters same
Slight difference in b is due to

different flattening values
or (UTM) grids.
M are given in Annex A of
www.gps.gov.uk.
ONSTANTS
ETRS89 (WGS84) to OSGB36
-446.448
125.157
-542.060
20.4894
-0.1502
-0.2470
-0.8421
reverse signs to go from OSGB36 to ETRS89
nce frames (TRFs)

ased on a traditional triangulation network
Grid will incur transformation errors
guide to coordinate systems in
oordinates to OSGB36 National Grid.
y two geodetic datums
Page 5
Constants
ystems of other countries untry concerned.
Page 6
Enter coordinates here
Enter your coordinates in the yellow boxes
latitude N
longitude E
Ellipsoidal height
Easting
Northing
Easting 2
Northing 2
Cartesian X
Cartesian Y
Cartesian Z
'
52 39
1 43
"
27.253085
4.517692
24.700
651409.903
313177.270
626238.249
302646.415
3909833.018
-147097.138
5020322.478
Decimal Deg
Radians
52.65757030139 0.9190479779
1.7179215810 0.0299833879
metres
metres
metres
metres
metres
metres
metres
metres
Notes
1. Type your input data in the yellow boxes only on this page.
Enter either Latitude, Longitude and optional Ellipsoidal height, Easting and Northing or Earth centred Cartesian coordina
To convert from decimal latitude and longitude or degrees lat / long and decimal minutes to the degrees, minutes and secon
see the "Lat & Long Format Conversions " sheet.
Ellipsoidal height is only required for the Cartesian XYZ coordiante conversions.
The Earth centred Cartesian coordinates are used as input to the Helmert datum transformation calculations.
Look at the following sheets to see the results of the calculations.
2. Check that the appropriate parameters are set on the "Constants" sheet.
3. For two of the calculations (t-T correction and true azimuth), the eastings and northings of two points are required.
For these calculations only, you must enter Eastings 2 and Northings 2 in addition to Easting and Northing
4. For background information on the calculations contained in this spreadsheet, download 'A Guide to Coordinate System
in Great Britain' from our GPS website www.gps.gov.uk, or see any textbook on map projections or surveying computation
Page 7
Enter coordinates here
Enter either latitude and longitude

Ellipsoidal height is optional (see notes)
or easting and northing

2nd pair of coordinates is optional (see notes)
or Earth centred Cartesian XYZ coordinates
Earth centred Cartesian coordinates.

o the degrees, minutes and seconds format
tion calculations.
of two points are required.

ing and Northing
d 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems

ctions or surveying computations.
Page 8
Latitude & Longitude Format Conversions (Enter your coordinates in the yellow boxes)
latitude N
longitude E
Degrees, Minutes & Seconds to Decimal Degrees and Degrees & Decimal Minutes
Input Data
Output Data
Degrees () Minutes (')
Seconds (")
Decimal Degrees
Degrees & Decim
52
39
27.253100
52.657570305556
N
1
43
4.517700
1.717921583333
E
latitude N
longitude E
Decimal Degrees to Degrees, Minutes & Seconds and Degrees & Decimal Minutes
Output Data
Input Data
Output D
Seconds (")
Decimal Degrees
Degrees & Decim
52
39
27.253100
52.657570305556
N
1
43
4.517700
1.717921583333
E
latitude N
longitude E
Degrees & Decimal Minutes to Degrees, Minutes & Seconds and Decimal Degrees
Output Data
Seconds (")
Decimal Degrees
Degrees & Decim
52
39
27.253100
52.657570305556
N
1
43
4.517700
1.717921583333
E
n the yellow boxes)
ecimal Minutes
Output Data
Degrees & Decimal Minutes
52
39.454218333
1
43.075295000
ecimal Minutes
Output Data
52
39.454218333
1
43.075295000
Decimal Degrees
Input Data
52
39.454218333
1
43.075295000
Helmert Datum Transformation

X
3909833.018
Y
-147097.1376
Z
5020322.4777
X
3909460.068
Y
-146987.301
Z
5019888.070
Rotation and Scale Matrix (H)
1.0000204894
4.08261601E-06
-4.08261601E-06
1.0000204894
1.19748979E-06 -7.28190149E-07
Translation Matrix (T)
-446.448
125.157
-542.06
This is the result of the calculation
-1.19748979E-06
7.28190149E-07
1.0000204894
Parameters (see "Constants" sheet)
translation parallel to X -446.448 m
translation parallel to Y 125.157 m
translation parallel to Z -542.060 m
scale change 20.4894 ppm
rotation about X
-0.1502 secs
rotation about Y
-0.2470 secs
rotation about Z
-0.8421 secs
H * Input Cartesian coords

3909906.5158066
-147112.45812959
5020430.1301952
X
Y
Z
This is the input data
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
These values are intermediate calcul

formulae given in 'A Guide to Coord
See the Transformation Notes

"Constants" page for information on
limitations and accuracy of this trans
This is the result of the calculation u

To see the Visual Basic code of the f
Menu = Tools, Macro,
then view the code in "Module 1".
e result of the calculation
ues are intermediate calculation steps for the

given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain'
ransformation Notes on the

s" page for information on the
s and accuracy of this transformation.
e result of the calculation using user defined functions.

Visual Basic code of the functions ools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
the code in "Module 1".
XYZ to lat,long,H
Cartesian XYZ to Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height

X
Y
Z
3909833.018
-147097.1376
5020322.4777
latitude
longitude
Ellipsoidal height
p
e2
Initial
'
#VALUE! ### ###
W
2
9
#VALUE! m
3912599.110
6.6705400741E-03
N 52 15
#VALUE!
"
#VALUE!
16.510138
Decimal Deg
#VALUE!
-2.154586149489
16.6722
52.2546311564
latitude
longitude
Ellipsoidal height
#VALUE! ### ###

#VALUE! ### ###
#VALUE! m
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Page 13
XYZ to lat,long,H
soidal height
Radians
#VALUE! This is the result of the calculation
-0.0376046223
These values are intermediate calculation steps for the
formulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain'
0.9120153631 The radians value of latitude is computed using a user defined function
To see the Visual Basic code of the function Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.
To see the Visual Basic code of the functions Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
Page 14
lat,long to E,N
Latitude and longitude to easting and northing

latitude
longitude
Easting
Northing
e2
n
P
M
I
II
III
IIIA
IV
V
VI
Easting
Northing
N 52
E 1
651409.903 m
#VALUE! m
6.67054007E-03
1.67322033E-03
6.38850233E+06
6.37275644E+06
2.47081373E-03
6.48899729E-02
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
1.54040791E+06
1.56068754E+05
-2.06711230E+04
3.87512058E+06
-1.70000782E+05
-1.01344704E+05
39
43
27.253085 This is the input data

4.517692

formulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in G
The value of M is computed using a user defined funct

#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m
This is the result of the calculation using user defined f

Page 15
lat,long to E,N

The value of M is computed using a user defined function

Page 16
E,N to lat,long
Easting and Northing to Latitude and Longitude

Easting
Northing
651409.903
313177.270

"
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIIA
'
#VALUE! ### ###
#VALUE! ### ###
#VALUE! ### ###
6.67054007E-03
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
2.51409903E+05
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
latitude
longitude
#VALUE! ### ###

#VALUE! ### ###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
latitude
longitude
'
e2
Et
Decimal Deg
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Radians
#VALUE! This is the result of the ca
#VALUE!
#VALUE! These values are interme
formulae given in 'A Gui
The radians value of
To see the Visual Basic c

Menu = Tools,
then view the code in "M
Page 17
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
This is the result of the ca

To see the Visual Basic c
Menu = Tools,
then view the code in "M
E,N to lat,long

The radians value of ' and the value of M are computed using user defined functions

Page 18
Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height to Cartesian XYZ

latitude
longitude
Ellipsoidal height
X
Y
Z
N
E
24.700
3874938.850
116218.624
5047168.207
e2
6.6705400741E-03
6.3910506267E+06
X
Y
Z
52
1
m
m
m
m
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m
39
43

4.517692
These values are intermediate calculatio

formulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinat
This is the result of the calculation using

To see the Visual Basic code of the func
is the input data
is the result of the calculation
e values are intermediate calculation steps for the

ulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain'
is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.

e the Visual Basic code of the functions u = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
view the code in "Module 1".
This sheet gives an example of how the user defined functions stored in this workbook can be used.
To see the Visual Basic code of the functions, menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor, then view the code in "Module 1".
A WGS84 lat, long and height (e.g. from a handheld GPS receiver) is converted and transformed in stages to an OSGB36 easting, north
The reverse transformation from OSGB36 to WGS84 is then performed.
The results of each stage are all produced by user defined functions in single cells (i.e. there are no intermediate steps done in other cell
The outputs of the previous stage are passed as inputs to the next stage. Other parameters used are on the right of each stage.
Note : be aware when changing the layout of this sheet that all cell references are ABSOLUTE. This is so that function inputs can be ea
WGS 84 to OSGB36
WGS84 Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height to WGS84 Cartesian XYZ
latitude
longitude
Ellipsoidal height
X
Y
Z
N
E
69.391
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
'
"
52
1
m
m
m
m
39
42
28.723003
57.787253
Dec Degs
52.65797861194 Input
1.71605201472
Output
Helmert Datum Transformation (WGS84 to OSGB36)

X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
m
m
m
m
m
m
Input
See the Transformation Notes on the
"Constants" page for information on the
Output limitations and accuracy of this
transformation.
OSGB36 Cartesian XYZ to OSGB36 Latitude, longitude and approx ODN height
X
Y
Z
latitude
longitude
~ODN height
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m
Input
'
"
#VALUE! ###
#VALUE! ###
#VALUE! m
###
###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Dec Degs
#VALUE! Output
#VALUE!
OSGB36 Latitude and longitude to OSGB36 easting and northing

latitude
'
"
#VALUE! ###
###
#VALUE!
Dec Degs
#VALUE! Input
longitude
Easting
Northing
#VALUE! ###
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m
###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Output
OSGB36 to WGS84
OSGB36 easting and northing to OSGB36 latitude and longitude
easting
northing
latitude
longitude
~ODN height
651409.903 m
313177.270 m
Input
'
"
#VALUE! ###
#VALUE! ###
24.700 m
###
###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Dec Degs
#VALUE! Output
#VALUE!
OSGB36 latitude, longitude and approx ODN height to OSGB36 cartesian XYZ
latitude
longitude
~ODN height
X
Y
Z
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
24.700
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
'
"
###
###
m
m
m
m
###
###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Dec Degs
#VALUE! Input
#VALUE!
Output
Helmert Datum Transformation (OSGB36 to WGS84)

X
Y
Z
X
Y
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
m
m
m
m
m
Input
See the Transformation Notes on the
"Constants" page for information on the
Output limitations and accuracy of this
transformation.
#VALUE! m
WGS84 Cartesian XYZ to WGS84 Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height

X
Y
Z
latitude
longitude
Ellipsoidal height
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m
Input
'
"
#VALUE! ###
#VALUE! ###
#VALUE! m
###
###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Dec Degs
#VALUE! Output
#VALUE!
sed.
iew the code in "Module 1".
d in stages to an OSGB36 easting, northing and approx ODN height.
no intermediate steps done in other cells).
are on the right of each stage.
This is so that function inputs can be easily identified.
B36
ght to WGS84 Cartesian XYZ

User inputs DMS and Height. Decimal degrees and
height are the input to the user defined functions.
The DMS values are converted to decimal using
standard Excel functions
Ellipsoid parameters (WGS84)
a=
6378137.000
b=
6356752.314
GS84 to OSGB36)
Transformation (WGS84 to OSGB36)
translation parallel to X =
-446.448
translation parallel to Y =
125.157
translation parallel to Z =
-542.060
scale change =
20.4894
rotation about X =
-0.1502
rotation about Y =
-0.2470
rotation about Z =
-0.8421
ngitude and approx ODN height

The decimal degrees and height are the output of
the user defined functions.
The decimal values are converted to DMS using
Ellipsoid parameters (OSGB36)
a=
6377563.396
b=
6356256.910
36 easting and northing

The decimal degrees are the input to the
user defined functions.

Ellipsoid and projection parameters (OSGB36)
a=
6377563.396
b=
6356256.910
f0 = 0.9996012717
e0 =
400000
n0 =
-100000
0 =
49.00000
0 =
-2.00000
S84
6 latitude and longitude

The eastings, northings and approx ODN height are
input by the user. User defined functions convert
them to dec degrees. The decimal degrees are
converted to DMS using standard Excel functions
Ellipsoid and projection parameters (OSGB36)
a=
6377563.396
b=
6356256.910
f0 = 0.9996012717
e0 =
400000
n0 =
-100000
0 =
49.00000
0 =
-2.00000
ight to OSGB36 cartesian XYZ

Decimal degrees and height are the input to the
user defined functions.
The DMS values are converted to decimal using
Ellipsoid parameters (OSGB36)
a=
6377563.396
b=
6356256.910
SGB36 to WGS84)
Transformation (OSGB36 to WGS84)
translation parallel to X =
446.448
translation parallel to Y =
-125.157
translation parallel to Z =
542.060
scale change =
-20.4894
rotation about X =
0.1502
rotation about Y =
rotation about Z =
0.2470
0.8421
ngitude and Ellipsoidal height

The decimal degrees and height are the output of
the user defined functions.
Ellipsoid parameters (WGS84)
a=
6378137.000
b=
6356752.314
convergence from lat & long
Grid convergence from Latitude and Longitude

latitude
longitude
convergence
XIII
XIV
XV
convergence
N
E
2
6.38850233E+06
6.37275644E+06
2.47081373E-03
7.95024505E-01
9.82300034E-02
2.02438381E-03
52
1
'
57
39
43
"
26.556114
#VALUE! ###
#VALUE!
27.253085
4.517692
Decimal Deg
Radians
2.95737669840 0.0516159606 This is the result of the calc
These values are intermedi
#VALUE!
This is the result of the calc

To see the Visual Basic cod
Menu = Tools,
then view the code in "Mod
Notes
Grid convergence is the angle FROM the meridian line through a point TO the North-South grid line at the same point. A
Page 27
convergence from lat & long

These values are intermediate calculation steps
This is the result of the calculation using a user defined function.

grid line at the same point. A positive angle is clockwise.
Page 28
convergence from E,N
Grid convergence from Easting and Northing

Easting
Northing
651409.903
313177.270
'
convergence
#VALUE! ###
'
#VALUE! ###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Et 2.51409903E+05
XVI
#VALUE!
XVII
#VALUE!
XVIII
#VALUE!
"
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Decimal Deg
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
convergence
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! ###
Radians
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Notes
Grid convergence is the angle FROM the meridian line through a point TO the North-South grid line at the same point. A
Page 29
convergence from E,N

The radians value of ' is computed using a user defined function

North-South grid line at the same point. A positive angle is clockwise.
Page 30
local scale factor from lat,lon
Local scale factor from Latitude and Longitude

latitude
longitude
factor
XIX
XX
N
E
1.00037733
6.38850233E+06
6.37275644E+06
2.47081373E-03
1.84422569E-01
-1.03620198E-02
factor
#VALUE!
52
1
39
43

4.517692
This is the result of the calculation using a user defined functi

Notes
Local scale factor is the scale distortion inherent in the map projection at a point
Page 31
local scale factor from lat,lon
culation steps
on using a user defined function.

he function -
Page 32
local & line sf from E,N
Local scale factor from Easting and Northing

Easting
Northing
factor
'
XXI
XXII
factor
651409.903
313177.270
#VALUE!
'
"
#VALUE! ### #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Decimal Deg
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Radians These values are intermediate calculation
#VALUE!
The radians value of
To see the Visual Basic code of the functi
Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Edito
This is the result of the calculation using a

To see the Visual Basic code of the functi
Notes
Local scale factor is the scale distortion inherent in the map projection at a point
For a long line the scale factor at the mid point should be calculated. For lines up to 30km in length this will give a result with
If still greater accuracy is required compute a line scale factor using Simpson's Rule as shown below.
The line scale factor between Point 1 (East1, North1) and Point 2 (East2, North2)
is the projected distance between the points divided by the true (geodesic) distance.
Line scale factor = (1/6)(F1 + 4Fm + F2)
Where F1 = scale factor at Point 1; F2 = scale factor at Point 2 and Fm = scale factor at mid point between Point 1 and Point 2
e.g.: #VALUE! = Scale factor at Point 1 (East1,North1)
#VALUE! = Scale factor at Point 2 (East2,North2)
#VALUE! = Scale factor at mid point of Point 1 (East1,North1) and Point 2 (East2,North2)
#VALUE! = Line scale factor for line between Point 1 (East1,North1) and Point 2 (East2,North2)
Page 33
local & line sf from E,N
e result of the calculation

ues are intermediate calculation steps
ns value of ' is computed using a user defined function

e Visual Basic code of the function ools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
e result of the calculation using a user defined function.

e Visual Basic code of the function ools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
ength this will give a result with an error not exceeding 1 to 2 ppm.
oint between Point 1 and Point 2.
int 2 (East2,North2)
1) and Point 2 (East2,North2)
Page 34
t-T correction from E,N
t-T correction from Eastings and Northings

Easting
Northing
Easting 2
Northing 2
651409.903
313177.270
626238.249
302646.415
'
"
Decimal Deg
Radians
(t1 - T1)
#VALUE!###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
(t2 - T2)
Nm
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
M
'
XXIII
#VALUE!###
307911.8425
#VALUE!
#VALUE!###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
(t1 - T1)
#VALUE!###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
(t2 - T2)
#VALUE!###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Notes
t-T correction is the difference between true direction and projected direction due to the curving of straight lines on the pro
Page 35
t-T correction from E,N

The radians value of ' and the value of M are computed using user defined functions

e curving of straight lines on the projection
Page 36
true azimuth from E,N
True Azimuth from eastings and northings

Easting
Northing
Easting 2
Northing 2
651409.903
313177.270
626238.249
302646.415
'
"
Decimal Deg
True Azimuth(1 to 2)
Grid Bearing(1 to 2)
C1
(t1 - T1)
#VALUE!
247
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
###
17
###
###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
50.766311 247.2974350863 4.316154474
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
True Azimuth(1 to 2)
#VALUE!
###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Notes
The true azimuth from one point (easting, northing) to a second point (easting 2, northing 2)
is computed by applying the convergence and t-T corrections to the grid bearing.
Page 37
Radians
true azimuth from E,N


Page 38

Projection and Transformation Calculations

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ProjectionandTransformationCalculations.xls v3.

Cells showing intermediate c

& decimal minutes.

ELLIPSOID AND PROJECTION CONSTANTS

6377563.396 True origin latitude, 0

a for GRS80 & WGS84 =

reverse signs to go from OSGB36

a for OSGB36 = 6377563.3960

for GRS80 & WGS84 = 6378137.0000

Slight difference in b is due to

nce frames (TRFs)

guide to coordinate systems in

oordinates to OSGB36 National Grid.

y two geodetic datums

ystems of other countries untry concerned.

Enter coordinates here

Enter your coordinates in the yellow boxes

Enter coordinates here

Enter either latitude and longitude

or easting and northing

or Earth centred Cartesian XYZ coordinates

Earth centred Cartesian coordinates.

of two points are required.

d 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems

n the yellow boxes)

Helmert Datum Transformation

This is the result of the calculation

H * Input Cartesian coords

This is the input data

These values are intermediate calcul

See the Transformation Notes

This is the result of the calculation u

e result of the calculation

ues are intermediate calculation steps for the

ransformation Notes on the

e result of the calculation using user defined functions.

Cartesian XYZ to Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height

#VALUE! ### ###

Latitude and longitude to easting and northing

27.253085 This is the input data

These values are intermediate calculation steps for the

The value of M is computed using a user defined funct

This is the result of the calculation using user defined f

These values are intermediate calculation steps for the

This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.

Easting and Northing to Latitude and Longitude

This is the input data

#VALUE! ### ###

To see the Visual Basic c

This is the result of the ca

This is the input data

This is the result of the calculation

This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.

Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height to Cartesian XYZ

27.253085 This is the input data

These values are intermediate calculatio

This is the result of the calculation using

is the input data

is the result of the calculation

e values are intermediate calculation steps for the

is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.

Helmert Datum Transformation (WGS84 to OSGB36)

OSGB36 Latitude and longitude to OSGB36 easting and northing

Helmert Datum Transformation (OSGB36 to WGS84)