QUICK LOOK INTERPRETATION

THE WAY FORWARD

TO BUILD A STATIC MODEL

FOR FDP

Dr. Ahmed Salim

Department of Petroleum Geoscience

Universti Teknologi PETRONAS

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lecture you should be able to:

LO1: Calculate shale volume, total and effective porosity different

LO2: Interpret log using quick look method so as to use the

extracted data as an input to build static model and calculate the
reserve.

CONTENTS

Introduction

Volumetrics

Shale Volume

Porosity

Fluids contacts

Conclusion

VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS

VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS

VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS

Volumetric estimation is based on cores, analysis of wireline logs, and

geological maps

Volumetrics provide a static measure of oil or gas

in place. Accuracy of volumetrics depends on data
for:

Porosity
Net thickness
Areal extent
Hydrocarbon saturations
Reserves = OIP x Recovery Factor
Recovery Factor depends on drive mechanism and geology

VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS
WHO PROVIDES THE DATA

Bo = Formation volume factor

VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS
The steps for volumetric calculation are to:
i. Estimate the volume of the subsurface rocks by knowing
the thickness and areal extent
ii. Determine a weighted average effective porosity
iii. Obtain a reasonable water resistivity value and calculate
water saturation
Isopach maps are used to compute the bulk volume of the
reservoir (V).
To calculate volumes it is
necessary to find the areas
between isopach contours.

FINDING AREA (EXERCISE)

FINDING AREA (EXERCISE)

10

VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS
Gross rock volume (GRV) is the gross rock volume of the
hydrocarbon-bearing interval and is the product of the area
containing hydrocarbons and the interval thickness
Gross Sand Interval is the height of the lithologic column with
reservoir quality. i.e. the column that can potentially store
hydrocarbon (interval that satisfy the shale cut off criteria)
Gross Reservoir Interval satisfying shale and porosity cut-off
criteria
Net pay cut-offs are assigned on the basis of:
1. effective porosity (e.g. > 8%)
2. permeability (e.g. > 1 md)
3. thickness (e.g. > 1 m)

GROSS VS. NET INTERVAL

GROSS VS. NET INTERVAL

IDENTIFYING THE RESERVOIR

The most reliable indicator of reservoir rock will be from

the behavior of the density/neutron logs, with the
density moving to the left (lower density) and touching
or crossing the neutron curve.
In clastic reservoirs in nearly all cases this will
correspond to a fall in the gamma ray (GR) log.

IDENTIFYING THE RESERVOIR

The greater the crossover between the density and

neutron logs, the better the quality of the reservoir.
However, gas zones will exhibit a greater crossover for a
given porosity than oil or water zones

Shales can be clearly identified as zones where the

density lies to the right of the neutron, typically by 6 or
more neutron porosity units.

EVALUATION OF THE SHALE CONTENT

Several linear or nonlinear equation used to compute shale
volume:
GR GRmin
I
Gamma Ray Index (I)

GRmax GRmin

Linear : Vsh=I

Clavier: Vsh 1.7 [3.38 ( I 0.7) ]

Steiber:Vsh I [ N ( N 1) I ] General Form
2 12

Estimation of Shale content

SHALE VOLUME FROM GAMMA RAY

0

API

150

Pick a clean (minimum) GR

response, set as sand base line

Shale

135
Sand

Point A: 90 API

Shale

Pick a shale (maximum) GR

Response, set as shale base
line

GR log - GR clean

Ish (fraction) =
Sand

Shale

35

GR shale - GR clean
= 90 35 = 0.55
135 35

IDENTIFYING THE FLUID TYPE AND CONTACTS

Because the porosity calculation will depend on the

formation fluid type, it is good at this stage to at least
have a working assumption regarding the fluids.

If regional information is available regarding the

positions of any gas/oil contact (GOC) or oil/water
contact (OWC), then convert these subsea depths into
measured depths in the current well and mark them on
the logs.

CALCULATING THE POROSITY

Porosity should be calculated from the density log using the

equation:

CALCULATING THE POROSITY

For sandstones, rhom typically lies between 2.65 and 2.67
g/cc. Where regional core data are available, the value can
be taken from the average measured on conventional core
plugs.
Fluid density, rhof, depends on the mud type, formation
fluid properties, and extent of invasion seen by the density
log. See above Table
Note that the porosity calculated from the density log is a
total porosity value; that is, water bound to clays or held in
clay porosity is included.
Check for any zones where washouts have resulted in
erroneously high density values

CALCULATING THE POROSITY

Effective

porosity is the total porosity minus the

clay-bound water and water held as porosity within the

clays.
It may therefore be defined as:
t= e+Vsh*sh

t= e+Vsh*t
e= t*(1- Vsh)

PRESENTING THE RESULTS

Having calculated the f and Sw curves, it is usually

required to provide averages over various formation
zones.

PRESENTING THE RESULTS

This should be done as follows.

First of all determine over which depths the results
should be broken up.
(In your case 20 meters interval from 1330 MD )
Apart from the formation boundaries as agreed upon
with the geologist, further subdivision should be made
for any possible changes in fluid type or zones where the
data are of particularly poor quality, or at any points
where there is marked change in log character.

CONCLUSION

Calculation of shale volume is important for zonation (net

cutoff ) and effective porosity calculation.

Fluid boundaries (GOC & OWC) are very important in

porosity and volume calculations.

Porosity, net and gross thicknesses will be used in reserve

calculation

Thank you