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Thyroid cancer
Tumor - thyroid; Cancer - thyroid
Last reviewed: March 4, 2013.
Thyroid cancer is a cancer that starts in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located inside the
front of your lower neck.
Other risk factors are a family history of thyroid cancer and chronic goiter.
There are several types of thyroid cancer:
Anaplastic carcinoma (also called giant and spindle cell cancer) is the most dangerous
form of thyroid cancer. It is rare, and spreads quickly.
Medullary carcinoma is a cancer of non-thyroid cells that are normally present in the
thyroid gland. This form of thyroid cancer tends to occur in families.
Papillary carcinoma is the most common type, and it usually affects women of
childbearing age. It spreads slowly and is the least dangerous type of thyroid cancer.
Symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on the type of thyroid cancer, but may include:
Cough
Difficulty swallowing
Neck swelling
Laryngoscopy
Thyroid biopsy
Thyroid scan
TSH, free T4
Treatment
Treatment depends on the type of thyroid cancer.
Surgery is most often done. The entire thyroid gland is usually removed. If the doctor suspects
that the cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the neck, these will also be removed.
Radiation therapy may be done with or without surgery. It may be performed by:
After treatment for thyroid cancer you must take thyroid hormone pills for the rest of your life.
The dosage is usually slightly higher than what your body needs. This helps keep the cancer from
coming back.
If the cancer does not respond to surgery or radiation and has spread to other parts of the body,
chemotherapy may be used. This is only effective for a small number of patients.
Complications
Complications of thyroid cancer may include:
Low calcium level from accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery
Spread of the cancer to the lungs, bones, or other parts of the body
Prevention
There is no known prevention. Awareness of risk (such as previous radiation therapy to the neck)
can allow earlier diagnosis and treatment.
Sometimes, people with strong family histories and genetic mutations related to thyroid cancer
will have their thyroid gland removed for preventive purposes.
References
1. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR et al. Revised American Thyroid Association
management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid
cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19:1167-1214. [PubMed: 19860577]
2. Lal G, O'Dorisio T, McDougall R, Weigel RJ. Cancer of the endocrine system. In:
Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Niederhuber JE, et al., eds. Abeloffs Clinical Oncology. 4th
ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill-Livingstone; 2008:chap 75.
3. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in
Oncology: Thyroid Carcinoma. Version 1.2013. Available at
http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/thyroid.pdf. Accessed 03/11/2013.
Review Date: 3/4/2013.
Figures
Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands release hormones (chemical messengers) into the bloodstream to be
transported to various organs and tissues throughout the body. For instance, the pancreas secretes
insulin, which allows the body to regulate levels of sugar in the blood. The thyroid gets
instructions from the pituitary to secrete hormones which determine the pace of chemical activity
in the body (the more hormone in the bloodstream, the faster the chemical activity; the less
hormone, the slower the activity).
Review Date: 6/26/2012.
Reviewed by: Shehzad Topiwala, MD, Chief Consultant Endocrinologist, Premier Medical
Associates, The Villages, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed
by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.
Reviewed by: Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts
General Hospital. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team:
David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Blackman, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland, a part of the endocrine (hormone) system, plays a major role in regulating the
body's metabolism.
Review Date: 5/28/2013.
Reviewed by: Brent Wisse, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Metabolism,
Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by
David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
Cedera pada kotak suara dan suara serak setelah operasi tiroid
Tingkat kalsium yang rendah dari penghapusan disengaja kelenjar paratiroid
selama operasi
Penyebaran kanker ke paru-paru , tulang , atau bagian lain dari tubuh
Memanggil penyedia layanan kesehatan Anda
Hubungi penyedia pelayanan kesehatan Anda jika Anda melihat benjolan di leher
Anda .
pencegahan
Ada pencegahan tidak diketahui . Kesadaran risiko ( seperti terapi radiasi
sebelumnya ke leher ) dapat memungkinkan diagnosis dini dan pengobatan .
Kadang-kadang , orang-orang dengan sejarah keluarga yang kuat dan mutasi
genetik yang berhubungan dengan kanker tiroid akan memiliki kelenjar tiroid
mereka dihapus untuk tujuan pencegahan .
Referensi
Cooper DS , Doherty GM , Haugen BR et al . Revisi pedoman pengelolaan
American Thyroid Association untuk pasien dengan nodul tiroid dan kanker tiroid
dibedakan . Tiroid . 2009; 19:1167-1214 . [ PubMed : 19860577 ]
Lal G , O'Dorisio T , R McDougall , Weigel RJ . Kanker dari sistem endokrin . In: .
Abeloff MD , Armitage JO , Niederhuber JE , et al , eds . Clinical Oncology Abeloff itu .
Ed -4 . Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier Churchill - Livingstone ; 2008: chap 75 .
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Pedoman Praktek Klinis di
Onkologi : Thyroid Carcinoma . Versi 1.2013 . Tersedia di
http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/thyroid.pdf . Diakses
2013/03/11 .
Ulasan Tanggal : 2013/03/04 .
Diulas oleh : Yi - Bin Chen , MD , Leukemia / Bone Marrow Program Transplantasi ,
Rumah Sakit Umum Massachusetts . Juga ditinjau oleh A.D.A.M. Solusi Kesehatan ,
Ebix , Inc , Tim Editorial : David Zieve , MD , MHA , Bethanne Blackman , Stephanie
Slon , dan Nissi Wang .
angka-angka
kelenjar endokrin
kelenjar endokrin
Kelenjar endokrin melepaskan hormon ( pembawa pesan kimiawi ) ke dalam aliran
darah untuk diangkut ke berbagai organ dan jaringan di seluruh tubuh . Misalnya ,
pankreas mengeluarkan insulin , yang memungkinkan tubuh untuk mengatur kadar
gula dalam darah . Tiroid mendapat instruksi dari hipofisis untuk mengeluarkan
hormon yang menentukan laju aktivitas kimia dalam tubuh ( lebih hormon dalam
aliran darah , semakin cepat aktivitas kimia , kurang hormon , semakin lambat
aktivitas ) .
Ulasan Tanggal : 2012/06/26 .
Diulas oleh : Shehzad Topiwala , MD , Kepala Konsultan Ahli endokrinologi , Premier
Medical Associates , The Villages , FL . Ulasan disediakan oleh VeriMed Healthcare
Network. Juga ditinjau oleh David Zieve , MD , MHA , Direktur Medis , ADAM Solusi
Kesehatan , Ebix , Inc
Kanker tiroid - CT scan
Kanker tiroid - CT scan
CT ini scan dari dada bagian atas ( dada ) menunjukkan tumor tiroid ganas
( kanker ) . Daerah gelap di sekitar trakea ( ditandai dengan ujung berbentuk U
putih tabung pernapasan ) adalah area di mana jaringan normal telah terkikis dan
meninggal ( nekrosis ) sebagai akibat dari pertumbuhan tumor .
Ulasan Tanggal : 2013/03/04 .
Diulas oleh : Yi - Bin Chen , MD , Leukemia / Bone Marrow Program Transplantasi ,
Rumah Sakit Umum Massachusetts . Juga ditinjau oleh A.D.A.M. Solusi Kesehatan ,
Ebix , Inc , Tim Editorial : David Zieve , MD , MHA , Bethanne Blackman , Stephanie
Slon , dan Nissi Wang .
Kanker tiroid - CT scan
Kanker tiroid - CT scan
CT scan ini menunjukkan tumor kanker tiroid di tenggorokan , mengepung ,
penyempitan , dan menggusur tenggorokan ( trakea ) .
Ulasan Tanggal : 2013/03/04 .
Diulas oleh : Yi - Bin Chen , MD , Leukemia / Bone Marrow Program Transplantasi ,
Rumah Sakit Umum Massachusetts . Juga ditinjau oleh A.D.A.M. Solusi Kesehatan ,
Ebix , Inc , Tim Editorial : David Zieve , MD , MHA , Bethanne Blackman , Stephanie
Slon , dan Nissi Wang .
kelenjar tiroid
kelenjar tiroid
Kelenjar tiroid , bagian dari endokrin ( hormon ) sistem , memainkan peran utama
dalam mengatur metabolisme tubuh .
Ulasan Tanggal : 2013/05/28 .