Artificial Intelligence

Course Code: ECE434

S.K Sharma
Suryender.16890@lpu.co.in
Asst. Prof. D:EEE - SEE- R & A
Lovely Professional University

Overview
Syllabus: Overview
Reference Books, Papers, Journals
Introduction To Subject
Intelligent Systems
Categorization Of Intelligent Systems
A Brief History Of AI
The Foundations of AI

Syllabus
UNIT
1.

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

2.

Problem Solving : state-space Search And Control Strategies

3.

Problem Reduction And Game Playing

4.

Logic Concept And Logic Programming

5.

Prolog Programming Language

MID TERM

1.

Knowledge Representations

2.

Expert Systems And Applications

3.

Uncertainty Measure: Probability Theory And Fuzzy Logic

4.

Machine Learning, Ann And Evolutionary Computation

5.

Introduction To Intelligent Agents And Natural Language

Processing

References
Text

1. Artificial Intelligence Saroj Kaushik 1st Edition

Cengage Learning 2011
Reference Books

2. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Expert

Systems Dan. W. Patterson 1st Edition 1990 PHI
(Pretice Hall India).
3. Artificial Intelligence- A Modern Approach
Stuart Russel Peter Norvig 3rd Edition Pearson, 2009 .
4. Artificial Intelligence Elaine Rich Kevin Knight
3rd Edition 2008 Tata McGraw Hill, India

Introduction to subject
If human beings can think
Then why not machines?

If machines can think, How?

Can they go beyond human performance ?
If machines can not think, Why ?
And what does this say about the mind ?

Artificial + Intelligent

What is artificial intelligence ?

Intelligence:
Ability to
Learn
Understand and
Think.
(Oxford dictionary)
Artificial : Fake, Not real, Not Natural or Human made

INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve
goals in the world.

Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many

animals and some machines.
AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at
the moment people do better.
Examples: Speech recognition, Smell, Face, Object, Intuition, Inferencing,
Learning new skills, Decision making, Abstract thinking

What is involved in INTELLIGENCE

Ability to interact with the real world

to perceive, understand, and act

e.g., speech recognition and understanding and synthesis

e.g., image understanding

e.g., ability to take actions, have an effect

Reasoning and Planning

modeling the external world, given input

solving new problems, planning, and making decisions

ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties

Learning and Adaptation

we are continuously learning and adapting
our internal models are always being updated

e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals

Artificial Intelligence
There are no clear agreement on the definition of AI

It is the science and engineering of making

intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs.

AI is the study of how to make computers just

like humans. That means how to make
computers to do things that people do better.

Other possible AI definitions

AI is a collection of hard problems which can be solved by humans
and other living things, but for which we dont have good algorithms
for solving.
e. g., understanding spoken natural language, medical diagnosis,
circuit design, learning, self-adaptation, reasoning, chess playing,
proving math theories, etc.
AI is a process of making a machine or a program that
Learn and understand like human
Acts like human (Turing test)

Thinks like human (human-like patterns of thinking steps)

Acts or thinks rationally (logically, correctly)

Cont
Cont
AI is the study and design of intelligent agents
where,
An intelligent agent is a system that interact
with its environment and takes actions that
maximize its chances of success.

Problems In AI
Easy Problems in AI
Its been easier to mechanize many of the high level cognitive tasks
we usually associate with intelligence in people
e. g., symbolic integration, proving theorems, playing chess,
some aspect of medical diagnosis etc.

Hard Problems in AI
Its been very hard to mechanize tasks that animals can do easily

walking around without running into things (ASIMO)

interpreting complex sensory information (visual, aural, )
working as a team (ants, bees)

ASIMO (2000) at the Expo 2005

Humanoid robot created by Honda. Standing at
130 centimeters (4 feet 3 inches) and weighing
54 kilograms
Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility

Video of ASIMO

Kismet now resides at the MIT Museum

in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Kismet is a robot made in the
late 1990s at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology with
auditory, visual and expressive
systems intended to participate
in human social interaction and
to
demonstrate
simulated
human emotion and appearance.

Video of ASIMO

TOPIO, a human robot played table tennis at

Tokyo International Robot Exhibition (IREX) 2009

Stanley Robot in Stanford Racing Team

Robot holding the Bulb

Factory Automation with industrial robots

Intelligent Systems in Your Everyday Life

Post Office
automatic address recognition and sorting of mail

Banks
automatic check readers, signature verification systems
automated loan application classification
Customer Service
automatic voice recognition

The Web
Identifying your age, gender, location, from your Web surfing
Automated fraud detection
Digital Cameras
Automated face detection and focusing
Computer Games
Intelligent characters/agents

Categorization of Intelligent Systems

Thinking humanly

Thinking rationally

Acting humanly

Acting rationally

Acting Humanly: The Turing Test

Alan Turing (1912-1954)
Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950)
Imitation Game
Human

Human Interrogator

AI System
22

Turing Test(cont..)
Three rooms contain a person, a computer and an
interrogator.

The interrogator can communicate with the other two

by tele printer.
The interrogator tries to determine which is the person
and which is the machine.

The machine tries to fool the interrogator into believing

that it is the person.
If the machine succeeds, then we conclude that the
machine can think.

Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Modelling

Not content to have a program correctly solving a problem.
More concerned with comparing its reasoning steps to traces
of human solving the same problem.

Requires testable theories of the workings of the human

mind: cognitive science.

24

Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought

Aristotle was one of the first to attempt to codify right
thinking, i.e., irrefutable reasoning processes.

Formal logic provides a precise notation and rules for

representing and reasoning with all kinds of things in
the world.

Obstacles:
- Informal knowledge representation.
- Computational complexity and resources.

25

Acting Rationally
Acting so as to achieve ones goals, given ones beliefs.
Does not necessarily involve thinking.
Advantages:
- More general than the laws of thought approach.
- More amenable to scientific development than humanbased approaches.

26

A Brief History of AI
The gestation of AI (1943 - 1956):
- 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain.
- 1950: Turings Computing Machinery and Intelligence.
- 1956: McCarthys name Artificial Intelligence adopted.

Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952 - 1969):

- Early successful AI programs: Samuels checkers,
Newell & Simons Logic Theorist, Gelernters Geometry
Theorem Prover.
- Robinsons complete algorithm for logical reasoning.

A Brief History of AI
A dose of reality (1966 - 1974):
- AI discovered computational complexity.
- Neural network research almost disappeared after Minsky & Paperts
book in 1969.

Knowledge-based systems (1969 - 1979):

- 1969: DENDRAL by Buchanan et al..
- 1976: MYCIN by Shortliffle.
- 1979: PROSPECTOR by Dudaet al..

A Brief History of AI
AI becomes an industry (1980 - 1988):
- Expert systems industry booms.
- 1981: Japans 10-year Fifth Generation project.

The return of NNs and novel AI (1986 - present):

- Mid 80s: Back-propagation learning algorithm
reinvented.
- Expert systems industry busts.
- 1988: Resurgence of probability.
- 1988: Novel AI (ALife, GAs, Soft Computing, ).
- 1995: Agents everywhere.
- 2003: Human-level AI back on the agenda.

The Foundations of AI

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