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Basedon theseobservations,
a modelis proposed
to explainpermanenthairstraightening
in termsof certain
moleculareventssuchaschainfoldingandalpha-betatransformation
of the polypeptidein the hair keratin.
INTRODUCTION
Severalprocesses
areapplicableto hair straightening,whichhasbecomeoneof the more
commonhair styling practices.There are the hot comband pressiron, which were
popular yearsago. There are the "Jeri-curl" products,and there are the chemical
relaxers.They all are able to straightenhair to someextent, but not with the same
degreeof permanency.
The hot combprocess,
for example,whichrelieson the actions
of heat and moisture,can only achievehair straighteningthat is temporary.The hair
will revert to its original curly stateevenon exposureto high humidity. The Jeri-curl
process,
whichisbasedonthe "thioglycolate
wavingsystem,"canproducehairstraighteningthat is moreresistantto humidity, but the hair will still reverton washing.The
chemicalrelaxers,whichare typicallyformulatedwith strongalkali at pH in excess
of
13, are the only onesthat are able to achievepermanenthair straighteningthat will
survivewashing.The generalbelief is that hair straighteningis analogousto hair
waving. When hair is treatedwith a chemicalrelaxer,hair cystineis cleaved,and a new
348
uniquein themselves
and haveled us to believethat permanenthair straighteningis
governedby a differentmolecularprocess.
EXPERIMENTAL
HAIR
SAMPLES
EVALUATION
OF HAIR
STRAIGHTENING
EFFICACY
Temporaryhair straightening
is typicallycharacterized
by a readyreversion
of the hair
fiber to its original curlinessafter evenone washing.A criterionthat we usedin this
study to determinethe permanencyof hair straighteningwashow well the hair fiber
remainedin a straight configurationafter the fiber was immersedin water (at room
temperature)
for five minutesanddried. The degreeof hair straightness
wasdetermined
visually:the hair fiber wasconsidered
straightwhentherewasno evidenceof curliness.
EVALUATION
OF HAIR
SWELLING
AND
HAIR
SUPERCONTRACTION
OF CYSTINE
AND
LANTHIONINE
CONTENT
RESULTS
HAIR
AND
DISCUSSION
STRAIGHTENING
WITH
THIOGLYCOLATE/HYDROGEN
PEROXIDE
SYSTEM
HAIR
STRAIGHTENING
349
treatedwith a commercialthioglycolate
wavinglotion for 30-40 minutes,followedby
a neutralizationstep, the hair fiber will acquirea curly configurationthat will survive
subsequent
washing.On the otherhand, if a curly Afro hair fiber is set in a straight
configuration(the fiber is held straightundera smallstrain,for example),and treated
with a similar thioglycolatewaving lotion and neutralizationstep, the hair fiber will
acquirea temporarystraightconfiguration.However,the hair fiber will revertto most
of its originalcurliness
on evenonesubsequent
washing.The failureof this reduction/
re-oxidationschemeto impart a morepermanentstraightness
to the hair fiber suggests
that a molecularmodelcomparable
to hair wavingmay not be entirelyapplicable.
THE PHENOMENON
OF SPONTANEOUS
HAIR
UNCOILING
The questionarisesas to what causesthe curly hair fiber to uncoil and allow hair
straightening
to proceed.We thoughtof two possibilities:
One explanation
couldbe the
swellingactionof the reagent,sincesodiumhydroxideis an excellentswellingagentfor
keratinfiber. In fact, it hasbeenpointedout in the literature(5,6) that, basedentirely
on geometricalconsideration,
any radialswellingof a curvedsegmentof a fiber should
resultin an increasein the radiusof curvatureof the fiber. Anotherexplanationcould
be the resultof fiber supercontraction
(7). In fact, undercloserexamination,asshown
in Figure 1, it canbe seenthat in a 1 N sodiumhydroxidesolution,the uncoilingof
the hair fiber is accompanied
by somechanges
in fiber geometry.
HAIR
SWELLING
AND
HAIR
SUPERCONTRACTION
To assess
the relativeimportanceof thesetwo factorsto permanenthair straightening,
we proceeded
to examinethe swellingand supercontraction
behaviorof hair fibersin a
varietyof reagents
andto establish
howtheywouldimpactonhairstraightening.
In this
setof experiments,
curlyAfro hair fibersweretreatedwith variousreagents,someof
which are known to be goodkeratinswellingagents,while othersare alsoknown to
causesupercontraction
in keratin fibers.Thesereagentsincludedsodiumhydroxide,
resorcinol,lithium chloride,urea, dithiothreitol(DTT), thioglycolicacid (TGA), tris
(hydroxymethyl)phosphine
(THP), boilingwater, and cuprammonium
hydroxide.The
degreeof hair swellingand the amountof fiber supercontraction
were measuredand
correlatedwith the corresponding
degreeof permanenthair straightening.Resultsare
shown in Table I below.
350
Dry
After
5 Minutes
After
Fiber
in
Solution
After
2 Minute
16 Minutes
in
in
Solution
Solution
Figure1. Changes
in curvature
andfiberdiameter
of curlyhairfiberimmersed
in 1 N sodiumhydroxide
solution(grid circle is usedas reference).
Table
Relationship
of Hair SwellingandFiberSupercontraction
to Permanent
Hair Straightening
Reagents
NaOH (1 N)
NaOH (0.1 N)
pH
14.0
13.0
Degreeof hair
straightening
Complete/permanent
Partial/temporary
% Hair
swelling
% Hair
supercontraction
>40
40
5.7
0
DTT (0.8 M)
3.5
None
>50
THP (1 M)
8.5
Complete/permanent
>50
Urea (50%)
7.0
None
>30
TGA ( 1.2 M)
LiCl (40%)
Resorcinol
(40%)
Boiling water*
Cuprammonium
hydroxide
9.6
7.0
7.0
Partial/temporary
Complete/permanent
Complete/permanent
Complete/permanent
Complete/permanent
80 [ 11]
60 [ 12]
>50
> 15 [ 13]
> 50 [ 14]
12.0
2.0
11.5
10.0
6.0
9.4
* Under tension.
straightening
canonlybe achieved
whenthehairfiberhassupercontracted
5% or more
of its ownlength.Reagents
suchasurea,dithiothreitol,andthioglycolic
acidareall
excellentswellingagentsfor thehairfiber,andyet noneof thesereagents
wouldbeable
to impartanydegreeof permanenthair straightening.
In fact, sodiumhydroxideat a
concentration
ashigh as0.1 N is not a particularlyeffectivehair straightener,
sinceat
this concentration,
sodiumhydroxideis not producinga significantamountof fiber
supercontraction.
Boilingwater,ontheotherhand,will produce
effective
hairstraighteningif the hair fiber is strainedto about20%, sinceundertheseconditionshair fiber
isbelieved
to undergo
supercontraction
(8). It thusappears
thatfiberswellingalonewill
HAIR
STRAIGHTENING
351
THE
ROLE OF CYSTINE
AND
LANTHIONINE
Table
II
Reagents
supercontraction
Sodiumhydroxide,1 N
15-20 min
THP
40-50 min
LiC1
120 min
Cuprammoniumhydroxide
70-80 min
Permanent hair
straightening
20 min
50 min
Over
120 min
90 min
352
III
Effectiveness
of VariousReagentson Hair Straightening
pH
Reductionin
hair cysteine
(%)
Lanthionine
formed
(%)
14.0
13.0
35
30
24
17
DTT (0.8 M)
3.5
90
None
LiC1(40%)
THP (1 M)
TGA ( 1.2 M)
7.0
8.5
9.6
3
45
54
0
0
0
Complete/permanent
Complete/permanent
Partial/temporary
Urea (50%)
7.0
--
None
Resorcinol(40%)
Boiling water*
7.0
-5
0
0
Complete/permanent
Complete/permanent
Reagents
NaOH (1 N)
NaOH (0. t N)
* Under
A MODEL
Degree
of hair
straightening
Complete/permanent
Partial/temporary
tension.
FOR HAIR
STRAIGHTENING
REFERENCES