David Kulma

UnaccompaniedOboeRepertoire
Since1900

OboeMainPagewithPianowithOrchestra

Aboulker,Isabelle(b.1938)
jeuxdenotes(1973)
Publisher:Chappell
Adler,Samuel(b.1928)
CantoXV(1977)
Publisher:Ludwig

DedicatedtoTomStacy.HighEflatsandFs.Norests,tempoofquarterequals54,andthereforerequiresalotof
endurance.Continuallyexplorestheinstrument'sentireregister.EndsonlowBpianissimoanddiminuendostonothing.

Oboration(1965)
Publisher:TheodorePresser
Timing:3'30"

Oborationwasoriginallywrittenasoneoffourstudiesforamultiwoodwindplayer.Itcanbeperformedaswritten
individuallyorwithitscompanionstudies.Adleralsomentionsthatitcanbeplayedbybothoboeandenglishhorn
simultaneouslycreatingparallelfifths.Whenandhowmuchtheenglishhornplaysisuptotheperformer.Bothpartscan
beplayedbyasmanyinstrumentsasdesired.Goodforadvancedhighschooloryoungcollegestudent.

Amann,Michael(b.1964)
Pan(1999)
Publisher:Doblinger

Andriessen,Jurriaan(19251996)
Balocco(1960)
Lento
Allegretto
Lento
Vivo
Andanteconmoto
Moltolento
Allegromoderatodeciso
Publisher:Donemus

DedicatedtoGvanKoten.Sevenmovementsallattacca,buttheyseemgoodforindependentperformance.Goodfor
performancemajorcollegestudent.

Andriessen,Louis(b.1939)
AflowersongII(1964)
Publisher:Boosey
ToPaulineO(1995)
Publisher:Boosey
Timing:8minutes

WrittenforPaulineOostenrijk,adutchoboistwon1991NetherlandsMusicPrize,1991GilletCompetition.Eightminutes
andnorests.Technicallydemanding.Every12measuresisafermatathatentonesLaudaSion,amedievalsequence
usedintheCatholicliturgy.Animpressivetechnicalfeatforthebraveperformer.Circularbreathingwhiletonguingseems
implied.

Antoniou,Theodore(b.1935)
FiveLikes(1969)
Publisher:Barenreiter

Apostel,HansEric(19011972)
Sonatine(1964)
Publisher:Universal

Archer,Violet(19132000)
FourMoods(1995)
Publisher:CanadianMusicCentre

Arma,Paul(19051987)
DivertimentoNo.7[transcriptionofSixPiecesforSoloVoice]

Biography
Works
Broken Links
Surreality
Music Corner

Courses
RockPop S16
Theory I S16

Music Theory
Want Some
MusicHelp?
Contact
Trystero
Tenth
Intervention
Links
In Memory of
Robert Ashley
In Protest
Essays

Publisher:Presser
ListedinNewMusicandtheOboistII
Soliloque
Publisher:Billaudot
TroisRegards
Publisher:Choudens

Arnold,Malcolm(19212006)
Fantasy(1966)
Publisher:Faber

Asia,Daniel(b.1953)
TheAlexSet(1995)
AlexI
InterludeI
AlexII
InterludeII
AlexIII
Publisher:Merion
Timing:13minutes

Thefirstmovement,AlexI,waswrittenwhileAsiawasanundergraduateinthe1971.AlexKleinaskedforanoboeworkin
theearly90s,metioningthepossibilityofaddingtoAlex.Hauntingandlovelyveryplayable.Advancedcollegestudent.
AlexIisfourminutesindurationandincludesthreedownwardquartettonepitchbends:twoonA4andoneonBflat4.
Featheredbeamnotationisusedtoshowgradualnotelengthchangesinaparticularamountofbeats.Thereisa
recordingofAlexKleinplayingAlexIonAsia'swebsite.
Allmovementsrequiregreatstaminaandtechnicalfinesse.Funtopractice.

Aston,Peter(b.1938)
ThreePieces(1968)
Publisher:Novello
Ballif,Claude(19242004)
SolfeggiettoNo.4(1968)
Publisher:Transatlantiques

Barkauskas,Vytautas(b.1931)
Monolog(1970)
Publisher:Peters

Bennett,RichardRodney(b.1936)
Arabesque(1992)
Publisher:Novello

Variations(1953)

Bentzon,Jrgen(18971951)
tudeRhapsodique(1925)
Publisher:Chester

Berge,Sigurd(19292002)
OboSolo(1966)
Publisher:NorskMusikforlagA/S

Berio,Luciano(19252003)
SequenzaVII(1969)
Publisher:UniversalAvailablefromPresser

Thestandardextendedtechniqueworkfortheoboe.Morelater.

Berkeley,Michael(b.1948)
Snake[alsoforOb](1990)
Publisher:Oxford
ThreeMoods(1979)
Publisher:Oxford

Blackford,Richard(b.1954)
PosthumusLeonatus
Publisher:Oxford
Timing:7minutes

Requirescomposerpermissionforperformance.

Bialosky,Marshall
ThirteenAphorismsandaSummary
Publisher:SanjoMusic(1982)

Asthetitleimplies,therearethirteenshortmusicalideasofvaryingcharacters.Thepausesbetweenthemovementsare
timed(2secondsor3secondsusually).No.3hasamultiphonic(fingeringgiven),No.4containsquasifluttertonguing,No.
11haspitchbendsdownandback.Thesummary(calledCollageFinale)hashummingwhileplaying(ifpossible,ifnotadd
asingersingingthepitch).Thefinalejuxtaposesreturnstothepreviousaphorisms.


Brtz,Daniel(b.1943)
Kithairon(198991)
Publisher:Gehrmans

Brandon,Jenni(b.1977)
IntheCityatNight(2008)
Publisher:Selfpublished
Timing:6minutes

Britten,Benjamin(19131976)
SixMetamorphosesafterOvid(1951)
Publisher:Boosey
Buel,Charles(19431994)
ThreeMelancholyAirs(1978)
Lento
Coniraefuria
Allegrorisoluto
Unpublished(maybeavailablefromhismusicalexecutor)
Butler,Martin(b.1960)
Chaconne(1990)
Publisher:Oxford
Caldini,Fulvio(b.1959)
Abenstck[d'amore](198487)
Publisher:Berben
Carlson,Rosalind(b.1937)
CircleofMemories(2002)[orEH]
Publisher:Phylloscopus
Carter,Elliot(b.1908)
A6LetterLetter(1996)
Publisher:Boosey
InnerSong(1992)
Publisher:Boosey
Castani,Gerard
EtinArcadiaEgo,Vol1
Publisher:UnitedMusicPublishers
Castiglioni,Niccol(19321996)
Alef(1965)
Publisher:Schott

Recordings:
HeinzHolliger(Philips6500202)pairedwithBerio
OmarZoboli(Divox)

AlefwaswrittenforHeinzHolligerandincludeschanceelements.Therearesixpageseachlabeledwithvariousletters
andnumbers.Castiglionigivessixorderpossibilitesbasedontheselabels.SimilartotheBerioSequenzainstyleanduse
ofextendedtechniques,suchasharmonicsandtrillswithharmonics.Cutoutscore.Includesfasttonguingandtrilling.
Chandler,Mary(19111996)
Summer'sLease(1981)
Publisher:Phylloscopus
Chvez,Carlos(18991978)
Upingos(1957)
Publisher:Carlanita
Timing:4minutes

Shortternaryform(ABA)work.ThemelodieshavethefeelingofMexicanfolkmelodies(ifnotactuallyfolkmelodies).The
Asectionisin3/8,whiletheBisin2/4andinAPhrygian.Thepiececouldbeusedasasimpleworkfor
teachingpurposes.
Childs,Barney(19262000)
FiveLittleSoundpieces(1959)
Publisher:Tritone
FourInvolutions(1955)
Publisher:TritoneAvailablefromPresser
Sonata(1958)
ListedinUniversityofRedlandsChildsCollection
Colbert,Brendan(b.1956)
Clamour(2003)
Timing:7minutes
Publisher:AustralianMusicCentre

Collaros,Pandel(b.1954)
ThreeOboePieces(1992)
Publisher:Bocal
Cooman,Carson(b.1982)
DreamEtudes,BookIV(2002)
Remembering
Bounding
Silencing
Publisher:LaurenKeiser
Ideas,BookII(1999)
SkeweredJustice
SpacingsandEchoes
ScotchPoppers
Barcarolle
HomagetoRobertWard(motoperpetuo)
Publisher:LaurenKeiser
Proclamation(2004)
Publisher:MusikFabrik
Crawford(Seeger),Ruth(19011953)
DiaphonicSuite[No.1](1930)
Publisher:MerionAvailablefromPresser
Cronin,Stephen(b.1960)
FivePieces(1988)
Publisher:AustralianMusicCentre
Idyll(2003)
Publisher:Selfpublished
Czaplowski,Philip(b.1958)
Interpolation(2002)
Publisher:SelfpublishedFreePDF!
Monologue(1997)
Publisher:SelfpublishedFreePDF!

Davies,PeterMaxwell(b.1934)
FirstGraceofLight(1991)
Publisher:Boosey
Denisov,Edison(19291996)
Solo(1971)
Publisher:Unknown(AvailablefromBoosey)
Dinescu,Violeta(b.1953)
CimeLointaine(1990)
Publisher:Bote&Bock
Dittrich,PaulHeinz(b.1930)
SingbarerRestIII(1989)
Publisher:DeutscherVerlag

Dorti,Antal(19061988)
CinqPices(1980)
Lacigaleetlafourmie
Lettred'amour
Fuguetroisvoix
Berceuse
Lgerdemain
Publisher:Boosey
Timing:12minutes20seconds

PremieredbyHeinzHolliger,andhasbeenusedintheGilletcompetition.Verytechnical,andrequiresanaccomplished
conservatoryoboistorprofessional.

Douglas,PaulM.(b.1936)
Senia(1977)
Publisher:Nova
Downey,John
Soliloquy
Publisher:TheodorePresser

Durey,Louis(18881979)
3Piecesbreves(1974)
Publisher:Billaudot
Ebenhh,Horst(b.1930)
Sonatine(1981)
Vivo
Adagio
Allegromolto
Moltovivace
Publisher:Doblinger
Edwards,Ross(b.1943)
TwoPieces(1998)
Yanada
Ulpirra
Publisher:RicordiLondon
Ekstrm,Lars(b.1956)
Denaccelererandeisbiten(1988)
Publisher:SwedishMusicInformationCentre
Exton,John
ThreePieces(1972)
Publisher:Chester
Ficarelli,Mario(b.1935)
QuatroEsboos(1993)
Publisher:BrazilianMusicEnterprises

FicarelliisanativeofSaoPaulo.
Fine,Vivian(19132000)
SecondSoloforOboe(1947)
Publisher:Selfpublished
SoloforOboe(1929)
Publisher:Selfpublished
Fongaard,Bjrn(19191980)
Sonata(1968)
Publisher:MICNorway
Ford,Andrew(b.1957)
AsidesontheOboe(2002)
Publisher:AustralianMusicCentre
Fricker,PeterRacine(19201990)
Refrains(1968)
Publisher:Oxford
Genzmer,Harald(19072007)
7Studies(Capriccios)
Publisher:Schott
Globokar,Vinko(b.1934)
Atemstudie(1972)
Publisher:Peters
Grant,Robin(b.1955)
WhenSirensSing
Publisher:EmersonEditionAvailablefromPresser
Harbison,John(b.1938)
AmazingGrace(1972)
Publisher:AssociatedMusicPublishers
Harlap,Aharon(b.1941)

TheOboe'sLament
Publisher:IsraeliMusicPublications
Hartley,Walter(b.1927)
ThreePieces(1966)
Publisher:AccuraMusic
Hartzell,Eugene(19322000)
Elegy(Monologue12)(1979)
Publisher:Doblinger
Monologue2:FiveSketchesforOboeSolo(1964)
Publisher:Doblinger
Timing:approx.12minutes

Fiveinterestingcontrastingatonalmovements.Mediumdifficultywithagoodamountofoctavedisplacement,minor
seconds,andtritones.
Haselbach,Josef(19362002)
Abendlied(1983)
Publisher:HugMusikverlage
Haug,Halvor(b.1952)
Fantasia(1977)
Publisher:MICNorway
Holland,Dulcie(19132000)
ThreeSignatures(1992)
Publisher:AustralianMusicCentre
Holliger,Heinz(b.1939)
Sonata(195657/99)
Publisher:Schott
StudieberMehrklnge(1971)
Publisher:Breitkopf
StudieII(1981)
Publisher:Schott
Huber,NicholausA.(b.1939)
Vorundzurck(1981)
Publisher:Breitkopf
Hbler,KlausK.(b.1956)
Graveesfrenato(1985)
Publisher:Breitkopf
Hummel,Bertold(19252002)
EightBagatelles(1999)[orEH]
Publisher:Vogt&Fritz
Suite(1964)
Fanfare
Echo
Mobile
Monologue
Fountain
Publisher:Simrock
Ichiyanagi,Toshi(b.1933)
CloudFigures(1984)
Publisher:Schott
Timing:81/2minutes

Exploresextremerangeoftheinstrumentregularly,i.e.Bb3toA6.Slowtempo(eighth6972).Requiresextreme
enduranceandmentalstamina.Afewslidesbetweenhalfsteppitches.Nobarlines.
Jackman,Andrew
Circus
Publisher:EmersonEdition
Jacob,Gordon(18951984)
SevenBagatelles(1969)
March
Elegy
Waltz
SlowAir
Limerick
ChineseTune
Galop
Publisher:Oxford
Timing:71/2minutes

Interesting,butchallengingtomakesoundcohesive.Goodforhighschoolplayer.

Johansen,BertilPalmar(b.1954)
OutoftheWood[d'amore](198485)
Publisher:MICNorway
Johnsen,Hallvard(19162003)
Pastorale(1986/89)
Publisher:MICNorway
Josephs,Wilfred(19271997)
SoloOboePiece(1973)
Publisher:Novello

ThreeWaltzesandaFoxtrot
Publisher:EmersonEdition
Kleiberg,Stle(b.1958)
Lamento(1990)
Publisher:MICNorway

Solosonate[ord'amore](1984)
Publisher:MICNorway

Kilstofte,Mark(b.1958)
InnerVoices
Publisher:Newmatic
Timing:8minutes30seconds

CommissionedbyPetreaWarneckandelevenotheroboistsinmemoryofJohnMack.Premieredin2007atIDRS
ConferenceinIthaca,NY.
Koechlin,Charles(18671950)
MonodieNo.11(194748)
Publisher:MaxEschig
Suite(1942)[d'amore]
Publisher:MaxEschig
Kotoski,Wodzimierz(b.1925)
Monochromia(1964)
Publisher:PWM
Krol,Bernhard(b.1920)
Rosarium:3Preludes
Publisher:Bote&Bock
Kryf,Tonde
Echoi
Publisher:Bote&Bock
Kupferman,Meyer(19262003)
Sensations(1968)
Publisher:Soundspells
Kvam,OddvarS.(b.1927)
Monofoni(1977)
Publisher:MICNorway
Lacerda,Osvaldo(b.1927)
Improviso(1974/80)
Publisher:Ponteio
Laughlin,James
Dance...SheWaits
Publisher:Tetra/Continuo
LeFanu,Nicola(b.1947)
Soliloquy(1965)
Publisher:Novello
Leguay,JeanPierre(b.1939)
Flamme(1973)
Publisher:Universal
Lemeland,Aubert(b.1932)
Scancions(1969)
Publisher:Billaudot
Lerstad,TerjeBjrn
Suite[doubleonEH,d'amore,andheckelphone](1980)
Publisher:MICNorway
Ludewig,Wolfgang(b.1926)
Soni[orEH](1974)
Publisher:Bote&Bock
Lunde,IvarJr.

AkrostikonNumberOne,Op.73(1980)
Publisher:ShawneePress
Timing:7minutes

LundeisaNorwegianoboistandcomposer.Thisworkwascomposedduringthesummerof1980whilethecomposerwas
inWisconsin.Premieredinthefallof1982inOslo,NorwayattheFestivalofNordicMusic.AkrostikonisNorwegianfor
acrostic.Likeanacrostic,eachnewsection,markedbydottedbarline,beginswiththenextpitchinthe12tonerowused
asthebasisforthepiece.Notesvaluesareaguideratherthantobestrictlyplayed.Agoodpiecetoexploreextended
techniques:multiphonics,harmonics,pitchbending,tremolos(shakes).Alogicalandinterestingworkwithcoolcolorsand
purposefulsoundingmoderntechniques.
ThreeShortPieces(1970)
Publisher:Skyline
Lttmann,Reinhard
MdiationI:Fantasiesurunthmedeplainchantchoralbearbeitung(1973)
Publisher:UnitedMusicPublishers
Timing:6minutes

Startswithchant.Haunting,withbeautifulcolors.Usesharmonics,butdoesnotgivefingerings.Icangiveyouthe
fingerings.
Maderna,Bruno(19201973)
Solo[doubleond'amore,EH,andmusette](1971)
Publisher:UnitedMusicPublishers
Madsen,Trygve(b.1940)
DeFireRiker[TheFourKingdoms](198283)
Publisher:MussikHusets
Mannino,Franco(19242005)
Adagio(1990)
Publisher:Curci
Trepezzi(1990)
Publisher:Curci
Turbamento(1985)
Publisher:Edipan
Martin,Robert
Vega(1982)
Publisher:MerionAvailablefromTheodorePresser
Martin,RuthLee(b.1957)
Corrnachforthebirds(1999)
Publisher:AustralianMusicCentre
Mersson,Boris(b.1921)
Conjugometamorfosis[unspecifiedwindinstrument](1969)
Publisher:Kunzelmann
Mihalovici,Marcel(18981985)
Mlope(1973)
Publisher:UnitedMusicPublishers
Mills,Richard(b.1949)
Pastoral(1993)
Publisher:AustralianMusicCentre
Sixpreludes(1991)
Publisher:AustralianMusicCentre
Nicholson,Tina(b.1958)
MomentsfromWomen(1999)
Publisher:Jeann
Northcott,Bayan(b.1940)
Sonata(1978)
Publisher:Stainer&Bell
Oehring,Helmut(b.1961)
Philipp(1997/01)[transcribedfromtromboneworkbycomposerin2003]
Publisher:Bote&Bock
Ohana,Maurice(19131992)
Sarc(1972)
Publisher:Billaudot
Olsen,CarlGustaveSparre(19031984)
Pastorale(1978)

Publisher:Lyche
Patterson,Paul(b.1947)
Monologue(1968)
Publisher:Weinberger
Penberthy,James(19171999)
Threepieces(1983)
Publisher:AustralianMusicCentre
Persichetti,Vincent(19151987)
ParableIII(1968)
Publisher:ElkanVogelAvailablefromTheodorePresser
ParableXV(1973)
Publisher:ElkanVogelAvailablefromTheodorePresser

SerenadeNo.14
Publisher:ElkanVogelAvailablefromPresser
Peterson,Geoffrey
Sonata
Publisher:TheodorePresser
Petit,Pierre(19222000)
SunnySide(1982)
Pinkham,Daniel(19232006)
Reeds
Publisher:Peters
Powers,Anthony(b.1953)
Intwominds(1991)
Publisher:Oxford
Presser,William
EightBrevities
Publisher:Tritone/TentuoAvailablefromTheodorePresser

Racol,Maurice
LesPlaintesd'Ariadne
Publisher:UnitedMusicPublishers
Rainier,Priaulx(19031986)
PastoralTriptych(195859)
Publisher:Schott
Rands,Bernard(b.1934)
Memo8(2000)
Publisher:Schott
Reade,Paul(19431997)
Aspectsofalandscape(1981)
Publisher:NovaMusic
Renwick,William
SonataAntiqua(1986)
Publisher:CanadianComputerPrinting
RichardsonAlan(19041978)
ThreePieces
Publisher:NovaMusic
Richer,Jeannine(b.1924)
Obsession
Publisher:MaxEschig
PigeV
Publisher:Durand
Rivier,Jean(18961987)
TroisInstantans(1973)
Publisher:Salabert
Rochberg,George
ThreeCadenzastoMozartOboeConcertoK.314
Publisher:TheodorePresser

Roseman,Ronald(19332000)
Partita(1997)
Publisher:InternationalOpus
Rzsa,Mikls(19071995)
Sonata(1987)

Publisher:BroudeBrothers
Rudin,Rolf(b.1961)
RezitativunArie(1988)
Publisher:Bote&Bock
RushbySmith,John
Monologue(1970)[ord'amore]
Publisher:Simrock
Saunders,Neil
Incantations(1982)
Publisher:NovaMusic
Schenker,Friedrich(b.1942)
Monolog(1968)
Publisher:Breitkopf
Schibler,Armin(19201986)
Dithyrambus(1971)
Publisher:Kunzelmann
Schlee,ThomasDaniel(b.1957)
AulodieetJubilation(199394)
Publisher:Lemoine
Schmidinger,Helmut(b.1969)
ViergefiederteWortedesOdysseus[FourWingedWordsofUlysses](1999)
Publisher:Doblinger
Schmidt,Christfried(b.1932)
Aulodie(1975)
Publisher:DeutscherVerlag
Segerstam,Leif(b.1944)
EpisodeNo.19(1985)
Sibbing,Robert
FourPieces
Publisher:Tritone/TenutoAvailablefromPresser
Silverman,FayeEllen(b.1947)
Oboesthenics(1980)
Publisher:SeesawMusic
Silvestrini,Gilles(b.1961)
HoraeVolubiles
Publisher:Delatour
Sixtudes(198697)
Publisher:ditionduHautbois
Publisher:Rigoutat

DedicatedtoPierrePierlotandJacquesTys.Popularetudesforconcertperformances.Alltheetudesaremusical
interpretationsoffamouspaintings.Technicallydifficultandtonallyoriented.Showpiecesthatcanbeplayedtogether,in
groups,orsingally.
PaysageavecPyrameetThisbe
Publisher:Rigoutat
Simpson,AndrewEarle(b.1967)
ExhortationII(1996)
Publisher:Jeann
Singer,Lawrence
Memories
Sitsky,Larry(b.1934)
Sayatnova(1984)
Publisher:SeesawMusic
Sommerfeldt,istein(19191994)
Divertimento(1974)
Publisher:NorskMusikforlag
Litenpastoralesuite(1975)
Publisher:MICNorway
Stockhausen,Karlheinz(19282007)
InFreundschaft(1977)
Publisher:StockhausenVerlag

WrittenforSuzanneStephensforherbirthday,July28,1977.TranslationsoftheGermanwordsinthescoreisincludedin

theback.Stockhausensaysthatthisworkshouldbeplayedfrommemory.Difficult,butplayable.Includesmanytrills
(includingonhighnotes,e.g.E)andfluttertongue.Stockhausenalsoasksthattheplayermovetheinstrumentupand
downinrelationtothesizeofintervalsplayed.MoreapproachablethantheBerio.

Strilko,Anthony(b.1931)
MusicforOboeAlone(pub.1967)
Publisher:TheodorePresser
Timing:10minutes

DedicatedtoBertLucarelli.7shortcontrastingmovements.Usefulforhighschoolplayerexploringtwentiethcentury
musicwithoutspecialeffects.Thelastmovementremembersthefirst.

Swain,Freda(19021985)
ThreeWhimsies[arethesetwopiecesthesame?]
Publisher:Bourne

FantasySuite
Publisher:Bourne
Szalonek,Witold(19272001)
QuattroMonologhi
Publisher:PWM(1985)

SuitaZakopiaska(1996)
Publisher:PWM
Tann,Hilary(b.1947)
LikeLightnings(2004)
Publisher:Oxford
Thorsen,Frode
Fantasia(1982)
MentionedinACatalogueofNorwegianOboeLiterature
Timaru,Valentin(b.1940)
Sonata(1967)
Tisn,Antoine(19321998)
Dinos(1970)
Publisher:UnitedMusicPublishers
Tomasi,Henri(19011971)
vocations(1969)[orEH]
Publisher:LeducAvailablefromPresser
Troistudesdeconcert(1964)
Publisher:Eschig
Treibmann,KarlOttomar(b.1936)
BlickpunkteI(1982)
Sonata(1974)
Publisher:DeutscherVerlag
Voorn,Joop(b.1932)
DrieStukken(1970)
Publisher:Donemus
Waldeier,Erik
Tema&Variationer(1981)
Wellesz,Egon(18851974)
Suite(1956)
Woolrich,John(b.1954)
ThreeCapricciosfromtheBookofDisquiet(2001)
Publisher:FaberMusic
Wyttenbach,Jrg(b.1935)
Sonata(1962/72)
Publisher:Breitkopf
Yun,Isang(19171995)
Piri(1971)
Publisher:Bote&Bock
Zaffini,Clment
5Squences
Publisher:Billaudot
Zender,Hans(b.1936)
Trepezzi(1963)
Publisher:Bote&Bock

Copyright200916DavidKulma.Allrightsreserved.