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Abstract

Chances are that we haven't thought a lot about the soil under our feet, but we may
be surprised at the complexity of soil. Soil varies in its composition and the
structure of its particles, and these factors are closely examined by farmers, who
need appropriate soil for planting crops, as well as engineers who may need to
understand how soil is going to hold up under different demands. Soil is also vitally
important to the sustainability of an ecosystem because it serves as the natural
medium for the growth of vegetation. In this report we would be known with
different classifications of soil.

Chapter: 01
1.1 Introduction:
Soil can be defined as the organic and inorganic materials on the surface of the
Earth that provides the medium for plant growth. Soil develops slowly over time and
is composed of many different materials. Inorganic materials, or those materials
that are not living, include weathered rocks and minerals. Weathering is the
mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are broken down into smaller
pieces. As rocks are broken down, they mix with organic materials, which are those
materials that originate from living organisms. For example, plants and animals die
and decompose, releasing nutrients back into the soil.
If we look down at the soil under our feet, we cannot tell very much about that soil.
So when we study soil, it's helpful to grab a shovel and dig a hole that is big enough
to reveal a vertical section of soil that ranges from the surface to the underlying
rock, referred to as a soil profile. The soil profile is somewhat like the soil's
fingerprint, and it will differ from other soil samples based on factors like its color,
texture, structure and thickness, as well as its chemical composition.
Each layer of a soil profile is referred to as a soil horizon. These horizons are
identified by letters. Horizon A is the upper layer, closest to the surface. We can
think of this horizon as the topsoil. In fact, we can use this as a memory jogger to
help remember the order of the horizons. The letter A is at the top of the alphabet
and refers to the topsoil layer. As we move deeper into the layers of the soil profile,
we have horizons B and C, giving us the three main horizons.

1.2 Objective of the study:


The main objective of this report is to know about the existing classifications of the
soil in different areas. Through this study we will have an organized information of
different types of soils.

1.3 Methodology of the Study:


The study is completely based on the secondary data. Data were collected through
online references, articles, books, magazines and publications. Hence, first of all
data were collected accordingly and then I organized them. After that, they were put
in this report in details as much as possible.

Chapter: 02 Discussion and Analysis

Different Type of Soils in Bangladesh:


Physio-graphic units:
There are 23 physio-graphic units under 3 geomorphologic (geo-earth; morphi-form;
logos-knowledge) division of Bangladesh soilA. Flood Plain Areas (80% of the country)
B. Terrace Areas (80% of the country)
C. Hill Areas (12% of the country)
A. Flood Plain Areas:
1. Old
Himalayan
Piedmont
Plain
5. Teesta Flood
Plain

9. KaratoyaBengali
Flood Plain

2. Young
Brahmaputr
a Flood
Plain
6. Old
Brahmaputr
a Flood
Plain
10.Ganges
River Flood
Plain

13.Lower Atrai
Flood Plain

14.Ganges
Tidal Flood
Plain

17.Lower
Purnabhaba
Flood Plain

18.GopalganjKhulna
Beels

3. Arial Beels

4. SurmaKushiyara
Flood Plain

7. Middle
Meghna
Flood Plain

8. Sylet Basin

11.Lower
Meghna
River Flood
Plain
15.Young
Meghna
Estuarine
Flood Plain
19.Old Meghna
Estuarine
Flood Plain

12.Northern &
Eastern
Piedmont
Plains
16.Chittagong
Coastal
Plain
20.St. Martins
Island

B. Terrace Areas:
21. Madhupur Tract
C. Hill Areas:
23. Northern and Eastern Hills

22. Barind Tract

1. Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain:


The Himalayan piedmont plain is the northernmost physiographic unit of
Bangladesh. It is located to the north of Barind Tract in the Thakurgaon and
Panchagarh districts and comprises of the feet of some coalesced alluvial fan
formed by the rivers, washing the adjacent Himalayan slope. Only a part of the
Piedmont pains falls within the territorial limit of Bangladesh may be regarded as
the alluvial toe slopes of the Himalayas (Ruhe 1960).
The old Himalayan piedmont plain comprises some part of Old Tista alluvial fan at
the foot of the Himalayas. Sandy materials were deposited by fast-flowing rivers
which constantly changed their courses. When Tista River abandoned the area,
probably several thousand years ago, it left behind a complex landscape of broad,
low ridges and a crisscrossing network of broad and narrow, abandoned river
channels. The Karatoya, Tangan and smaller rivers which cross the unit are
entrenched 5-6 meters below the surrounding landscape (Brammer 1996). The
higher parts of the ridges stand above normal flood- level in the rainy season, but
they periodically become waterlogged during periods of monsoon-season rainfall,
especially in the area with black soils in the north. The lower parts of the ridges and
the old channels are seasonally shallowly flooded, and they periodically experience
flash floods following exceptionally heavy rainfall locally or in the adjoining part of
the Himalayas in India.
A very few research work has been done on the soils of the piedmont alluvial soils.
Geologically, theses soils are very much important regarding their nature and origin.
Brammer (1996) noted that the sandy parent material have mainly weathered to
form permeable loamy soils which overlies sand at 90-120 cm. Soil patterns are
often complex because of differences in soil texture and drainage within short
distances. As an economic resource, land and its production capacity must be
carefully assessed and periodically monitored in order to sustain the production of
food and other basic human needs (Paul 1993).

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