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Chances are that we haven't thought a lot about the soil under our feet, but we may
be surprised at the complexity of soil. Soil varies in its composition and the
structure of its particles, and these factors are closely examined by farmers, who
need appropriate soil for planting crops, as well as engineers who may need to
understand how soil is going to hold up under different demands. Soil is also vitally
important to the sustainability of an ecosystem because it serves as the natural
medium for the growth of vegetation. In this report we would be known with
different classifications of soil.
Chapter: 01
1.1 Introduction:
Soil can be defined as the organic and inorganic materials on the surface of the
Earth that provides the medium for plant growth. Soil develops slowly over time and
is composed of many different materials. Inorganic materials, or those materials
that are not living, include weathered rocks and minerals. Weathering is the
mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are broken down into smaller
pieces. As rocks are broken down, they mix with organic materials, which are those
materials that originate from living organisms. For example, plants and animals die
and decompose, releasing nutrients back into the soil.
If we look down at the soil under our feet, we cannot tell very much about that soil.
So when we study soil, it's helpful to grab a shovel and dig a hole that is big enough
to reveal a vertical section of soil that ranges from the surface to the underlying
rock, referred to as a soil profile. The soil profile is somewhat like the soil's
fingerprint, and it will differ from other soil samples based on factors like its color,
texture, structure and thickness, as well as its chemical composition.
Each layer of a soil profile is referred to as a soil horizon. These horizons are
identified by letters. Horizon A is the upper layer, closest to the surface. We can
think of this horizon as the topsoil. In fact, we can use this as a memory jogger to
help remember the order of the horizons. The letter A is at the top of the alphabet
and refers to the topsoil layer. As we move deeper into the layers of the soil profile,
we have horizons B and C, giving us the three main horizons.
9. KaratoyaBengali
Flood Plain
2. Young
Brahmaputr
a Flood
Plain
6. Old
Brahmaputr
a Flood
Plain
10.Ganges
River Flood
Plain
13.Lower Atrai
Flood Plain
14.Ganges
Tidal Flood
Plain
17.Lower
Purnabhaba
Flood Plain
18.GopalganjKhulna
Beels
3. Arial Beels
4. SurmaKushiyara
Flood Plain
7. Middle
Meghna
Flood Plain
8. Sylet Basin
11.Lower
Meghna
River Flood
Plain
15.Young
Meghna
Estuarine
Flood Plain
19.Old Meghna
Estuarine
Flood Plain
12.Northern &
Eastern
Piedmont
Plains
16.Chittagong
Coastal
Plain
20.St. Martins
Island
B. Terrace Areas:
21. Madhupur Tract
C. Hill Areas:
23. Northern and Eastern Hills