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Important Formulae & Basic concepts

Unit 2: CURRENT ELECTRICITY


XII Physics

S. No.
1.

Formula
Current through a
conductor
Q (ne + np )e
=
I=
t
t

Description
I = current (ampere)
Q = charge (coulomb)
t = time (second)
ne = number of electrons

2.

Current in terms of drift


velocity
I = neAvd

np = number of protons
I = current (ampere)
n = number density of electrons (m-3)
A = area of cross section (meter2)

3.

4.

Mobility of electrons
v
e
e = d =
E
m
Ohms law
V=IR

vd = drift velocity of electron(meter / second)


e = mobility(meter2/volt sec)
vd = drift velocity of electron(meter / second)
V = voltage (volt)
I = current (ampere)

5.

Resistance of a conductor
l
R=
A

R = resistance (ohm)
R = resistance(ohm)

= resistivity (ohm meter)

A = area of cross section (meter2)

6.

Resistivity of a conductor
m
= 2
e n

l = length (meter)
= resistivity (ohm meter)
m = mass of electron (kg)
n = number of electrons
e = charge on electron (coulomb)
= relaxation time (sec)

7.

8.

9.

10.

Current density
I
J=
A

Conductance of a
conductor
1
G=
R
Conductivity of a
conductor
1
=

Temperature dependence
of resistance
R t = R 0 (1 + t)

J = current density (ampere meter-2)


I = current (ampere)
A = area of cross section (meter2)
G = conductance (ohm-1)
R = resistance (ohm)
= conductivity (ohm-1 meter-1)

= resistivity (ohm meter)

Rt=resistance at temperature t (ohm)


R0= resistance at temperature 00C (ohm)
t = temperature (0K)

11.

Resistors in series
R s = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + ....

12.

Resistors in parallel
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
....
R p R1 R 2 R 3

13.

Emf of cell
E = I (R + r)

= temperature coefficient of resistance (1/0 K)


Rs = net resistance (ohm)
R1, R2, R3 = individual resistances (ohm)
Rp = net resistance (ohm)
R1, R2, R3 = individual resistances (ohm)
E = emf of a cell (volt)
R = external resistance (ohm)
I = current (ampere)

14.

Cells in series
n
I=
R + nr

r = internal resistance (ohm)


= emf in circuit (volt)
n = number of cells in series
R = external resistance (ohm)
I = current (ampere)

15.

Cells in parallel
m
I=
mR + r

r = internal resistance (ohm)


= emf in circuit (ohm)
m = number of cells in parallel
R = external resistance (ohm)

I = current (ampere)

16.

Cells in mixed grouping


mn
I=
mR + nr

r = internal resistance (ohm)


= emf in circuit (volt)
n = number of cells in series
m = number of cells in parallel
R = external resistance (ohm)
I = current (ampere)

17.

Kirchhoffs first law


i = 0

18.

Kirchhoffs second law


iR =

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

Condition for balancing of


wheat stone bridge
P R
=
Q S
Condition for slide wire
bridge
100 l
S=(
)R
l
Comparison of emf of two
cells using potentiometer
E1 l1
=
E2 l2

Internal resistance of a
cell
l l
r = ( 1 2 )R
l2
Electric power
P = V I = I2 R = V2 / R

r = internal resistance (ohm)


i = current (ohm)
R = resistance (ohm)
= emf in circuit (volt)
P, Q, R and S are resistances (ohm)

S and R = resistances (ohm)


l = length (meter)
E1 and E2 =emf of two sources (volt)
l1 and l2 = length (meter)
r = internal resistance (ohm)
R = external resistance (ohm)
l1 and l2 = length (meter)
V = voltage (volt)
I = current (ampere)
R = resistance (ohm)

24.

Electric energy

P = power dissipated (watt)


E = energy consumed (joule)

E=VIt=

V2
t = I2Rt
R

V = voltage (volt)
I = current (ampere)
R = resistance (ohm)

25.

Electric energy spent in


heating a liquid

t = time (sec)
= change in temperature (0C or 0K)
m = mass (kg)

E = mc

c = specific heat (joule kg-1 K-1)


E = joule
26.

Cost of electricity
consumption = unit of
electricity consumed x
cost per unit of electricity

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