Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented at the
WBF 2011 NA Conference
Newark, DE, USA
May 23-25, 2011
KEY WORDS
ISA-88, ISA-95, Batch process, PLM Product Lifecycle Management, process design, recipe
management, production and process simulation, scheduling
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we discuss the use of simulation and scheduling software for optimizing and debottlenecking production processes, starting from an example in pharmaceuticals, viz. production of
therapeutic monoclonal antibodies using animal cell cultures (MAb). We abstract from the P&ID and
model the control software for a Biotech Plant using an the ISA-88 standard and connect it with the
Business Information Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software using the ISA-95
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standard (the international standard for developing an automated interface between enterprise and
control systems) and XML-schemas BatchML and B2MML respectively.
The ISA-88 standard, specifically its implementation BatchML, helps in making the abstraction of the
physical design of a multi-product, multi-line plant towards the development of a software
configuration. It enables the shortening of the development cycle for new products and the evolution
from a pilot to the full-scale production. The equipment capabilities are separated from the recipe
procedures which results in the enhanced flexibility. The modularity and consistency properties are
introduced by the breakdown and terminology of equipment entities and procedural elements.
The ISA-95 standard is used to help define boundaries between the enterprise systems and the control
systems. In their turn, these boundaries help in answering such questions as which tasks can be
executed by which function? and what information must be exchanged between applications?
The added value of these standards is in controlling and documenting the IT-project lifecycle following
pharmaceutical best practices (GAMP-5) and easier validation of the IT and production systems.
This Product Lifecycle Management approach reduces costs, risks, management of changes and precious
time in New Product Introduction.
To clarify this approach, a few examples of best practices with major Pharmaceutical and Biotech
multinationals are presented.
PAPER
Introduction
Today, human requirements for better health, food, energy and other products in a sustainable way are
linked with advances in biotech. Biotech is the solution for advancing prosperity keeping or lowering
our ecological footprint.
However, being created with living substances, biotech products show inherently more variations,
more complexity, less control and predictability than classical production processes. There is a need for
more discipline and procedures that will force life and creativity in the required directions.
Intelligent Production Information Systems can support the reduction of variability, bring recipe design
and execution under control, make processes, their dynamic behavior and their outcomes more
predictable, align products with user requirements, provide the necessary evidence of order instead of
chaos and probability, communicate results and manage experience.
The interaction process between knowledge and information, creativity and experience, prototype and
lab notes, pilot and scaling up, underlying rules and resulting diversity, lean design and six sigma
challenges both the human capabilities and supporting knowledge management tools.
This paper illustrates the friction between dreams and reality and presents good practices for creating
value from this controversy.
Product life cycle management
In the biotech industry fundamental research is required to define a new molecule or active. To quote
Einstein: invention is 5% ingenuity and 95% sweat and work. Ingenuity is difficult to learn, but IT can
help in testing hypotheses and finding links and relations between data and information.
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If we look at the typical lifecycle of a pharmaceutical drug, its clear that we have to speed up the
development cycle and go as fast as possible through the scaling up, pre-clinical and clinical testing and
approval phases.
Documenting the recipe, including the specifications of components, intermediary and end products,
describing the production equipment and segments needed (ISA-88), the different steps in the
preparation and the interaction with supply chain, human resources, quality control, scheduling,
maintenance (ISA-95), can be optimized by using the appropriate standards worked out by WBF
(wbf.org), MESA(mesa.com), SCOR (scor.com) and other organizations.
In order to develop these recipes, defining classes, production workflows and set parameters can be
accelerated by alternating between Batch and Manufacturing Operations Management standards, the
interface with Enterprise Resources Planning ERP and Supply Chain Management SCM, P&ID design
(see Figure 1) and simulation software with knowledge management capabilities to simulate the exact or
comparable (bio-)chemical reactions, equipment types, results and to take into account consequences,
limits and alternatives.
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reasonable to use the batch process simulators that take the time-dependency and sequencing of events
into account. Examples of batch production simulators are Aspen Batch Process Developer, formerly
branded as Aspen Batch Plus (Aspen Technology, Inc.) and a combination of two products SuperPro
Designer and SchedulePro (Intelligen, Inc.). Aspen Batch Process Developer is a recipe-based modeling
technology for the batch pharmaceutical industries, and is used for developing a process and generating
required documentation from early route selection to full scale manufacturing. It facilitates sharing of
information across the company by providing a standard approach for creating and managing process
information throughout the development workflow. Aspen Batch Process Developer is a key component
of aspenONE Process Engineering for the process industries. aspenONE Process Engineering is an
integrated lifecycle solution from conceptual design through to plant start-up and operations support
enabling modeling, building, and operating safer, competitive, and more reliable process plants. It is
intended to reduce capital and operating costs, increase engineering efficiency and quality, and
accelerate time-to-market with payback in months instead of years.
SuperPro Designer is focused on bioprocessing including the modeling of small-molecule Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and secondary pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. SchedulePro
is a production planning and scheduling tool that, among other features, enables debottlenecking and
modeling and capacity analysis of multi-product facilities (both for batch and semi-continuous modes).
In other words, together these software packages are intended for 1) design, testing and simulation and
2) de-bottlenecking and optimizing the production sequence for one type of batch or campaigns of
different product batches, based on the process design (go back to 1).
Microsoft Excel is also known (Toumi et al., 2010) as a common platform for creating pharmaceutical
processes models using the built-in programming facilities - macros and Visual Basic for Application
technologies. However, the capabilities of this approach are limited and such applications cant deal
with complex cases of the full scale product lifecycle management.
Regarding the support of ISA-88 and ISA-95 standards, none of these applications is standardcompliant. Moreover, these software packages dont provide integration, exchange or a bridge with ISA88 recipe design and simply abstracts equipment to equipment classes and separates product
specifications from production capabilities. However, in (Toumi et al., 2010) it is mentioned that In
SuperPro Designer, the representation of a batch process model is loosely based on the ISA S-88
standards for batch recipe representation. In addition, (Vinson, J., 2008) AspenTech Production Record
Manager (part of aspenONE) in some way supports ISA-88, though there is no information on the
connection between this application (or ISA-88 itself) with Aspen Batch Process Developer.
We conclude this section with a SWOT-analysis we conducted on the use of simulation tools in process
design (see Table 1). The acronym SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats,
and it is an established tool for strategic planning in all kinds of projects.
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Among the ability to simulate, such tools strictly follow a well-known proven Project Management
concept: use and reuse the templates (PMBOK guide). For example, SuperPro Designer contains a
continuously updated very rich library of materials, operations, bio-processes and units that you can use
and reuse as templates.
Without these templates you really have to copy these from books, put into spreadsheets and design
nearly manually.
Table 2 The case benefits of using the simulation tool (Toumi et al., 2010)
Risk mitigation and providing evidence of external or internal validation of production and
business processes
Good Automated Manufacturing Procedures (or GAMP, the 5th version of which was published in 2009)
describes the different requirements and best practices of production IT in regulated (bio-)pharma
environments and indicates how well ISA-88, ISA-95 (and ISA-99 ISA-100) fit in the modern quality
management approaches.
If youve done the design and structuring like described, then the validation of the supporting IT system
is much easier to accomplish because the base components are standardized, tested and already verified
by the supplier. You can go to a multi-tier validation which means that only the configuration and the
functional and operational tests have to be executed.
For a proper risk management we have to evaluate the likelihood of the risk and the business (or even
human) impact of the risk (See Figure 2). For the todays example of Fukusima-1 atom reactors, the risk
likelihood is medium (the area has a high earthquake possibility) and the business and human impact is
very high. So, the risk level is one and many testing safety measures are needed for IT and physical
installations.
As we assume, that we operate in the standardized environment, the risk level migrates from level one
to lower levels, ideally to level three or level two. It means that all V-model tests (see Figure 3) are
performed easier and faster.
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Figure 2 Prioritizing risks. Depending on perceived risk likelihood and business impact, risks can be classified into three
levels. Level one risks have highest priority, Level three risks the lowest.
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Nowadays, it is vital to respond quickly to market demand; the time required to launch a new product on
the bio-pharmaceutical market is very long and shortening this track is extremely important. The
described approach may be concluded as follows: there is a big need for process design tools that
supports the transfer of the data to process systems, MESs, and ERPs.
The use of best practices, standards and simulation significantly improve the implementation of a full
scale production from a pilot. It improves productivity, increase efficiency, eliminate waste, optimize
stock levels and cut costs. Therefore risks are reduced, changes are managed easily and precious time is
saved in a new bio-product introduction.
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References
Toumi, A., Jrgens, C., Jungo, C., Maier, B. A., Papavasileoiu, V. & Petrides, D. P. (2010) Design and
Optimization of a Large Scale Biopharmaceutical Facility Using Process Simulation and Scheduling
Tools. Pharmaceutical Engineering, March/April 2010, pp. 22-37
De Bruyn, W., Van Vreckem, B. (2006) MES roll-out in a regulated environment. Reducing the costs of
validation based on risk assessment. Proceedings of the WBF European Conference
Vinson, J. (2008) The Value of Batch Process Design in a Chemical Engineering Education. White
Paper Aspen Technology, Inc.
V-modell XT (2006) V-Modell XT, Part 1: Fundamentals of the V-Modell.
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