,

.
( 25 2) .


( ).



.








()

, .

1.



2.


.
,
.

24- .
//

=+15
15

(
)

, ,
.
(N)

X N 1
yields f X
X N

X B=f X X N

 10 50 198
,

x50
x15 ,

x50
x20 ,
X50 X60

x50
x30 ,

x50
x60 ,

x50
x10

x50
x70 ,

X50 X70 .

X50

(N<10).
.

X =f n , x X b
X

,


.

24-
( )
13%
24-
5
1.

2.

3.

4. 15x

5. 1,13
*** 5.

,
.

( 10)

X ( , ...)

3 ,
:

Px =

N
N
1 Nx
Pa + x P b + x P c
3 Na
Nb
Nc

N (
30 )


.
.
,
1,39 KW/m2. .

( ).
, .

. ,
. 43%
, 42% ( ,
...) , 15%
(, , , ...).

(r) 0-1.
, 0,9.
, .

0,05
0,23
0,1 0,2
0,46 0,81
0,04 0,39

,
.



() ()

Rn=R ns + R nl

[W/m2]

Rns

Rs

() - n/N

Rs = a+b

n
Ra
N

[W/m2]

a=0,25; b=0.5
(n)
(N).

(), .
:

Rns=(1r ) Rs

[W/m2]

Rnl

:
4

Rnl = T a ( 0.340.44 e a ) (0.1+0.9

=5.67 108

n
)
N

W/m2K2 -

T a=273.16+T ( C )

e a=e ( mmHG ) 0.75

[mbar]

:
1.
2.
3.

 , :
1.
2. (, ,
)
3.


.

.

, .
+ =

.

, .

.
120 25
. .
.

,
0,7 0,8.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
,
( . .
=

,
Rn, H (
), G ( ) L (
)

RnH G=L
L= E
6

=2.501 10 2370 T [ T ] = C [ ] =J /kg

:
1. G
2. H L

L= E=

H
=
L

Rn
1+

E ()

E=

Rn
mm
[
]
(1+ ) dan
* [m/s], [mm/dan]

T pT a
e pe a

Tp, ep
Ta, ea

 = 0,65 [mbar/C]

E=f ( u ) ( e pea )
ep, ea
f(u)

,
ep (eas)

Ea =f ( u ) ( e as ea )
17.27 T

e as =6.11 e 273.3+T [ mbar ][ T ] =

Ea =0.263 ( 0.5+0.537 U 2 ) ( e ase a )
[Ea] = mm/dan
[eas], [ea] = mbar
U2 2 [m/s]
10, ,
2, .

.
,

Ea =f ( u ) (e ase a)

E=f ( u ) (e p e a)

Ea
e e
=1 p as
E
e p e a

e p e as
T pT a

4098 e as mbar
[
]
(237.3+T )2

Ea/E

Ea
T T a
=1 p
E
e pe a

Ea

=1
E

E=

E=

Rn
(1+ )

Rn

Ea +
+

- :

Rn + C p
ET=

e as ea
ra

1+r s
ra

Cp = 1013 J/kg C
rs

ra

PET =16

10 T
I

PET [mm/mes]
T [C]
I []
12
1

1.514

[ ]

in=I n in =

T
5

k
a = 0.016 x I + 0.5 Serra




.
, .
:
1.

2.
3.

 .
(
), .
,
.
,
,

()
. ,
.
. ,

.

-
,

:
1.
2. (, - )

.

.

n=

V
V uk

V vode
0 n
V uk



.
.

,
(z)
:

v
+ =0
t z
v
( ,
).
. ,

,
(K)

v =K I e

2

v
, ( 2 g )
:

v =K

=z +

1.

 V, (mu),

ms.

mv =mumsm

V=

m
) .

2.
,
,
. ,
.
3.


,
().
, (),

.
.
4.

.
.

.

,
, :

( )

4 :

1.
2.

3.
4.

.
/ /.


.

.
,
.

F ( t )= f ( t ) dt
0

f ( t )=

F
t

f (t)


,

f0 fc

f ( t )=f c + ( f 0 f c )kt
k

1
F ( t )=f c t + ( f 0f c ) ( 1ekt )
k

,
,

F ( t )=K t + ln

( F(t ) )

=( 1S e ) e
Se

f ( t )=

=k
+1
t
F (t )


.

.
1.
,
.

F( t )

2.

,
.

.
, .
( ).
,
.
, .

. .
:
1.
2.
3.

 .

.


.

,

.
,

.

,
.
.

.
.

.

1. - -
2. -
3. ,
:
1. Qmax
2. ( )
3. Tp -
Qmax
4. Tr - Qmax

Q (t )=Q 0 e

tt 0
k

. -
(). Tp
.

.
.
.

Vd :
TB

V D = Q D ( t ) dt
0

Pe =

VD
A

() ()

Pg =PPe

Pe
P

( ).

.
,
, .

.
.

Z
Z0. .
.

.

. 2.


.
,
.
.

.

( ).
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
1/20 .
1 5 (
; 0,2H; 0,6H; 0,8H ).

1. ADCP
2.

3.

.
:
A

B h

Q= v ( x , y ) dA= v ( x , y ) dxdy
0

0 0

A
x

B
y
h(x)
,
.
(q)
h( x)

q ( x )= vdy
y=0

V v=

q (x)
h( x)

.
,
.
10 12 .


.
:
1.
2.
3. Q=Q(H).
Q=Hb.



().
.

.
(4. 3).

,
, .

. , :
1.

2.
3.

4.
( )
5.


(, ,
, ...).
.

:
1. ()
2. ,
,


.
.
N, k
, k/N
X k-

P { x xk }=

k
N

Pk =

k
N +1

(...)

.

.

P { x x k }=1F ( x)

.
.

P { x xT }=

1
T

T=

1
1F(x )

0,9
0,1 1/0,1=10 .
(. )

P { x xT }=F ( x T )
P { x xT }=

T=

1
T

1
F (x)

1.
2.

.


. .

 log ,
( )
(Pearson III)

2
.

(f if ti )2
=
f ti
i=1
2

fi -
fti -
k -
()
2 .
2
.
2
=k-1
-

P { 2 > 2kr }=

- ,

D max =max|F e ( x )F t (x)|

Fe -
Ft -

.

.

.


.

.

( )
.
: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 500, 540, 1080, 1440
.
.

. ,

. ( 1)

()

1,

. ( 2 3).

,
.

i=

A
2
( t k +C )

i=

AT D
B
( t k +C )
i -
tk -
T -
A, B, C, D -

,
, .
, ,
.
:
1.
2.

,
(, ...)
.

.


, :
1. ()
2. ( )
3.

 :
1.
2.
3.
3
:
1.
.

.
2.
,
-

.
.
3.
-
.

.
,
, ( )
.

,

.

(200-300 2).

3 :
1.
2. (
)
3.


. ,

 , , ,
, ...
1.

{ }

ig ( t )= i>
i i<

i e ( t )=i ( t )i g ( t )= ii>
0i<

2.

,

i e ( t )= i(t)
i g ( t ) =(1)i(t )
-

f ( t )=f c +( f 0f c )ekt

{ }

ig ( t ) = f i > f
ii<f

i e ( t )=i ( t )i g ( t )= if i>f
0 i< f

(Soil Conservation Service SCS)
(Pe) :

Pe =

( P0.2 d )2
(1)
P+0.8 d
P
d
0.2d

(d) (CN)
0-100, d :

d=25.4 (

1000
10)
CN

CN
. 4 : , , , .

.
(1)
(P).

P e ( t )=

( P ( t )0.2 d )2

P>0.2 d
P0.8 d
0 P<0.2 d

P<0.2d .

,
.

- .

( ).
1.

.
,
:

Q= i A
-
i - tc
A -
tc -

a. tk = tc

b. tk > tc

c. tk < tc

, ,

( 1)
.
,
3

m
s mm ).

Q d(t)
(u(t))

Qd ( t )=u(t ) P e
!!! !!!
,

 .
T,
T (nT). n
T .
n
.
, ,
.


T p,
un.
,
un
1
.

1,67Tp, t 2,67Tp.
()
1 :

un=

2A
A
=0.75
2.67 T p
Tp

um =208.33

A [m]
T p [s ]
Um [l/s mm]

A [km2]
T [cas]

Tp t p

T p =t p +

tk
2

t p =0.6 t c

.
:
1.

T r =r T p
T b=(1+r ) T p
r
(. 4)
2. tp

t p =a t k +t 0 [ cas]
a
t0

t 0=0.4 l

0.67

l l c
Iu

0.086

( )

l [km]
lc
[km]
Iu [%] !!!% !!!

U m=0.56

A
A
=0.56
Tb
(1+ r ) T p

U m=0.56

( t2 + t ) (1+r )
k

m
]
s mm

KINEROS2

(Overland Flow)
()

( 1). 2
.

.
(3 ). ,
()
1
:

Q= hm (1)
Q -
h -
m

( ,

3 )
2 !

(1) 1 :

h Q
+
=q ( x ,t ) (2)
t x
t -

x -
q -

h
h
+ m h1
=q ( x , t ) (3)
t
x
de Saint Vennant- .

(3) ,

.
h(0,t) = 0.

(),
:

u hu ( l t )m W u
h ( 0, t )=
W
u

1
m

,
h(0,t) = 0 ( ) (
).

. ,


( 2).

 .
.

(3) ,
.

m 2 :
1.

S
5
=1.49 m=
n
3
S -
n -
2.

=C S m=

3
2
C -

2

.

, ,
() ,
,
.
,

A Q
+
=qc (x , t)
t x
A -
Q -

qc - 1

Q= Rm1 A
R -
2
.
( 3).


.
,
(
). ,
(4), q c = 0.
2
.

-

f =

2
fD
v

4 R 2g

f -
fD -
v -

Q=

Am
Pm1
P -

gS
3
m=
fD
2

 2
( 4) .
,
(,
).
,

.



() ,
.
:

q ch=f P
f -
P -



,
().
:

dV
=qi q0 A p f c
dt

q 0=C1 ( hr h z )C

V -
hr -
qi -
q0
Ap -
fc -
hz -
C1, C2 -

2 ,
3 :

1.
2.
3. ,

2
.

.



.
:
1. ()
2.


,
.

 4 :
1.
2. (
)
3. ()
4. ,

I D=

dS
dt

I D=
S
t
I -
D -
S -

1
1
I 1 + I 2 ) t ( D1 + D2 ) t=S2 S 1 ()
(
2
2
1 2 .
t 1/6
.

a,b,c,d,a
.
.
S D
.

:
1.
2.
3.

, ,

 ,
.

= 0,5. 0 3

, .

.

S 2S1=K [ X ( I 2I 1 ) + ( 1X ) ( D2D1) ]

D 2=D1 +C 1 ( I 1D 1 ) +C 2 (I 2I 1)
C1 =

t
K ( 1X ) +0.5 t

C2 =

0.5 tKX
K ( 1X ) +0.5 t
D1 I1

0 < < 0,5.

K=

0.5 t [ ( I 2 + I 1 ) ( D2 + D1 ) ]
X ( I 2I 1 ) + ( 1 X ) ( D2D1 )

,
()
.
.
.

 :
1.
2. 1 2
3. I
D2
4. D2 =...

.
.
( )
.
(*)
:

I 1 +I 2+

2 S 1 2 S2
=
+D 2
t
t

I 1 I2,
S1 D1.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

: t, I1, I2, D1
S1 D1
2S1/t+D1 2S1/T-D1
I1, I2, S, D1 2S2/t+D2
S 2

(
, ...) :

0.5 ( I 1+ I 2 ) t0.5 ( D 1+ D 2) D 2 t=S 2S1