Proponents :

Marc Lester
M. Pablo
Claurence
John C. Perez
Paul
John
P.
Villamor
Teacher:
Alice
Y.
Caymo

TASK
ANALYSIS
Main Objective:
To explain Bernoullis principle and equation.
Sub-Objectives
To define the concept behind Bernoullis principle and its application in life.
To write Bernoullis equation in its general form and describe the equation as it apply to (a.) Fluid at rest, (b.)
Fluid flow at constant pressure and (c.) Flow through horizontal pipe.

To apply Bernoullis equation to the solution of problem involving absolute pressure (P), density (), fluid
elevation or height (h), and fluid velocity or speed (v).

Guide
Card

Overview
In 1738, Swiss Mathematician Physicist Daniel Bernoulli
principle that relates fluid velocity (v) to its internal pressure

formulated a
(P).

The Bernoulli`s principle states that the total energy in a

flowing system is constant along the flow path.

steadily

The relationship between the velocity and pressure exerted

liquid is described by the Bernoulli's principle: as the
fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases.

by a moving
velocity of a

Have you ever wondered how an airplane can

simple answer is that as air flows around the
plane is pushed up by higher pressure air under
compared to lower pressure over the wing. But
understand this phenomenon more deeply, we
a branch of physics known as fluid mechanics,
particular a principle known as the Bernoulli
Not only can this equation predict the air

fly?
The
wing,
the
the
wing,
to
must look at
and
in
equation.
pressure

around an airplane's wing, but it can also be used to find the force of high winds on a skyscraper, the
pressure through a chemical reactor, or even the speed of water coming out of the hose in your
backyard.

The Bernoulli equation states that for an ideal fluid (that

is, zero viscosity, constant
density and steady flow), the sum of its kinetic,
potential and thermal energy
must
not
change. This
constraint
gives
rise
to
a
predictable
relationship
between
the
velocity
(speed) of the
fluid, its
pressure, and its
elevation
(relative
height).
Specifically,
given two points
along a streamline (an imaginary line tangent to the direction of
flow, as shown in figure), the Bernoulli equation states that:

where v is fluid velocity, is fluid density, h is relative height, and P is pressure. Applying this
equation to an example helps to make it clearer. Consider a reservoir located up in the mountains
with a pipe leading down to a town at a lower elevation. The pipe delivers water to a hydroelectric
plant, and we want to know how fast the water will flow into the plant turbines.
Now let's get back to how Bernoulli's principle applies to the wing of an airplane. When air flow is
split around a wing, the air above the wing moves faster than the air below, due to the wing's shape.
Since the velocity of the upper air increases, its pressure must decrease to maintain balance as
described in Bernoulli's equation. This results in greater pressure below the wing than above, which
forces the wing upwards, enabling flight!
The Bernoulli equation is an important expression relating pressure, height and velocity of a fluid at
one point along its flow. The relationship between these fluids conditions along a streamline always
equal the same constant along that streamline in an idealized system. An idealized system refers to a
fluid that has a constant density (incompressible), and is inviscid.
Assuming that the fluid is inviscid means that it has no viscosity. Therefore, certain effects of
viscosity, such as water sticking to the walls of its pipe or container, do not apply.
Because the Bernoulli equation is equal to a constant at all points along a streamline, we can equate
two points on a streamline. Using information on the system at one point, we can solve for
information at another.

According to the Venturi effect, a fluid's pressure decreases as its velocity increases. The Bernoulli
equation puts this relationship into mathematical terms and includes a term for fluid height. To
illustrate this relationship, consider water moving down a water slide. At the top where you load, the
water is slow moving, pushed only by the water behind it. When the slide drops, the water rushes
down quickly, increasing speed as it falls. Thus, the velocity is also affected by gravity through
height. When all these terms are related and scaled for density and gravity, we have the Bernoulli
equation, where v is fluid velocity, is fluid density, h is relative height, and P is pressure. Notice
the constant has units of pressure as well.

P + gh + v2 = constant
The Bernoulli equation can also be interpreted as an expression of conservation of energy, which
can be formulated as

where KE is kinetic energy, PE is potential energy, and W is the work done on the system. Imagine a
block of ice sliding down the water slide at some velocity. The block has a kinetic energy equal to
one-half its mass times its velocity squared, or

where KE is kinetic energy and m is mass. The block also has a certain potential energy described
by

where PE is the potential energy and h is the height. Finally, the work is being done on the block by
the force of the water pressure behind it (with a force F=PA, where P is water pressure, and A is the
area of the face of the ice that is getting pushed along). When the block is pushed a distance
equivalent to its own width, x, then the work done on the block is

where V is volume. The equation for conservation of energy becomes

Dividing this equation by the volume, and recalling that density, equals mass divided by volume,
it reduces to

which is the Bernoulli equation.

There are also other formulas such as:

For a stationary liquid, such both v1 and v2 are zero:
P2 P1 = g(h1 h2)
If the pressure is constant, (P1 = P2):
v = 2gh

Rate of liquid flow

R= vA= A2gh
For a horizontal pipe, (h1 = h2):
P1 + v12 = P2 + v22

Activity Card

Activity One: Ping-Pong Ball

Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to apply Bernoulli's Principle to understand why
birds, kites, and planes can fly.
Materials
1 clean funnel with a narrow opening of 1 cm or less
1 ping- pong ball

Procedure
1. Bend your head back so that you will be able to blow the ping-pong ball toward the ceiling.
2. Put the ball in the top of the funnel and blow hard and fast into the stem of the funnel.
3. Record in your science journal what happened to the ball.
4. Bend your head down so that you will be able to blow through the funnel straight down toward
the floor.
5. Hold the ball inside the funnel close to the hole (temporarily) and take a deep breath.
6. Let go of the ball as you blow hard through the stem of the funnel until you use all air in your
lungs.
7. Record what happened to the table tennis ball.
What Happened?

Activity Two: The Spool

Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to learn how the air pressure phenomenon works.
Materials
thread spool
cardboard, 7 cm by 7 cm, lightweight but firm
pin

Procedure
1. Cut a piece of cardboard (from the back of a notebook) so that it measures 7 cm by 7 cm.
2. Stick a pin through the centre of the cardboard.
3. Place the spool over the pin so that the pin goes into the hole in the spool.
4. Hold the cardboard against the spool vertically. Blow firmly through the hole in the top of the
spool and observe what happens to the cardboard.
5. Release your hand from underneath the cardboard.
6. Record your observations in the science journal.

Conclusion
Explain why the cardboard did not fall once you removed your hand.

Activity Three: The Cups

Find two disposable cups and some string. Cut the string into two -1 foot long pieces. Using tape,
attach the end of one piece of string to the bottom of one of the cups, and attach the other end
to the edge of a table. Repeat this with the other cup. Position the cups so they hang off the
table two inches apart and at the same height. You might need to adjust the spacing between
the cups. Blow between the two cups. What happened? Why are the cups drawn
together?.

Questions
1)
2)
3)

4)

5)

A crack in a water tank has a cross-sectional area of 1 cm 3. At what rate is the water lost from the tank if the
water level in the tank is 4 cm above the opening?
The water flowing in a constriction of a Venturi tube has a velocity of v 1 = 4 m/s. If h= 8 cm, what will be the
exit velocity v2 when it flows into the larger tube?
Water is flowing in a fire hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of 200000 Pa. At the nozzle the
pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure (101300 Pa), there is no change in height. Use the Bernoulli equation
to calculate the velocity of the water exiting the nozzle. (Hint: The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and gravity g
is 9.8 m/s2. Pay attention to units!)]
Through a refinery, fuel ethanol is flowing in a pipe at a velocity of 1 m/s and a pressure of 101300 Pa. The
refinery needs the ethanol to be at a pressure of 2 atm (202600 Pa) on a lower level. How far must the pipe drop
in height in order to achieve this pressure? Assume the velocity does not change. (Hint: Use the Bernoulli
equation. The density of ethanol is 789 kg/m3 and gravity g is 9.8 m/s2. Pay attention to units!)
Water at a gauge pressure of 3.8 atm at street level flows in to an office building at a speed of 0.06 m/s
through a pipe 5.0 cm in diameter. The pipes taper down to 2.6cm in diameter by the top floor, 20 m above.
Calculate the flow velocity and the gauge pressure in such a pipe on the top floor. Assume no branch pipe and
ignore viscosity.

Additional Questions
1) Water circulates throughout a house in a hot-water heating system. If water is pumped out at a
speed of 0.50 m/s through a 4.0 cm diameter pipe in the basement under a pressure of 3.0 atm,
what will be the flow speed and pressure in a 2.6 cm diameter pipe on the second floor 5.0 m
above? Assume pipes do not divide into branches.
2) What is the lift due to Bernoulli's Principle on a wing of 70.0 m 2 area if the air passes over the
top and bottom surfaces at speeds of 340 m/s and 290 m/s respectively?
3) A can has an inside diameter of 12.2 cm. (a) How far below the water level do you want
make a 0.0500 cm diameter hole to have a velocity of 2.25 m/s? (b) How far must the water
drop for the speed to drop by 1/2?
4) If the wind blows at 200 km/h over your house during Hurricane Bonnie, what is the net force
on the roof if the area is 288 m2?

5) Wind at 20.0 km/h blows over the 12.0 cm diameter opening of a chimney. The box where
the fuel burns is 1.00 m x 1.50 m. What is the pressure difference in the chimney? If the wind
blows at 200 km/h over your house during Hurricane Bonnie, what is the net force on the roof
if the area is 288 m2?

Vocabulary/Definitions
Bernoulli In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an
s
increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in
Principle: pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. Named after Dutch-

Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli who published his principle in his

book Hydrodynamica in 1738. Also called the Bernoulli effect.
inviscid
flow:

Flow in which one can ignore the effects of fluid viscosity.

streamline A line tangent to the flow of a fluid at any given instant.

:
Venturi
The reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a
effect:Card constricted section of pipe. As a fluid's velocity increases, its pressure
Activity
decreases, and vice versa. Named after Italian physicist Giovanni Battista
Activity 1:
Venturi
(1746-1822).
Bernoulli's Principle
states
that when the speed of a moving fluid (air) increases, the pressure on its

edges
decreases. The ball clings to the funnel when it is pointed toward the ceiling when the air is
References
blown
and fast through the stem of the funnel. Still air exerts more pressure around the ball
hard
http://www.teachengineering.org/view_lesson.php?
than thaturl=http://www.teachengineering.org/collection/cub_/lessons/cub_bernoulli/cub_bernoulli
around a stream of moving air. The ball clings to the funnel when it is pointed toward the
floor because
the air moves away from it faster, creating a low-pressure area in the center.
_lesson01.xml#assessment
http://www.teachengineering.org/collection/cub_/lessons/cub_bernoulli/cub_bernoulli
Activity _lesson01_bepworksheetas_draft4_tedl_dwc.pdf
2:
As you
blow
through the top of the spool, a jet of air moves horizontally from the hole at the bottom
http://www.mysciencesite.com/Activities_Showing_Bernoulli_s_Principle.pdf
of the spool
and spreads out over the surface of the cardboard. As the air moves rapidly out of the
http://www.csp.science.ubc.ca/life/StudentSamples/Website2/examples.html
bottom, it lowers the pressure between the cardboard and the spool. The higher pressure from the
http://www.angelfire.com/nc3/pweb/lessons/bernoull.htm
surrounding air pushes up against the bottom of the cardboard and demonstrates how the lift
Answer
Key
(pressure
force)
overcomes the weight (gravity) of the cardboard.

Activity 3:
Bernoulli's principle states that in areas where air moves rapidly, pressure is low. Blowing between
the cups drops the pressure so the higher air pressure of the surrounding air pushes the cups
together.

Assessment Card:
1. The area A= 1cm2 = 10-4 m2 and the height h= 4m. Direct substitution into Equation R =
A2gh gives us:
R = A2gh = (10-4 m2) (2)(9.8m/s2)(4 m)
= (10-4 m2) (8.85 m/s)
= 8.85 x 10-3 m3/s
2. The difference in pressure is:
P2 P1 = gh
Using the equation where height is zero, we have:
P2 P1 = v12 - v22
Combining these two eqns, we obtain:
gh = v12 - v22
Simplifying this and we can arrive at this formula:
V2 = v12-2gh
V2 = (4 m/s)2 2(9.8 m/s2)(0.08m)
= 14.4 m2/s2
= 3.80 m/s
The velocity is lower in the pipe of larger cross section.
3. v12 + 1+ 1 = 22 + 2 + 2
Since the height does not change (h1 = h2), the height term can be subtracted from both sides.
12 + 1 = 22 + 2
Algebraically rearrange the equation to solve for v2, and insert the numbers
2 ( 12 + 1 2) = 2 = 14 /

Assessment Card:
2
2
4.
1 + 1+ 1 = 2 + 2 + 2
Enrichment
Card:
velocity
change
(v1=v
velocity
termit can
be subtracted
fromof
both
2), thefloor,
1.Since
Firstthe
calculate
thedoes
flownot
speed
on the
second
calling
v2, using
the equation
sides

1
1 can call
2
2 basement point 1.
continuity.
We
the
Rearrange algebraically to solve for change in height
1 2= 2 1 = = 13.12 2
v2 = (v1A1) / (A2) = (v1(r1) ) / ((r2) ) = (0.50 m/s)(0.020 m)2 / (0.013 m)2 = 1.2 m/s
gfind pressure, we use Bernoullis equation:
To

P2 = P1 + g(h1 h2) + ((v1)2 (v2)2)

5. By continuity equation:
2
(A1xv110
) /5 A
(2.6 / m/s)
2)2) 2 (1.2 m/s)2]
2 = 2( (5.0 / 2) (0.60))
P v=2 =(3.0
N/m
) + (1.0 x 103 kg/m3/)(
[ (0.50
2

2.2xm/s
P2v=2 =(3.0
105 N/m2) (4.9 x 104 N/m2) (6.0 x 102 N/m2)
By
Bernoullis
Equation:
2
P2 = 2.5 x 105N/m
2
2
P
(v2)for
1 + gh12 + (v1) = P
2. Pb + vb = Pt + vt2 2 + gh2 + Solve
Pb - Pt.(Po = atmospheric pressure)
Pb - Pt = vt2 - vb2
2
2
x Po) + Po + (1000)(0.6)
(1000)(9.8)(20)
(1000)(2.2)
3
3
2
PbP2- =P(3.8
- x 1.00
x 10 3 kg/m3 x
t = x 1.00 x 10 kg/m x ( 340. m /s )
P2 = m/s
2.8 x) 2105 Pa
( 290.
Pb - Pt = 1.58 x 107 N/m2
Force lift = 1.58 x 107 N/m2 x 70.0 m2 = 1.10 x 10 9 N

Enrichment Card:
3. a) v1 = ( 2g ( y2 - y1 ) ) 1/2

Solve for y2 - y1.

0.0500 cm is much smaller than 12.2 cm.

v12
( 2. 25 m /s )2
y2 - y1 = ------- = --------------------- = 0.258 m
2g
2 x 9.80 m /s2
(b)
v12
( 1.13 m /s)2
y2 - y1 = ------- = --------------------- = 0.0651 m
2g
2 x 9.80 m/s 2

The water must drop from a difference of 0.258 m to a difference of 0.0651m.

Thus the water must drop by 0.258 m - 0.0651 m or 0.193 m
4. 200. km
1h
1000 m
----------- x ---------- x ------------ = 55.6 m/s
1h
3600 s
1 km
2
Pb + vb = Pt + vt2
Solve for Pb - Pt. vb = 0
Pb - Pt = vt2 - vb2
Pb - Pt = x 1.00 x 10 3 kg/m3 x ( 55.6 m/s ) 2 - x 1.00 x 10 3 kg/m3 x
( 0 m/s ) 2
Pb - Pt = 1.55 x 106 N/m2
Force lift = 1.55 x 106 N/m2 x 288 m2 = 4.45 x 10 8 N

Enrichment Card:
5. 20.0 km
1h
1000 m
----------- x ---------- x ------------ = 5.56 m/s
1h
3600 s
1 km
Pb + vb2 = Pt + vt2

Solve for Pb - Pt.

vb = 0

Pb - Pt = vt2 - vb2
Pb - Pt = x 1.00 x 10 3 kg/m3 x ( 5.56 m/s ) 2 - x 1.00 x 10 3 kg/ m3 x
( 0 m/s) 2
Pb - Pt = 1.55 x 104 N/m2 = 15.5 kPa