Professional Documents
Culture Documents
volume 0
section 2
INTRODUCTION AND
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
GENERAL GUIDANCE
Part 3
gd 04/12
Standard for Safety Risk
Assessment on the Strategic
Road Network
SUMMARY
This Standard sets out the approach which must be
applied in all administrative and technical aspects
when designing, operating and constructing for the
strategic road network, where safety should be a
consideration. It updates, and clarifies, requirements
and guidance for addressing safety risks. This includes
planning, preparing, designing and constructing
highway works, maintenance, demolition and
improvements, projects and schemes, and when
revising Agency technical standards, specifications
and requirements. This Standard sets out the HA
requirements for managing safety and as such it does
not provide legal advice or guidance. This document
only applies to Englands Strategic Road Network.
instructions for use
This Standard is to be incorporated in the Manual.
1.
2.
3.
November 2012
GD 04/12
Volume 0, Section 2,
Part 3
This Standard sets out the approach which must be applied in all administrative
and technical aspects when designing, operating and constructing for the
strategic road network, where safety should be a consideration. It updates,
and clarifies, requirements and guidance for addressing safety risks. This
includes planning, preparing, designing and constructing highway works,
maintenance, demolition and improvements, projects and schemes, and
when revising Agency technical standards, specifications and requirements.
This Standard sets out the HA requirements for managing safety and as such
it does not provide legal advice or guidance. This document only applies to
Englands Strategic Road Network.
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Registration of Amendments
REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS
Amend
No
Page No
November 2012
Amend
No
Page No
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Registration of Amendments
REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS
Amend
No
Page No
Amend
No
Page No
November 2012
volume 0
section 2
INTRODUCTION AND
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
GENERAL GUIDANCE
Part 3
gd 04/12
Standard for Safety Risk
Assessment on the Strategic
Road Network
Contents
Chapter
Part 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
General Principles
Part 2
5.
6.
Technical Requirements
7.
8.
Glossary
9.
References
10.
Annexes
November 2012
Annex A
Annex B
Annex C
Annex D
Chapter 1
Introduction and Use of this Document
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Part 1
1. Introduction and use of this document
1.1
1/1
Chapter 1
Introduction and Use of this Document
Scope
1.8 This Standard has been developed in consultation
and with the agreement of devolved administrations.
It deals with all safety risk management activities in
relation to the design of the SRN in England only. It is for
other highway authorities and devolved administrations
to choose whether to adopt all or part of this standard.
1.9 This Standard does not provide guidance
on operational safety risk decision making such as
Traffic Officer dynamic risk assessment processes.
Operational decisions will need to have regard
to the safety risk control measures specified by
designers who use this Standard.
1.10 This Standard is not a legal interpretation of
the legislation it refers to; as such it does not provide
legal advice or guidance. In the event of queries on the
applicable law, independent legal advice should be sought.
Mandatory Sections
1.11 Sections of this document containing
mandatory requirements are identified by
highlighted boxes. These requirements are
mandatory and no departures from this standard
will be accepted. Appropriate safety risk
assessment, evaluation and management must
be undertaken so that a decision can be made
on the basis of what is reasonably required. In
circumstances where reliable data is limited or
not available the principles of the standard must
still be applied; in these instances the professional
judgment of a competent person will be required
(please see Chapter 6 for more details). The text
outside boxes contains advice and explanation,
which is commended to users for consideration.
Implementation
1.12 This Standard gives the approach which
must be applied forthwith by all Agency staff and
supply chain, in all administrative and technical
aspects when designing operating and constructing
the SRN, where safety should be a consideration.
This includes planning, preparing, designing
and constructing highway works. This includes
maintenance, demolition and improvements, projects
and schemes, and when revising Agency technical
standards, specifications and requirements.
1/2
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Chapter 2
Defining the People at Safety Risk
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Population 1 People directly employed by the Agency and who work on the SRN,
e.g. Traffic Officers.
Population 2 People in a contractural relationship with the Agency, including Agency
National Vehicle Recovery Contract operatives, all workers engaged in traffic management
activities and incident support services, and any other activities where live traffic is
present, (such as persons carrying out survey and inspection work).
Workers
Population 3 Other parties, including road users, the police and emergency services and
non-motorised Users such as equestrians, cyclists and pedestrians, as well as those others
not in a contractural relationship with the Agency, such as privately contracted vehicle
recovery and vehicle repair providers.
Users
Population 4 Third parties includes any person or persons who could be affected by the
SRN, but who are neither using it, nor working on it, i.e. living or working adjacent to the
SRN, using other (non-Agency) transport networks that intersect with the SRN (e.g. local
roads, railways) and those who are living or working in properties owned by the Agency.
Other
Parties
2/1
Chapter 3
Duties and Responsibilities
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
November 2012
3/1
Chapter 3
Duties and Responsibilities
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Workers
Users
Other Parties
3.6
3/2
November 2012
Chapter 4
General Principles
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
4. General Principles
4.1 The approach set out in this Standard allows
safety risk tolerance, balancing judgments, and benefits
versus costs to be examined, while taking account of
available budgets and other duties when considering
safety measures. This is consistent with HSE guidance
for sensible safety risk management, which seeks
to ensure that Workers and the public are properly
protected, and understand their responsibilities, while
providing an overall balance of benefit and safety risk.
4.2 Balancing benefits and safety risks, when
considering safety risk control measures, is
applicable for all aspects of highway design
maintenance and operation to and on a highway.
The starting point for development of a design
should be to consider the applicability of standards
(compliance with standards is one of the simplest
practicability tests), any additional controls must
be tested using the reasonably required approach.
However, where a substandard road feature exists
that does not contribute to the safety problem that
is the subject of the issue being investigated or
addressed; this feature should not automatically
be upgraded. When standards can not be fully
complied with or where safety risk exposure
is a concern, controls will need to be tested for
practicability.
4.3 All suitable potential measures to reduce
safety hazards encountered by Users must be
assessed and those measures that are reasonably
required must be implemented. This means that
where the cost of a measure identified in the
assessment is, in the reasonable opinion of those
carrying out the assessment, disproportionate to
the benefit derived, then reasonable discretion may
be exercised not to implement that measure, but
this decision and the evidence used to inform it
must be documented. The following rules apply:
1 The definition of Road Workers used in the Aiming for Zero vision and strategy document does not apply.
November 2012
4/1
Chapter 4
General Principles
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
4/2
November 2012
Chapter 5
Principles of Safety Risk Assessment and Control
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Part 2
5. Principles of safety risk assessment
and control
5.1 The safety risk management flowchart process
(Figure 2), applies to all situations described at
paragraph 1.7. However, its use depends on the context.
Examples of applying this process to different decision
types are provided in Chapter 6.
Stage 9 Update and refresh the safety risk report when change proposed
November 2012
5/1
Chapter 5
Principles of Safety Risk Assessment and Control
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
5/2
November 2012
Chapter 5
Principles of Safety Risk Assessment and Control
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Individual
The safety risk to a single
person is used to represent the
risk of all those running the risk,
and a specified outcome.
RISK
Collective
This is the safety risk, to a group
of people or a population,
associated with a particular
scenario, control measure or
hazardous event.
Quantified as the average number of
fatalities, or fatalities and weighted
injuries, per year that would be
expected to occur.
5.9
Unacceptable Region
Tolerable Region
Negligible Risk
Figure 4 The HSEs TOR Model or Safety Risk Triangle
November 2012
5/3
Chapter 5
Principles of Safety Risk Assessment and Control
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Users
Workers
Less than
1 in 1,000
Greater than
1 in 1,000,000
Increasing risk
Greater than
1 in 1,000
Less than
1 in 10,000
Unacceptable
Tolerable
Broadly
Acceptable
Greater than
1 in 10,000
Greater than
1 in 1,000,000
November 2012
Chapter 5
Principles of Safety Risk Assessment and Control
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
HSE risk
to Users
Unacceptable
Increasing risk
1 in 10,000
Tolerable
1 in 1,000,000
Broadly
Acceptable
Figure 6 Annual Risk of Death to Individual Users by GB Road Type
5.14 The annual risk to road users by road type
diagram at Figure 6 has been developed using the same
boundaries as those used by the HSE for fatality risk to
members of the public. The figures used to calculate this
risk exposure and the process is attached at Annex B.
It can be seen that in all cases the User annual risk of
fatality is firmly in the tolerable region and whilst the
annual risk of road user fatality is tolerable on all road
types considered here, motorways are the safest roads
and are some six times safer than rural A roads.
November 2012
5/5
Chapter 5
Principles of Safety Risk Assessment and Control
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
5/6
November 2012
Chapter 5
Principles of Safety Risk Assessment and Control
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Understand implications
of potential control options
for Workers
Understand implications
of potential control options
for Users
Understand implications
of potential control options
for Other Parties
Do control options go
far enough for this
population/are any
increases in risk
tolerable
Do control options go
far enough for this
population/are any
increases in risk
tolerable
Do control options
go far enough for
this population/
are any increases
in risk tolerable
Eliminate options,
revise as necessary
and repeat
Determine
preferred option
November 2012
5/7
Chapter 5
Principles of Safety Risk Assessment and Control
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
5/8
November 2012
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
November 2012
Chapter 5
Principles of Safety Risk Assessment and Control
5/9
Chapter 6
Technical Requirements
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
6. Technical Requirements
6.1 The previous chapters have articulated the general
requirements in terms of safety risk analysis, assessment
and evaluation, the content of this chapter explains:
Appraisal of
cost and
benefits
Decision
Making
Understand
risks and
uncertainties
Understand
issues
6/1
Chapter 6
Technical Requirements
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Type C Decisions
Professional Roles
November 2012
Chapter 6
Technical Requirements
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Type B
Professional Safety
Advisors
Type C
Professional Roles
Medium
High
Decades
Features
Type A
Specialist Technical/
Coordinator Roles
Low
Low
Medium
High
Low
Medium
High
Note: Stakeholder could be many bodies, e.g. user, worker, another road authority MP etc.
Table 2 Characterising Decision Features
6.7 The decision maker should refer to any outputs
from previous safety risk analysis, assessment and
evaluation work in relation to the matter under
consideration, e.g. if a decision or a feature within it has
previously been characterised as a Type C this should
inform the current decision level ascribed. All evidence
considered (both retrospective and new) should be
referenced in the safety risk report.
November 2012
6/3
Chapter 6
Technical Requirements
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Project Feature
Classifications
Decision Type
Comments
All Type A
Type A
Where all decision features are classified as Type A then the entire decision
will be of Type A.
All Type B
Type B
Where all decision features are classified as Type B then the entire decision
will be of Type B.
All Type C
Type C
Where all decision features are classified as Type C then the entire decision
will be of Type C.
Three or more
Type B,
remainder
Type A
Type B
Where three or more decision features are classified as Type B and the
remainder are Type A, then the entire decision shall be of Type B.
Three or more
Type C
Type C
Where three or more decision features are classified as Type C then the
entire decision shall be of Type C.
Equal
distribution of
classifications
across features
Type B/C
6/4
Financial.
November 2012
Chapter 6
Technical Requirements
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Establish individual
decision criteria
Revise Option
Unacceptable
6/5
Chapter 6
Technical Requirements
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Review Safety
Risk Report
Review current safety
risk exposure of populate
Review current safety
risk exposure of populate
New risk exposure is tolerable.
All reasonably required controls
have been implemented
6/6
November 2012
Chapter 6
Technical Requirements
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Decision Options
User Safety
Cost
Option 1
1/1,500
500k
Option 2
6 PIAs saved/yr
1/2,100
1.5m
Option 3
4 PIAs saved/yr
1/1,050
750k
November 2012
6/7
Chapter 7
Roles, Responsibilities and Competence
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Assignment
Interpretation
Responsible
This person is responsible for action/implementation and typically the individual(s) who
actually complete the task. However, in some circumstances this person may delegate
parts of the work to others, including other organisations. Under these circumstances they
retain responsibility for ensuring that the task is completed. Responsibility can be shared,
with the degree of responsibility on each person determined by the Accountable person.
Accountable
The individual or group who is ultimately answerable for the function/activity. Includes
yes or no authority and veto power. Only one A can be assigned to a function and this
accountability cannot be delegated to another role.
Consulted
Informed
November 2012
7/1
Project
Consultant/
Designer
HA Project
Sponsor
HA Technical
Specialist
HA Regional
Manager
Professional
Safety Advisor
Professional
Roles
Safety Risk
Management
Process
Task
Options or
feasibility stage
Determine
the scope of
the safety risk
assessment
Define Project
Scope
All types R
All types A
All types C
All types C
Define safety
baseline
objectives
All types R
All types A
All types C
Type B and C
C
Type B and C
C
Type C C
Characterise
Project Features
All types R
All types A
All types C
Type B and C
C
Type B and C
C
Type C C
Identify the
hazards
Hazard
identification
All types R
All types A
All types C
Type B and C
C
Type B and C
C
Type C C
Identify and
consider
organisational
safety risk
tolerance
Confirm project
justification
All types R
All types A
All types C
Type B and C
C
Type B and C
C
Type C C
Identify the
All types R
Agencys safety
risk tolerance for
each population
All types A
All types C
Type B and C
C
Type B and C
C
Type C C
Understand
safety risks
associated with
option
All types A
All types C
Type B and C
C
Type B and C
C
Type C C
Agree Preferred
Option
November 2012
All types R
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Project
Lifecycle Stage
Chapter 7
Roles, Responsibilities and Competence
7/2
Project
Lifecycle Stage
Development
Stage
Safety Risk
Management
Process
Detailed safety
risk analysis and
detailed safety
risk assessment
Task
Project
Consultant/
Designer
HA Project
Sponsor
HA Technical
Specialist
HA Regional
Manager
Professional
Safety Advisor
Professional
Roles
All types A
All types C
Type B and C
C
Type B and C
C
Type C C
Identify the
overall safety
risk benefit/
disbenefit
between options
considered
All types R
All types A
All types C
Type B and C
C
Type B and C
C
Type C C
Understand
safety risks
associated with
option for all
populations
during all
phases of
implementation
All types R
All types A
All types C
Type B C
Type C C
Type B C
Type C C
Type C C
All types A
All types C
Type B and C
C
Type B and C
C
Type C C
Identify the
All types R
Agencys safety
risk tolerance for
each population
All types A
All types C
Type B and C
C
Type B and C
C
Type C C
Chapter 7
Roles, Responsibilities and Competence
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
November 2012
Project
Lifecycle Stage
Safety Risk
Management
Process
Safety risk
Control
Task
Project
Consultant/
Designer
HA Project
Sponsor
HA Technical
Specialist
HA Regional
Manager
Professional
Safety Advisor
Professional
Roles
Type A and B
R
Type B C
Type B C/A
Type C C/A
Type A A
All types C
Type B and C
A
Type B and C
C
Type C C
All types R
Type A A
All types C
Type B and C
A
Type B and C
C
Type C C
Decide
whether safety
risk control
options for
each individual
population go
far enough are
any increases
in safety risk
tolerable
All types I
Type A A
Type B C/A
Type C C
All types I
Type A I
Type B A/C
Type C C
Type B I
Type C A/C
Consider tradeoff/balancing of
safety risk
All types I
Type A A
Type B C/A
Type C C
All types I
Type A I
Type B A/C
Type C C
Type B I
Type C A/C
All types A
All types I
All types I
Understand
implications for
each individual
population
November 2012
Develop project
safety plan
All types R
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Determine if
project justified
on basis of
current level of
safety risk
Chapter 7
Roles, Responsibilities and Competence
7/4
HA Project
Sponsor
HA Technical
Specialist
HA Regional
Manager
Professional
Safety Advisor
Professional
Roles
Project
Lifecycle Stage
Safety Risk
Management
Process
Construction or
implementation
stage
All types R
Type C C
All types A
Type C C
Type C C
All types R
Document
changes in
project safety
plan and develop
further as
necessary
All types R
Type C C
All types A
Type C C
Type C C
Operation
Task
Project
Consultant/
Designer
All types R
All types R
Type C C
All types A
Type C C
Type C C
Update and
Review
fefresh the safety performance
risk report when
change proposed.
All types R
All types R
Type C C
All types A
Type C C
Type C C
All types R
All types R
Type C C
All types R
Type C C
Type C C
Keep safety
documentation
up to date
7/5
Chapter 7
Roles, Responsibilities and Competence
Handover of
Validate
safety risk report assumptions
to operators
and clarify any
uncertainties
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
November 2012
Chapter 7
Roles, Responsibilities and Competence
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Level
Description
Can lead/direct
Can do independently
Can contribute
7/6
November 2012
Description
Legal context
HA methodologies, event trees, fault trees, bow-tie, causeconsequence, risk modelling, measures of safety risk, data
for safety risk analysis (and what to do if no data)
Decision-making
Can lead/
direct
Can guide
and show
Can do
independently
Can
contribute
7/7
Chapter 7
Roles, Responsibilities and Competence
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
November 2012
Competence areas/functions
Chapter 8
Glossary
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
8. Glossary
Term
Explanation
Agency
Assumptions
CDM Regulations
Decision Maker
Designer
Design Standards
GALE
Hazard
Highway Authority
November 2012
8/1
Chapter 8
Glossary
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Term
Explanation
Measures of impact
Needs to reflect the purpose of the safety risk assessment. Typical measures
of impact used by the Agency include:
Number of collisions.
Number of casualties.
Number of fatalities.
Mitigation measure
The aim of mitigation is to reduce or alleviate the hazard safety risk through
the use of qualitative or quantitative actions. After the initial hazard analysis
the drafter of the technical requirements should be able to identify possible
mitigations.
A group comprising Safety Risk and Health and Safety specialists that
provide advice to Chief Highway Engineer.
Project
Project Feature
A high level property of the project that can be expected to affect safety
management requirements.
Project Manager
Project Sponsor
Any person working for the Agency, representing the Agencys interests
on the project.
Safety Risk
The overall process of safety risk identification, safety risk analysis and safety
risk evaluation.
A process that takes the output of safety risk analysis and compares each
safety risk level against the safety risk tolerance and prioritises safety risk
controls.
The overall process of safety risk assessment, plus processes for assigning
ownership of safety risks, taking actions to control them and then monitoring
and reviewing progress.
8/2
November 2012
Chapter 8
Glossary
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Term
Explanation
The threshold levels of safety risk exposure that, with appropriate approvals,
can be exceeded, but which when exceeded will trigger some form of
response (e.g. reporting the situation to senior management for action).
November 2012
8/3
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Chapter 9
Normative and Informative References
Location of Document
HSE Books
Location of Document
HSE Books
HSE Books
November 2012
9/1
Chapter 10
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
ALARP
BCR
BVM
COBA
DfT
DMRB
ERIC
FWI
GALE
HSE
KMS
Kilometres
KSI
MCA
MAHS
MM
Managed Motorway
NPV
NSCRG
PIA
PSCRG
PSA
PSRM
RACI
R2P2
SFAIRP
SMS
SRN
TOR
Tolerability of Risk
TSGB
VPF
WI
Work Instructions
November 2012
10/1
Chapter 11
Enquiries
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
11. enquiries
All technical enquiries or comments on this Standard should be sent in writing as appropriate to:
G CLARKE
Chief Highway Engineer
This document was notified in draft to the European Commission in accordance with Directive 98/34/EC,
as amended by Directive 98/48/EC.
November 2012
11/1
Annex A
Generic Safety Risk Analysis Methods
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Quantitative
Semi-quantitative
A1.3 Semi-quantitative safety risk analysis methods
tend to place likelihood and impact measures into bands
or numerical ranges, e.g. likelihood of once every 510
years; impact of 15 casualties. As with qualitative
analysis, results are usually presented in a likelihoodimpact matrix.
A1.4 This type of safety risk analysis is generally
used where there is a need for absolute prioritisation
of a large number of disparate safety risks, using expert
judgments (or even data) expressed in numerical terms.
It can also be used to get an indication of overall (total)
safety risk from an activity or hazard. It is not generally
appropriate for detailed analysis of small numbers
of hazards, each of which has a range of possible
consequences.
November 2012
A/1
Annex B
Average Road User Safety Risk on GB Roads
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Year
2010
A roads
Rural
Urban
All A roads
139.8
79.7
219.5
98.2 (a)
317.7
Table B1 Motor Vehicle Traffic by Road Class (TSGB 2011, Table TRA0202b)
Billion vehicle kilometres
Year
Motorcycles
Buses and
coaches
Light vans
Goods
vehicles
All motor
vehicles
2010
392.4
4.7
5.2
67.2
26.4
495.9
79% (b)
1%
1%
14%
5%
100%
% total
vehicle
kms
B/1
Annex B
Average Road User Safety Risk on GB Roads
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
2008
2009
3 yr average
Motorways
154
136
114
135 (e)
Urban A roads
469
420
374
421
Rural A roads
1,018
858
790
889
All A roads
1,487
1,278
1,164
1,310
2.
Rural A
Urban A
All A
2,291 (u)
3,261
1,859
5,120
3.1E-06 (v)
2.1E-05
9.8E-06
3.1E-05
318,324 (w)
48,238
101,823
32,732
Rural A
Urban A
All A
2,202 (x)
3,135
1,787
4,922
3.0E-06 (y)
2.0E-05
9.4E-06
2.9E-05
331,183 (z)
50,187
105,937
34,054
B/2
November 2012
Annex B
Average Road User Safety Risk on GB Roads
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Tolerance Criteria
November 2012
1 in 320,000
1 in 100,000
1 in 50,000
B/3
Annex B
Average Road User Safety Risk on GB Roads
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Unacceptable
1 in 10,000
Rural A roads, 1 in 50,000
Tolerable
1 in 320,000
1 in 1,000,000
Broadly acceptable
Discussion
1.
The numbers used to generate this analysis are based on the TSGB and so do not represent the SRN exactly.
2.
The analysis is based on all road motor vehicles with a refinement for car vehicles only.
3.
The analysis is conservative in that it assumes that the population of road users is determined by the number
of registered vehicles or car vehicle licences. This is the same as assuming an average vehicle occupancy of
1.0 whereas we know that it varies between 1.2 and 1.5. If occupancy were taken into account this would
result in a decrease in the average vehicle kms per road user with an associated reduction in the annual
individual risk of fatality.
B/4
November 2012
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Annex C
Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Tool
November 2012
C/1
Project/Decision
Date
Decision Maker/Assessor
Contact Details
Ref
1
2
3
Hazard Description
Response/Control Measure
Details
2
Moderate
Severity (S)
3
Serious
1
2
3
Extremely unlikely
Unlikely
Likely
1
2
3
2
4
6
3
6
9
4
8
12
4
5
Extremely Likely
Almost Certain
4
5
8
10
12
15
16
20
Moderate harm
November 2012
Likely
Serious harm
4
5
Extremely likely
Almost certain
4
5
Major harm
Catastrophic harm
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
5
Catastrophic Low (19) Ensure assumed control measures are
maintained and reviewed as necessary
5
10
Medium (1019) Additional control measures
needed to reduce risk rating to a level which is
15
equivalent to a test of reasonably required for
the population concerned.
20
High (2025) Activity not permitted. Hazard to
be avoided or risk to be reduced to tolerable
25
Annex C
Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Tool
C/2
Annex D
Cost Benefit Tool
Volume 0 Section 2
Part 3 GD 04/12
Step 3
Method
Step 4
Step 1
D1.4 Obtain the savings in whole life costs (C).
These are derived using the following expression:
C = C2 C1
where C2 represents the whole life cost of the control
measure(s), while C1 represents the whole life cost with
the control measure(s) incorporated.
Step 2
D1.5 Obtain the typical cost of an average accident
(A) for the relevant road type using the information
published in the latest version of Reported Road
Casualties Great Britain which is published annually. It
can be found on the Department for Transports website.
This document gives the average cost of the prevention
of accidents for each injury category and different road
types. Select the appropriate figure for the particular
decision site.
November 2012
N1 = C/A
D1.7 To obtain an equivalent annual accident figure
(N2), it is suggested that N1 is divided by the time
limits of the decision/scheme/project/life.
Site evaluation
Scheme evaluation
D1.10 Where the application of the above technique
shows that the decision may be associated with accident
disbenefit costs and these costs outweigh the potential
whole life cost savings, the decision maker should: